Aggression in Relation to Emotional Development; Normal and Pathological ^(11){ }^{11} 与情感发展相关的攻击性；正常与病理 ^(11){ }^{11}
Anna Freud (i) 安娜·弗洛伊德 (i)
INTRODUCTION 介绍
I shall try as my contribution to this symposium on aggression, to outline in general the contribution made by Freudian psychoanalysis to the subject. I may find it impossible to do so without committing grave errors of omission and misrepresentation. If this happens, I should like you to ascribe the defects to the difficulty of dealing with a wide and complicated problem in the prescribed quarter of an hour rather than to any tendencies I may have towards systematisation and oversimplification. 我将尽力作为我对这次关于攻击的研讨会的贡献，概述弗洛伊德精神分析对这一主题所做的一般贡献。我可能会发现，在不犯严重的遗漏和误表述错误的情况下，做到这一点是不可能的。如果发生这种情况，我希望你们将缺陷归因于在规定的十五分钟内处理一个广泛而复杂的问题的困难，而不是我可能有的系统化和过度简化的倾向。
The role of the instincts in shaping the personality 本能在塑造个性中的作用
The main changes brought about in child psychology by the investigations of psychoanalysis concern the re-orientation with regard to the role of the instinctive urges in the development of the individual. In pre-analytic psychology, childhood was regarded as a more or less peaceful period of progressive growth and development in which the instinctive urges, where they appeared, played the role of disturbing elements. Analytic psychology, on the other hand, ascribes to the innate instincts the main role in shaping the personality. It is the claim of the instinctive urges on the mind which results in the development of new functions, the so-called ego functions. The main task of the ego functions is seen in the attempt to reconcile the demand for gratification made by the instinctive urges with the conditions existing in the child’s environment. When these external conditions permit satisfaction of an instinctive wish which has arisen, the ego merely plays its part in helping to guide the instinct towards the desired aim. When the demands made by the environment clash with the claim of the instincts, the ego is faced with a problem and has to find a solution. It may decide to 儿童心理学中由精神分析研究带来的主要变化涉及对本能冲动在个体发展中作用的重新定位。在前分析心理学中，童年被视为一个或多或少和平的渐进成长和发展的时期，在这个时期，本能冲动（如果出现的话）扮演着干扰因素的角色。另一方面，分析心理学则将先天本能视为塑造个性的主要角色。本能冲动对心智的要求导致了新功能的发展的出现，即所谓的自我功能。自我功能的主要任务被视为试图调和本能冲动所提出的满足需求与儿童环境中存在的条件之间的关系。当这些外部条件允许满足已产生的本能愿望时，自我仅仅在帮助引导本能朝向所期望的目标中发挥作用。当环境提出的要求与本能的要求发生冲突时，自我面临一个问题，必须找到解决方案。它可能决定要 ^(1){ }^{1} Read at a meeting of the Royal Society of Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, London, Dec. 9, 1947. ^(1){ }^{1} 在 1947 年 12 月 9 日于伦敦皇家医学会精神病学分会的会议上宣读。
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disregard what happens in the outside world (a mental process which we call denial) or to disregard the claims of the inner world (the mental process which we call repression). The ego may choose to act either in submission to the environment and oppose the instinct (parents will then say that the child is “good”, obedient) or to submit to the claims of the instinct and revolt against the outer world (to be “bad”, naughty, disobedient). The ego may also have to choose between claims arising from two rival instinctive urges or between representatives of his instincts and his own ideals. In all these cases the ego is faced by dangers (of painful tension from within, threat of injury, punishment, loss of love from without) and reacts to them with outbreaks of anxiety. 无视外部世界发生的事情（我们称之为否认的心理过程）或无视内心世界的主张（我们称之为压抑的心理过程）。自我可能选择顺从环境并反对本能（父母会说孩子是“好”的，听话的），或者顺从本能的主张并反抗外部世界（表现为“坏”，顽皮，不听话）。自我还可能必须在两种对立的本能冲动产生的主张之间，或在本能的代表与自己的理想之间做出选择。在所有这些情况下，自我面临着危险（来自内心的痛苦紧张、外部的伤害威胁、惩罚、失去爱的威胁），并以焦虑的爆发作出反应。
This never-ending series of inner conflicts serves as a constant stimulus towards higher development of mental functioning and finally determines the shape of the child’s personality. What we call character formation is, roughly speaking, the whole set of attitudes habitually adopted by an individual ego for the solution of these conflicts: the choice of which instinctive urges to help towards satisfaction, which to oppose, and what methods to adopt in its defence against the threats represented by a powerful outer world as well as a powerful inner world. 这种无休止的内心冲突系列不断刺激心理功能的更高发展，最终决定了孩子个性的形成。我们所称的性格形成，大致上是个体自我为解决这些冲突而习惯性采取的整套态度：选择哪些本能冲动有助于满足，哪些需要抵制，以及在面对强大的外部世界和强大的内心世界所代表的威胁时采取什么方法进行自我防御。
Sex and aggression as the two main forces 性与攻击作为两种主要力量
Psychoanalytic theory groups the whole range of instinctive urges under two headings: sex and aggression; those included under sex serving the purposes of preservation, propagation and unification of life; those included under aggression serving the opposite aim of undoing connections and destroying life. 精神分析理论将所有本能冲动归为两个类别：性和攻击；性相关的冲动服务于生命的保存、繁衍和统一的目的；而攻击相关的冲动则服务于破坏联系和摧毁生命的相反目的。
The psychoanalytic theory of sex 性心理分析理论
The essential contribution made by psychoanalysis to the knowledge of the sex instinct is the discovery of the diffuse sources of sexual excitation which exist from birth onward in various parts of the body and give rise to the pregenital sex urges of infantile life. According to the origin of these component instincts (the skin, the mucous membranes of the mouth and anus, the penis) we differentiate between an oral, anal and phallic sex organisation of childhood in which satisfaction is sought, either on the body itself or by contact with the love 精神分析对性本能知识的基本贡献是发现从出生开始就存在于身体各个部位的性兴奋的弥散来源，这些来源导致了幼儿生活中的前生殖性欲望。根据这些组成本能的来源（皮肤、口腔和肛门的粘膜、阴茎），我们区分了儿童的口腔、肛门和阴茎性组织，在这些组织中，满足感要么在身体本身上寻求，要么通过与爱的接触来获得。
objects in the environment. Normally, these infantile sex elements, so far as they do not undergo far-reaching transformations under the influence of the ego, contribute certain non-genital admixtures to adult genital sexuality (kissing, touching, looking); in abnormal cases one of the infantile component 环境中的物体。通常，这些幼儿性元素，只要在自我的影响下没有经历深远的转变，就会为成年人的生殖性行为（亲吻、触摸、注视）贡献某些非生殖性的混合物；在异常情况下，幼儿成分之一
instincts may dominate adult sex life as a so-called perversion (fellatio, cunilingus, scoptophilia, exhibitionism, etc. etc.). 本能可能主导成年人的性生活，作为所谓的变态（口交、阴道口交、窥阴癖、露阴癖等）。
Infantile sexuality is, thus, not only shown to exist, but to be of a purely perverse nature. This latter element of perversity made it more difficult for it to be accepted as a normal, healthy, regular and necessary occurrence. Even today there are certain authors who-though otherwise adopting the principles of analytic psychology-will suggest ways and means of upbringing which promise to do away with one or the other of the component sex urges (the sucking impulses of the infant, the anal interests of the toddler, phallic masturbation) as if these were unwelcome and abnormal occurrences produced by adverse environmental conditions. 婴儿性欲因此不仅被证明是存在的，而且是纯粹变态的性质。这种变态的元素使得它更难被接受为一种正常、健康、规律和必要的现象。即使在今天，仍然有一些作者——尽管在其他方面采纳了分析心理学的原则——会建议一些养育方式，承诺消除某些性欲的组成部分（婴儿的吮吸冲动、幼儿的肛门兴趣、阳物自慰），仿佛这些是不受欢迎和不正常的现象，是由不利的环境条件造成的。
On the other hand, ample evidence of the existence and the manifestations of the various component instincts has been provided over the last 20 or 30 years by authors all over the world on the basis of direct observation of young children under a large variety of external conditions (normal, happy or unhappy, home life, group life, institutional life). 另一方面，过去 20 或 30 年中，来自世界各地的作者基于对在各种外部条件下（正常、快乐或不快乐、家庭生活、集体生活、机构生活）观察幼儿的直接观察，提供了关于各种组成本能的存在及其表现的充分证据。
The psychoanalytic theory of aggression 攻击的精神分析理论
The aggressive character of the infantile sex urges from the beginning did not escape notice, of course. It was at first attributed to the crude nature of infantile sexuality itself, later on recognised as the expression of the second group of instincts-the destructive urges. 婴儿性冲动的攻击性特征从一开始就引起了注意。当然，最初这被归因于婴儿性本身的粗糙性质，后来被认作是第二组本能——破坏性冲动的表现。
Aggression, destruction, their expressions and their development are as much in the centre of interest for dynamic psychology now as the development of the sexual function was at the beginning of the century. 攻击、破坏，它们的表现及其发展现在与动态心理学的中心兴趣一样重要，就像世纪初性功能的发展一样。
AGGRESSIVE URGES DIRECTED AGAINST THE CHILD'S OWN BODY 针对儿童自身身体的攻击性冲动
In very early phases aggressive energy may find outlets on the child’s own body, just as sexual energy (libido) may find outlets in auto-erotic activities. Instances of this are the so-called head-knocking activities of infants, a selfdestructive equivalent of the auto-erotic rhythmical activity of rocking. Headknocking occurs more rarely than rocking, is on the verge of abnormal behaviour and may sometimes result in real injury. The same is true for the rather infrequent self-destructive activity of hair-pulling in infants and young children. 在非常早期的阶段，攻击性能量可能会在孩子自己的身体上找到发泄，就像性能量（性欲）可能会在自我愉悦活动中找到发泄一样。这种情况的例子就是婴儿所谓的撞头活动，这是一种自我毁灭的等同于自我愉悦的有节奏的摇晃活动。撞头的发生比摇晃更少，接近于异常行为，有时可能导致真正的伤害。对于婴儿和幼儿中相对不频繁的自我毁灭性活动——拔头发也是如此。
I refer in this connection to Dr. W. Hoffer’s contribution "Hand, Mouth and Ego Integration ^(2){ }^{2} and to other unpublished papers by the 我在此提到 W. Hoffer 博士的贡献《手、口和自我整合 ^(2){ }^{2} 》以及其他未发表的论文。 ^(2){ }^{2} This volume, p. 49. ^(2){ }^{2} 本卷，第 49 页。
same author. In discussing the case of a mentally defective infant girl who grievously injured her arms and hands by biting, while she was unable to chew food, Hoffer illustrates the following point: while, in the first year, sucking the thumb or any other part of the hand is a normal autoerotic expression, biting as a self-destructive activity is abnormal, only to be found in defective or psychotic children. From this stage of development onward it is essential for the child’s normality that the aggressive urges should be directed away from the child’s own body to the animate or inanimate objects in the environment. 同一作者。在讨论一个智力缺陷的婴儿女孩的案例时，她因咬伤而严重受伤了手臂和手，而她无法咀嚼食物，霍弗阐明了以下观点：在第一年，吮吸拇指或手的任何其他部分是一种正常的自我愉悦表现，而咬伤作为一种自我毁灭的行为则是不正常的，只能在缺陷或精神病儿童中发现。从这个发展阶段开始，儿童的正常性至关重要的是，攻击性冲动应当从儿童自身的身体转向环境中的有生命或无生命的物体。
At a later stage aggression will normally be used again in a self-destructive manner. But it will then be invested in the superego and directed against the ego itself, not against the body. 在后期，攻击性通常会以自我毁灭的方式再次被使用。但它将被投入到超我中，并针对自我本身，而不是针对身体。
AGGRESSIVE URGES DIRECTED TOWARD THE OBJECT WORLD 针对物体世界的攻击性冲动
In the child’s relations with the object world, erotic and destructive elements are so intimately bound up with each other that it is difficult to determine in any given reaction what has been contributed to it by either set of instincts. In each of the successive phases of pregenital development the aggressive energy is an indispensable admixture to the sexual (libidinal) urge. The pictures of childhood behaviour with which we are familiar invariably include both elements. We find it natural that the young infant’s first emotional attachment, 在孩子与物体世界的关系中，色情和破坏性元素是如此紧密地交织在一起，以至于很难确定在任何特定反应中，哪一组本能贡献了什么。在前生殖发育的每一个连续阶段，攻击性能量都是性（欲望）冲动不可或缺的混合成分。我们熟悉的儿童行为图景总是包括这两种元素。我们觉得很自然，年轻婴儿的第一次情感依附，
in the beginning to the mother’s breast, later to the mother’s person, shows the same characteristic qualities of aggressive, insatiable greed that we know from his attitude to food. In the oral stage the infant destroys what he appropriates (sucks the object dry, tries to take everything into himself). On the next, the anal level, the fusion between erotic and aggressive tendencies is obvious even to the unskilled observer. Whoever has dealt with toddlers knows the peculiarly clinging, possessive, tormenting, exhausting kind of love which they have for their mothers, an exacting relationship which drives many young mothers to the point of despair. We know, further, that the originally sexual inquisitiveness of children destroys the inanimate objects towards which it is directed; that loved toys are, normally, maltreated toys; that pet animals have to be rescued from the aggression which invariably accompanies the love showered on them by their childish owners. We understand that on these pregenital stages it is not hate but aggressive love which threatens to destroy its object. 在最开始，婴儿依附于母亲的乳房，后来依附于母亲的人，这显示出与他对食物的态度相同的特征品质，即侵略性、无法满足的贪婪。在口腔阶段，婴儿摧毁他所占有的东西（把物体吸干，试图将一切都纳入自己）。在下一个肛门阶段，性欲和攻击性倾向之间的融合即使对不熟悉的人也显而易见。任何与幼儿打过交道的人都知道他们对母亲那种特别依恋、占有、折磨和耗尽的爱，这是一种苛求的关系，常常使许多年轻母亲感到绝望。我们进一步知道，儿童最初的性好奇心会摧毁其所指向的无生命物体；被爱的玩具通常是被虐待的玩具；宠物动物必须从伴随在他们幼稚主人身上的爱中所带来的攻击中被拯救出来。我们理解，在这些前生殖阶段，威胁要摧毁其对象的不是仇恨，而是攻击性的爱。
During the phallic sex organization, the mixtures between sex and aggression are of a more adult nature. Boys on this level of development 在阴茎性组织中，性与攻击之间的混合具有更成人的性质。在这个发展阶段的男孩们
dominate but also protect their mothers, or other love objects. Where the aggressive element is linked with the exhibitionistic tendencies, the combined aim is to impress and thereby to subdue the love object. 主导但也保护他们的母亲或其他爱恋对象。当攻击性元素与表现主义倾向相结合时，综合目标是给爱恋对象留下深刻印象，从而征服他们。
IMPORTANCE OF THE QUANTITATIVE FACTOR 定量因素的重要性
This fusion of sexual and aggressive urges is normal and typical. Variation in the quantities of energy contributed from the two groups of instinctive tendencies account for a wide range of individual differences. A larger amount of aggression contributed to the child’s behaviour on the anal level creates the picture of a sadistic perversion; a decrease in the aggressive addition to behaviour on the phallic level makes for shyness, lack of masculine behaviour. So far as the upbringing of children is concerned, these quantitative fluctuations account for the difference between manageable and unmanageable, “good” and “bad” children. Most of these variations are within the range of normality. 这种性欲和攻击欲的融合是正常和典型的。来自两组本能倾向的能量贡献量的变化解释了个体差异的广泛范围。较多的攻击性在肛门阶段对孩子行为的影响形成了施虐的扭曲；在生殖器阶段攻击性对行为的减少则导致害羞和缺乏男性行为。就儿童的教育而言，这些定量波动解释了可管理和不可管理、“好”和“坏”孩子之间的差异。这些变化大多数都在正常范围内。
Pathological aggressiveness in children 儿童的病理性攻击性
In recent years special interest has been directed towards certain states of pathological aggressiveness of young children, occasional in family life, but mostly of children who are either orphaned or who grow up in broken homes, under war conditions, with a series of changing foster-parents, in residential institutions, in camps, etc. Though not mentally deficient, they possess the uncontrollable, apparently senseless destructive attitudes of defectives. They show either pleasure in, or complete indifference towards damage done by them to things, or towards suffering caused by them to people. They wreck their toys, their clothes, their furniture, are cruel to small animals, hurtful to younger children, defiant or indifferent toward adults. Their handling is a baffling problem for the educator, the explanation of their state a challenge to child psychology. 近年来，特别关注某些年轻儿童的病态攻击性状态，这种状态偶尔出现在家庭生活中，但大多数是孤儿或在破碎家庭中长大的儿童，生活在战争条件下，经历一系列更换的寄养父母，住在寄宿机构、营地等。尽管他们并不智力缺陷，但他们却表现出无法控制、显然毫无意义的破坏性态度。他们对自己造成的损害或对他人造成的痛苦表现出愉悦或完全漠不关心。他们破坏自己的玩具、衣物、家具，对小动物残忍，对年幼的孩子造成伤害，对成年人表现出挑衅或漠不关心。他们的处理对教育工作者来说是一个令人困惑的问题，而解释他们的状态则对儿童心理学提出了挑战。
Closer observation shows that the pathological factor in these cases is not to be found in the aggressive tendencies themselves, but in a lack of fusion between them and libidinal (erotic) urges. The pathological factor is found in the realm of erotic, emotional development which has been held up through adverse external or internal conditions, such as absence of love objects, lack of emotional response from the adult environment, breaking of emotional ties as soon as they are formed, deficiency of emotional development for innate reasons. Owing to the defects on the emotional side, the aggressive urges are not brought into fusion and thereby bound and partially neutralized, but remain free 更仔细的观察表明，这些案例中的病理因素并不在于攻击性倾向本身，而在于它们与性欲（色情）冲动之间缺乏融合。病理因素存在于性欲和情感发展的领域，这一领域因不利的外部或内部条件而受到阻碍，例如缺乏爱对象、成人环境缺乏情感反应、情感纽带一旦形成就被打破、由于先天原因导致的情感发展不足。由于情感方面的缺陷，攻击性冲动未能融合，从而被束缚并部分中和，而是保持自由状态。
and seek expression in life in the form of pure, unadulterated, independent destructiveness. 并在生活中寻求以纯粹、未掺杂、独立的破坏性形式表达。
Efforts to control these pathological states of infantile aggressiveness by force, and efforts, with all the means used in upbringing, to urge the child to control his destructiveness are bound to fail. The appropriate therapy has to be directed to the neglected, defective side, i. e., the emotional libidinal development. Where it is possible to help the child’s arrested or otherwise disturbed libidinal impulses to become more normal, the fusion between erotic and destructive impulses will follow automatically, and aggression will be brought under the beneficent influence of the erotic urges. 通过强制手段控制婴儿攻击性病态的努力，以及通过教育手段促使孩子控制其破坏性行为的努力注定会失败。适当的治疗必须针对被忽视的、缺陷的一面，即情感的性欲发展。在能够帮助孩子被阻碍或以其他方式受到干扰的性欲冲动变得更加正常的情况下，色情冲动与破坏冲动之间的融合将自动发生，攻击性将受到色情欲望的有益影响。
Life and death instincts 生与死的本能
I have not, in the short time at my disposal, discussed the theory of the dualism between life and death instincts which forms the background of the concepts I have used. My reason is that on this particular occasion we are concerned with circumscribed psychological problems rather than with more far-reaching biological speculations. 在我有限的时间内，我没有讨论形成我所使用的概念背景的生与死本能之间的二元论理论。我的理由是，这次我们关注的是有限的心理问题，而不是更广泛的生物学推测。
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Print Copy. Authorized Users may print (one copy per user) reasonable potions of the Licensed Materials for their own use only. 打印副本。授权用户可以为个人使用打印（每个用户一份）合理数量的许可材料。