True / False |
1. Employee motivation affects productivity, and part of a manager's job is to channel motivation toward the accomplishment of organizational goals.
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2. Two ways to classify rewards are extrinsic and monetary.
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3. Rewards given by another person are intrinsic rewards.
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4. Extrinsic rewards refers to the satisfaction a person receives in the process of performing a particular action.
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5. The arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior refer to motivation.
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6. Process theories emphasize the needs that motivate people.
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7. Three categories of motivation theories are content theories, process theories, and reinforcement theories.
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8. Physiological needs are the most basic human physical needs, which are reflected in the workplace as needs for adequate heat, air, and base salary to ensure survival.
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9. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, freedom from violence is an example of a physiological need.
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10. Managers can influence intrinsic rewards by providing appropriate extrinsic rewards.
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11. Esteem needs are those needs that relate to the desire for a positive self-image and the desire to receive attention, recognition, and appreciation from others.
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12. External and relatedness are the first two groups of needs in Alderfer's ERG theory.
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13. Herzberg's two-factor theory divides work-related needs into two categories: hygiene factors and reward factors.
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14. Factors that influence job satisfaction based on fulfillment of high-level needs such as achievement, recognition, and opportunity for growth are called motivators.
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15. Hygiene factors involve the presence or absence of job dissatisfiers and include company policies and procedures.
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16. Hygiene factors are the same as satisfiers and are based on fulfillment of higher-level needs including responsibility.
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17. The implication of the two-factor theory for managers is clear. Providing hygiene factors will eliminate employee dissatisfaction but will not motivate workers to high achievement levels.
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18. A need for power, a need for accomplishment, and a need for superior power are proposed by David McClelland's acquired needs theory.
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19. A high need for power often is associated with successful attainment of top levels in the organizational hierarchy.
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20. The group of theories that explain how employees meet their needs and determine their success are called process theories.
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21. Expectancy theory is a process theory that focuses on individuals' perception of how fairly they are treated in comparison to other people.
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22. Goal acceptance, in goal-setting theory, means that employees have to “buy into” the goals and be committed to them.
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23. Goal-setting theory proposes that managers can increase motivation by setting specific, challenging goals that are accepted as valid by subordinates and then helping people track their progress toward goal achievement by providing timely feedback.
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24. Goal specificity, in goal-setting theory, refers to the difficulty level of goals.
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25. The equity theory focuses on individuals' perceptions of how fairly they are treated relative to others.
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26. The equity theory, by J. Stacy Adams, states that equity exists when the ratio of outcomes to inputs for one person is equal to the same ratio for another person.
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27. Expectancy theory is based on the relationship among the individual's effort and performance and not on the desirability of outcomes.
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28. Motivation increases, according to the expectancy theory, when the worker believes that successful performance will result by putting effort into a given task. This is called E→P expectancy.
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29. According to expectancy theory, for an employee to be highly motivated, E→P expectancy and valence must be maximized.
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30. Valence is the perceived value of a reward or outcome.
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31. The expectancy theory attempts to define specific types of needs or rewards to establish that they exist and may be similar to other individuals.
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32. Behavior that is positively reinforced tends to be repeated, and behavior that is not reinforced tends not to be repeated, as stated in the law of effect.
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33. The administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior is positive reinforcement.
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34. The imposition of unpleasant outcomes on an employee is avoidance learning.
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35. Punishment increases the likelihood that behavior will be repeated.
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36. Punishment is the imposition of an unpleasant outcome following undesirable behavior.
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37. One weakness of the use of punishment in organizations is that it fails to indicate the correct behavior.
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38. Extinction is defined as the withdrawal of positive reward.
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39. Job rotation systematically moves employees from one job to another, thereby increasing the number of different tasks an employee performs without increasing the complexity of any one job.
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40. Job enlargement is a job design that incorporates achievement, recognition, and other high-level motivators into the work.
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41. Job enlargement combines a series of tasks into one new, broader job.
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42. The degree to which the job is perceived as important and having an impact on the company or customers refers to task significance.
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43. The job characteristic of autonomy influences the worker's experiencing meaningfulness of work.
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44. Skill variety, task identity, and task significance tend to influence the employee's psychological state of experienced meaningfulness of work.
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45. Gain sharing rewards employees with part ownership of the organization based on achieving performance goals.
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46. Empowering employees means giving them four elements that enable them to act more freely to accomplish their jobs: information, knowledge, power, and rewards.
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47. Employee stock ownership plans give employees part ownership of the organization, enabling them to share in improved profit performance.
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48. Organizations that empower employees often reward them based on the results shown in the company's bottom line.
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49. Employee engagement means that people enjoy their jobs and are satisfied with their work conditions, contribute enthusiastically to meeting team and organizational goals, and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization.
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Multiple Choice |
50. Which of the following is the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior?
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51. Which of the following refers to a reward given by another person?
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52. Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic reward?
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53. Katie dislikes almost everything about her job. The only reason she continues to work at Mace Autobody is the excellent benefits package she receives. Katie is motivated by
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54. Susannah enjoys her job as a teacher, not because of the pay or benefits, but because she feels good about shaping the minds of tomorrow’s leaders. Susannah is motivated by
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55. Which of the following theories focuses on employee learning of desired work behaviors?
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56. Which motivation theory proposes that needs must be satisfied in sequence?
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57. Which of the following theories emphasizes the needs that motivate people?
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58. Which of the following is a content theory that proposes that people are motivated by physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization needs?
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59. Which of the following theories focuses on employee learning of desired work behaviors?
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60. Which of the following is not a need proposed by Maslow in his hierarchy of needs theory?
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61. Nely is motivated by a strong need for recognition and is continually seeking credit for his contributions to the organization. According to Maslow, Nely is motivated by which category of needs?
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62. Which of the following needs describes the most basic human physical needs, including food, water, and oxygen?
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63. Which need describes the desire to be accepted by one’s peers, have friendships, be part of a group, and be loved?
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64. According to Maslow, the highest order needs are
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65. Alderfer referred to the needs for physical well-being as
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66. Fedel is primarily driven by a need to establish close social relationships with other people. Alderfer would say he is motivated by
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67. The frustration-regression principle is most closely related with
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68. According to Herzberg, which of the following is an example of a hygiene factor?
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69. Highroller Casinos provides good salaries and benefits, including bonuses of up to 25% of annual salaries. However, the company has been criticized for not establishing an achievement or recognition program for its employees. Which of the following best describes the company in terms of the two-factor theory?
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70. Which of the following are high-level needs, according to Herzberg, and include achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunity for growth?
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71. Which of the following have the greatest impact, according to Herzberg, on job satisfaction?
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72. The majority of hourly workers at Formatting Unlimited are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. What would Herzberg recommend if your goal were to increase their level of satisfaction?
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73. The desire to form close personal relationships, avoid conflict, and establish warm friendships describes
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74. According to McClelland, successful attainment of top levels in the organizational hierarchy is associated with a high need for
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75. Daphne has a desire to influence others, be responsible for them, and have authority over them. It can be described as her
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76. Abran is a recent college graduate. He is unsure about his future. A counselor in his university’s career resources office recently told Abran that he had a high need for achievement. Based on this, what type of career should Abran pursue?
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77. Which term, in goal-setting theory, refers to the need to make goals highly ambitious but achievable?
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78. In goal-setting theory, which of the following refers to the idea that employees have to “buy into” goals?
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79. In goal-setting theory, which term refers to the need to get information to people about how well they are doing in progressing toward goal achievement?
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80. Which of the following is an example of a process theory of motivation?
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81. Which of these theories deals with employees’ perception of fairness?
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82. Kara and Sheldon are both middle managers at Gotcha International. Kara is dissatisfied because she knows that Sheldon makes more in salary even though, in Kara’s opinion, she works longer hours than he does. If Kara wishes to reduce this perceived inequity, what should she do?
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83. Which of the following is not a common method for reducing a perceived inequity?
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84. Which of the following is based on the relationships between effort, performance, and outcomes?
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85. Ryzard, a sales associate at an electronics store, learns that his base pay is higher than any other sales associate in the store. He justifies his higher salary with the idea that he must be a top sales associate, generating more revenue than anyone else. This example demonstrates which method for reducing perceived inequity?
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86. Yifei recently learned that Shuyi, who works in the same position as her and has been with the company for the same amount of time, earns about 10% more than she does. As a result, Yifei feels that she should not work as hard, so she starts coming in late and taking more days off. This is an example of which method for reducing perceived equity?
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87. Recent research shows that the top reason people leave their jobs is because they
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88. Which of the following involves whether putting effort into a task will lead to high performance?
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89. Tanek is a manager at Chuck’s Construction. He sees little opportunity for advancement at Chuck’s Construction, regardless of how well he performs. Which of the following expectancies is low for Tanek?
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90. Abbey works at Railroad Ties. Her bosses continually indicate that her motivational level is low. Abbey agrees but is unwilling to work harder until the company changes the types of reward it offers its employees. Which of the following is low for Abbey?
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91. Which of the following describes the value or attraction an individual has for an outcome?
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92. Which of the following theories concerns the thought processes that influence behavior?
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93. Theories that explain how employees select the behaviors that allow them to meet their needs are known as
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94. In goal-setting theory, which of the following refers to the degree to which goals are concrete and unambiguous?
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95. Which of the following theories places an emphasis on behavior and its consequences?
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96. Which of the following is the administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior?
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97. Braden publicly praises his employees when they have achieved their goals. Braden hopes this will increase the likelihood of goal achievement in the future. This is an example of
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98. The removal of an unpleasant consequence following a desired behavior is referred to as
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99. Which of these is sometimes called negative reinforcement?
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100. Which of the following is the imposition of unpleasant outcomes on an employee?
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101. Which of the following techniques reduces the likelihood that behavior will be repeated?
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102. One of your fellow students is continually late to class. The professor has tried numerous verbal warnings and recently took points away from the student's grade. Based on the above, the professor's actions are consistent with which of the following reinforcement techniques?
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103. Jeff and Roberto have a difficult time getting along at work. Most days, Jeff spends a lot of time cracking jokes and goofing off, while Roberto constantly nags him and tells him to act like a grownup. On days when Jeff is more reserved, Roberto does not nag him, hoping that this will result in improved behavior down the road. This is an example of which form of behavior modification?
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104. Which of these refers to the withdrawal of a positive reward, meaning that behavior is no longer reinforced and hence is less likely to occur in the future?
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105. One of your fellow team members at work is continually disrupting the team’s work with jokes and general horseplay. You hope that by ignoring him he will stop this senseless behavior. You are attempting to use which reinforcement tool?
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106. Which theory proposes that an individual’s motivation can result not just from direct experience of rewards and punishments but also from the person’s thoughts and beliefs and his or her observations of other people’s behavior?
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107. Which of the following occurs when an individual sees others perform certain behaviors and get rewarded for them?
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108. At Rightway Industries, new hires spend a significant portion of their first week of training just walking around the factory, observing other workers, and watching them be rewarded for doing their jobs well. This is an example of
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109. Which of the following is the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for improving productivity and satisfaction?
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110. Which of the following can lead to greater task efficiencies, but has failed as a motivational technique?
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111. Lukas is looking for ways to increase the number of different tasks that an employee performs without increasing task complexity. He should try
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112. Which of the following systematically moves employees from one job to another, thereby increasing the number of different tasks an employee performs without increasing the complexity of any one job?
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113. Which of these combines a number of tasks horizontally into one, new broader job?
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114. Which of the following combines a series of tasks into one new, broader job?
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115. A job design that incorporates achievement, recognition, and other high-level motivators into the work is referred to as
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116. Karina is a first line supervisor at Wolfs, Inc. She wishes to increase her employees’ opportunities for growth and learning. Which of the following techniques should she use?
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117. Which of the following is an important part of the job characteristics model?
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118. The core dimension of Hackman and Oldham’s model of job characteristics that is based on the number of diverse activities that make up a job is known as
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119. Which of the following refers to the degree to which an employee performs a total job with a recognizable beginning and ending?
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120. The degree to which the job is perceived as important and having impact on the company or customers is referred to as
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121. Which of the following influences the critical psychological state of experienced meaningfulness of work?
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122. Delaine tried to apply the job characteristics model to her workforce, but it only worked for some of her employees. Which of the following may be a reason why it did not work for everyone?
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123. Which of the following is the extent to which doing the job provides information back to the employee about his or her performance?
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124. The job characteristic of feedback provides the worker with
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125. The delegation of power and authority to subordinates is referred to as
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126. Empowering employees means giving employees
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127. Allowing employees to choose how they complete a task is an example of providing employees with which element of empowerment?
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128. Which of the following is power sharing, or the delegation of power or authority to subordinates in an organization?
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129. Shifting power down from the top of the organization and sharing it with employees to enable them to achieve goals is known as
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130. A situation in which employees enjoy their work, contribute enthusiastically to meeting goals, and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization is known as
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131. Chloe’s subordinates view her as a great manager. Not only does she get the job done, but she also organizes the workplace in such a way that employees experience a sense of meaningfulness, connection, and growth. This is an example of employee
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132. Which of the following refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action?
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133. The satisfaction received in the process of performing an action is also known as a(n)
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134. A content theory that proposes that people are motivated by five categories of needs—physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization—that exist in a hierarchical order is called the
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135. A modification of the needs hierarchy theory that proposes three categories of needs—existence, relatedness, and growth—is called the
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136. The idea that failure to meet a high-order need may cause a regression to an already satisfied lower-order need is referred to as
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137. Factors that involve the presence or absence of job dissatisfiers, such as working conditions or pay, are known as
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138. Which of the following theories explains how workers select behavioral actions to meet their needs and determine whether their choices were successful?
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139. Which theory proposes that managers can increase motivation by setting specific, challenging goals that are accepted as valid by subordinates and then helping people track their progress toward goal achievement by providing timely feedback?
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140. Which theory focuses on an individual’s perceptions of how fairly he or she is treated relative to others?
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141. Which of the following exists whenever the ratio of one person’s outcomes to inputs equals the ratio of another’s outcomes to inputs?
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142. Which theory suggests that motivation depends on individuals’ expectations about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards?
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143. Which of the following involves whether successful performance will lead to the desired outcome?
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144. Which of the following is the value of outcomes, or attraction for outcomes, for the individual?
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145. A motivation theory based on the relationship between a given behavior and its consequences is called the
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146. Which of the following is the name given to the set of techniques by which reinforcement theory is used to modify human behavior?
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147. The assumption that positively reinforced behavior tends to be repeated is the basis for
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148. Which of the following is defined as anything that causes a certain behavior to be repeated or inhibited?
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149. Which of the following incorporates high-level motivators into the work, including job responsibility, recognition, and opportunities for growth, learning, and achievement?
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150. Which of the following is defined as the altering of jobs to increase both the quality of employees’ work experience and their productivity?
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151. Which of the following is the degree to which the worker has freedom, discretion, and self-determination in planning and carrying out tasks?
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Subjective Short Answer |
Scenario - Daniel Zorn Daniel Zorn is a successful manager for one of the subsidiaries at Eagles Unlimited. He is responsible for 232 workers and has a span of control of eight lower-level managers. Daniel has decided to try to increase performance and productivity by the careful use of motivational theories. |
152. Which of these hygiene factors, or dissatisfiers, can Daniel influence?
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153. Daniel understands that perceived inequity creates tensions within individuals that motivate them to bring equity back into balance, and one of his production supervisors feels that he is underpaid. Which of the following is a common method for reducing perceived inequity?
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154. The motivator factors that Daniel can change and influence include all of the following except
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155. One of Daniel’s best employees has a driving need to be able to attain a high standard of success, to master complex tasks, and to surpass others. Daniel recognizes these acquired needs as
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156. List the four content theories discussed in the text.
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157. List the three needs proposed by Clayton Alderfer.
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158. List the four types of reinforcement.
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159. List the five core job dimensions found in the job characteristics model.
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Essay |
160. Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic rewards.
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161. Briefly describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory.
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162. Compare the five groups of needs in Maslow’s theory with the three groups of needs in Alderfer’s ERG theory.
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163. In David McClelland’s acquired needs theory, what are the three acquired needs most commonly discussed and which are not dependent on relationships with other people?
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164. Briefly explain expectancy theory.
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165. Briefly describe social learning theory and its three elements.
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166. Explain employee growth-need strength and its relationship to the job characteristics model.
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167. Describe the four elements that enable employees to become empowered.
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168. How do managers motivate a diverse workforce toward common organizational goals? Summarize the concept of motivation and compare the types of rewards that help drive workers to an outcome of high performance. If you know of one, include an example of a company that you believe offers exceptional employee rewards
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169. Several accepted theories explain how people decide which behavioral actions meet their needs and assess whether their choices are successful. Three process theories are goal-setting, equity, and expectancy. Choose one process theory and argue why it is most effective in energizing and motivating workers.
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170. A job is that unit of work for which a single employee is responsible. Describe how and why today's managers seek to design jobs that are not only efficient, but also provide employee stimulation and satisfaction. Give an example to illustrate your answer.
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171. Imagine that you are the manager of a pizza restaurant. You cannot afford to give your employees raises, but you do want to motivate them. Would you consider using empowerment? Why, or why not? If so, how would you go about empowering them?
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172. When employees enjoy their work and actively contribute to their organization's goals, they are said to be engaged. Describe the three elements that create employee engagement and name several practical ways managers can implement these elements in today's workplace.
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