CANADIAN SKI TECAHNG加拿大滑雪教學

GETTING STARTED入門指南

CANADIAN SKI TEACHING GETTING STARTED
加拿大滑雪教學入門指南

CSIA Certification Pathway
CSIA 認證路徑

Once you become a CSIA Level 3, you can aim for the Trainer Designation. This designation will help you develop the skills needed to train new Ski Instructors and is an important step towards becoming a Level 1 Course Conductor.
一旦你成為 CSIA 第三級教練，你可以朝訓練師資格邁進。此資格將幫助你培養訓練新滑雪教練所需的技能，並且是成為第一級課程主持人的重要一步。
As a Level 3 with the Trainer Designation, you will be close to achieving the highest level of CSIA Certification. Extensive teaching and skiing experience are recommended for those pursuing the Level 4 Certification.
作為擁有訓練師資格的第三級教練，你將接近達成 CSIA 認證的最高等級。建議有豐富教學與滑雪經驗者追求第四級認證。

CANADIAN TEACHINGAPPROACH
加拿大教學方法

INTRODUCTION簡介

PURPOSE目的

The CSIA teaching concepts provide a practical framework which an instructor can apply in the real world of ski teaching. These principles ensure the delivery of a consistent model and message across the country. Having a strong understanding of the learner’s skill level, along with the ability to identify and affect areas for improvement, ensure the delivery of a consistent message in each ski lesson.
CSIA 的教學理念提供了一個實用的框架，教練可以在滑雪教學的實際情境中運用。這些原則確保全國範圍內傳遞一致的教學模式與訊息。對學員技能水平有深入了解，並能辨識及影響其改進的領域，能確保每堂滑雪課程傳達一致的訊息。

Canadian Ski Teaching加拿大滑雪教學

Know Your Learner了解你的學員

Create an Experience創造一個體驗

Assess the Experience評估體驗

Explore the Possibilities
探索可能性

THE 5 SKILLS五大技能

As you work your way through this manual you will find material on ‘how skiing works’ as well as within the other online documents found on snowpro.com. Controlling speed, direction and stability are the main objectives of most skiers.
當你閱讀本手冊時，會發現有關「滑雪運作原理」的內容，以及在 snowpro.com 上的其他線上文件。控制速度、方向和穩定性是大多數滑雪者的主要目標。

BALANCE平衡

• Balance is the relationship between the base of support (BOS) and centre of mass (COM) and is a fundamental skill in skiing. This dynamic skill encompasses body position (e.g., stance) and muscular activity to align with the forces. Teaching skiing often begins with helping students find a stable stance on their skis. A stable stance helps them avoid falling and control their equipment. Encouraging students to relax is also important, being relaxed makes moving, reacting, and adjusting to terrain and snow conditions easier.
  平衡是支撐基底（BOS）與質心（COM）之間的關係，是滑雪的基本技能。這項動態技能涵蓋身體姿勢（例如站姿）和肌肉活動，以配合外力。滑雪教學通常從幫助學生找到穩定的滑雪姿勢開始。穩定的姿勢有助於他們避免跌倒並控制裝備。鼓勵學生放鬆也很重要，放鬆能讓移動、反應以及適應地形和雪況變得更容易。
• Stability comes from the feet supporting the body; the body segments are adjusted to maintain balance when skiing. For the greatest range of mobility, the skier should bend and extend
  穩定性來自雙腳支撐身體；滑雪時，身體各部位會調整以維持平衡。為了達到最大的活動範圍，滑雪者應該彎曲並伸展
  the ankle, knee, hip and spine. The body must be aligned for the other skills, rotary, edging, pressure, and coordination movements to be effective.
  腳踝、膝蓋、臀部和脊椎。身體必須保持對齊，才能使其他技能如旋轉、刃邊、壓力和協調動作有效。

ROTARY旋轉

• Turning in skiing is achieved through leg rotation, by twisting the upper leg in the hip socket and or by turning the feet, both result in the lower body leading the turning effort and creating separation.
  滑雪轉彎是透過腿部旋轉來達成的，方法是扭動髖關節中的大腿上部，或是轉動雙腳，兩者都會使下半身主導轉彎動作並產生分離。
• Applying a turning or twisting force to the skis.
  對滑雪板施加轉動或扭轉的力量。
  THE 5 SKILLS五大技巧
• Using a proper stance with separation in the hip joint allows us to balance against the outside ski.
  採用正確的姿勢並在髖關節保持分離，讓我們能夠在外側滑雪板上保持平衡。
• Leg rotation should not be confused with rotating the pelvis.
  腿部旋轉不應與骨盆旋轉混淆。
• Varying one part of a task at a time can help a learner deepen their understanding of a new movement and learn how much and when to apply the movement(s) in relation to their objectives. Task variations also allow the instructor to adjust the approach to be more effective, or in other words, they create a new experience.
  一次變化任務中的一個部分，可以幫助學習者加深對新動作的理解，並學會在達成目標時該如何以及何時運用該動作。任務變化也讓教練能調整教學方式，使其更有效，換句話說，就是創造新的體驗。

EDGING邊緣處理

• The edge of the ski also helps us turn and on an arc we can use the edge to grip the snow, the COM needs to be inside the BOS.
  滑雪板的邊緣也幫助我們轉彎，在弧線上我們可以利用邊緣抓住雪面，重心（COM）需要位於支撐基底（BOS）內。
• To change direction, the skier must decrease the edge angle by bending the outside leg to flatten the ski and decrease the amount of edge.
  要改變方向，滑雪者必須透過彎曲外側腿來降低邊緣角度，使滑雪板變平，並減少邊緣的使用量。
• Skiers use inclination to balance against the turning forces.
  滑雪者利用傾斜來平衡轉彎時的力量。
• As speed and performance increase, the amount of inclination increases.
  隨著速度和性能的提升，傾斜度也會增加。
• With the right amount of edging a skier can carve the turn, with less edge the ski begins to steer through the turn (blending rotary, edging, and pressure movements) and with very little edge the ski will side slip with little to no
  藉由適當的刃角，滑雪者可以刻劃出轉彎；刃角較小時，滑雪板開始透過轉動、刃角和壓力動作的結合來引導轉彎；而刃角非常小時，滑雪板則會側滑，幾乎沒有任何控制
  direction change.方向改變。

PRESSURE壓力

• The skiers ability to manage the forces acting on the ski and skier fore-aft, from ski to ski, and vertically are pressure control movements.
  滑雪者管理作用於滑雪板及滑雪者前後方向、從一隻滑雪板到另一隻滑雪板，以及垂直方向的力量，這些都是壓力控制動作。
• A skier must use all of their joints to manage the forces or pressure.
  滑雪者必須運用所有關節來管理這些力量或壓力。
• The skier can change the pressure acting on their skis by bending, extending and or by resisting.
  滑雪者可以透過彎曲、伸展或抵抗來改變作用於滑雪板上的壓力。
• The skier can also change the pressure by adjusting the amount of edge angle or shifting from one ski to the other or a combination of these movements.
  滑雪者也可以透過調整邊緣角度的大小，或從一隻滑雪板轉移到另一隻滑雪板，或結合這些動作來改變壓力。
  

  

• Managing pressure is one of the most challenging skills to master and is required to demonstrate advanced levels of skiing and expert performance.
  管理壓力是最具挑戰性的技能之一，且是展現高階滑雪技巧與專家級表現所必須具備的能力。

COORDINATION協調性

Moving the body segments in the correct order creates efficiency. Efficient movements help direct the COM from arc to arc with little interruption of momentum (motion). This is the flow we notice when we see a good skier, and the seamless blend of the skills can be seen with a smooth glide between turns.
以正確的順序移動身體各部位能創造效率。有效率的動作有助於將重心從一個弧線順利帶到下一個弧線，幾乎不會中斷動能（運動）。這就是我們看到優秀滑雪者時所感受到的流暢感，而技能的無縫結合則體現在轉彎間的平滑滑行。
Coordinated Movements refer to the skill of harmonizing movements so that the right things happen at the right time. In a sport like skiing, where the very essence of the sport is balancing while moving over changing terrain, coordination is crucial to progressing beyond the beginner stage.
協調動作指的是將動作和諧統一，使正確的動作在正確的時間發生的能力。在滑雪這項運動中，平衡與在變化地形上移動是其核心，協調性對於超越初學者階段至關重要。

Various combinations and proportional application of the skills give us incredible control over the performance outcome of our skiing. Timing and coordination are integral to achieving desired outcomes. Timing refers to when, for how long, and how intensely a movement is applied. Forces need to be managed smoothly to create effective skiing at all stages of learning.
各種技能的組合與比例運用，讓我們能對滑雪表現結果擁有驚人的控制力。時機與協調是達成理想結果的關鍵。時機指的是動作施加的時間點、持續時間及強度。力量需要被平順地管理，才能在學習的各個階段創造有效的滑雪表現。

GUEST SERVICE AND CLIENT BUILDING
顧客服務與客戶經營

Meet and greet見面與問候

First impressions are powerful. Greet your clients with a handshake and eye contact. Learn their names and use them through the lesson. Ask questions and discuss their expectations. Listen actively and repeat back what you heard to ensure you understand. Explain how you typically work and what they can expect from you.
第一印象非常重要。以握手和眼神交流來迎接您的客戶。記住他們的名字，並在課程中使用。提出問題並討論他們的期望。積極傾聽，並重述您聽到的內容以確保理解。說明您通常的工作方式以及他們可以期待的服務內容。

Wrapping up結束課程

Give a clear summary of what they worked on through the lesson and what their next steps should be. Finish with a handshake and goodbye. This is a good time to schedule another lesson, give a business card, and generate some return business.
清楚總結他們在課程中所學的內容以及接下來應該採取的步驟。以握手和道別作結。這是安排下一堂課、發放名片並促進回頭客的好時機。

\section*{INTRODUCTION}\section*{簡介}

DUTY OF CARE照顧責任

Courts in Canada have held that the Duty of Care owned by a person charged with the supervision of children is that of the “careful or prudent parent”. This duty increases as the age and experience of the child decreases. The instructor will not have discharged his or her duty of care until such time as the child has been safely released into the care of another responsible adult, in accordance with the snow school’s policies.
加拿大法院認為，負責監督兒童的人所擁有的照顧責任，是「謹慎或審慎的父母」的標準。隨著兒童年齡和經驗的減少，這項責任會增加。教練必須確保兒童已安全交付給另一位負責任的成年人照顧，並符合雪地學校的政策，才能解除其照顧責任。

TIPS - Beginning the lesson
小技巧 - 課程開始前準備

TAIIS - End of the lesson
TAIIS－課程結束

6 6

UNDERSTANDING HOW TO COMMUNICATE WITH CHILDREN
了解如何與兒童溝通

Certain situations will amplify feelings and lead to unwanted behaviors, like angry fits or cries. It is important to notice and identify those feelings or behaviors and find ways to encourage cooperation or participation. This is what makes kids lessons challenging - it isn’t always what you say, but how you say it. So take the time to observe, ask questions and above all else stay positive.
某些情況會放大情緒，導致不良行為，如憤怒發作或哭泣。重要的是要注意並識別這些情緒或行為，並找到鼓勵合作或參與的方法。這就是教導兒童課程的挑戰所在——重點不僅在於你說什麼，而是你怎麼說。因此，請花時間觀察、提問，最重要的是保持正面態度。

ACKNOWIEDGE FEELINGS LISTEN TO UNDERSTAND!
承認情緒，傾聽以理解！

• Identify the child’s feelings. i.e. “You look frustrated.” Ask why with open-ended questions. “Can you tell me why?”
  辨識孩子的情緒。例如：「你看起來很沮喪。」用開放式問題詢問原因。「你能告訴我為什麼嗎？」
• Put the feeling into words. “Sounds like you’re frustrated…, that must make you feel angry…”
  用語言表達情緒。「聽起來你很沮喪……那一定讓你感到生氣……」
• Acknowledge the child’s feelings with a sound or a word. “Hmm,… yes…” Encourage them to continue, but you don’t always have to have something ready to say. Sometimes safe silence is the best. Remember to keep body language calm.
  用聲音或語詞回應孩子的情緒。「嗯……是的……」鼓勵他們繼續說，但你不必每次都準備好回應。有時候安全的沉默是最好的。記得保持肢體語言的平靜。
• Give the child in fantasy what you can’t give them in reality. Use humour! “Wouldn’t it be great if we could have hot chocolate on the chairlift…” or “I wish we could fly right up above us and see everyone on the mountain, including our moms …”
  在幻想中給孩子你無法在現實中給予的東西。用幽默感！「如果我們能在纜車上喝熱巧克力，那該多好……」或「我希望我們能飛到上方，看到山上的每個人，包括我們的媽媽……」
• Accept the child’s feelings even as you stop unacceptable behavior. “Frank, I can see you are very angry about Taylor stepping on your skis. However, hitting is not acceptable.”
  接受孩子的情緒，同時制止不可接受的行為。「Frank，我知道你因為 Taylor 踩到你的滑雪板而感到非常生氣，但打人是不可以的。」
  

  

  
  

  

ANGER MANAGEMENT情緒管理

BE A GOOD LISTENER
做一個好聆聽者

• Open Body - arms and legs uncrossed, eye contact, kneeling or bending down to their level
  身體開放－手腳不交叉，保持眼神接觸，跪下或彎腰與對方同一高度
• Rephrasing - “So what you said was…”
  重述－「所以你的意思是……」
• Write it down寫下來

CLASS MANAGEMENT課堂管理

• Count, count, count. Or better yet, have older children count themselves.
  數數，數數，再數數。或者更好的是，讓年紀較大的孩子自己數數。
• Stay in close verbal and/or visual contact to make sure that the class is together.
  保持密切的語言和／或視覺聯繫，以確保全班同學都在一起。
• Ask each child to pick a “buddy” and have them keep track of each other.
  請每個孩子選一個「夥伴」，並讓他們互相照應。
• Assign a student as assistant to act as “caboose”.
  指派一名學生擔任助理，充當「最後一節車廂」。
• Use verbal and visual signals. For example say “start your engines” and at the same time put your hands on your helmet or give the “thumbs up” sign.
  使用口頭和視覺信號。例如說「啟動引擎」，同時將手放在頭盔上或比出「讚」的手勢。
• You can lead in a single line, but avoid “snake” formations if you are skiing on congested slopes.
  你可以單列領先，但在擁擠的滑雪坡道上避免「蛇形」隊形。
• In controlled situations ski in pairs or threes to let skiers choose their own tracks but if safety is a concern move to the front to choose terrain and control the group’s speed.
  在可控的情況下，兩人或三人一組滑行，讓滑雪者自行選擇路線，但若安全有疑慮，則移至前方選擇地形並控制隊伍速度。
• Encourage reflection and participation in the decision making: “What should we do before we come to an intersection?” “How can we approach this jump safely in the park?” “Where should we stop next?”
  鼓勵反思並參與決策：「我們在到達交叉口前應該做什麼？」「我們如何安全地接近公園裡的跳台？」「我們下一站應該在哪裡停？」

STOPPING A CLASS停止一堂課

• Give the students a landmark where they should stop.
  給學生一個明確的地點作為停止的標誌。
• Use predetermined signals - raise a hand or pole combined with a key word. Get children involved with the use of signals.
  使用預先設定的信號——舉手或舉桿，並配合關鍵字。讓孩子們參與使用這些信號。
• Stop where students are visible to approaching skiers.
  在學生能被接近的滑雪者看見的地方停下。
• Allow sufficient space - children may have difficulty “stopping on a dime”. “Beyond/behind/below” - each child skis behind and just past (beyond) the person in front, and stops just below him.
  留出足夠的空間——孩子們可能很難做到「立刻停下」。 「在……之外／後面／下面」——每個孩子滑雪時都在前面那個人的後面且稍微超過（超出）他，並且停在他正下方。
  

  

  
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MAKE A LESSON PLAN
制定教學計畫

AGE SPECIFIC PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
年齡特定的身體特徵

MOTOR SKILL I TECHNICAL REFERENCE
動作技能 I 技術參考

AGE SPECIFIC COGNITIVE / MENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
年齡特定的認知／心理特徵

STORY / INTERESTS / CONTEXT
故事／興趣／背景

USE OF LIFTS WITH CHILDREN
搭乘纜車時與兒童的使用注意事項

Conveyor lifts輸送帶式纜車

• When getting on the lift, have students keep their skis parallel or like “french fries”.
  當搭乘纜車時，讓學生保持雙腳滑雪板平行，像「薯條」一樣。
• Remind them to keep their hands by their side and to stay still while riding the carpet. Some areas have fencing along the side of the lift that could be tempting to grab.
  提醒他們雙手放在身旁，搭乘魔毯時保持不動。有些區域纜車旁邊有圍欄，可能會讓人想去抓。
• At the top shuffle off and move out of the way as quickly as possible. If students are not mobile on their skis, it will be important to ride behind them.
  到達頂端時，迅速滑離並讓出路線。如果學生滑雪板上不太靈活，騎在他們後面會很重要。
• With very young students, ride directly behind them to help.
  對於非常年幼的學生，直接騎在他們後面以便協助。
  

  

  
  

  

Chair Lifts吊椅纜車

• Have the lift attendant slow down the lift to provide extra time for loading.
  請纜車服務人員放慢纜車速度，以提供更多時間上下纜車。
• Know your area’s age size restrictions for riding chairs. Younger and smaller children need to ride with an adult or responsible adolescent to ensure they can be lifted on and off the chair and have the safety bar lowered.
  了解您所在地區對乘坐吊椅的年齡和身高限制。年幼和體型較小的兒童需與成人或負責任的青少年一同乘坐，以確保他們能安全上下吊椅並將安全桿放下。
• Once children can ride on their own (know your area’s policies) the safety bar should be lowered as soon as it is clear of the loading area and lifted only where indicated at the top.
  一旦兒童能自行乘坐（請遵守您所在地區的規定），安全桿應在離開上下車區後立即放下，並僅在頂端指定位置抬起。
• Students should sit back in the seat till the back of the knee touches the seat with arms over the saftey bar. If you are carrying ski poles, run the poles across their laps to prevent small children from sliding under the bar.
  學生應該坐到底座，直到膝蓋後方碰到座椅，雙手放在安全桿上。如果攜帶滑雪杖，請將滑雪杖橫放在膝蓋上，以防小孩滑落安全桿下方。
• When getting off the lift, clear the unloading area and meet as a group at a specific safe location.
  下纜車時，請迅速離開卸載區，並在指定的安全地點集合。
• Problems in the loading and unloading areas require the quick attention of the lift operator.
  載客和卸客區的問題需要纜車操作員迅速處理。
  

  

Gondolas纜車艙

• Many areas require small skis to be brought inside the cabin.
  許多區域要求將小型滑雪板帶入纜車車廂內。
• Be watchful when loading and unloading. Even though the gondola slows down, there is still potential for trapped arms and legs.
  裝載和卸載時請保持警覺。即使纜車速度放慢，仍有手臂和腿部被夾住的風險。
• Once in the cabin, make sure students are sitting at all times.
  進入車廂後，確保學生全程坐著。
• Before leaving the gondola, check if they have all their clothing items.
  離開纜車前，檢查他們是否攜帶齊全所有衣物。

THE SKILLS FRAMEWORK WITH CHILDREN
兒童技能架構

What to look for:
觀察重點：

• student should feel shin contact in both boots keep in mind some kids can’t physically do this
  學生應該感覺到兩隻靴子都與脛骨接觸，但要記住有些孩子身體條件無法做到這點。
• stance acts like the suspension in a car
  站姿就像汽車的懸吊系統。
• balance is active, not a result of position
  平衡是主動的，而非姿勢的結果。
• promote an agile and mobile stance that allows for adapation to terrain and pitch
  推動一種靈活且機動的姿態，使其能適應地形和坡度
  

  

  
  

  

• Skis can be turned and skidded on the surface of the snow
  滑雪板可以在雪面上轉向和滑行
• Ski design helps in direction change
  滑雪板設計有助於改變方向

6

TOOLBOX BY AGE GROUP AND ABILITY
依年齡組別與能力的工具箱

CHARACTERISTICS OF 3-5 YEAR OLDS
3-5 歲兒童的特徵

• Preserve their energy for skiing - assist them with climbing, carrying, standing up, etc.
  保留他們的體力用於滑雪——協助他們爬坡、搬運、站立等。
• Teach in short sequences to maintain their focus
  以短時間的教學單元進行，以維持他們的專注力。
• Use a wide track stance or wedge. So that they have stability (hands on knees can be used at times to promote stability and lower their COM.)
  採用寬站姿或楔形姿勢，讓他們保持穩定（有時可用雙手扶膝以促進穩定並降低重心）。
• Work one-on-one as much as possible, do not encourage competition amongst students. Give individual attention to each person in the group as much as possible. Give each students the opportunity to follow directly follow behind you. Talk directly to each individual.
  盡可能一對一教學，不要鼓勵學生之間的競爭。盡量給予每位團體成員個別關注。給每位學生機會直接跟隨你。直接與每個人對話。
• Use a warm, cheerful and gentle approach.
  採用溫暖、愉快且溫柔的方式。
• Create a bond with your student by being animated and fun. Use your imagination,play games.
  透過活潑有趣的方式與學生建立連結。發揮你的想像力，玩遊戲。
• Gage attention, provide quick change of pace and activities.
  掌握注意力，提供快速變換節奏和活動。
• One task at a time.
  一次只做一件事。
• Show and help them with what to do, play copy cat, Teach by showing not talking
  示範並協助他們該怎麼做，模仿示範，以示範教學而非口頭說明。
• Stand beside student for demos, not in front.
  示範時站在學生旁邊，而非正前方。
  

  

• Stickers to identify left and right skis, to focus where to press or push against their skis or inside their boots, etc.
  使用貼紙標示左右滑雪板，幫助他們專注於該在哪裡施壓或推壓滑雪板或靴子內側等位置。
• Walking, bouncing, sidestepping, forwards and backwards
  走路、彈跳、側步，前進與後退
• One ski sliding. Skateboarding/Scootering
  單腳滑行。滑板／滑步車
• Red light, green light. This is a tactic to teach them how to control their speed
  紅燈、綠燈。這是一種教他們如何控制速度的策略
• Hands on knees to aid balance and stability
  雙手放在膝蓋上以幫助保持平衡與穩定
• Bamboo pole or hula hoop to help support them and keep them standing. Gliding and Balance are the primary objective.
  竹竿或呼拉圈用來幫助支撐並保持站立。滑行和平衡是主要目標。
• Instructor holds tips together to help with snowplow. An “edgie-wedgie” or “ski bra” can also help. Each ski school will have their own policies regarding this
  教練將滑雪板尖端合攏以協助犁式制動。使用「edgie-wedgie」或「ski bra」也有幫助。每個滑雪學校對此會有自己的規定。
• Follow the leader.跟著領導者做。
• Simon says西蒙說
• Use hands to show what you want the feet to do. Hands and arms form a wedge,it is easier for the legs to follow.
  用手示範你希望雙腳做的動作。手和手臂形成一個楔形，這樣腿部較容易跟隨。
• Use themes and imagination.
  運用主題和想像力。
• Cones/cubes/poles for terrain assisted learning and for a controlled turning environment.
  使用錐形桶／方塊／桿子來輔助地形學習，並營造受控的轉彎環境。
• “Spread peanut butter” or “squish a strawberry” with outside ski. (Balance ski to ski)
  用外側滑雪板做「抹花生醬」或「壓草莓」的動作。（保持滑雪板間的平衡）
• Hops, jumps. (Balance for and aft)
  跳躍。（前後平衡）
• Airplane turns.(Balance ski to ski)
  飛機轉彎。（左右滑雪板平衡）
• Choose a turn shape that helps control speed. Too big a turn is challenging for small children.
  選擇有助於控制速度的轉彎形狀。轉彎太大對小孩來說較具挑戰性。

INTERMEDIATE中級

• Cat and mouse, “copy cat” games.
  貓捉老鼠，「模仿貓」遊戲。
• Powerplow.Powerplow（動力犁）。
• Obstacle course.障礙賽道。
• Terrain use - sidehills, gullies, rollers.
  地形運用－側坡、溝谷、起伏地形。
• “Bunny hops”.「兔子跳躍」。
• Side slipping側滑
• Hockey stops曲棍球式停車
• Skiing soccer滑雪足球
• Drawing marks in the snow to follow or jump over
  在雪地上畫記號以供跟隨或跳躍
  

  

6
CHARACTERISTICS OF 6-8 YEAR OLDS
6 至 8 歲兒童的 6 大特徵

• Increase challenge and precision of tasks.
  增加任務的挑戰性和精確度。
• Use longer sequences, but monitor energy levels for safety.
  使用較長的動作序列，但需注意能量狀況以確保安全。
• Rest periods may still be necessary.
  仍可能需要休息時間。
• Increase complexity of tasks.
  增加任務的複雜度。
• Focus on mobility of all the joints
  專注於所有關節的活動度。
• Will bond well with instructor and others in the group.
  將與教練及團體中的其他人建立良好關係。
• A cooperative group approach with no ‘losing’ is recommended.
  建議採用合作小組方式，沒有「輸贏」之分。
• Provide demos so they can watch and do.
  提供示範，讓他們可以邊看邊做。
• Combine concrete examples with some trial and error experimentation.
  結合具體範例與一些嘗試錯誤的實驗。
• Controlled environments to keep it safe.
  在受控環境中進行，以確保安全。
• Develop awareness of risks.
  培養風險意識。
  

  

• One ski sliding.一滑雪板滑行。
• Straight running.直線滑行。
• Stop and go.停與走。
• Varying wedge size while gliding.
  滑行時變換楔形大小。
• Hopping while moving.移動時跳躍。
• Exaggerated positions -tall and small.
  誇張的姿勢——高大與矮小。
• Simon says西蒙說
• Drawing marks in the snow to follow or jump over
  在雪地上畫記號以便跟隨或跳過

()
BEGINNER() 初學者

• Vary size of snowplow.
  改變犁雪姿勢的大小。
• Leaning side-to-side while turning.
  轉彎時身體左右傾斜。
• Hands on outside knee.
  手放在外側膝蓋上。
• Picking flowers on the outside of the turn.
  在轉彎外側採摘花朵。
• Opposite lean airplane turns (arms to the side, leaning over outside ski).
  相反傾斜的飛機轉彎（雙臂張開，身體向外側滑雪板傾斜）。
• Follow the leader.跟隨領頭者。
• “Roller coaster” on safe rollers.
  「雲霄飛車」在安全的滾輪上。

-
INTERMEDIATE- 中級

• Bouncing through the turn.
  在轉彎時彈跳。
• Hops - ‘pushing’ head away from the snow rather than jumping and lifting the feet. This uses the ankles, knees and hips and develops a centred and mobile stance.
  跳躍——「推」頭部遠離雪面，而不是跳起並抬起雙腳。這動作運用腳踝、膝蓋和臀部，並培養一個居中且靈活的姿勢。
• Appropriate speed is critical for safety and success.
  適當的速度對安全與成功至關重要。
• Pairing, cat and mouse, follow the leader.
  配對、貓捉老鼠、跟隨領導者。
• Safe amount of speed on minimum terrain should be mixed with time on reasonably challenging terrain; keep in mind that stance changes will not necessarily be consistent.
  在最簡單的地形上保持安全的速度，並搭配在適度具挑戰性的地形上練習；請記住，姿勢的變換不一定會保持一致。
• Use of shallow turns on easy terrain to work balancing skills.
  在簡單地形上使用淺轉彎來訓練平衡技巧。
• Lift inside ski while turning.
  轉彎時抬起內側滑雪板。
• Obstacle course.障礙賽道。
• “Canoe game” - pretending to paddle over outside ski.
  「獨木舟遊戲」— 假裝在外側滑雪板上划槳。
• 360 s on snow.
  雪地 360 度旋轉。
• More challenging terrain and turn radius mileage, experience and terrain adaptation - bumps, jumps, various snow conditions.
  更具挑戰性的地形與轉彎半徑里程、經驗及地形適應——顛簸、跳躍、各種雪況。
• Inside ski turns.內側滑雪轉彎。
• Pole touch for older kids in this age group.
  這個年齡層較大兒童的手杖觸地動作。
• Hockey stops.曲棍球式停車。
• Side slipping on steep terrain.
  在陡峭地形上的側滑。
• Exaggerated positions.誇張的姿勢。
• Controlled skiing in easy moguls.
  在簡單的波浪地形中控制滑行。
• “Watch and do” - maximize experience and avoid talking.
  「看著做」— 最大化經驗並避免多說話。
• Terrain - bumps, jumps (stress responsibility and safety).
  地形－顛簸、跳躍（強調責任感與安全性）。

6
CHARACTERISTICS OF 9－12 YEAR OLDS
9－12 歲兒童的 6 大特徵

()BEGINNER()初學者

INTERMEDIATE中級

• Drag poles for stable upper body.
  拖曳桿以穩定上半身。
• Lift inside ski.抬起內側滑雪板。
• Hopping, bouncing through turns.
  跳躍，彈跳穿越轉彎。
• Obstacle courses/pylons.
  障礙賽道／錐桶。
• Convex and concave terrain.
  凸面與凹面地形。
• Pole plant.桿子支撐。
• Ski with rhythm and using different turn radius.
  以節奏滑雪並使用不同的轉彎半徑。
• Skiing to extremes - leaning against the front and back of the boots, very tall, very small, etc.
  極限滑雪——前後傾斜靴子，非常高，非常矮，等等。
• 360s on snow.在雪地上做 360 度旋轉。
• Air time - small, safe jumps.
  空中時間——小型、安全的跳躍。
• Skiing switch倒滑雪
• Synchro skiing.同步滑雪。
• Hockey stops.曲棍球停滑。
• Alternate edge sets and sideslip.
  交替換刃與側滑。
• Mileage, experience and terrain adaptationbumps, jumps, various snow conditions.
  里程數、經驗與地形適應：顛簸、跳躍、各種雪況。
• Short radius turns.短半徑轉彎。
• Pole plant.杖插。
• Tuck turns on moderate terrain.
  中等地形上的蹲伏轉彎。
• Turning on side hills.開啟側坡模式。
  

  

6
CHARACTERISTICS OF 13-18 YEAR OLDS
13 至 18 歲青少年的 6 大特徵

• Precise definition of tasks.
  明確定義任務。
• Increase challenge and complexity.
  增加挑戰性與複雜度。
• Adjust tasks to individual coordination.
  調整任務以符合個別協調需求。
• Can largely be approached as adults in terms of skiïng goals.
  在滑雪目標方面，大致可視為成人來處理。
• Emphasize strengths, accept mistakes and failures matter-of-factly.
  強調優點，平淡接受錯誤和失敗。
• Ask their feedback in how they learn best.
  詢問他們對最佳學習方式的反饋。
• Teach using the “whole-part-whole” approach.
  採用「整體-部分-整體」的教學法。
• Precise feedback as much as possible.
  盡可能給予精確的回饋。
• Can use questioning.可以使用提問方式。
• Be respectful and inclusive - encourage input, give them responsibilities when possible.
  保持尊重與包容——鼓勵發言，並在可能時給予他們責任。
• Let them be with their friends whenever possible.
  盡可能讓他們與朋友在一起。
• Encourage team work.鼓勵團隊合作。
  

  

$\to$$\to$rarr\rightarrow
BEGINNER $\to$$\to$rarr\rightarrow 初學者

$◻$$◻$◻\square
INTERMEDIATE $◻$$◻$◻\square 中階

• Drag poles for stable upper body.
  拖曳桿以穩定上半身。
• Increase speed on flat terrain.
  在平坦地形上加速。
• Lift inside ski.抬起內側滑雪板。
• Hopping, bouncing through turns.
  跳躍，彈跳穿越轉彎。
• Obstacle courses/pylons.
  障礙賽道／錐桶。
• Convex and concave terrain.
  凸面與凹面地形。
• Faster speed on flat terrain.
  平坦地形上的較快速度。
• One ski turns.單板滑雪轉彎。
• Pole plant.立桿滑雪。
• Ski with rhythm and using different turn radius.
  有節奏地滑雪並使用不同的轉彎半徑。
• Skiing extremes - leaning against front / back of the boots, very tall, very small, etc.
  極限滑雪——前腳掌或後腳跟用力傾斜，非常高姿勢，非常低姿勢，等等。
• 360s on snow.雪地 360 度旋轉。
• Air time - small, safe jumps.
  空中時間——小而安全的跳躍。
• skiing switch滑雪切換姿勢
• Rollerblade turns.直排輪轉彎。
• Jump turns with pole plant.
  用滑雪杖支撐的跳躍轉彎。
• Terrain variations -bumps, safe jumps.
  地形變化——顛簸、安全跳躍。
• Hockey stops with pole plant.
  用桿子支撐的冰球停滑。
• Short turns.短轉彎。
• Javelin turns.標槍式轉彎。
• Inside ski turns.內傾滑雪轉彎。
• “Switch” skiing.「反向」滑雪。
  

  

SAFE TEACHING安全教學

Safety first安全第一

• Know and respect the Alpine Responsibility Code
  了解並遵守高山責任守則
• Warm up for physical and mental readiness.
  進行暖身以達到身心準備狀態。
• Ensure that students are ready to learn.
  確保學員已準備好學習。
• Set appropriate challenges for their skill level.
  設定適合其技能水平的挑戰。
• Make sure students are familiar with the use of lifts; use lift operator’s assistance when necessary.
  確保學生熟悉使用纜車；必要時請纜車操作員協助。
• Choose terrain that allows students to stay in control.
  選擇能讓學生保持控制的地形。
• Use safe stopping areas away from traffic. Keep moving and keep contact with your students in high traffic areas. Keep moving in blind spots - below knolls, narrow trails or trail merges.
  使用遠離車流的安全停車區。在車流量大的區域保持移動並與學生保持聯繫。在視線死角保持移動——如小丘下方、狹窄小徑或小徑交匯處。
• Have students stop below the class to avoid collisions.
  請學生在班級下方停下以避免碰撞。
• Create awareness of other traffic and potential hazards.
  提高對其他交通和潛在危險的警覺。
• Alert students to changes in weather and conditions.
  提醒學生注意天氣和環境條件的變化。
• Advise on appropriate clothing and skin protection.
  建議穿著適當的衣物並做好皮膚防護。
• Consider equipment type and condition.
  考慮設備類型和狀況。
• Create awareness of area signage.
  提高對區域標示的認識。
• In difficult situations, have students follow closely to develop confidence.
  在困難情況下，讓學生緊跟前方以建立信心。
  

  

Alpine Responsibility Code
高山責任守則

ALPINE RESPONSIBILITY CODE
高山滑雪責任守則

Know the Code - It is Your Responsibility
了解守則 — 這是您的責任

Lesson Planning課程規劃

Organizing lessons goes beyond background knowledge of teaching and ski technique and into the practical realm of organizing specific activities within a fixed time frame. To satisfy paying clients, instructors must be organized, skilled in dealing with people, and provide tools and solutions. The following pages contain some ideas to help you get started with beginner to intermediate skiers.
組織課程不僅需要教學和滑雪技巧的背景知識，還需進入在固定時間內安排特定活動的實務領域。為了滿足付費客戶，教練必須具備組織能力、善於與人相處，並提供工具與解決方案。以下頁面包含一些幫助您開始教導初學者到中級滑雪者的想法。

Gliding to a stop
滑行停止

Falling and getting up
跌倒與起身

A safe setting安全的環境

The learning area should be flat with a gentle run out. Avoid obstacles like fences, ski racks and other skiers. This avoids distraction and lets students concentrate on learning to ski.
學習區域應該是平坦且有緩坡的。避免有柵欄、滑雪架和其他滑雪者等障礙物。這樣可以避免分心，讓學生專注於學習滑雪。

THE FIRST GREEN RUNS
第一條綠色滑道

1
Taking skiers up the mountain for their first green run is a big step. Know your terrain and timeframe so you don’t run out of time. The first step is lift access - tell them what to expect and how to get on and off. Accompany them on the lift and use that time to put them at ease and prepare for their adventure.
帶滑雪者上山進行他們的第一條綠色滑道是重要的一步。了解你的地形和時間安排，避免時間不夠。第一步是搭乘纜車——告訴他們會遇到什麼，以及如何上下纜車。陪同他們搭乘纜車，利用這段時間讓他們放鬆並準備好迎接冒險。

At the top of the lift find a good place to get organized and remind them of what they learned in the beginner area. Stay close to your students - good communication and trust is essential for them to develop confidence.
在纜車頂端找一個適合整理的地方，並提醒他們在初學者區所學的內容。保持靠近你的學生——良好的溝通和信任對他們建立自信至關重要。

andress
Review the key technical aspects - a relaxed stance, turning with the legs and balancing on the downhill ski. They will need repetition and practice so break the slope into easy sections. Positive reinforcement is crucial so build on small successes.
複習關鍵的技術要點——放鬆的姿勢、用腿轉彎以及平衡在下坡滑雪板上。他們需要反覆練習，因此將坡道分成簡單的區段。正向強化非常重要，要從小成功中建立信心。

THE FIRST GREEN RUNS
第一條綠色滑道

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THE FIRST BLUE RUNS
第一條藍色滑道

THE FIRST BLUE RUNS
第一條藍色滑道

USING THE ENVIRONMENT FOR
利用環境進行

NEW SKIERS新手滑雪者

UNDERSTANDING MOTOR LEARNING
理解動作學習

THE LEARNING BRAIN學習中的大腦

• Correct “bad habits” with tasks that block established patterns, giving new neural pathways a chance to get established. Example: A skier that over flexes on the downhill ski will be unable to do this if asked to ski on the inside leg.
  透過阻斷既有模式的任務來糾正「壞習慣」，給予新的神經通路建立的機會。例如：一位在下坡滑雪時過度屈膝的滑雪者，如果被要求用內側腿滑行，就無法再做出過度屈膝的動作。
• Focus on new feelings or sensations. These become internal cues which the learner can then access to monitor a new movement pattern. Gradually transfer these sensations to more challenging situations.
  專注於新的感覺或感知。這些會成為內在的提示，學習者可以利用這些提示來監控新的動作模式。逐漸將這些感覺轉移到更具挑戰性的情境中。
• When instructor and learner match observations of a key action this reinforces change and provides motivation.
  當教練與學習者對關鍵動作的觀察達成一致時，這會強化改變並提供動力。
• Analysis of poor performance can be counterproductive if it is the main focus. Instead, build on small successes and reflect on positive outcomes to reward the learning brain for not defaulting to old habits.
  如果過度分析表現不佳，反而可能適得其反。相反地，應該建立在小成功的基礎上，並反思正面結果，以獎勵學習大腦不回歸舊習慣。
• Learning requires doing things that won’t feel comfortable or familiar. Reassure your students that it is normal to not feel “good” when learning a new skill.
  學習需要做一些不會感到舒適或熟悉的事情。請安慰你的學生，學習新技能時感覺不「好」是正常的。
• Create achievable objectives and measurable outcomes. The learning brain needs clear
  訂立可達成的目標和可衡量的成果。學習中的大腦需要明確的
  indications of success to reinforce new patterns and stay motivated.
  成功指標來強化新的模式並保持動力。

The self-monitoring necessary for learning can get in the way if an athlete needs to perform and produce results automatically. This is what happens when a high end athlete “chokes”. Separate the task of learning (conscious execution) and performing (unconscious execution). Give permission to think things through when learning and reward instinctive solutions when performing.
學習所需的自我監控可能會妨礙運動員在需要自動執行並產生成果時的表現。這就是高階運動員「失常」的原因。將學習（有意識的執行）與表現（無意識的執行）分開。允許在學習時仔細思考，並在表現時獎勵本能的解決方案。

CSIA MISSION STATEMENTCSIA 使命宣言

ABOUT THE CSIA關於 CSIA

Credits

Canadian Ski Instructors’ Alliance
加拿大滑雪教練聯盟
401-8615 Saint-Laurent Boulevard,
401-8615 聖羅蘭大道，
Montreal (Quebec) H2P 2M9
蒙特婁（魁北克）H2P 2M9
Tel.: 514 748-2648 800 811-6428 Fax: 514 748-2476 800-811-6427 national@snowpro.com
電話：514 748-2648 800 811-6428 傳真：514 748-2476 800-811-6427 national@snowpro.com