电吉他拾音器参数优化研究 Research on the optimization of electric guitar pickup parameters
田 聪苏 畅刘 刚刘晓宇，胡丽娜 Tian Cong, Su Chang, Liu Gang, Liu Xiaoyu, Hu Lina（黑龙江工业学院电气与信息工程系 黑龙江 鸡西 158100） (Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Heilongjiang Institute of Technology, Jixi 158100, China)
Abstract
摘 要 拾音器是电吉他最关键的设备 其性能取决于其结构，线圈线径，圈数，磁铁磁性大小和形状等。本文通过分析电吉他的工作原理，主要从电阻与电感两个方向进行研究，对其电参数进行优化，以提高其性能。提出一种优化方案 构建电路模型，通过实际测试其性能，证实所提优化方案可以达到优化的效果。 Abstract The pickup is the most critical piece of equipment for an electric guitar and its performance depends on its structure, coil diameter, number of turns, magnet magnetic size and shape, etc. In this paper, the working principle of the electric guitar is analyzed, and the electrical parameters are optimized to improve its performance by analyzing the two directions of resistance and inductance. An optimization scheme is proposed to construct the circuit model, and its performance is tested in practice, and it is confirmed that the proposed optimization scheme can achieve the optimization effect.
关键词 电吉他 拾音器；优化 Keywords: electric guitar, pickups; optimize
1 电吉他简介 1 Introduction to Electric Guitars
电吉他是流行音乐中不可缺少的主要乐器之一，主要由琴头，琴颈，拾音器，琴桥，护板构成。与传统吉他相比，电吉他的琴身为实体的音箱，没有共鸣箱装置，在琴身上装有 2∼32 \sim 3 块磁铁即拾音器 ^([1]){ }^{[1]} 。不同于传统吉他利用箱体的振动发声的原理，电吉他主要使用拾音器拾取声音信号，通过扩音器将声波信号放大，因此拾音器是电吉他最关键的设备。和一般吉他相比，由于没有共鸣箱束缚，电吉他的音量可以自行调节，声音范围空间更大，因而其演奏灵活性大大增强，在颤音，滑音方面优势尤为明显。 The electric guitar is one of the indispensable main instruments in pop music, mainly composed of headstock, neck, pickups, bridges, and guards. In contrast to traditional guitars, electric guitars are physical speakers that do not have a resonance box and are equipped with 2∼32 \sim 3 magnets that are pickups ^([1]){ }^{[1]} on the body. Different from the principle that traditional guitars use the vibration of the cabinet to produce sound, electric guitars mainly use pickups to pick up sound signals and amplify sound wave signals through amplifiers, so pickups are the most critical equipment for electric guitars. Compared with ordinary guitars, due to the lack of resonance box, the volume of electric guitars can be adjusted by itself, and the sound range space is larger, so its playing flexibility is greatly enhanced, and the advantages in vibrato and portamento are particularly obvious.
2 拾音器的工作原理 2 How pickups work
拾音器（Pickup）是电声吉他的主要组成部分，在某些方面上决定其音色 ^([2]){ }^{[2]} 。拾音器自身不能发声，只具有＂信号传输特性＂，即像麦克风一样从琴弦的震动中拾取信号后，以自己的方式改变并传输这些信号。 The pickup is the main component of an electroacoustic guitar and in some ways determines its tone ^([2]){ }^{[2]} . The pickups cannot produce sound on their own, but only have a "signal transmission characteristic", that is, they pick up signals from the vibration of the strings like a microphone, and change and transmit these signals in their own way.
拾音器主要是由磁铁和绝缘的铜线圈构成，导线在磁铁上绕成线圈 线圈连接到扩音器。拾音器磁铁产生的磁场使弦线磁化 弦线反过来会产生自己的磁场。琴弦静止时，穿过线圈的磁通量是个常数。琴弦震动时相对线圈运动，通过线圈的磁通量就会发生变化。跟据法拉第电磁感应定律，振动的琴弦会产生感应电动势，其幅度与琴弦震动频率成正比，因而线圈中产生感应电流，其频率与弦线震动的频率相同。此感应电流通过扩音器进行放大还原 即可听到电吉他弹奏的声音 ^([3]){ }^{[3]} 。 The pickup is mainly constructed of a magnet and an insulated copper coil, and the wire is wound into a coil on which the coil is connected to the amplifier. The magnetic field generated by the pickup magnet magnetizes the strings and the strings, in turn, produce their own magnetic field. When the string is at rest, the magnetic flux through the coil is constant. When the string vibrates, the magnetic flux through the coil changes. According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, a vibrating string generates an induced electromotive force whose amplitude is proportional to the frequency at which the string vibrates, so that an induced current is generated in the coil at the same frequency as the string vibrates. This induced current is amplified and restored by a loudspeaker, and the sound of the electric guitar can be ^([3]){ }^{[3]} heard.
3 电吉他拾音器参数优化 3 Electric guitar pickup parameter optimization
（1）拾音器等效电路。实际的拾音器由导体线圈，被线圈围绕的多个磁体以及用以固定的框架组成。当拨动琴弦时，琴弦切割被线圈包围的磁体，产生感应电动势，在回路中产生感应电流，通过外接线流向放大器，从而产 (1) Pickup equivalent circuit. The actual pickup consists of a conductor coil, multiple magnets surrounded by coils, and a frame to hold it in place. When the strings are plucked, the strings cut the magnet surrounded by the coil, creating an induced electromotive force, which generates an induced current in the loop that flows to the amplifier through an external wire
生声音。从电学特性来看，拾音器可以等效为一个 RLC 谐振电路。各个元器件的参数影响着电路模型内的 R,L,CR, ~ L, ~ C三个参数，从而影响输出信号的谐振频率点，谐振频率点附近的泛音会被放大（基音则不受影响），远离谐振频率点的泛音则会快速衰减。 Raw sound. Electrically, the pickup can be equivalent to an RLC resonant circuit. The parameters of each component affect the R,L,CR, ~ L, ~ C three parameters in the circuit model, thus affecting the resonant frequency point of the output signal, the overtones near the resonant frequency point will be amplified (the fundamental tone will not be affected), and the overtones far away from the resonant frequency point will be rapidly attenuated.
一个实际的线圈可以被描述成一个理想电感器 L 和一个电阻器 RR 串联，并且与线间电容 CC 并联。其中电感量 LL 是主要参数，由线圈匝数，磁芯材料和线圈的几何形状决定。电阻 RR 和电容 CC 的影响较小，可忽略不计。当琴弦运动时 线圈中产生交流电压。因此拾音器可以看作一个附带一些电子元件的交流信号源，外部负载由电阻（吉他的音量和音色电位器，放大器输入端的电阻）和电容（吉他线的芯与屏蔽层之间电容）构成。吉他线电容对音色影响重大，不可忽略。这些元件的组合就形成了所谓的二级低通滤波器如图1所示。 An actual coil can be described as an ideal inductor L and a resistor RR in CC series, and in parallel with the interline capacitor. The inductance LL is the main parameter, which is determined by the number of coil turns, the core material, and the geometry of the coil. Resistance RR and capacitance CC have a small and negligible effect. When the strings are in motion, an alternating voltage is generated in the coil. Therefore, the pickup can be thought of as an AC signal source with some electronic components, and the external load is composed of resistors (volume and tone potentiometers for the guitar, resistors at the amplifier input) and capacitors (the capacitance between the core and the shield of the guitar wire). Guitar cable capacitors have a significant impact on tone and cannot be ignored. The combination of these components results in what is known as a two-stage low-pass filter, as shown in Figure 1.
图 1 拾昺器二级低通滤波器等效电路 Figure 1 Pick-up two-stage low-pass filter equivalent circuit
（2）拾音器电参数优化方案。针对某电吉他厂中最常见，用途最广的 xx 拾音器进行研究，对其电参数进行优化，以提高其性能。拾音器的电参数有很多，如直流电阻，电感，电容，阻抗，质量参数，损耗，谐振频率，谐振峰值等。其中，铜线线圈的粗细和铜线的缠绕市数两者都对直流电阻有影响。电阻与音量有关，电感与音质与音量有关，电容仅供参考，拾音器的音色功率取决于直流电阻和谐振峰值，所以本文主要从电阻与电感两个方向来提高拾音器性能，电容作为参考值。 (2) Pickup electrical parameter optimization scheme. The most common and most widely used xx pickups in an electric guitar factory were studied, and their electrical parameters were optimized to improve their performance. There are many electrical parameters of a pickup, such as DC resistance, inductance, capacitance, impedance, mass parameters, loss, resonant frequency, resonant peak, etc. Among them, the thickness of the copper wire coil and the winding number of copper wires both have an impact on the DC resistance. The resistance is related to the volume, the inductance is related to the sound quality and the volume, the capacitor is for reference only, the timbre power of the pickup depends on the DC resistance and the resonance peak, so this article mainly improves the performance of the pickup from the two directions of resistance and inductance, and the capacitor is used as a reference value.
拾音器的匝数，磁铁材料，线径，对其性能有不同影响，如下表所示，表 1 和表 2 中是拾音器的部分相关数据，以及其他 3 个公司的拾音器参考数据。 The number of turns of the pickup, the magnet material, and the wire diameter have different effects on its performance, as shown in the table below, Table 1 and Table 2 are some of the relevant data for the pickup, and the pickup reference data from the other 3 companies.
通过研究现有数据发现，拾音器线夹圈数相同，但磁铁磁性不同，做出的拾音器性能可能不同，所以在优化方案中，减少拾音器的匝数，琴颈拾音器电参数测得为 R=R=11.86K,L=4.78H,C=530.4nF11.86 \mathrm{~K}, ~ L=4.78 \mathrm{H}, ~ C=530.4 \mathrm{nF} ，琴体拾音器的电参数测得为 R=13.32K,L=5.21H,C=560.5nFR=13.32 \mathrm{~K}, ~ L=5.21 \mathrm{H}, ~ C=560.5 \mathrm{nF} 。图2和图3分别为优化 Through the study of the existing data, it is found that the number of pickup wire clips is the same, but the magnetism is different, and the performance of the pickup may be different, so in the optimization scheme, the number of turns of the pickup is reduced, 11.86K,L=4.78H,C=530.4nF11.86 \mathrm{~K}, ~ L=4.78 \mathrm{H}, ~ C=530.4 \mathrm{nF} and the electrical parameters of the neck pickup are measured as R=R= , and the electrical parameter of the body pickup is measured as R=13.32K,L=5.21H,C=560.5nFR=13.32 \mathrm{~K}, ~ L=5.21 \mathrm{H}, ~ C=560.5 \mathrm{nF} . Figures 2 and 3 are optimized, respectively
方案中电吉他琴颈拾音器和琴体拾音器等效电路图。 Equivalent circuit diagram of the electric guitar neck pickup and body pickup in the scheme.
表1 琴颈拾音器参考数据 Table 1 Reference data for neck pickups
型号／磁铁 Model/Magnet
Wire Diameter (mm)
线径
（mm）
线径
（mm）| 线径 |
| :--- |
| （mm） |
{:[R],[(KOmega)]:}\begin{gathered} R \\ (\mathrm{~K} \Omega) \end{gathered}
QQ
{:[Z],[(K)]:}\begin{gathered} Z \\ (\mathrm{~K}) \end{gathered}
{:[L],[(H)]:}\begin{gathered} L \\ (\mathrm{H}) \end{gathered}
{:[C],[(nF)]:}\begin{gathered} C \\ (\mathrm{nF}) \end{gathered}
图2 电吉他琴颈拾音器电路模型 Figure 2 Circuit model of an electric guitar neck pickup
图3 电吉他琴体拾音器电路模型 Fig.3 Circuit model of an electric guitar body pickup
（3）优化方案验证。按照以上的优化方案，制作拾音器并进行测试，测试所用仪器为示波器，信号发生器和交流微伏表。通过 10 组拾音器测试数据发现，所测得的数据一直在优化方案所测数据大致范围内波动。在测试时，用信号发生器给出一个 1000 Hz 的信号，此时拾音器测得为 1.1 KHz ，用交流微伏表测得此时波形峰值为 20 mV 频率波形图如图 4 所示。当信号发生器给出一个 500 Hz 的信号，此时拾音器测得为 502 Hz ，此时用交流微伏表测得波形峰值为 30 mV 频率波形图如图5所示。 (3) Verification of optimization scheme. According to the above optimization scheme, the pickups were made and tested, and the instruments used for the test were oscilloscopes, signal generators and AC microvoltmeters. The test data of 10 sets of pickups showed that the measured data has been fluctuating in the approximate range of the data measured by the optimization scheme. During the test, a 1000 Hz signal was given with a signal generator, which was measured at 1.1 KHz by the pickup, and a peak waveform of 20 mV was measured with an AC microvoltmeter, as shown in Figure 4. When the signal generator gives a signal of 500 Hz, the pickup measures 502 Hz, and the peak waveform measured with an AC microvoltmeter is 30 mV frequency waveform plot, as shown in Figure 5.
通过分析波形图和测试结果可以得出，拾音器频率越快，拾音器音色就更清晰；频率峰值越大，拾音器音量更大。当把所做拾音器安装在电吉他上后，调音发现琴颈，琴体拾音器弹奏时音色清晰，纯净，达到期望值，所以 By analyzing the waveform and test results, it can be concluded that the faster the pickup frequency, the clearer the pickup timbre; The higher the frequency peak, the louder the pickups. When the pickup is installed on the electric guitar, the tuning finds that the neck and body pickups play when the timbre is clear, pure, and meets the expected value, so
证明此方案达到优化的效果。 It proves that this scheme achieves the optimal effect.
图4 1 KHz 的频率波形图 Fig.4 Frequency waveform of 1 KHz
图5 500 Hz 的频率波形图 Figure 5 Frequency waveform plot at 500 Hz
4 结 语 4 Conclusion
拾音器的性能取决于其结构，绕线线径，圈数，磁铁磁性大小和形状等。一般来说 线圈匝数越多，直流电阻越大 输出功率也就越大，高音就越低。通过研究发现： The performance of a pickup depends on its structure, winding wire diameter, number of turns, magnet magnetic size and shape, etc. Generally speaking, the more turns of the coil, the greater the DC resistance and the greater the output power, and the lower the treble. Through the study, it was found that:
（1）影响拾音器性能的主要因素有线圈匝数（即拾音器直流电阻）和拾音器内部磁铁磁力强度。拾音器线圈铜线的粗细和匝数对电阻有影响，电阻与音量有关，电感与音质与音量有关，电容仅供参考。 (1) The main factors affecting the performance of the pickup are the number of coil turns (i.e., the DC resistance of the pickup) and the magnetic strength of the magnet inside the pickup. The thickness and number of turns of the copper wire of the pickup coil have an effect on the resistance, the resistance is related to the volume, the inductance is related to the sound quality and the volume, and the capacitance is for reference only.
（2）改变漆包线直径，可以改变拾音器阻值。理论上来说，当线夹缠绕圈数，漆包线电阻率不变时，漆包线直径越细，拾音器阻值越大，但也不能无限增加，匝数的增加伴随着高音的减少。 (2) Change the diameter of the enameled wire, you can change the pickup resistance. Theoretically speaking, when the number of coils of the clamp and the resistivity of the enamelled wire remain unchanged, the thinner the diameter of the enamelled wire, the greater the pickup resistance, but it cannot be increased indefinitely, and the increase in the number of turns is accompanied by the decrease in treble.
（3）从理论上来讲，拾音器测得数据中，D（即损耗）越少，拾音器性能越好。 (3) Theoretically, the less D (i.e., loss) in the pickup measurement data, the better the pickup performance.
（4）拾音器的材料，制造工艺和外壳也会对拾音器性能产生影响。 (4) The material, manufacturing process, and housing of the pickup will also have an impact on the pickup performance.
本文研究的重点是电吉他拾音器电参数优化问题，通过对电吉他厂现有数据进行分析研究，提出一种优化方案 经测试验证了该方案的有效性。研究还有不足之处，需要进行改进，比如可以从线圈松紧，磁铁强弱等方面来提出改进方案，以达到参数优化的目的。相信未来会有更多新的改进方案不断提出。 The focus of this paper is on the optimization of the electrical parameters of electric guitar pickups, and through the analysis and study of the existing data of electric guitar factories, an optimization scheme is proposed, and the effectiveness of the scheme is verified by testing. There are still deficiencies in the research and need to be improved, for example, improvement schemes can be proposed from the tightness of the coil, the strength of the magnet, etc., so as to achieve the purpose of parameter optimization. I believe that more new improvement plans will be proposed in the future.
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基金项目：2017年度黑龙江省教育科学规划课题＂基于 TRIZ 理论构建电气专业核心课程群及学生创新能力培养研究＂研究成果鸡西市科学技术计划项目＂基于电吉他的无线音频传输系统研究＂研究成果。 Funds: 2017 Heilongjiang Provincial Education Science Planning Project "Research on the Construction of Core Curriculum Group of Electrical Major Based on TRIZ Theory and Research on the Cultivation of Students' Innovation Ability", Jixi Science and Technology Plan Project, "Research on Wireless Audio Transmission System Based on Electric Guitar".
作者简介：田聪（1981－），女，黑龙江鸡西人，硕士，讲师，主要研究方向 电气工程，实验教学。 About author:TIAN Cong (1981-), female, from Jixi, Heilongjiang, master's degree, lecturer, main research direction electrical engineering, experimental teaching.
