HIST 1062 – Worlds of History
HIST 1062 – 历史世界

Review for the Midterm Exam - 2
期中考试复习 - 2

Question word
问词

In this review, you will find a list of key words and questions you are highly encouraged to review for our midterm exam. For any questions, do not to hesitate to contact your instructor. Good work!
在这篇评论中，您将找到一份关键词和问题列表 ，强烈建议您 为我们的期中考试复习。如有任何问题，请随时联系您的教练。干得好！

1. Terms and Definitions
1. 术语和定义

Define and briefly discuss the historical significance of the following key terms
定义并简要讨论以下关键术语的历史意义.

Neolithic Revolution
新石器时代革命

shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture
从狩猎和采集转向农业

Development of permanent settlements
永久定居点的发展

significant population growth
显著的人口增长

The spread of diseases, changes in diet that affected health
影响健康的疾病传播 、饮食变化

Mesopotamia
美索不达米亚

Vedic India
吠陀印度

Indo-European Migrations
印欧语系移民

2000 BCE
公元前 2000 年

Significantly influencing various parts of Europe,
对欧洲各地产生重大影响，

South Asia, and the Near East. They had
南亚和近东。他们有

a major impact on Indian history too.
对印度历史也有重大影响。

The language is similar with each other
语言彼此相似

brought new religious ideas and practices to India, which evolved into what is now known as Vedic religion
将新的宗教思想和习俗带到印度，演变成现在所谓的吠陀宗教

Chu-Han Contention
Chu-Han 争论

Germanic Migrations/Invasions and the Roman Empire
日耳曼人的迁移/入侵和罗马帝国

The Germanic invasions and migrations into the Roman Empire were a major factor in the decline and eventual fall of the Western Roman Empire.
日耳曼人的入侵和对罗马帝国的迁移是西罗马帝国衰落和最终衰落的主要因素。

The displacement of Germanic tribes by the Huns led to a wave of migrations and
匈奴人对日耳曼部落的流离失所导致了一波移民浪潮和

invasions into Roman territory, as these tribes sought new lands and resources
入侵罗马领土，因为这些部落寻求新的土地和资源

Eastern and Western Roman Empire
东罗马帝国和西罗马帝国

Costantinople
科斯坦丁堡

endured and evolved into the Byzantine Empire.
经久不衰并演变成拜占庭帝国。

from 330 CE (founding of Constantinople) to 1453 CE
从公元 330 年 （君士坦丁堡建立）到公元 1453 年

Charlemagne
查理曼大帝

Frankish king reigned from 768 to 814
法兰克国王于 768 年至 814 年在位

While campaigning in Italy, Charlemagne forged an alliance with the Papacy led by Leo III, to defeat the Lombards
在意大利征战期间，查理曼大帝与利奥三世领导的教皇结盟，以击败伦巴第人

Hijira

Abbasid Caliphate
阿拔斯哈里发

The Crusades
十字军东征

two of the most significant and complex concepts in Christian and Islamic history, respectively.
分别是基督教和伊斯兰历史上最重要和最复杂的两个概念。

a series of military campaigns launched by European Christians to reclaim Palestine
欧洲基督徒为收复巴勒斯坦而发动的一系列军事行动

eventually recaptured by Muslim forces in 1271
最终于 1271 年被穆斯林军队夺回

The Black Death
黑死病

Genghisk Khan
成吉斯克汗

The origins of the Mongol empire
蒙古帝国的起源

Zheng He
郑和

Legitimize his rule by showcasing Ming power abroad / Enforce tributary relations,
通过在国外展示明朝的权力来使他的统治合法化 / 加强朝贡关系，

demanding acknowledgment of Chinese superiority from foreign states. / Control trade
要求外国承认中国的优势。/ 控制贸易

networks, bypassing Silk Road intermediaries
网络，绕过 Silk Road 中介机构

Muslim eunuch
穆斯林太监

Cristopher Columbus
克里斯托弗·哥伦布

Columbus departed on the 3rd of August 1492 from Palos in Spain.
哥伦布于 1492 年 8 月 3 日从西班牙的帕洛斯出发。

He touched the coasts of San Salvador (nowadays in the Bahamas archipelago)
他触及了圣萨尔瓦多 （今巴哈马群岛） 的海岸

on October 12th, 1492
1492 年 10 月 12 日

Columbus undertook three other journeys (1493-1496, 1498-1500, 1502-1504) before his death in 1506
哥伦布在 1506 年去世之前还进行了另外三次旅行（1493-1496、1498-1500、1502-1504）

The Renaissance
文艺复兴时期

a "rebirth" of classical antiquity that propelled the West toward modernity.
古典时代的“重生”，推动西方走向现代性。

marked by a revival of classical antiquity, explosive creativity in the arts and sciences, and the rise of humanism
以古典古典的复兴、艺术和科学的爆炸性创造力以及人文主义的兴起为标志

Revived Greco-Roman ideas (philosophy, art, architecture).
复兴的希腊罗马思想（哲学、艺术、建筑）。

The Protestant Reformation
新教改革

Aztec and Inca Empires
阿兹特克和印加帝国

Shogun
将军

military governor
军事总督

ruled Japan on behalf of the emperor from the twelfth through the sixteenth century
代表天皇在 12 世纪到 16 世纪 统治日本

had often a purely symbolic power
通常具有纯粹的象征性力量

2: Discussion Questions (in the exam, you will be allowed to choose 2 out of 4 possible questions):
2：讨论题（在考试中，您可以从 4 个可能的问题中选择 2 个）：

The Greek-Persian Wars: What were the main causes and consequences of the Greek-Persian Wars and how they represented a major event in the history of cultural contacts across the ancient world but also for historiography?
希腊-波斯战争： 希腊-波斯战争的主要原因和后果是什么，以及它们如何代表古代世界文化交往史上乃至史学史上的重大事件？

Collapse of Empires – Breifly compare and contrast the factors that led to the fall of the Roman Empireand the Han Dynasty
帝国的崩溃 – Breifly 比较和对比导致罗马帝国和汉朝灭亡的因素.

large-scale outbreaks of epidemic disease
流行病 的大规模爆发

Internal Decline (Corruption, power struggles, weak leadership, economy)
内部衰落（腐败、权力斗争、领导薄弱、 经济）

External Threats and Invasions (Germanic populations for Rome, nomads/warlords for the Han dynasty)
外部威胁和入侵（罗马的日耳曼人口， 汉朝的游牧民族/军阀）

Science and culture in the global Middle Ages: How science, culture and religion influenced each other in the medieval period? Provide a contrastive comparison between Europe, the Islamic World.
全球中世纪的科学与文化： 中世纪时期科学、文化和宗教如何相互影响？提供欧洲与伊斯兰世界之间的对比比较。

The Mongol Empire and the Black Death: How, why and with what consequences the expansion of the Mongol Empire contributed to the spread of the Black Death in the 14th century? What were the consequences of the Black Death in Europe and Asia?
蒙古帝国和黑死病： 蒙古帝国的扩张如何、为什么以及产生了什么后果导致了 14 世纪黑死病的传播？ 黑死病在欧洲和亚洲的后果是什么？

Discuss the political, cultural, and religious achievements of Mesoamerican civilizations before Spanish contact. Then analyze how the Spanish conquest disrupted these societies. Use specific examples, such as the Spanish conquest of Mexico, or the impact of the Columbian exchange.
讨论在与西班牙接触之前中美洲文明的 政治、文化和宗教成就 。然后分析西班牙的征服如何  破坏了这些社会。 使用具体示例，例如西班牙对墨西哥的征服或哥伦布交易所的影响。

Analyze the origins and impact of the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation
分析新教改革和天主教反宗教改革的起源和影响.

What were the key elements that promoted the development of the Renaissance in the 15th and 16th century?
推动 15 世纪和 16 世纪文艺复兴发展的关键因素是什么 ？

Identify some the key phases of Japanese history, from the Heian period to the establishment of the Shogunate in 1185
确定日本历史的一些关键阶段，从平安时代到 1185 年幕府的建立.

3: Short Essays - Analyze one of the following topics with 2-3 well-developed paragraphs (about 200 words or more).
3：短文 - 用 2-3 个发展良好的段落（约 200 字或更多）分析以下主题之一。

1.   Compare and contrast the political systems, historical parallels and cultural interactions of any TWO of the following ancient civilizations:
1. 比较和对比以下任意两个古代文明的政治制度、历史相似之处和文化互动：

Classical Greece and The Persian Empire
古典希腊和波斯帝国

or
或

The Roman Empire and Han Dynasty China
罗马帝国和汉朝 中国

2. Islamic Golden Age and the History of Islam: Task: Analyze how the rise of Islam, the history of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphate and the scientific, cultural, and economic flourishing linked to the emergence of medieval Islam.
2. 伊斯兰黄金时代和伊斯兰教历史： 任务：分析伊斯兰教的兴起、 倭马亚王朝和阿拔斯哈里发王朝 的历史以及科学、文化和经济繁荣如何与中世纪伊斯兰教的出现相关联。

3. Cross-Cultural Exchange in the Medieval World: The medieval period (c. 500–1500 CE) witnessed extensive interactions between Europe, Asia, and the Islamic World through trade, conquest, and diplomacy. Write an essay analyzing some significant examples of cross-cultural exchange and interactions in the Middle Ages, focusing for instance on:
3. 中世纪世界的跨文化交流： 中世纪时期（约公元 500-1500 年）见证了欧洲、亚洲和伊斯兰世界之间通过贸易、征服和外交的广泛互动。写一篇文章，分析中世纪跨文化交流和互动的一些重要例子，例如：

The Mongol Empire and the Silk Road 
蒙古帝国与  丝绸之路  

The Crusades and interactions between Christian Europe and Islam
  十字军东征  以及基督教欧洲与伊斯兰教之间的互动

The influence of the Tang dynasty in East Asia
唐朝对东亚的影响

4. Zheng He vs. Columbus: Rethinking the 'Age of Discovery': Compare the maritime expeditions of Zheng He (1405-1433, Ming China) and Christopher Columbus(1492-1504, Spain). Consider:
4. 郑和与哥伦布：重新思考“大航海时代”：比较郑和（1405-1433 年，中国明朝）和克里斯托弗·哥伦布（1492-1504 年，西班牙）的海上探险。考虑：

Goals: How did their missions differ in purpose (diplomacy vs. conquest/trade)?
目标： 他们的任务在目的上有何不同（外交与征服/贸易）？

Legacy: Why did China abandon naval exploration after Zheng He, while Europe escalated after Columbus? 
遗产： 为什么中国在郑和之后放弃了海军勘探，而欧洲在哥伦布之后却升级了？ 

These expeditions were driven by economic
这些探险是由经济驱动的

exploitation, religious expansionism, and imperial domination, leading to devastating consequences
剥削、宗教扩张主义和帝国统治，导致毁灭性的后果

for Indigenous peoples, African societies, and global power structures.
为土著人民、非洲社会和全球权力结构服务。

it was a political, ideological, and economic turning
IT 是政治、意识形态和经济的转折

point that reshaped China’s relationship with the world.
这一观点重塑了中国与世界的关系。

Unlike European colonialism, China sought tribute, not colonies—limiting
与欧洲殖民主义不同，中国寻求贡品，而不是殖民地——限制

long-term gains
长期收益