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Royal Thai Armed Forces 泰国皇家武装部队

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Royal Thai Armed Forces 泰国皇家武装部队
กองทัพไทย
Emblem of the Royal Thai Armed Forces
泰国皇家武装部队的标志
Flag of the Royal Thai Armed Forces
泰国皇家武装部队旗帜
Founded 成立18 January 1852; 172 years ago (18 January 1852)
Service branches 服务分支
Headquarters 总部Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters, Bangkok
泰国皇家武装部队总部，曼谷
Leadership 领导
Highest Commander of the Armed Forces
武装部队最高统帅		 King Vajiralongkorn
哇集拉隆功国王
Prime Minister 总理 Srettha Thavisin
斯雷塔·塔维辛
Minister of Defence 国防部长 Sutin Klungsang
苏丁·孔桑（Sutin Klungsang）
Chief of Defence Forces
国防军总司令		 General Songwit Noonpakdee
Songwit Noonpakdee将军
Personnel 人员
Military age 军龄21–45
Conscription 征兵Yes (Planned to abolish in 2027)
是（计划于2027年废除）
Active personnel 在职人员700,000[1]
Reserve personnel 预备役人员4,000,000[1]
Expenditure 开支
Budget 预算฿197.29 billion(FY2023)[2]
฿1,972.9亿元（2023财年） [2]
Percent of GDP 占GDP的百分比1.5%[3]
Industry 工业
Domestic suppliers 国内供应商
Foreign suppliers 国外供应商 Australia  澳大利亚
 Brazil  巴西
 Canada  加拿大
 China[a]
中国 [a]
 Czech Republic  捷克共和国
 France  法国
 Germany  德国
 India  印度
 Indonesia  印度尼西亚
 Israel  以色列
 Italy  意大利
 Japan  日本
 South Korea  韩国
 Netherlands  荷兰
 Poland  波兰
 Russia  俄罗斯
 Singapore  新加坡
 South Africa  南非
 Sweden  瑞典
 Switzerland  瑞士
 Taiwan  台湾
 Ukraine  乌克兰
 United Kingdom  英国
 United States  美国
Related articles 相关文章
History 历史Military history of Thailand
泰国军事史
List of engagements 参与项目清单
Ranks 行列Military ranks of Thailand
泰国军衔

The Royal Thai Armed Forces (RTARF; Thai: กองทัพไทย; RTGS: Kong Thap Thai) are the armed forces of the Kingdom of Thailand.
泰国皇家武装部队（RTARF;泰语： กองทัพไทย;RTGS：Kong Thap Thai）是泰王国的武装部队。

The Highest Commander of the Royal Thai Armed Forces (จอมทัพไทย; RTGS: Chom Thap Thai) is the King of Thailand.[4] The armed forces are managed by the Ministry of Defence of Thailand, which is headed by the minister of defence and commanded by the Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters, which in turn is headed by the Chief of Defence Forces.[5] The commander-in-chief of the Royal Thai Army is considered the most powerful position in the Thai Armed Forces.[6]
泰国皇家武装部队最高指挥官（จอมทัพไทย;RTGS：Chom Thap Thai）是泰国国王。 [4] 武装部队由泰国国防部管理，国防部由国防部长领导，由泰国皇家武装部队总部指挥，而泰国皇家武装部队总部又由国防军总司令领导。 [5] 泰国皇家陆军总司令被认为是泰国武装部队中最强大的职位。 [6]

Royal Thai Armed Forces Day is celebrated on 18 January to commemorate the victory of King Naresuan the Great in battle against the Viceroy of Burma in 1593.[7]
1 月 18 日是泰国皇家武装部队日，以纪念 1593 年纳瑞宣大帝在与缅甸总督的战斗中取得的胜利。 [7]

Role[edit] 角色编辑

The Royal Thai Armed Forces primarily aim to protect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Thailand. Their duties include defending the Thai monarchy against all threats,[8] maintaining public order, and assisting in national disaster relief and drug control. Additionally, they support social development by cooperating with civilian government initiatives.
泰国皇家武装部队的主要目的是保护泰国的主权和领土完整。他们的职责包括保卫泰国君主制免受所有威胁， [8] 维护公共秩序，并协助国家救灾和毒品管制。此外，他们通过与文职政府倡议合作来支持社会发展。

There are differing perspectives on the roles of the Thai armed forces. While their official duties are well-defined, some critics argue that their functions extend to preserving ruling class hegemony against democratic movements and facilitating the self-enrichment of high-ranking military officials. However, these assertions represent specific viewpoints and should be understood as such.[9][10][11]
对于泰国武装部队的作用，存在不同的看法。虽然他们的官方职责很明确，但一些批评者认为，他们的职能延伸到维护统治阶级对民主运动的霸权，并促进高级军官的自我致富。然而，这些断言代表了特定的观点，应该这样理解。 [9] [10] [11]

The Royal Thai Armed Forces have also played a role in international peacekeeping efforts. Notably, they contributed to the United Nations peacekeeping forces, including their participation in the International Force for East Timor (INTERFET) from 1999 to 2002.[12] Additionally, they were part of the multinational force in Iraq, contributing 423 personnel from 2003 to 2004.[13] This international involvement reflects their expanding role beyond national borders.
泰国皇家武装部队也在国际维和努力中发挥了作用。值得一提的是，他们为联合国维和部队作出了贡献，包括1999年至2002年参加东帝汶国际部队（东帝汶国际部队）。 [12] 此外，他们还是驻伊拉克多国部队的一部分，从2003年到2004年提供了423名人员。 [13] 这种国际参与反映了它们在国界之外不断扩大的作用。

Personnel[edit] 人事编辑

As of 2020, the Royal Thai Armed Forces (RTARF) comprised approximately 360,850 active duty and 200,000 reserve personnel,[14] which is nearly one percent of Thailand's population of 70 million. This proportion of military personnel in relation to the total population is higher than that of the United States but lower than Vietnam's.[15]: 5 [16] The Thai military includes over 1,700 flag officers (generals and admirals), equating to about one general for every 212 troops.[17][18] This ratio is notably higher than that of the United States military, which as of November 1, 2018, had 920 active duty general and flag officers for a force of 1,317,325 personnel, resulting in one flag officer for every 1,430 troops.[19]: 2, 5  On May 2, 2015, 1,043 new flag officers from all three services of the Thai military were sworn in.[20] The number of officers who retired during the same period is not specified.
截至 2020 年，泰国皇家武装部队 （RTARF） 由约 360,850 名现役人员和 200,000 名预备役人员组成， [14] 占泰国 7000 万人口的近百分之一。军事人员占总人口的比例高于美国，但低于越南。 [15] : 5  [16] 泰国军队包括 1,700 多名军官（将军和海军上将），相当于每 212 名士兵中约有一名将军。 [17] [18] 这一比例明显高于美国军方，截至2018年11月1日，美国军队在1,317,325人的部队中拥有920名现役将军和旗帜军官，因此每1,430名士兵中有一名旗帜军官。 [19] : 2, 5  2015 年 5 月 2 日，来自泰国军方所有三个军种的 1,043 名新军官宣誓就职。 [20] 没有具体说明同期退休的军官人数。

Observations by some analysts suggest that the goals of Thai generals include aligning with politically favorable parties, securing advantageous postings, and personal enrichment, which reportedly involves sharing gains with subordinates to maintain loyalty.[11]
一些分析人士的观察表明，泰国将军的目标包括与政治上有利的政党结盟、获得有利职位和个人致富，据报道，这涉及与下属分享收益以保持忠诚。 [11]

In early 2021, Thailand's Ministry of Defence announced a plan to reduce the number of flag officers by 25% by 2029. As of March 2021, the RTARF had about 1,400 generals and admirals: 250 at RTARF headquarters, 400 in the army, 250 in the navy, 190 in the air force, and 300 in the Office of the Permanent Secretary of Defence.[21]
2021年初，泰国国防部宣布了一项计划，到2029年将旗官人数减少25%。截至 2021 年 3 月，RTARF 拥有约 1,400 名将军和海军上将：250 名在 RTARF 总部，400 名在陆军，250 名在海军，190 名在空军，300 名在国防部常务秘书办公室。 [21]

Conscription[edit] 征兵编辑

Conscription, a national duty outlined in the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand,[22] was initiated in 1905.[23] It mandates military service for all Thai citizens, although in practice, it primarily applies to males over 21 years of age who have not completed reserve training. The annual conscription process, typically held in early April, begins with eligible individuals reporting to their selection center at 07:00 on the designated day.
征兵是《泰王国宪法》中规定的一项国家义务， [22] 始于1905年。 [23] 它要求所有泰国公民服兵役，尽管在实践中，它主要适用于21岁以上尚未完成预备役训练的男性。一年一度的征兵过程通常在 4 月初举行，从符合条件的个人在指定日期的 07：00 向他们的选拔中心报到开始。

During this process, draftees have the option to volunteer for service or participate in a lottery if they do not volunteer. Those who choose to volunteer undergo thorough physical and mental health evaluations, including a drug test.[24] The results of these drug tests are recorded in the Narcotics Control Board's database. In 2018, data showed that out of 182,910 men tested, 12,209, or 6.7 percent, tested positive for drugs, with the majority detected for methamphetamine, followed by marijuana, and other substances.
在此过程中，如果被征召者不做志愿者，则可以选择志愿服务或参加抽签。那些选择做志愿者的人要接受彻底的身心健康评估，包括药物测试。 [24] 这些药物测试的结果记录在麻醉品管制局的数据库中。2018 年，数据显示，在接受检测的 182,910 名男性中，有 12,209 人（即 6.7%）的毒品检测呈阳性，其中大多数人被检测出甲基苯丙胺，其次是大麻和其他物质。

Individuals who test positive for drugs are subject to different treatments based on their conscription status. Over 3,000 men who tested positive and were drafted into the military received drug rehabilitation treatment as part of their service. Conversely, those who tested positive but were not drafted underwent a 13-day rehabilitation program in their home provinces.[24]
药物检测呈阳性的个人根据他们的征兵身份受到不同的治疗。超过3,000名检测呈阳性并被征召入伍的男子接受了戒毒治疗，作为他们服务的一部分。相反，那些检测呈阳性但没有被征召入伍的人在他们的家乡省份接受了为期 13 天的康复计划。 [24]

Candidates who do not meet the physical and mental health standards are exempted from service. Those who pass the examinations and volunteer for enlistment select their preferred service branch (Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy, or Royal Thai Air Force) and a reporting date. They receive official documentation summarizing the draft selection of the year, along with an enlistment order detailing the specifics of their basic training, including the time and location. The process concludes for the day with the dismissal of the enlistees, who then await their reporting date for basic training.
对身体素质和精神健康标准不合格的，免予任职资格。通过考试并自愿入伍的人选择他们喜欢的服务部门（泰国皇家陆军、泰国皇家海军或泰国皇家空军）和报告日期。他们会收到一份官方文件，其中总结了当年的选秀选择，以及一份详细说明他们基本训练细节的入伍订单，包括时间和地点。该过程以入伍者被解雇而结束，然后他们等待基础训练的报告日期。

Following the dismissal of the volunteers, the conscription lottery commences at each selection center. The number of individuals conscripted via the lottery is determined by the center's set quota, minus the number of volunteers. Like the volunteers, those participating in the lottery undergo the same physical and mental health assessments, with ineligible individuals being similarly dismissed.
在志愿者被解雇后，征兵抽签在每个选拔中心开始。通过抽签征召的人数由中心设定的配额减去志愿者人数确定。与志愿者一样，参加抽签的人也要接受相同的身心健康评估，不符合条件的人也同样被解雇。

During the lottery, each man draws a card from an opaque box. A black card signifies exemption from military service, and the individual receives a letter of exemption. Conversely, drawing a red card mandates military service, with the induction date specified on the card. Individuals with higher educational qualifications may request a reduction in their service obligation.
在抽奖过程中，每个人都从一个不透明的盒子中抽出一张卡片。黑卡表示免于服兵役，个人会收到一封豁免信。相反，抽到红牌需要服兵役，并在卡上指定入伍日期。具有高等教育资格的个人可以要求减少其服务义务。

In 2018, over 500,000 men were called for selection by the Royal Thai Armed Forces. The combined quota across the forces was approximately 104,000, including 80,000 for the Royal Thai Army, 16,000 for the Royal Thai Navy, and 8,700 for the Royal Thai Air Force. On the selection day, 44,800 men volunteered for service. After accounting for these volunteers and those dismissed due to ineligibility, the remaining quota was approximately 60,000 slots. This quota was to be filled by the approximately 450,000 men participating in the draft lottery, making the overall probability of drawing a red card about 13 percent.[25]
2018 年，超过 500,000 名男子被泰国皇家武装部队征召选拔。两部队的总配额约为104,000人，其中泰国皇家陆军为80,000人，泰国皇家海军为16,000人，泰国皇家空军为8,700人。在选拔日，有44,800名男性自愿参加服务。在计算这些志愿者和因不合格而被解雇的志愿者后，剩余的配额约为60,000个名额。这个配额将由参加选秀抽签的大约450,000名男子填补，使得抽到红牌的总体概率约为13%。 [25]

In 2017, a total of 103,097 men participated in the military draft in Thailand, conducted from April 1 to 12. The armed forces required 77,000 conscripts annually. In some cases, certain selection centers did not need to conduct the balloting lottery because their quotas were already fulfilled by volunteers. In these instances, individuals who opted not to volunteer and instead waited for the lottery were issued certificates of exemption.
2017年，共有103,097名男子参加了4月1日至12日在泰国进行的军事征兵。武装部队每年需要 77,000 名应征入伍者。在某些情况下，某些遴选中心不需要进行抽签，因为他们的配额已经由志愿者完成。在这些情况下，选择不做志愿者而是等待抽签的个人获得了豁免证书。

The duration of military service in Thailand varies depending on whether an individual volunteers and their level of educational attainment. Volunteers are generally required to serve for shorter periods. Those without a high school diploma must serve for two years, irrespective of their volunteer status. High school graduates who volunteer are obligated to serve for one year, whereas those who do not volunteer and draw red cards during the lottery are required to serve for two years. Individuals holding an associate degree or higher and who volunteer have a six-month service period. Those with similar educational qualifications who draw red cards during the lottery may request a reduction in their service time, up to a maximum of one year. University students are permitted to defer their conscription until they have completed their degree or reached the age of 26.
泰国的兵役期限取决于个人是否自愿参加以及他们的教育程度。志愿者通常需要服务较短的时间。那些没有高中文凭的人必须服务两年，无论他们的志愿者身份如何。志愿服务的高中毕业生有义务服役一年，而那些不志愿并在抽签期间抽到红牌的人需要服役两年。持有副学士学位或更高学位并自愿参加的个人有六个月的服务期。具有同等学历的人在抽签期间抽到红牌，可以要求减少服务时间，最长可达一年。大学生可以推迟征兵，直到他们完成学位或年满 26 岁。

All conscripts in the Thai military are assigned the rank of Private, Seaman, or Aircraftman (OR-1), and they retain this rank throughout their service, regardless of their educational qualifications. Their wages are subject to increase after completing basic training and with time-in-grade.
泰国军队中的所有应征入伍者都被分配了二等兵、海员或飞行员 （OR-1） 的军衔，无论他们的教育资格如何，他们在整个服役期间都保持这一军衔。在完成基础培训后，他们的工资会随着时间的增加而增加。

It is reported by some sources that a significant number of conscripts, over half according to these claims, are utilized as servants[26] to senior officers or clerks in military cooperative shops.[27][28] However, it is important to note that the placement of conscripts, irrespective of their volunteer status and educational background, is typically determined by the operational needs of their respective service branches. The most common roles assigned include infantryman for Royal Thai Army conscripts, Royal Marine for Royal Thai Navy conscripts, and security forces specialist for Royal Thai Air Force conscripts. Their duties can vary, encompassing military operations, manning security checkpoints, force generation, and performing manual labor or clerical tasks as required by their unit.
据一些消息来源报道，大量应征入伍者，根据这些说法，超过一半，被用作高级军官的仆人 [26] 或军事合作社商店的文员。 [27] [28] 然而，需要注意的是，应征入伍者的安置，无论其志愿者身份和教育背景如何，通常由他们各自服务部门的运营需求决定。最常见的角色包括泰国皇家陆军应征入伍者的步兵、泰国皇家海军应征入伍者的皇家海军陆战队和泰国皇家空军应征入伍者的安全部队专家。他们的职责可能会有所不同，包括军事行动、为安全检查站配备人员、组建部队以及根据其单位的要求执行体力劳动或文书任务。

Upon completing their service, conscripts are presented with the option to reenlist. In April 2020, for instance, only 5,460 out of 42,000 conscripts eligible for discharge at the end of the month chose to continue their service in the military.[29]
完成服役后，应征入伍者可以选择重新入伍。例如，2020 年 4 月，在月底有资格退伍的 42,000 名应征入伍者中，只有 5,460 人选择继续服役。 [29]

Top government officials in Thailand maintain that conscription is essential for the country.[30][31] However, there is an ongoing debate regarding the necessity and effectiveness of conscription in 21st-century Thailand.[32][33][34] Critics argue that, as of 2019, the external threats to Thailand are minimal. This perspective seems to align with Thailand's new National Security Plan, published in the Royal Gazette on November 22, 2019. Effective from November 19, 2019, to September 30, 2022, the plan suggests that external geopolitical threats are not significant in the forthcoming years, focusing instead on domestic issues, notably concerns about declining faith in the monarchy and political divisions.[35] In September 2023, the Defence Minister announced that conscription will be gradually abolished from April 2024 to 2027.[36]
泰国高级政府官员坚持认为，征兵对该国至关重要。 [30] [31] 然而，关于21世纪泰国征兵的必要性和有效性的争论仍在继续。 [32] [33] [34] 批评人士认为，截至2019年，对泰国的外部威胁微乎其微。这一观点似乎与2019年11月22日在《皇家公报》上公布的泰国新《国家安全计划》相符。该计划于 2019 年 11 月 19 日至 2022 年 9 月 30 日生效，表明未来几年外部地缘政治威胁并不重大，而是关注国内问题，特别是对君主制信心下降和政治分歧的担忧。 [35] 2023 年 9 月，国防部长宣布将从 2024 年 4 月到 2027 年逐步取消征兵制。 [36]

Amnesty International, in a report from March 2020, alleges that Thai military conscripts are subjected to institutionalized abuse, which is often overlooked by military authorities.[37] The report describes this practice as a "long-standing open secret in Thai society".[38] One notable case cited by Amnesty occurred in 2011, involving the death of Wichian Pueksom, allegedly due to torture by 10 officers. As of the report's publication, no verdict had been rendered in this case.[39]
国际特赦组织在 2020 年 3 月的一份报告中声称，泰国应征入伍者受到制度化的虐待，而军事当局往往忽视了这一点。 [37] 该报告将这种做法描述为“泰国社会长期公开的秘密”。 [38] 国际特赦组织引用的一起值得注意的案件发生在2011年，涉及Wichian Pueksom的死亡，据称是由于10名警官的酷刑。截至报告发表时，尚未对此案作出判决。 [39]

Budget[edit] 预算编辑

The defence budget nearly tripled from 78.1 billion baht in 2005 to 207 billion baht for FY2016 (1 October 2015 – 30 September 2016), amounting to roughly 1.5% of GDP.[40] The budget for FY2017 is 214 billion baht (US$6.1 billion)—including funds for a submarine purchase[41]—a nominal increase of three percent.[42] The proposed budget again represents around 1.5% of GDP and eight percent of total government spending for FY2017.[43] The FY2018 defence budget is 220 billion baht, 7.65% of the total budget.[44] According to Jane's Defence Budgets, the Royal Thai Army generally receives 50% of defense expenditures while the air force and navy receive 22% each.[15]: 29  The Ministry of Defense budget for FY2021 is 223,464 million baht, down from 231,745M baht in FY2020.[45]
国防预算从2005年的781亿泰铢增加到2016财年（2015年10月1日至2016年9月30日）的2070亿泰铢，几乎增加了两倍，约占GDP的1.5%。 [40] 2017财年的预算为2140亿泰铢（61亿美元），包括购买 [41] 潜艇的资金，名义上增长了3%。 [42] 拟议的预算再次占2017财年GDP的1.5%左右，占政府总支出的8%。 [43] 2018财年国防预算为2200亿泰铢，占总预算的7.65%。 [44] 根据简氏国防预算，泰国皇家陆军通常获得国防开支的50%，而空军和海军各获得22%。 [15] : 29  国防部2021财年的预算为2234.64亿泰铢，低于2020财年的2317.45亿泰铢。 [45]

History[edit]

Main article: Military history of Thailand

Ancient military forces[edit]

Main article: History of the Thai armed forces before 1852

The Royal Siamese Armed Forces was the military arm of the Siamese monarchy from the 12th to the 19th centuries. It refers to the military forces of the Sukhothai Kingdom, the Ayutthaya Kingdom, the Thonburi Kingdom and the early Rattanakosin Kingdom in chronological order. The Siamese army was one of the dominant armed forces in Southeast Asia. As Thailand has never been colonized by a European power, the Royal Thai Armed Forces boasts one of the longest and uninterrupted military traditions in Asia.

The army was organized into a small standing army of a few thousand, which defended the capital and the palace, and a much larger conscription-based wartime army. Conscription was based on the "ahmudan" system, which required local chiefs to supply, in times of war, a predetermined quota of men from their jurisdiction on the basis of population. The wartime army also consisted of elephantry, cavalry, artillery, and naval units.
这支军队被组织成一支几千人的小型常备军，保卫首都和宫殿，以及一支规模更大的以征兵为基础的战时军队。征兵制以“ahmudan”制度为基础，该制度要求地方酋长在战时根据人口从其管辖范围内提供预定的男子配额。战时军队还包括大象、骑兵、炮兵和海军部队。

In 1852, the Royal Siamese Armed Forces came into existence as permanent force at the behest of King Mongkut, who needed a European trained military force to thwart any Western threat and any attempts at colonialisation. By 1887, during the next reign of King Chulalongkorn, a permanent military command in the Kalahom Department was established. The office of Kalahom, as a permanent office of war department, was established by King Borommatrailokkanat (1431–1488) in the mid-15th century during the Ayutthaya Kingdom.[46] Siam's history of organized warfare is thus one of Asia's longest and uninterrupted military traditions.[47] However, since 1932, when the military, with the help of civilians, overthrew the system of absolute monarchy and instead created a constitutional system, the military has dominated and been in control of Thai politics, providing it with many prime ministers and carrying out many coups d'état, the most recent being in 2014.
1852 年，皇家暹罗武装部队在蒙库特国王的要求下作为永久部队成立，他需要一支受过欧洲训练的军事力量来挫败任何西方威胁和任何殖民企图。到 1887 年，在朱拉隆功国王的下一次统治期间，在卡拉洪省建立了一个常设军事指挥部。Kalahom 办公室作为战争部的常设办公室，由 Borommatrailokkanat 国王（1431-1488 年）于 15 世纪中叶在大城王国期间建立。 [46] 因此，暹罗的有组织战争历史是亚洲最悠久、不间断的军事传统之一。 [47] 然而，自 1932 年军方在平民的帮助下推翻君主专制制度并建立宪政制度以来，军方一直主导并控制着泰国政治，为其提供了许多总理并进行了许多政变，最近一次是在 2014 年。

Conflicts[edit] 冲突编辑

Main article: List of wars involving Thailand
主条目：涉及泰国的战争清单

The Royal Thai Armed Forces were involved in many conflicts throughout its history, including global, regional and internal conflicts. However, most these were within Southeast Asia. The only three foreign incursions into Thai territory were the Franco-Siamese conflict of 1893, the Japanese invasion of Thailand in December 1941, and in the 1980s with Vietnamese incursions into Thailand that led to several battles with the Thai Army. Operations on foreign territory were either territorial wars (such as the Laos Civil War) or conflicts mandated by the United Nations.
泰国皇家武装部队在其历史上卷入了许多冲突，包括全球、区域和内部冲突。然而，其中大多数都在东南亚。仅有的三次外国入侵泰国领土是 1893 年的法暹冲突、1941 年 12 月日本入侵泰国以及 1980 年代越南入侵泰国导致与泰国军队的几次战斗。在外国领土上的行动要么是领土战争（如老挝内战），要么是联合国授权的冲突。

Franco-Siamese conflict (1893)[edit]
法暹冲突 （1893）编辑

With the rapid expansion of the French Empire into Indochina, conflicts necessarily occurred. War became inevitable when a French mission led by Auguste Pavie to King Chulalongkorn to try to bring Laos under French rule ended in failure. The French colonialists invaded Siam from the northeast and sent two warships to fight their way past the river forts and train their guns on the Grand Palace in Bangkok (the Paknam Incident). The French also declared a blockade around Bangkok, which almost brought them into conflict with the United Kingdom. Siam was forced to accept the French ultimatum and surrendered Laos to France, also allowing French troops to occupy the Thai province of Chantaburi for several decades.[48]
随着法兰西帝国迅速扩张到印度支那，冲突必然发生。当奥古斯特·帕维率领的法国使团前往朱拉隆功国王试图将老挝置于法国统治之下时，战争变得不可避免，最终以失败告终。法国殖民主义者从东北部入侵暹罗，并派出两艘军舰越过河边堡垒，在曼谷大皇宫训练他们的枪（帕克南事件）。法国人还宣布对曼谷进行封锁，这几乎使他们与英国发生冲突。暹罗被迫接受法国的最后通牒，将老挝交给法国，也允许法国军队占领泰国占竹汶府数十年。 [48]

The Siamese Expeditionary Force in Paris, 1919.
1919年，暹罗远征军在巴黎。

World War I (1917–1918)[edit]
第一次世界大战（1917-1918）编辑

Main article: Siam in World War I
主条目：第一次世界大战中的暹罗

King Vajiravudh on 22 July 1917 declared war on the Central Powers and joined the Entente Powers on the Western Front. He sent a volunteer corps, the Siamese Expeditionary Force, composed of 1,233 modern-equipped and trained men commanded by Field Marshal Prince Chakrabongse Bhuvanath. The force included air and medical personnel, the medical units actually seeing combat. Siam became the only independent Asian nation with forces in Europe during the Great War. Although Siam's participation militarily was minimal, it enabled the revision or complete cancellation of so-called "unequal treaties" with the Western powers.[49] The Expeditionary Force was given the honour of marching in the victory parade under the Arc de Triomphe in Paris.[50] Nineteen Siamese soldiers died during the conflict, and their ashes are interred in the World War I monument at the north end of Bangkok's Pramane Grounds.
1917 年 7 月 22 日，瓦吉拉武德国王向同盟国宣战，并加入了西线协约国。他派出了一支志愿军，即暹罗远征军，由 1,233 名装备精良、训练有素的士兵组成，由陆军元帅查克拉邦塞·布瓦纳特亲王指挥。这支部队包括空军和医务人员，医疗单位实际上看到了战斗。暹罗成为第一次世界大战期间唯一一个在欧洲拥有军队的独立亚洲国家。尽管暹罗在军事上的参与微乎其微，但它使得与西方列强的所谓“不平等条约”得以修订或完全取消。 [49] 远征军有幸参加了巴黎凯旋门下的胜利阅兵式。 [50] 19名暹罗士兵在冲突中丧生，他们的骨灰被安葬在曼谷Pramane Grounds北端的第一次世界大战纪念碑中。

Franco-Thai War (1940–1941)[edit]
法泰战争（1940-1941）编辑

The Franco-Thai War began in October 1940, when the country under the rule of Field Marshal Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram followed up border clashes by invading a French Indo-China, under the Vichy regime (after the Nazi occupation of Paris) to regain lost land and settle territorial disputes. The war also bolstered Phibun's program of promoting Thai nationalism.[51] The war ended indecisively, with Thai victories on land and a naval defeat at sea. However, the disputed territories in French Indochina were ceded to Thailand.
法泰战争始于 1940 年 10 月，当时在陆军元帅总理 Plaek Phibunsongkhram 统治下的国家在维希政权（纳粹占领巴黎后）入侵法属印度支那，以收复失地并解决领土争端。这场战争还支持了披汶促进泰国民族主义的计划。 [51] 战争优柔寡断地结束了，泰国在陆地上取得了胜利，在海上海军失败了。然而，法属印度支那有争议的领土被割让给泰国。

World War II (1942–1945)[edit]
第二次世界大战（1942年–1945年）编辑

Main article: Thailand in World War II
主条目：二战中的泰国

To attack British India, British Burma and British Malaya, the Empire of Japan needed to use bases in Thailand. By playing both nations against one another, Prime Minister Phibunsongkhram was able to maintain a degree of neutrality for some time. However, this ended in the early hours of 8 December 1941, when Japan launched a surprise attack on Thailand at nine places along the coastline and from French Indo-China. The greatly outnumbered Thai forces put up resistance, but were soon overwhelmed. By 07:30, Phibun ordered an end to hostilities, though resistance continued for at least another day until all units could be notified. Phibun signed an armistice with Japan that allowed the empire to move its troops through Thai territory. Impressed by Japan's easy conquest of British Malaya, Phibun formally made Thailand part of the Axis by declaring war on the United Kingdom and the United States, though the Regent refused to sign it in the young king's name. (The Thai ambassador to Washington refused to deliver the declaration, and the United States continued to consider Thailand an occupied country.) An active and foreign-assisted underground resistance movement, the Free Thai, was largely successful and helped Thailand to be viewed positively in the eyes of the victorious Allies after the war and be treated as an occupied nation rather than a defeated enemy.[52][53]
为了攻击英属印度、英属缅甸和英属马来亚，日本帝国需要使用泰国的基地。通过让两国相互对抗，披汶颂堪总理能够在一段时间内保持一定程度的中立。然而，这种情况在 1941 年 12 月 8 日凌晨结束，当时日本从海岸线和法属印度支那对泰国的九个地方发动了突然袭击。寡不敌众的泰国军队进行了抵抗，但很快就被击溃了。到 07：30，披汶下令结束敌对行动，但抵抗至少持续了一天，直到所有部队都得到通知。披汶与日本签署了停战协议，允许帝国将其军队转移到泰国领土上。披汶对日本轻松征服英属马来亚印象深刻，通过向英国和美国宣战，正式使泰国成为轴心国的一部分，尽管摄政王拒绝以年轻国王的名义签署。（泰国驻华盛顿大使拒绝发表声明，美国继续认为泰国是一个被占领的国家。一个活跃的、由外国援助的地下抵抗运动，自由泰国，在很大程度上取得了成功，并帮助泰国在战后被胜利的盟国视为积极的形象，并被视为一个被占领的国家而不是一个被击败的敌人。 [52] [53]

Korean War (1950–1953)[edit]
朝鲜战争（1950年-1953年）编辑

Main article: Thailand in the Korean War
主条目：朝鲜战争中的泰国
Thailand soldiers arriving at Busan

During the United Nations-mandated conflict in the Korean peninsula, Thailand provided the reinforced 1st Battalion of the 21st Infantry Regiment, Some 65,000[clarification needed] Thais served in Korea during the war. Thai foot soldiers took part in the 1953 Battle of Pork Chop Hill. During the war the battalion was attached at various times to U.S. 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team and the British 29th Infantry Brigade. The kingdom also provided four naval vessels, the HTMS Bangprakong, Bangpako, Tachin, and Prasae, and an air transport unit to the UN command structure. The Thai contingent was actively engaged and suffered heavy casualties, including 139 dead and more than 300 wounded.[clarification needed] They remained in South Korea after the cease fire, returning to Thailand in 1955.[54][55][56]
在联合国授权的朝鲜半岛冲突期间，泰国提供了第21步兵团第1增援营，战争期间约有65,000名 [clarification needed] 泰国人在韩国服役。泰国步兵参加了 1953 年的猪排山战役。在战争期间，该营曾多次隶属于美国第 187 空降团战斗队和英国第 29 步兵旅。沙特王国还向联合国指挥机构提供了四艘海军舰艇，即 HTMS Bangprakong、Bangpako、Tachin、Tachin和Prasae，以及一个空中运输单位。泰国特遣队积极参与，伤亡惨重，包括 139 人死亡和 300 多人受伤。 [clarification needed] 停火后，他们留在韩国，于1955年返回泰国。 [54] [55] [56]

Vietnam War (1955–1975)[edit]

Main article: Thailand in the Vietnam War
Thai soldiers boarding a USAF aircraft, during the Vietnam War.
越南战争期间，泰国士兵登上美国空军飞机。

Due to its proximity to Thailand, Vietnam's conflicts were closely monitored by Bangkok. Thai involvement did not become official until the total involvement of the United States in support of South Vietnam in 1963. The Thai government then allowed the United States Air Force in Thailand to use its air and naval bases. At the height of the war, almost 50,000 American military personnel were stationed in Thailand, mainly airmen.[57]
由于靠近泰国，越南的冲突受到曼谷的密切监视。直到1963年美国全面介入支持南越南，泰国的参与才正式生效。泰国政府随后允许驻泰国的美国空军使用其空军和海军基地。在战争最激烈的时候，有近50,000名美国军事人员驻扎在泰国，主要是飞行员。 [57]

In October 1967 a regiment-size Thai unit, the Queen's Cobras, were sent to Camp Bearcat at Bien Hoa, to fight alongside the Americans, Australians, New Zealanders and South Vietnamese. About 40,000 Thai military would serve in South Vietnam, with 351 killed in action and 1,358 wounded.[57][58][59] Thai troops earned a reputation for bravery and would serve in Vietnam until 1971, when the men of the Royal Thai Army Expeditionary Division (Black Panthers) returned home.[58]
1967 年 10 月，一支团级规模的泰国部队“女王眼镜蛇”被派往边和的比尔卡特营地，与美国人、澳大利亚人、新西兰人和南越人并肩作战。大约40,000名泰国军队将在越南南部服役，其中351人在行动中丧生，1,358人受伤。 [57] [58] [59] 泰国军队以勇敢著称，并在越南服役，直到1971年泰国皇家陆军远征师（黑豹）的士兵返回家园。 [58]

Thailand was also involved in the Laotian Civil War, supporting covert operations against the communist Pathet Lao and the North Vietnamese from 1964 to 1972.
泰国还卷入了老挝内战，从1964年到1972年支持了针对共产主义巴特老挝和北越的秘密行动。

By 1975 relations between Bangkok and Washington had soured, and the government of Kukrit Pramoj requested the withdrawal of all US military personnel and the closure of all US bases. This was completed by March 1976.[60]
到1975年，曼谷和华盛顿之间的关系已经恶化，Kukrit Pramoj政府要求撤出所有美国军事人员并关闭所有美国基地。这项工作于1976年3月完成。 [60]

Communist insurgency (1976–1980s)[edit]
共产主义叛乱（1976-1980年代）编辑

The communist victory in Vietnam in 1975 emboldened the communist movement in Thailand, which had been in existence since the 1920s. After the Thammasat University massacre of leftist student demonstrators in 1976 and the repressive policies of right-wing Prime Minister Tanin Kraivixien, sympathies for the movement increased. By the late-1970s, it is estimated that the movement had as many as 12,000 armed insurgents,[61] mostly based in the northeast along the Laotian border and receiving foreign support. By the 1980s, however, all insurgent activities had been defeated. In 1982 Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda issued a general amnesty for all former communist insurgents.
1975年共产党在越南的胜利鼓舞了泰国的共产主义运动，该运动自1920年代以来一直存在。在1976年法政大学屠杀左翼学生示威者以及右翼总理塔宁·克拉维西恩（Tanin Kraivixien）的镇压政策之后，对该运动的同情增加了。到 1970 年代后期，据估计，该运动有多达 12,000 名武装叛乱分子， [61] 其中大部分驻扎在老挝边境的东北部，并接受外国支持。然而，到1980年代，所有叛乱活动都被击败了。1982年，总理普雷姆·廷苏拉农达（Prem Tinsulanonda）对所有前共产主义叛乱分子进行了大赦。

Vietnamese border raids (1979–1988)[edit]
越南边境突袭（1979-1988）编辑

With the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978, communist Vietnam had a combined force of about 300,000 in Laos and Cambodia. This posed a massive potential threat to the Thais, as they could no longer rely on Cambodia to act as a buffer state. Small encounters occasionally took place when Vietnamese forces crossed into Thailand in pursuit of fleeing Khmer Rouge troops. However, a full and official conflict was never declared, as neither country wanted it.
随着1978年越南入侵柬埔寨，共产主义越南在老挝和柬埔寨拥有约30万人的联合部队。这对泰国人构成了巨大的潜在威胁，因为他们不能再依赖柬埔寨作为缓冲国。当越南军队越境进入泰国追捕逃离的红色高棉军队时，偶尔会发生小规模的遭遇战。然而，由于两国都不希望发生全面和正式的冲突，因此从未宣布过。

Thai–Laotian Border War (1987–1988)[edit]
泰老边境战争（1987-1988）编辑

This was a small conflict over mountainous territory including three disputed villages on the border between Sainyabuli Province in Laos and Phitsanulok Province in Thailand, whose ownership had been left unclear by the map drawn by the French some 80 years earlier. Caused by then-Army commander Chavalit Yongchaiyudh against the wishes of the government, the war ended with a stalemate and return to status quo ante bellum. The two nations suffered combined casualties of about 1,000.[62]
这是一场关于山区领土的小规模冲突，包括老挝塞尼亚布力省和泰国彭世洛省交界处的三个有争议的村庄，法国人在大约80年前绘制的地图上没有明确这些村庄的所有权。由于当时的陆军指挥官Chavalit Yongchaiyudh违背政府的意愿，战争以僵局结束，并恢复到战前的现状。两国共伤亡约1000人。 [62]

East Timor (1999–2002)[edit]
东帝汶 （1999年–2002年）编辑

After the East Timor crisis, Thailand, with 28 other nations, provided troops for the International Force for East Timor or INTERFET. Thailand also provided the force commander, Lieutenant General Winai Phattiyakul.[12] The force was based in Dili and lasted from 25 October 1999 to 20 May 2002.
东帝汶危机后，泰国与其他28个国家一道，为东帝汶国际部队（东帝汶国际部队）提供了部队。泰国还提供了部队指挥官Winai Phattiyakul中将。 [12] 这支部队驻扎在帝力，从1999年10月25日至2002年5月20日。

Thai and US military training together during Cobra Gold 2001.
泰国和美国在2001年金色眼镜蛇演习期间一起进行军事训练。

Iraq War (2003–2004)[edit] 伊拉克战争（2003年–2004年）编辑

After the successful US invasion of Iraq, Thai Humanitarian Assistance Task Force 976 Thai-Iraq Thailand contributed 423 non-combat troops in August 2003 to nation building and medical assistance in post-Saddam Iraq.[63] The Thais could not leave their base in Karbala as their rules governing their participation restricted them to humanitarian assistance which could not be accomplished due to the insurgency during the Thai's tenure in Iraq.[64] Troops of the Royal Thai Army were attacked in the 2003 Karbala bombings, which killed two soldiers and wounded five others.[65] However, the Thai mission in Iraq was considered an overall success, and Thailand withdrew its forces in August 2004. The mission is considered the main reason the United States decided to designate Thailand as a major non-NATO ally in 2003.[13]
2003年8月，美国成功入侵伊拉克后，泰国人道主义援助特遣队976泰伊泰国派遣了423名非战斗部队，用于后萨达姆时代的伊拉克的国家建设和医疗援助。 [63] 泰国人不能离开他们在卡尔巴拉的基地，因为他们的参与规则限制了他们获得人道主义援助，而由于泰国人在伊拉克任职期间的叛乱而无法完成。 [64] 泰国皇家军队的部队在2003年卡尔巴拉爆炸事件中遭到袭击，造成两名士兵死亡，五人受伤。 [65] 然而，泰国在伊拉克的任务被认为是总体成功的，泰国于2004年8月撤军。该任务被认为是美国决定在2003年将泰国指定为主要非北约盟国的主要原因。 [13]

South Thailand insurgency (2001–ongoing)[edit]
泰国南部叛乱（2001年至今）编辑

The ongoing southern insurgency had begun in response to Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram's 1944 National Cultural Act, which replaced the use of Malaya in the region's schools with the Thai language and also abolished the local Islamic courts in the three ethnic Malay and Muslim majority border provinces of Yala, Pattani, and Narathiwat.[66][circular reference] However, it had always been on a comparatively small scale. The insurgency intensified in 2001, during the government of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra. Terrorist attacks were now extended to the ethnic Thai minority in the provinces.[67] The Royal Thai Armed Forces also went beyond their orders and retaliated with strong armed tactics that only encouraged more violence.[68] By the end of 2012 the conflict had claimed 3,380 lives, including 2,316 civilians, 372 soldiers, 278 police, 250 suspected insurgents, 157 education officials, and seven Buddhist monks. Many of the dead were Muslims themselves, but they had been targeted because of their presumed support of the Thai government.[69]
持续的南部叛乱始于总理披汶颂堪府1944年的《国家文化法》，该法用泰语取代了该地区学校的马来亚语，并废除了马来人和穆斯林占多数的三个边境省份的地方伊斯兰法院，即雅拉、北大年和那拉提瓦。 [66] [circular reference] 然而，它的规模一直相对较小。2001年，在他信·西那瓦总理执政期间，叛乱愈演愈烈。恐怖袭击现在扩大到各省的泰族少数民族。 [67] 泰国皇家武装部队也超越了他们的命令，以强大的武装战术进行报复，这只会鼓励更多的暴力。 [68] 截至2012年底，冲突已造成3,380人死亡，其中包括2,316名平民，372名士兵，278名警察，250名涉嫌叛乱分子，157名教育官员和7名佛教僧侣。许多死者本身就是穆斯林，但他们之所以成为目标，是因为他们被认为支持泰国政府。 [69]

Cambodian–Thai border stand-off (2008–2011)[edit]

Is an event that began in June 2008 over the border dispute with the Temple of Preah Vihear afterwards. There were many clashes between the two sides. Along with the claims of each party over the said dispute territory.

Sudan (2010–2011)[edit]

Thai soldiers joined UNMIS in 2011.[70]

Current developments[edit]

Thai and US Army Soldiers practice tactical manoeuvres during exercise Cobra Gold 2006 in Lop Buri.

Thai military deputized as police[edit]

On 29 March 2016, in a move that the Bangkok Post said will "...will inflict serious and long-term damage...", the NCPO, under a Section 44 order (NCPO Order 13/2559) signed by junta chief Prayut Chan-o-cha, granted to commissioned officers of the Royal Thai Armed Forces broad police powers to suppress and arrest anyone they suspect of criminal activity without a warrant and detain them secretly at almost any location without charge for up to seven days. Bank accounts can be frozen, and documents and property can be seized. Travel can be banned. Automatic immunity for military personnel has been built into the order, and there is no independent oversight or recourse in the event of abuse. The order came into immediate effect. The net result is that the military will have more power than the police and less oversight.[71]

The government has stated that the purpose of this order is to enable military officers to render their assistance in an effort to "...suppress organized crimes such as extortion, human trafficking, child and labor abuses, gambling, prostitution, illegal tour guide services, price collusion, and firearms. It neither aims to stifle nor intimidate dissenting voices. Defendants in such cases will go through normal judicial process, with police as the main investigator...trial[s] will be conducted in civilian courts, not military ones. Moreover, this order does not deprive the right of the defendants to file complaints against military officers who have abused their power."[72]

The NCPO said that the reason for its latest order is that there are simply not enough police, in spite of the fact that there are about 230,000 officers in the Royal Thai Police force. They make up about 17 percent of all non-military public servants. This amounts to 344 police officers for every for every 100,000 persons in Thailand, more than twice the ratio in Myanmar and the Philippines, one and a half times that of Japan and Indonesia and roughly the same proportion as the United States.[73]

In a joint statement released on 5 April 2016, six groups, including Human Rights Watch (HRW), Amnesty International, and the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ), condemned the move.[74]

Corruption[edit]

The Asia Sentinel in 2014 called the Thai military one of the most deeply corrupt militaries in Asia.[75] The Thai armed forces have a history of procurement scandals and dodgy dealings dating back to at least the 1980s.[75]

  • In the 1980s, the army bought hundreds of substandard armored personnel carriers (APC) from the Chinese that were so shoddy that light was visible through the welds securing the armor plate.[75]
  • The Thai air force bought Chinese jets with short-lived engines so delicate that the planes were towed to the flight line for takeoff and towed back on landing in order to minimize engine hours.[75]
  • In 1997, the HTMS Chakri Naruebet aircraft carrier was commissioned. Due to its lackluster operational history, the Thai media have nicknamed the ship "Thai-tanic", and consider her to be a white elephant.[76][77]
  • The Aeros 40D S/N 21 airship, nicknamed "Sky Dragon", was purchased for 350 million baht in 2009.[78] It cost 2.8 million baht to inflate and 280,000 baht a month to keep inflated.[75] It served for eight years, mostly in storage, and crashed once. The present leadership of the NCPO was instrumental in approving its purchase.[78]

Weapons and equipment[edit]

The aircraft carrier HTMS Chakri Naruebet of the Royal Thai Navy.
Saab JAS 39 Gripen of the Royal Thai Air Force.
泰国皇家空军的萨博JAS 39鹰狮。

Thailand's defense spending has soared since 2006. Since then the military has seized control from civilian governments on two occasions. Defense spending has increased by US$1 billion since the latest coup in 2014.[79]

Equipment[80] Quantity In Service On Order
Main battle tank and light tank 788 788 200
APCs, IFVs, ARVs, LCVs 2620 2620 300
Self-propelled artillery 1072 1072 60
Combat warplanes 作战战机 183 179 0
Transport warplanes 运输战机 114 114 0
Training warplanes 训练战机 56 55 12
Military helicopters 军用直升机 282 282 25
Aircraft carriers 航空母舰 1 1 0
Warships 军舰 17 17 2 LPD  2 个 LPD
Fast attack craft – missile (FAC-M)s
快速攻击艇 - 导弹 （FAC-M）		 6 6 6
Submarines 潜艇 0 0 3
Patrol boats 巡逻艇 127 127 2

In early January 2022, Thailand's cabinet backed a plan to buy four fighter jets starting in 2023 with 13.8 billion baht ($413.67 million) budgeted for the purchase over a 4 year period to replace some of the country's aging F-16 jets.[81]
2022 年 1 月初，泰国内阁支持了一项从 2023 年开始购买四架战斗机的计划，预算为 138 亿泰铢（4.1367 亿美元），用于在 4 年内购买，以取代该国一些老化的 F-16 喷气式飞机。 [81]

Uniforms, ranks, insignia[edit]
制服、军衔、徽章编辑

Main article: Military ranks of the Thai armed forces
主条目：泰国武装部队的军衔

To build institutional solidarity and esprit de corps, each Thai service component has developed its own distinctive uniforms, ranking system, and insignia.[82] Many Thai military uniforms reflect historical foreign influences. For example, most of the distinctive service uniforms were patterned on those of the US, but lower ranking enlisted navy personnel wear uniforms resembling those of their French counterparts. The early influence of British advisers to the Thai royal court and the historical role of the military in royal pomp and ceremony contributed to the splendor of formal dress uniforms worn by high-ranking officers and guards of honour on ceremonial occasions.
为了建立机构团结和团队精神，每个泰国军种都制定了自己独特的制服、军衔系统和徽章。 [82] 许多泰国军装反映了历史上的外国影响。例如，大多数独特的军装都是以美国的制服为蓝本的，但较低级别的海军人员穿着类似于法国同行的制服。英国顾问对泰国王室的早期影响以及军队在皇家盛况和仪式中的历史作用促成了高级军官和仪仗队在礼仪场合穿着的正装制服的辉煌。

The Royal Thai Army Band in uniforms of various royal guards unit, ranked in the shape of the flag of Thailand

The rank structures of the three armed services are similar to those of the respective branches of the US Armed Forces, although the Thai system has fewer NCO and warrant officer designations. The king, as head of state and constitutional head of the armed forces, commissions all officers. Appointments to NCO ranks are authorised by the minister of defence. In theory, the authority and responsibilities of officers of various ranks correspond to those of their US counterparts. However, because of a perennial surplus of senior officers—in 1987 there were some 600 generals and admirals in a total force of about 273,000—Thai staff positions are often held by officers of higher rank than would be the case in the US or other Western military establishments.

Thai military personnel are highly conscious of rank distinctions and of the duties, obligations, and benefits they entail. Relationships among officers of different grades and among officers, NCOs, and the enlisted ranks are governed by military tradition in a society where observance of differences in status are highly formalised. The social distance between officers and NCOs is widened by the fact that officers usually are college or military academy graduates, while most NCOs have not gone beyond secondary school. There is a wider gap between officers and conscripts, most of whom have even less formal education, service experience, or specialised training.

Formal honours and symbols of merit occupy an important place in Thai military tradition. The government grants numerous awards, and outstanding acts of heroism, courage, and meritorious service receive prompt recognition.

Officer and enlisted rank insignia[edit]

Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers Officer cadet
 Royal Thai Army[83]
 Field Marshal General Lieutenant General Major General Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Sub Lieutenant
จอมพล
Chom phon 		พลเอก
Phon ek 		พลโท
Phon tho 		พลตรี
Phon tri 		พันเอก
Phan ek 		พันโท
Phan tho 		พันตรี
Phan tri 		ร้อยเอก
Roi ek 		ร้อยโท
Roi tho 		ร้อยตรี
Roi tri 		นักเรียนนายร้อย
Nak-rian nairoi


 Royal Thai Navy[83]
 Admiral of the Fleet Admiral Vice Admiral Rear Admiral Captain Commander Lieutenant Commander Lieutenant Lieutenant Junior Grade Sub Lieutenant
จอมพลเรือ
Chom phon ruea 		พลเรือเอก
Phon ruea ek 		พลเรือโท
Phon ruea tho 		พลเรือตรี
Phon ruea tri 		นาวาเอก
Nawa ek 		นาวาโท
Nawa tho 		นาวาตรี
Nawa tri 		เรือเอก
Ruea ek 		เรือโท
Ruea tho 		เรือตรี
Ruea tri 		นักเรียนนายเรือ
Nak-rian nairuea


 Royal Thai Air Force[83]
 Marshal of the Royal Thai Air Force Air Chief Marshal Air Marshal Air Vice Marshal Group Captain Wing Commander Squadron Leader Flight Lieutenant Flying Officer Pilot Officer
จอมพลอากาศ
Chom phon akat 		พลอากาศเอก
Phon akat ek 		พลอากาศโท
Phon akat tho 		พลอากาศตรี
Phon akat tri 		นาวาอากาศเอก
Nawa akat ek 		นาวาอากาศโท
Nawa akat tho 		นาวาอากาศตรี
Nawa akat tri 		เรืออากาศเอก
Ruea akat ek 		เรืออากาศโท
Ruea akat tho 		เรืออากาศตรี
Ruea akat tri 		นักเรียนนายเรืออากาศ
Nak-rian nairuea akat
Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted
 Royal Thai Army[83]
 Master Sergeant 1st Class Master Sergeant 2nd Class Master Sergeant 3rd Class Sergeant Corporal Private 1st Class No insignia
จ่าสิบเอก
Cha sip ek 		จ่าสิบโท
Cha sip tho 		จ่าสิบตรี
Cha sip tri 		สิบเอก
Sip ek 		สิบโท
Sip tho 		สิบตรี
Sip tri 		พลทหาร
Phon thahan


 Royal Thai Navy[83]
 Chief Petty Officer 1st Class Chief Petty Officer 2nd Class Chief Petty Officer 3rd Class Petty Officer 1st Class Petty Officer 2nd Class Petty Officer 3rd Class No insignia
พันจ่าเอก
Phan cha ek 		พันจ่าโท
Phan cha tho 		พันจ่าตรี
Phan cha tri 		จ่าเอก
Cha ek 		จ่าโท
Cha tho 		จ่าตรี
Cha tri 		พลทหาร
Phon thahan


 Royal Thai Air Force[83]
 Flight Sergeant 1st Class Flight Sergeant 2nd Class Flight Sergeant 3rd Class Sergeant Corporal Leading Aircraftman No insignia
พันจ่าอากาศเอก
Phan cha akat ek 		พันจ่าอากาศโท
Phan cha akat tho 		พันจ่าอากาศตรี
Phan cha akat tri 		จ่าอากาศเอก
Cha akat ek 		จ่าอากาศโท
Cha akat tho 		จ่าอากาศตรี
Cha akat tri 		พลทหาร
Phon thahan

Gallery[edit]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ see China–Thailand relations

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Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Country Studies. Federal Research Division.
Public Domain 本文包含来自该来源的文本，该来源属于公共领域。国别研究。联邦研究部。

Further reading[edit] 延伸阅读编辑

  • Osornprasop, Sutayut. "Thailand and the Secret War in Laos", 1960–1974 (in) Albert Lau (ed.), Southeast Asia and the Cold War. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge, 2012. ISBN 978-0415684507 (hardback).
    奥索恩普拉索普，苏塔尤特。“泰国和老挝的秘密战争”，1960-1974年（收录于）Albert Lau（编辑），《东南亚与冷战》。 米尔顿公园，阿宾登，奥克森;纽约：劳特利奇，2012 年。ISBN 978-0415684507（精装）。
  • Ruth, Richard A (2011). In Buddha's Company: Thai Soldiers in the Vietnam War. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3489-0. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
    露丝，理查德A（2011）。在佛陀的陪伴下：越南战争中的泰国士兵。 檀香山：夏威夷大学出版社。 ISBN 978-0-8248-3489-0。2017年 8 November 检索。
  • Chambers, Paul; Waitoolkiat, Napisa, eds. (2007). Khaki Capital: The Political Economy of the Military in Southeast Asia (Paper). NIAS Press. ISBN 978-87-7694-225-0.
    钱伯斯，保罗;Waitoolkiat，纳皮萨，编辑（2007 年）。卡其资本：东南亚军队的政治经济学（论文）。NIAS出版社. ISBN 978-87-7694-225-0.

External links[edit] 外部链接编辑

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维基共享资源相关的多媒体资源：泰国军事
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