Many studies have been carried out on the antioxidant effects of medicinal plants in edible oils. One of those plants is turmeric, which, due to its biological and antioxidant compounds such as curcuminoids, has a strong antioxidant effect and prevents oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (FAs). In this study, turmeric at different levels ( 5%5 \% and 10%w//w10 \% w / w ) was used to increase the oxidative stability of the milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) seed oil (MTSO). Additionally, to improve the performance of turmeric, cold plasma (CP) treatment was used at different durations ( 5 and 10 min ). The effect of turmeric on the quality parameters of MTSO was investigated during different storage times ( 1,30 , and 60 days). The results indicated that the addition of turmeric treated with CP significantly ( p < 0.05p<0.05 ) decreased the acidity value (AV) ( 1.00-0.62mgNaOH//g1.00-0.62 \mathrm{mg} \mathrm{NaOH} / \mathrm{g} oil) and the peroxide value ( PV ) (4.47-3.65mEqO_(2)//kg:}\left(4.47-3.65 \mathrm{mEq} \mathrm{O}_{2} / \mathrm{kg}\right. oil) and also increased the total phenolic content ( 1003.23-1116.90mg//GAE//1003.23-1116.90 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{GAE} / 100 g oil), antioxidant activity, alpha\alpha-tocopherol, and finally the oxidative stability compared to the control sample and oil containing untreated turmeric. Furthermore, gas chromatography (GC) analysis of the oil sample of the FA profile containing CP-treated turmeric revealed the higher ratio of unsaturated FAs (i.e., linoleic and arachidonic acid) and lower saturated FA content (palmitic and stearic acid) compared to oil samples containing untreated turmeric. To conclude, CP treatment increased turmeric performance and improved the quality characteristics of MTSO. 許多研究已經對食用油中藥用植物的抗氧化效果進行了探討。其中一種植物是薑黃，由於其生物和抗氧化化合物如薑黃素，具有強大的抗氧化效果，並能防止不飽和脂肪酸的氧化。在這項研究中，使用了不同濃度的薑黃（ 5%5 \% 和 10%w//w10 \% w / w ）來提高乳薊（Silybum marianum L.）種子油（MTSO）的氧化穩定性。此外，為了改善薑黃的性能，使用了不同持續時間（5 和 10 分鐘）的冷等離子體（CP）處理。研究了薑黃對 MTSO 在不同儲存時間（1、30 和 60 天）下的質量參數的影響。結果表明，使用 CP 處理的薑黃的添加顯著（ p < 0.05p<0.05 ）降低了酸值（AV）（ 1.00-0.62mgNaOH//g1.00-0.62 \mathrm{mg} \mathrm{NaOH} / \mathrm{g} 油）和過氧化值（PV）（ (4.47-3.65mEqO_(2)//kg:}\left(4.47-3.65 \mathrm{mEq} \mathrm{O}_{2} / \mathrm{kg}\right. 油），並且增加了總酚含量（ 1003.23-1116.90mg//GAE//1003.23-1116.90 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{GAE} / 每 100 克油）、抗氧化活性、 alpha\alpha -生育酚，最終提高了與對照樣本和含有未處理薑黃的油相比的氧化穩定性。 此外，對含有 CP 處理薑黃的油樣進行氣相色譜 (GC) 分析顯示，與含有未處理薑黃的油樣相比，該 FA 譜的油樣中不飽和脂肪酸（即亞油酸和花生四烯酸）的比例較高，而飽和脂肪酸（棕櫚酸和硬脂酸）的含量較低。總之，CP 處理提高了薑黃的性能，改善了 MTSO 的質量特徵。
Nowadays, medicinal plants are widely used to improve the quality parameters of oils, among others increasing their shelf life, improving their antioxidant activity and oxidative stability, and preventing microbial spoilage [1]. For example, fortification of soybean oil with savory cardamom and 如今，藥用植物被廣泛用於改善油品的質量參數，包括延長其保質期、提高其抗氧化活性和氧化穩定性，以及防止微生物變質[1]。例如，將香料豆蔻強化於大豆油中，並
essential oils of cumin reduced its free fatty acids (FAs) and peroxide value ( PV ). One of the medicinal plants of the Mediterranean region is the milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) [2,3][2,3]. This plant is also found in Iran with local names such as Khar Alis, Khar Maryam, Kharseh, Khreshjaf, Tigh Panbe, and Shishemor [4]. Milk thistle seeds (MTSs) contain nutritionally valuable oil (26%-31%w//w)(26 \%-31 \% w / w) with 孜然精油降低了其游離脂肪酸（FAs）和過氧化值（PV）。地中海地區的一種藥用植物是奶薊（Silybum marianum L.） [2,3][2,3] 。這種植物在伊朗也有當地名稱，如 Khar Alis、Khar Maryam、Kharseh、Khreshjaf、Tigh Panbe 和 Shishemor [4]。奶薊種子（MTSs）含有營養價值高的油 (26%-31%w//w)(26 \%-31 \% w / w) ，
many health properties in the treatment of liver diseases, lowering LDL cholesterol, antioxidant activity, and anticancer activities [5]. Oleic acid (C18:1, 36%) and linoleic acid (C18:2, 39%) are the main FAs of MTSs [6]. However, the presence of other valuable FAs in the milk thistle seed oil (MTSO) has made it a nutritional edible oil [7]. Turmeric is obtained from the rhizome of the curcuma longa plant, which is part of the ginger family, a tropical plant of the Zingiberaceae family native to South Asia [8]. Alongside its healthpromoting attributes, for example, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, its bioactive compounds are mainly used in foods in the form of rhizomes powder as colorant, flavoring, and preservation agents. The presence of flavonoids, phenolic, and curcuminoids content can be one of the reasons of the antioxidant effect of turmeric. In addition, essential oil of turmeric is known as a natural antioxidant additive [9]. Tinello and Lante [10] used a turmeric and ginger powder in soybean oil, increasing the antioxidant activity and oxidative stability of the oil and making it resistant to thermal degradation. Lee et al. [9] applied a turmeric extract obtained by supercritical extraction for higher stability of perilla oil, which reduced its PV and acidity value (AV) along with at least a 1.5 times higher induction period. 許多健康特性在肝病的治療中，降低 LDL 膽固醇，抗氧化活性和抗癌活性 [5]。油酸 (C18:1, 36%) 和亞油酸 (C18:2, 39%) 是牛奶薊種子油 (MTSs) 的主要脂肪酸 [6]。然而，牛奶薊種子油 (MTSO) 中其他有價值的脂肪酸的存在使其成為一種營養食用油 [7]。薑黃是從薑黃植物的根莖中提取的，該植物屬於薑科，是一種原產於南亞的熱帶植物 [8]。除了其促進健康的特性，例如抗氧化、抗炎和抗微生物特性外，其生物活性化合物主要以根莖粉的形式用於食品中，作為著色劑、調味劑和防腐劑。類黃酮、酚類和薑黃素的存在可能是薑黃抗氧化效果的原因之一。此外，薑黃的精油被認為是一種天然抗氧化添加劑 [9]。Tinello 和 Lante [10] 在大豆油中使用了薑黃和薑粉，增加了油的抗氧化活性和氧化穩定性，使其對熱降解具有抵抗力。Lee 等。 [9] 應用超臨界萃取獲得的薑黃提取物以提高紫蘇油的穩定性，這降低了其過氧化值（PV）和酸度值（AV），並且誘導期至少提高了 1.5 倍。
Cold plasma ( CP ) is classified among green technologies due to its low-energy request, management in smooth temperature, lowering the solvent-to-solute ratio, and shortening the extraction time. CP has been used to enhance the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds from raw materials, including antioxidant and phenolic compositions. This technology provides the possibility of increasing the extraction with lower energy under mild temperature, shorter time, and lower rates of organic solvents [11]. Plasma can damage the membranes and plant cell walls with generation of atoms, molecules, electrons, positive and negative ions, and free radicals, which causes the intracellular oil transferring into the solvent. It has also been reported that this technology as compared to a control extraction can reduce the required diffusion temperature, the diffusion time, and the ethanol content in the diffusion solvent. Moreover, in comparison to other treatments (such as pulsed electric fields, microwave, and ultrasounds), the application of CP results in a higher extraction rate than that obtained with pulsed electric fields and ultrasounds. Also, one of the other advantages of this technique is the low temperature increase due to the treatment as compared to ultrasounds and microwave [12]. Hemmati et al. [13] applied CP to increase the total phenolic content (TPC) in turmeric. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of CP on the performance of turmeric powder on the quality parameters of MTSO and also to compare the performance of turmeric treated and untreated with CP in oil. To our knowledge, scientific research has been reported for investigation of the effect of CP-treated turmeric on various properties of MTSO. 冷等離子體（CP）被歸類為綠色技術，因為它的低能量需求、在平穩溫度下的管理、降低溶劑與溶質的比例，以及縮短提取時間。CP 已被用來提高從原材料中提取生物活性化合物的效率，包括抗氧化劑和酚類成分。這項技術提供了在溫和的溫度下、較短的時間和較低的有機溶劑使用率下增加提取的可能性[11]。等離子體可以通過生成原子、分子、電子、正負離子和自由基來損壞膜和植物細胞壁，這導致細胞內的油轉移到溶劑中。還有報導指出，與對照提取相比，這項技術可以降低所需的擴散溫度、擴散時間和擴散溶劑中的乙醇含量。此外，與其他處理（如脈衝電場、微波和超聲波）相比，CP 的應用產生的提取率高於脈衝電場和超聲波所獲得的提取率。 此外，這項技術的另一個優點是與超聲波和微波相比，處理過程中溫度的增加較低[12]。Hemmati 等人[13]應用 CP 來提高薑黃的總酚含量（TPC）。本研究的目的是確定 CP 對薑黃粉在 MTSO 質量參數上的性能影響，以及比較處理過和未處理薑黃在油中的性能。據我們所知，已有科學研究報告調查 CP 處理的薑黃對 MTSO 各種性質的影響。
2. Materials and Methods 2. 材料與方法
Milk thistle (S. marianum L.) seeds obtained from Meshkin (Ardabil, Iran) and turmeric (curcuma, India) were pur-
chased from a local market in Iran, and the solvents were bought from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). 被驅逐出伊朗的一個當地市場，溶劑是從默克（德國達姆施塔特）購買的。
Turmeric powder was first cleaned (separation of external particles) and weighed at 5 g and/or 10 g by analytical balance (A502AND-DJ, Japan); then treated by an CP apparatus (DC glow discharge, Iran) under certain conditions (voltage 2 kV , argon gas, pressure 500 m Torr, 100 mA of electric current) for 5 and 10 min [13]. 薑黃粉首先被清潔（去除外部顆粒）並用分析天平（A502AND-DJ，日本）稱量為 5 克和/或 10 克；然後在特定條件下（電壓 2 kV，氬氣，壓力 500 m Torr，電流 100 mA）使用 CP 設備（DC 放電，伊朗）處理 5 分鐘和 10 分鐘[13]。
2.2. Fortification of MTSO With Untreated and CP-Treated 2.2. 未處理和 CP 處理的 MTSO 的加固
Turmeric (CPTT). Oil extraction was performed by a cold press machine (Iran, Oilset) with screw speed 60 rpm after (without applying temperature) cleaning the MTSs (separation of foreign particles). Then, different ratios ( 0%,5%0 \%, 5 \%, and 10%w//w)10 \% w / w) of CPTT and untreated turmeric (UT) were added to MTSO [10]. The samples were homogenized (Ultra Turrax, IKA, Germany) with 24,000rpm24,000 \mathrm{rpm} for 10 min and stored in the refrigerator for 1 week; the oil was separated by filter paper (Whatman, 4). The oil samples were kept in the refrigerator (4^(@)C)\left(4^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right) for further use. The samples were analyzed for AV, PV, TPC, antioxidant activity, FA profile, alpha\alpha-tocopherol, and Rancimat (oxidative stability) during storage time ( 1,30 , and 60 days). 薑黃 (CPTT)。油的提取是通過一台冷壓機（伊朗，Oilset）以 60 轉/分鐘的螺桿速度進行的，清潔 MTS（分離外來顆粒）後（未加溫）。然後，將不同的比例（ 0%,5%0 \%, 5 \% 和 10%w//w)10 \% w / w) 的 CPTT 和未處理的薑黃（UT））添加到 MTSO [10]。樣品用 24,000rpm24,000 \mathrm{rpm} 在超聲波均質機（Ultra Turrax，IKA，德國）中均質化 10 分鐘，並在冰箱中儲存 1 週；油通過濾紙（Whatman，4）分離。油樣品在冰箱中 (4^(@)C)\left(4^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right) 保存以備進一步使用。樣品在儲存期間（1、30 和 60 天）分析了 AV、PV、TPC、抗氧化活性、FA 譜、 alpha\alpha -生育酚和 Rancimat（氧化穩定性）。
2.3. Analysis of the Extracted Oil's Quality 2.3. 提取油品質的分析
2.3.1. AVs and PVs. AV was measured by titration of oil samples under a standard solution of sodium hydroxide 0.1 N in the presence of phenolphthalein reagent, according to the AOCS method with cd 3-63 (AOCS 1998) [14]. While PV measurement was achieved by titration of oil samples under a standard 0.02-N0.02-\mathrm{N} sodium thiosulfate solution in the presence of starch reagent, based on the AOCS method with cd 8-53 (AOCS 1998) [15]. 2.3.1. AVs 和 PVs。根據 AOCS 方法 cd 3-63 (AOCS 1998) [14]，AV 是通過在存在酚酞試劑的情況下，使用 0.1 N 的氫氧化鈉標準溶液對油樣進行滴定來測量的。而 PV 的測量則是通過在存在澱粉試劑的情況下，使用標準的 0.02-N0.02-\mathrm{N} 硫代硫酸鈉溶液對油樣進行滴定，基於 AOCS 方法 cd 8-53 (AOCS 1998) [15]。
2.3.2. TPCs. Determining TPC was performed by mixing oil and methanol ( 1:3w//v1: 3 w / v ) and extracted by centrifugation at the temperature of 25^(@)C25^{\circ} \mathrm{C} and time of 10 min (LiSA, France, 2501 g ). For TPC analysis, the pellet was re-extracted for 2 cycles and the supernatant was mixed in three steps [16,17][16,17]. 2.3.2. TPCs。TPC 的確定是通過混合油和甲醇（ 1:3w//v1: 3 w / v ）並在 25^(@)C25^{\circ} \mathrm{C} 的溫度下以 2501 g 的離心力進行 10 分鐘的離心提取（LiSA，法國）。在 TPC 分析中，沉澱物重新提取 2 次，並將上清液分三步混合 [16,17][16,17] 。
2.3.3. Antioxidant Compounds. The antioxidant activity was measured using Shahidi and Ambigaipalan method [18] and calculated according to Equation (1): 2.3.3. 抗氧化化合物。抗氧化活性是使用 Shahidi 和 Ambigaipalan 方法測量的[18]，並根據方程式(1)計算。
where AS is the absorption of the blank solution and AC is the absorption of oil containing the solution. 其中 AS 是空白溶液的吸收，AC 是含油溶液的吸收。
2.3.4. Determination of FA Composition. The method of Savage, McNeil, and Dutta [19] has been used for the measurement of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). The FAMEs were obtained by comparison of their retention times under standard FAMEs, and the peak areas were considered as a percentage of the total FAs. Briefly, 2 mL of 0.01 M NaOH in methanol was added to a tube containing the oil sample (ca. 10 mg ) dissolved in 0.5 mL of hexane and then the tube was placed in a water bath at 60^(@)C60^{\circ} \mathrm{C} for 10 min . Subsequently, 2.3.4. 脂肪酸組成的確定。Savage、McNeil 和 Dutta [19] 的方法已被用於測量脂肪酸甲酯 (FAMEs)。通過比較其在標準 FAMEs 下的保留時間來獲得 FAMEs，並將峰面積視為總脂肪酸的百分比。簡而言之，將 2 毫升 0.01 M 的氫氧化鈉溶液加入含有油樣品（約 10 毫克）溶解在 0.5 毫升己烷的管中，然後將該管放置在 60^(@)C60^{\circ} \mathrm{C} 的水浴中 10 分鐘。隨後，
Table 1: Acidity and peroxide values in oils fortified with CPTT. 表 1：添加 CPTT 的油脂的酸度和過氧化值。