沉浸式翻译People who are already involved in business know the challenges and conflicts which can come into play during running that business. People who have yet to move into that world, however, can have problems getting used to its unique challenges. I will show some common problems that people setting up businesses face.
Just because you have an idea for a business, it doesn’t mean you can make it a good one. Being able to tell a good idea from a bad one is something which takes a lot of experience. What trips a lot of people up when it comes to ideas is that it is not just the idea itself that has to be valid; the idea has to fit the person as well. So, some people are good with restaurants and some aren’t. Some people can open bookshops, and some can’t. And so on.
Your business ideas need to be tailored to fit your current financial situation. Remember that most small businesses fail before they have run for five years. Finances are on the major issues confronting people trying to start up, as businesses in that stage of development require a lot of money input, without giving a lot of money back out. Any business startup, therefore, requires a good financial plan, to ensure that it can survive until profits can be expected.
Proper marketing is also very difficult to do—many people think it simply a matter of posting about it on social media. Marketing, unfortunately, doesn’t work that way—it requires a lot of time and input. It can involve social media, but only as a small part of a larger campaign which is geared to publicize the business.
Business planning has been having a lot of bad press in recent years, so that most people would advise against writing a solid business plan. This is wrong: No plan means that people won’t know what to do if things go wrong. Too much planning is also a problem, because people can get stuck in it. Striking the proper balance is hard, since it requires knowing the exact amount of planning that might be needed, as well as finding out what problems might go wrong and the possible solutions.
已经参与业务的人知道在经营业务过程中可能遇到的挑战和冲突。然而，尚未进入这个世界的人可能会难以适应其独特的挑战。我将展示创业者面临的一些常见问题。仅仅因为你对一个企业有一个想法，并不意味着你可以把它变成一个好企业。能够分辨出一个好主意和一个坏主意需要很多经验。当谈到想法时，让很多人感到困惑的是，不仅仅是想法本身必须有效;这个想法也必须适合这个人。所以，有些人擅长餐馆，有些人则不然。有些人可以开书店，有些人不能。等等。您的商业理念需要量身定制，以适应您当前的财务状况。请记住，大多数小企业在经营五年之前就失败了。财务是人们试图创业面临的主要问题，因为处于该发展阶段的企业需要大量资金投入，而不需要大量资金返还。因此，任何创业公司都需要一个良好的财务计划，以确保它能够生存到可以预期利润。适当的营销也很难做到——许多人认为这只是在社交媒体上发布它的问题。不幸的是，营销不是这样运作的——它需要大量的时间和投入。它可以涉及社交媒体，但只是旨在宣传业务的更大活动的一小部分。近年来，商业计划一直有很多负面新闻，因此大多数人会建议不要写一份可靠的商业计划书。这是错误的：没有计划意味着如果出现问题，人们将不知道该怎么做。 太多的计划也是一个问题，因为人们可能会陷入困境。取得适当的平衡是很困难的，因为它需要知道可能需要的确切计划量，以及找出可能出错的问题和可能的解决方案。
1.
What makes a good business idea according to the author?
根据作者的说法，什么是好的商业理念？
考试时的选项顺序
AIt must contain commercial experiences.
A必须包含商业经验。
BIt must be built on a lot of people’s advice.
BIt 必须建立在很多人的建议之上。
CIt must have been proved valid by others.
C必须被其他人证明是有效的。
DIt must fit the business owner.
DIt 必须适合企业主。
原始的选项顺序
AIt must fit the business owner.
A必须适合企业主。
BIt must contain commercial experiences.
BIt 必须包含商业经验。
CIt must have been proved valid by others.
C必须被其他人证明是有效的。
DIt must be built on a lot of people’s advice.
DIt 必须建立在很多人的建议之上。
解析：
细节题。文章第二段倒数第四句提到，创业的想法也必须适合这个人。
2.
Why are finances important for startups?
为什么财务对初创公司很重要？
考试时的选项顺序
ABecause startups are usually in debt or with loans.
因为初创公司通常负债累累或有贷款。
BBecause startups demand stable cash flow to survive the first year.
BBecause 初创公司需要稳定的现金流才能度过第一年。
CBecause startups require a lot of investments but make a few profits.
CBecause 初创公司需要大量投资，但可以赚取一些利润。
DBecause startups need a lot of money for publicity.
DBecause 初创公司需要大量资金进行宣传。
原始的选项顺序
ABecause startups are usually in debt or with loans.
因为初创公司通常负债累累或有贷款。
BBecause startups need a lot of money for publicity.
因为创业公司需要大量的资金来宣传。
CBecause startups demand stable cash flow to survive the first year.
CBecause 初创公司需要稳定的现金流才能度过第一年。
DBecause startups require a lot of investments but make a few profits.
DBecause 初创公司需要大量投资，但可以赚取一些利润。
解析：
细节题。文章第三段第三句提到，财务是试图创业的人面临的主要问题，因为处于该发展阶段的企业需要大量的资金投入，而又没有大量资金回报。
3.
What do many people misunderstand about marketing?
很多人对营销有什么误解？
考试时的选项顺序
AIt requires a lot of money and other investments.
A需要大量的资金和其他投资。
BIt is very difficult to be effective.
BIt很难有效。
CIt requires influence of celebrities.
C需要名人的影响力。
DIt is posting advertisements on social media.
DIt 在社交媒体上发布广告。
原始的选项顺序
AIt is posting advertisements on social media.
AIt 正在社交媒体上发布广告。
BIt requires influence of celebrities.
BIt 需要名人的影响力。
CIt requires a lot of money and other investments.
C需要大量的资金和其他投资。
DIt is very difficult to be effective.
DIt很难有效。
解析：
细节题。文章第四段第一句提到，恰当的营销也是一件非常困难的事——许多人认为这只是在社交媒体上宣传。
4.
What might be required to strike a balance in making a business plan?
在制定商业计划时可能需要什么才能取得平衡？
考试时的选项顺序
AKnowing the exact business development process.
了解确切的业务开发流程。
BMaking an alternative plan.
制定替代计划。
CSetting a problem detecting mechanism.
C设置问题检测机制。
DIdentifying possible problems.
识别可能的问题。
原始的选项顺序
AMaking an alternative plan.
制定替代计划。
BIdentifying possible problems.
B识别可能的问题。
CSetting a problem detecting mechanism.
C设置问题检测机制。
DKnowing the exact business development process.
DK现在确切的业务开发过程。
解析：
细节题。文章最后一段最后一句提到，寻求恰当的平衡很困难，因为这需要知道可能需要的确切的计划量，并指出可能出现的问题以及可能的解决方案。
5.
What is the passage mainly about?
这段经文主要讲什么？
考试时的选项顺序
AAdvice from people already involved in the business.
来自已经参与业务的人的 AAdvice。
BRight attitudes toward starting a business.
BRight 对创业的态度。
CWays to make a successful business plan.
C制定成功的商业计划。
DProblems entrepreneurs may run into.
DProblems 企业家可能会遇到。
原始的选项顺序
AProblems entrepreneurs may run into.
AProblems 企业家可能会遇到。
BWays to make a successful business plan.
B如何制定成功的商业计划。
CRight attitudes toward starting a business.
对创业的态度。
DAdvice from people already involved in the business.
来自已经参与业务的人的 DAdvice。
解析：
主旨题。文章第一段最后一句提到，作者将展示一些创业者面临的常见问题，接着分析了创业者可能遇到的四个问题。
Humans’ relationship with nature is a very complex system. There are ways that humans love nature but some ways they despise nature. But overall, humans tend to defend nature and its beauty, tend to find refuge in nature, and explore what nature has to offer.
Humans adore nature, and even more, the natural world is needed for survival. Nature is what provides oxygen, food, and water. “Going green” is a prime example of humans protecting nature. “Go Green” has become a well-known phrase within society. As an informal term for environmentalism, it is a broad philosophy that concerns environmental protection and improvement of the health of the planet.
There are more and more people each day that get involved in cleaning the environment, who recycle and protect natural resources, like trees. Of course, the protection of nature did not start in this generation. It has been happening long before the 21st century. Native Americans were big activists when it came to the safety of nature. Chief Seattle was one of those activists that adored nature. In the letter to President Franklin Pierce, he was mainly trying to explain what people do to the land, and instead of cherishing it, they use it for their own good.
Everybody wants to escape once in a while—flee from their problems and stress, escape from the world and go to nature. Not only do humans want to protect nature but also go there as a stress reliever from the real world. Chris McCandless is an example of such an act. McCandless did not have such a troublesome life. He actually had a very luxurious life, yet McCandless wanted something new, an escape to a mysterious place. McCandless explored nature to escape society and social dilemmas. Another example of a nature explorer is Henry Thoreau, the man who influenced McCandless to explore nature himself. Thoreau loved nature with a passion, and all of nature was an addiction to him.
Nature is life. It is the source of all living beings, and without it, animate beings would not exist. Humans adore nature whether it being defending it or just escaping to it, so why not cherish it?
人类与自然的关系是一个非常复杂的系统。人类在某些方面热爱自然，但在某些方面他们鄙视自然。但总的来说，人类倾向于捍卫自然及其美丽，倾向于在大自然中找到避难所，并探索大自然所提供的东西。人类热爱自然，更需要自然世界才能生存。大自然提供氧气、食物和水。“走向绿色”是人类保护自然的典范。“绿色环保”已成为社会上的一句名言。作为环保主义的非正式术语，它是一种涉及环境保护和改善地球健康的广泛哲学。每天都有越来越多的人参与到环境清洁中来，他们回收和保护自然资源，如树木。当然，对自然的保护并不是从这一代人开始的。它早在 21 世纪之前就已经发生了。在自然安全方面，美洲原住民是大活动家。西雅图酋长是那些热爱自然的活动家之一。在给富兰克林·皮尔斯总统的信中，他主要试图解释人们对这片土地的所作所为，他们没有珍惜它，而是为了自己的利益而使用它。每个人都想偶尔逃避——逃离他们的问题和压力，逃离世界，走向大自然。人类不仅要保护自然，还要去那里作为现实世界的压力缓解者。克里斯·麦坎德利斯（Chris McCandless）就是这种行为的一个例子。麦坎德利斯没有这么麻烦的生活。他实际上过着非常奢侈的生活，但麦坎德利斯想要一些新的东西，逃到一个神秘的地方。麦坎德利斯探索自然以逃避社会和社会困境。 自然探险家的另一个例子是亨利·梭罗，他影响了麦坎德利斯自己探索自然。梭罗热爱大自然，大自然对他来说是一种沉迷。自然就是生命。它是所有生物的源泉，没有它，有生命的生物就不会存在。人类热爱大自然，无论是捍卫自然还是逃避自然，那么为什么不珍惜它呢？
6.
What is humans’ general attitude toward nature?
人类对自然的一般态度是什么？
考试时的选项顺序
AThey tend to protect nature.
A嘿倾向于保护自然。
BThey aim to conquer nature.
B嘿，目标是征服自然。
CThey aim to change nature.
Chey的目标是改变自然。
DThey tend to despise nature.
D嘿嘿往往鄙视自然。
原始的选项顺序
AThey aim to change nature.
A嘿的目标是改变自然。
BThey aim to conquer nature.
B嘿，目标是征服自然。
CThey tend to protect nature.
Chey倾向于保护自然。
DThey tend to despise nature.
D嘿嘿往往鄙视自然。
解析：细节题。文章首段最后一句提到，但总的来说，人类倾向于保护自然及其美，倾向于在自然中寻求庇护，探索自然所能提供的一切。
7.
What is said about the phrase “Go green”?
关于“绿色环保”这句话是怎么说的？
考试时的选项顺序
AIt is created by environmentalists.
AIt 是由环保主义者创建的。
BIt urges people to integrate themselves with nature.
BIt敦促人们将自己与自然融为一体。
CIt has become popular online recently.
CIt 最近在网上流行起来。
DIt concerns improving the health of the planet.
DIt 关注改善地球的健康。
原始的选项顺序
AIt urges people to integrate themselves with nature.
A敦促人们将自己与自然融为一体。
BIt concerns improving the health of the planet.
BIt 关注改善地球的健康。
CIt is created by environmentalists.
CIt是由环保主义者创造的。
DIt has become popular online recently.
DIt最近在网上流行起来。
解析：细节题。文章第二段最后一句提到，Go green是环保主义的非正式说法，是一种宽泛的生活信条，涉及环境保护和改善地球健康状况。
8.
What was Chief Seattle mainly trying to explain in the letter to President Franklin Pierce?
西雅图酋长在给富兰克林·皮尔斯总统的信中主要想解释什么？
考试时的选项顺序
AHow people cherish nature.
啊，人们如何珍惜自然。
BWhat people do to the land.
B人们对这片土地做了什么。
CHow people explore nature.
人们如何探索自然。
DWhat people get from the land.
人们从土地上得到什么。
原始的选项顺序
AWhat people do to the land.
A人们对这片土地做了什么。
BHow people cherish nature.
B人们如何珍惜自然。
CHow people explore nature.
人们如何探索自然。
DWhat people get from the land.
人们从土地上得到什么。
解析：细节题。文章第三段最后一句提到，在给富兰克林·皮尔斯总统的信中，西雅图酋长（Chief Seattle）主要试图解释人们对这片土地做了什么，他们没有珍惜它，而是为了自己的利益利用这片土地。
9.
What is Chris McCandless’s purpose of exploring nature?
克里斯·麦坎德利斯（Chris McCandless）探索自然的目的是什么？
考试时的选项顺序
ATo avoid society and social dilemmas.
避免社会和社会困境。
BTo turn his dream of becoming a naturalist into reality.
B将他成为博物学家的梦想变为现实。
CTo know how to protect nature better.
知道如何更好地保护自然。
DTo study the relationship between humans and nature.
研究人与自然的关系。
原始的选项顺序
ATo avoid society and social dilemmas.
避免社会和社会困境。
BTo turn his dream of becoming a naturalist into reality.
B将他成为博物学家的梦想变为现实。
CTo study the relationship between humans and nature.
研究人与自然的关系。
DTo know how to protect nature better.
知道如何更好地保护自然。
解析：细节题。文章第四段倒数第三句提到，Chris McCandless探索自然是为了逃离社会，逃离社会困境。
10.
What is the passage mainly about?
这段经文主要讲什么？
考试时的选项顺序
AThe relationship between humans and nature.
A人与自然的关系。
BThe necessity of environmental protection.
B环境保护的必要性。
CThe ways to live in harmony with nature.
C与自然和谐相处的方式。
DThe benefits of escaping to nature.
D逃到大自然的好处。
原始的选项顺序
AThe benefits of escaping to nature.
A逃到大自然的好处。
BThe relationship between humans and nature.
B人与自然的关系。
CThe necessity of environmental protection.
C环境保护的必要性。
DThe ways to live in harmony with nature.
D与自然和谐相处的方式。
解析：主旨题。文章第一段第一句开篇点题，指明人与自然的关系是一种非常
While many people seem to think it’s impossible to fuel student-led startups, plenty of resources make it possible for students to launch startup companies. Let’s check out the following financing opportunities for students.
Networking is essential for success in the entrepreneurial and business worlds. Not only are networking events designed to connect students with bright ideas to others with similar passions but also to investors and community leaders. You can also research networking events for startups and entrepreneurs in your community. Although these won’t necessarily be geared toward student-related obstacles, you can still receive advice from experienced innovators.
Business plan competitions not only provide a mechanism to finance a startup, but they can lead to publicity and valuable introductions. Business model competitions have become so popular that sites have emerged to connect students with the most appropriate contest for their circumstances. Some competitions allow competitors to place their business plans in a searchable database for anyone to view to promote connections with venture capitalists.
The advanced state of student entrepreneurship has inspired student-focused investment funds to emerge across the world. A university-focused venture fund, believes the next generation’s most successful companies will emerge from universities. Dorm Room Fund, a national student-run venture capital fund, has invested in 200 startups that have raised more than $400 million in the last five years.
A very popular method of securing funding for startups is creating a campaign on a crowdfunding (众筹) site. This means that your business will be funded by those who believe in your company idea and wish to help fund it. Typically, these websites allow users to offer small gifts in exchange for donations. For instance, you may offer a T-shirt for a $50 donation. The great thing about these donations is that they do not need to be repaid.
Another great way to fund a business while you are still in school is with a small business loan. While these can be difficult to obtain, with the help of a good credit score, collateral (抵押物) and a sound business plan, you may be able to get a business loan. However, beware of the banks or organizations you do business with, some of which can be predatory (掠夺性的) and end up costing you far more than the value of the upfront capital.
虽然许多人似乎认为不可能为学生主导的创业公司提供动力，但大量的资源使学生有可能创办创业公司。让我们看看以下为学生提供的融资机会。网络对于在创业和商业世界中取得成功至关重要。社交活动不仅旨在将具有聪明想法的学生与具有相似激情的其他人联系起来，而且还旨在将投资者和社区领袖联系起来。您还可以研究社区中初创企业和企业家的社交活动。尽管这些不一定针对与学生相关的障碍，但您仍然可以从经验丰富的创新者那里获得建议。商业计划竞赛不仅提供了一种为初创公司提供资金的机制，而且还可以带来宣传和有价值的介绍。商业模式竞赛已经变得如此受欢迎，以至于出现了一些网站，将学生与最适合他们情况的比赛联系起来。一些比赛允许参赛者将他们的商业计划放在一个可搜索的数据库中，供任何人查看，以促进与风险投资家的联系。学生创业的先进状态激发了以学生为中心的投资基金在世界各地涌现。一个以大学为重点的风险投资基金，相信下一代最成功的公司将从大学中涌现出来。宿舍基金（Dorm Room Fund）是一家由学生经营的全国性风险投资基金，在过去五年中投资了200家初创公司，筹集了超过4亿美元。为初创公司获得资金的一种非常流行的方法是在众筹（众筹）网站上创建活动。这意味着您的业务将由那些相信您的公司理念并希望帮助资助它的人提供资金。 通常，这些网站允许用户提供小礼物以换取捐款。例如，您可以捐赠 50 美元提供一件 T 恤。这些捐款的好处是它们不需要偿还。在您还在上学期间为企业提供资金的另一种好方法是使用小企业贷款。虽然这些可能很难获得，但在良好的信用评分、抵押品（抵押物）和健全的商业计划的帮助下，您也许能够获得商业贷款。但是，要提防与您有业务往来的银行或组织，其中一些可能是掠夺性的（掠夺性的），最终使您的成本远远超过前期资本的价值。
11.
Whom are networking events designed to connect student entrepreneurs with?
旨在将学生企业家与谁联系起来的社交活动？
考试时的选项顺序
AStudents with similar passions.
具有相似激情的学生。
BSuccessful entrepreneurs.
BSuccessful 企业家。
CBank leaders.
CBank领导人。
DCollege graduates.
DCollege 毕业生。
原始的选项顺序
ABank leaders.
ABank 领导者。
BCollege graduates.
BCollege毕业生。
CSuccessful entrepreneurs.
C成功的企业家。
DStudents with similar passions.
具有相似激情的 DStudents。
解析：
细节题。文章第二段第二句提到，社交活动旨在将有好的创业想法的学生与其他具有相似热情的学生，以及投资者和社区领袖联系起来。
12.
What can student competitors get from business plan competitions?
学生参赛者可以从商业计划竞赛中得到什么？
考试时的选项顺序
AA huge cash prize.
AA巨额现金奖励。
BKnowledge about how to start a business.
BKnowledge关于如何创业。
CProfessional advice on making business plans.
关于制定商业计划书的专业建议。
DPrecious introductions.
D相互介绍。
原始的选项顺序
AA huge cash prize.
AA巨额现金奖励。
BPrecious introductions.
BPrecious介绍。
CKnowledge about how to start a business.
CKnowledge关于如何创业。
DProfessional advice on making business plans.
关于制定商业计划书的专业建议。
解析：
细节题。文章第三段第一句提到，商业计划竞赛不仅为创业公司集资提供一种机制，还能起到宣传作用，并把你介绍给有价值的对象。
13.
What does the university-focused venture fund believe?
以大学为重点的风险投资基金相信什么？
考试时的选项顺序
AThe next generation’s most successful companies will be started in universities.
下一代最成功的公司将在大学里开始。
BStudent entrepreneurship has entered a period of growth.
BStudent 创业已进入成长期。
CStudent-focused investment funds will continue to emerge across the world.
以CStudent为重点的投资基金将继续在世界各地涌现。
DThe next generation will perform better in starting companies.
D下一代在创办公司时会表现得更好。
原始的选项顺序
AThe next generation will perform better in starting companies.
下一代在创办公司时会表现得更好。
BStudent entrepreneurship has entered a period of growth.
BStudent 创业已进入成长期。
CStudent-focused investment funds will continue to emerge across the world.
以CStudent为重点的投资基金将继续在世界各地涌现。
DThe next generation’s most successful companies will be started in universities.
D下一代最成功的公司将在大学里开始。
解析：
细节题。文章第四段第二句提到，某风险投资基金认为，下一代最成功的公司将起步于大学。
14.
What do crowdfunding websites allow users to do?
众筹网站允许用户做什么？
考试时的选项顺序
AGet as many donations as they want.
A他们想要多少捐款就有多少捐款。
BPromote their businesses for a long time.
BPromote 他们的业务很长一段时间。
CReturn the donations after they make a profit.
C在获利后将捐款转为捐款。
DTrade small things for donations.
D捐赠小东西。
原始的选项顺序
ATrade small things for donations.
A捐赠小东西。
BGet as many donations as they want.
BGet可以随心所欲地捐款。
CPromote their businesses for a long time.
CPromote他们的业务很长一段时间。
DReturn the donations after they make a profit.
D在获利后将捐款转为捐款。
解析：
细节题。文章第五段第三句提到，通常，这些网站允许用户提供小礼物以换取捐款。
15.
What can help student entrepreneurs get a business loan?
什么可以帮助学生企业家获得商业贷款？
考试时的选项顺序
AA part-time job in banks.
AA在银行的兼职工作。
BA good business plan.
BA良好的商业计划。
CEnough college credits.
CEnough 大学学分。
DThe school’s recommendation.
D学校的推荐。
原始的选项顺序
AA good business plan.
AA良好的商业计划。
BEnough college credits.
没有大学学分。
CThe school’s recommendation.
C学校的推荐。
DA part-time job in banks.
DA在银行的兼职工作。
解析：
细节题。文章最后一段第二句提到，尽管很难获得这些贷款，但如果你有良好的信用评分、抵押物和一份完善的商业计划书，也许可以获得商业贷款。
While it is well-known that American professionals do not enjoy the same employment prospects, benefits, and leisure time as many of their peers in other Western nations, many don’t appreciate the consequences of the U.S. “overwork” culture and its effects on female professionals. According to a recent piece in Time, the long hours typically required to get ahead in the U.S. workforce can be particularly burdensome to women who are trying to balance their careers with personal and family obligations.
It is true that opinions on working mothers have been on the upswing (改善) after a negative turn in the 1990s and 2000s, but several years ago, one third of the General Social Survey respondents still claimed that the best sort of family was a “traditional” one—with men earning the family income and women remaining in the home. However, this doesn’t negate the fact that American women, including mothers of small children, often have to work to support themselves and their families.
Cited in the Time article is Sociologist, Joan Williams, who refers to the “ideal worker norm,” which is prevalent in the U.S., where professionals are constantly at their employer’s disposal, even if just by email and telephone. An assistant professor of Sociology at the University of Indiana points out that a few years ago, 17 percent of men and only seven percent of women were working 50 or more hours a week. Men are often more available to work longer hours, which could account for as much as ten percent of the pay gap.
The fact for many working American women—particularly mothers—is that employers often expect them to keep up despite personal and family obligations. Coupled with the U.S. famous cultural preference for hard work and high motivation, this can spell career abandonment for some working women who can afford to leave the workforce entirely—reverting back to their “traditional” role by returning to the domestic realm.
虽然众所周知，美国专业人士的就业前景、福利和闲暇时间与其他西方国家的许多同龄人不同，但许多人并不了解美国“过度工作”文化的后果及其对女性专业人士的影响。根据《时代》杂志最近的一篇文章，对于试图平衡职业与个人和家庭义务的女性来说，在美国劳动力中取得成功通常需要长时间工作，这对她们来说尤其沉重。诚然，在1990年代和2000年代的负面转变之后，对职业母亲的看法一直在上升，但几年前，三分之一的综合社会调查受访者仍然声称最好的家庭是“传统”家庭——男性赚取家庭收入，女性留在家中。然而，这并不能否定这样一个事实，即美国妇女，包括小孩的母亲，经常不得不工作来养活自己和家人。《时代》杂志的文章中引用了社会学家琼·威廉姆斯（Joan Williams）的话，她提到了“理想工人规范”，这种规范在美国很普遍，专业人士经常为雇主服务，即使只是通过电子邮件和电话。印第安纳大学（University of Indiana）社会学助理教授指出，几年前，17%的男性和只有7%的女性每周工作50小时或更长时间。男性通常更容易工作更长的时间，这可能占工资差距的10%。对于许多美国职业女性（尤其是母亲）来说，事实是，雇主往往希望她们尽管有个人和家庭义务，但仍能跟上。与美国相结合 众所周知，文化偏爱努力工作和高积极性，这可能意味着一些有能力完全离开劳动力市场的职业女性放弃职业——通过回到家庭领域来恢复她们的“传统”角色。
16.
What is said about American professionals?
关于美国专业人士的说法是什么？
考试时的选项顺序
AMany find no way to counter the effects of the U.S. “overwork” culture.
AMany找不到任何方法来对抗美国“过度劳累”文化的影响。
BMany fail to realize the effects of the U.S. “overwork” culture.
BMany没有意识到美国“过度劳累”文化的影响。
CThey get the same benefits as many of professionals in other Western nations.
C嘿获得与其他西方国家的许多专业人士相同的好处。
DThey enjoy better employment prospects than their peers in other Western nations.
与其他西方国家的同龄人相比，他们享有更好的就业前景。
原始的选项顺序
AMany fail to realize the effects of the U.S. “overwork” culture.
AMany没有意识到美国“过度劳累”文化的影响。
BMany find no way to counter the effects of the U.S. “overwork” culture.
BMany没有办法对抗美国“过度劳累”文化的影响。
CThey get the same benefits as many of professionals in other Western nations.
C嘿获得与其他西方国家的许多专业人士相同的好处。
DThey enjoy better employment prospects than their peers in other Western nations.
与其他西方国家的同龄人相比，他们享有更好的就业前景。
解析：细节题。文章第一段第一句提到，众所周知，美国职业人士所享有的就业前景、福利和休闲时间不像其他西方国家的同行那样多，但许多人并没有意识到美国“过度工作”文化的后果及其对职业女性的影响。
17.
What did one third of the survey respondents claim several years ago?
几年前，三分之一的受访者声称什么？
考试时的选项顺序
AMen should manage a large part of household expenses.
AMen应该管理大部分家庭开支。
BWomen should put their partners first.
BWomen 应该把他们的合作伙伴放在第一位。
CMen should also take care of small children.
CMen还应该照顾小孩。
DWomen should stay at home to be housewives.
预兆应该留在家里做家庭主妇。
原始的选项顺序
AWomen should stay at home to be housewives.
A男人应该留在家里做家庭主妇。
BWomen should put their partners first.
BWomen 应该把他们的合作伙伴放在第一位。
CMen should also take care of small children.
CMen还应该照顾小孩。
DMen should manage a large part of household expenses.
DMen应该管理大部分家庭开支。
解析：细节题。文章第二段第一句后半部分提到，几年前，美国综合社会调查（the General Social Survey）中有三分之一的受访者认为，“传统”家庭才是最好的家庭模式——男性赚钱养家，女性留在家里。
18.
According to Joan Williams, what does the “ideal worker norm” mean?
根据琼·威廉姆斯（Joan Williams）的说法，“理想的工人规范”是什么意思？
考试时的选项顺序
AWorkers reach a balance between careers and family obligations.
AWorkers 在职业和家庭义务之间取得平衡。
BWorkers are available for employers to use anytime.
BWorkers 可供雇主随时使用。
CWorkers work more than 50 hours a week.
CWorkers 每周工作超过 50 小时。
DWorkers dare to challenge the authority.
DWorkers敢于挑战权威。
原始的选项顺序
AWorkers work more than 50 hours a week.
AWorkers 每周工作超过 50 小时。
BWorkers are available for employers to use anytime.
BWorkers 可供雇主随时使用。
CWorkers dare to challenge the authority.
CWorkers敢于挑战权威。
DWorkers reach a balance between careers and family obligations.
DWorkers 在职业和家庭义务之间取得平衡。
解析：细节题。文章第三段第一句提到，Joan Williams谈及“理想员工准则”，其在美国很盛行，即职业人士总是听雇主摆布，即使只是通过电子邮件和电话。
19.
What could be the cause of as much as ten percent of the gender pay gap?
造成多达10%的性别薪酬差距的原因可能是什么？
考试时的选项顺序
AMen often having more time to work.
AMen通常有更多的时间工作。
BMen often working in more profitable industries.
BMen经常在更有利可图的行业工作。
CMen often getting a better education.
CMen经常接受更好的教育。
DMen being thought to be more competent.
DMen被认为更有能力。
原始的选项顺序
AMen often having more time to work.
AMen通常有更多的时间工作。
BMen often getting a better education.
BMen经常接受更好的教育。
CMen being thought to be more competent.
CMen被认为更有能力。
DMen often working in more profitable industries.
DMen经常在更有利可图的行业工作。
解析：细节题。文章第三段最后一句提到，男性通常有更多的时间可以工作，这可能是导致多达10％的男女收入差距的原因。
20.
What can make some women workers in America give up their careers?
是什么让美国的一些女工放弃了自己的事业？
考试时的选项顺序
AThe lack of opportunities for advancement.
A缺乏晋升机会。
BMore and more personal and family obligations.
BMore 以及更多的个人和家庭义务。
CThe lack of respect for women workers in the workplace.
C工作场所缺乏对女工的尊重。
DEmployers’ expectation and the U.S. “overwork” culture.
DEmployers的期望和美国的“过度劳累”文化。
原始的选项顺序
AThe lack of respect for women workers in the workplace.
A在工作场所缺乏对女工的尊重。
BEmployers’ expectation and the U.S. “overwork” culture.
BEmployers的期望和美国的“过度劳累”文化。
CMore and more personal and family obligations.
CMore 以及更多的个人和家庭义务。
DThe lack of opportunities for advancement.
D缺乏晋升机会。
解析：细节题。文章最后一段提到，对于许多美国职业女性——尤其是母亲——来说，雇主往往希望她们不顾个人和家庭的义务，跟上工作进度。再加上美国人对努力工作和高积极性的文化偏好，这可能导致一些有能力完全离开职场的女性放弃事业。
Minorities are less likely than whites to receive needed mental health care, and the quality of care they do get tends to be less than good, said former U.S. Surgeon General David M. Satcher in his report.
In fact, he said, minorities experience “greater disability and greater burdens” due to mental illness than whites. “Not necessarily because the illnesses are more severe, but because of the barriers they face in terms of access to care.” Some of those barriers include cost and stigma (污名). “That is why we say today, in a resounding fashion, that when it comes to mental health, culture counts,” he said emphatically.
Satcher defined culture as a common set of norms, beliefs and values that influence mental health. “It can have an impact on how mental illness is perceived or diagnosed, how services are organized and how they’re funded. It also affects how patients express their symptoms and how they cope in the range of their community and family supports,” he said.
Satcher’s report broadly focuses on specific ethnic groups in the United States: African Americans, Hispanic Americans (西班牙裔美国人), and Asian Americans.
Statistics about African Americans demonstrate the mental health needs they face. For example, while they make up only 12 percent of the population, about 22 percent of African-American families live in poverty. One in four African Americans are uninsured and only one third receive care for mental disorders. The country’s largest minority group is the Hispanic population. Although about 40 percent of Hispanic Americans have limited English-language proficiency, relatively few mental health providers speak Spanish. Among America’s rapidly growing Asian American population, “stigma and shame play a major role,” Satcher said. They have the lowest rate of utilization of mental health services of all minority groups.
The reality is that thousands of U.S. ethnic-minority citizens are not getting the mental health care they need. “We must focus on improving the quality of mental health services. The emphasis on cultural competence must begin now and must be a priority among all mental health professionals,” said Satcher.
前美国外科医生戴维·M·萨彻（David M. Satcher）在他的报告中说，少数族裔比白人更不可能获得所需的精神卫生保健，而且他们得到的护理质量往往不太好。他说，事实上，与白人相比，少数族裔因精神疾病而经历“更大的残疾和更大的负担”。“不一定是因为疾病更严重，而是因为他们在获得护理方面面临障碍。其中一些障碍包括成本和污名（污名）。“这就是为什么我们今天以一种响亮的方式说，在心理健康方面，文化很重要，”他强调说。Satcher 将文化定义为影响心理健康的一套共同规范、信仰和价值观。“它可以对如何看待或诊断精神疾病、如何组织服务以及如何获得资金产生影响。它还会影响患者如何表达他们的症状以及他们如何在社区和家庭支持范围内应对，“他说。萨彻的报告广泛关注美国的特定种族群体：非裔美国人、西班牙裔美国人（西班牙裔美国人）和亚裔美国人。例如，虽然他们只占人口的12%，但大约22%的非裔美国家庭生活在贫困中。四分之一的非裔美国人没有保险，只有三分之一的人接受精神障碍护理。该国最大的少数民族是西班牙裔人口。尽管大约40%的西班牙裔美国人的英语水平有限，但相对较少的心理健康提供者会说西班牙语。在美国快速增长的亚裔美国人中，“耻辱和羞耻感起着重要作用，”萨彻说。 在所有少数群体中，她们的精神卫生服务利用率最低。现实情况是，成千上万的美国少数族裔公民没有得到他们需要的精神卫生保健。“我们必须把重点放在提高精神卫生服务的质量上。对文化能力的强调必须从现在开始，并且必须成为所有精神卫生专业人员的优先事项，“萨切尔说。
21.
According to David M. Satcher, why do ethnic minority groups in the U.S. experience “greater disability and greater burdens” caused by mental illness?
根据David M. Satcher的说法，为什么美国的少数族裔群体会因精神疾病而经历“更大的残疾和更大的负担”？
考试时的选项顺序
ABecause they have difficulty in getting care.
因为他们很难得到照顾。
BBecause they face a kind of cultural shock.
因为他们面临着一种文化冲击。
CBecause they suffer from more severe illnesses.
因为他们患有更严重的疾病。
DBecause they have low levels of education.
因为他们的教育水平很低。
原始的选项顺序
ABecause they suffer from more severe illnesses.
因为他们患有更严重的疾病。
BBecause they have difficulty in getting care.
因为他们很难得到照顾。
CBecause they have low levels of education.
因为他们的教育水平低。
DBecause they face a kind of cultural shock.
因为他们面临着一种文化冲击。
解析：细节题。文章第二段第一句提到，事实上，与白人相比，少数族裔遭受的因精神疾病造成的“障碍和负担更大”，不一定是因为他们病得更重，而是因为他们在获得护理方面面临的阻力。
22.
What can culture influence according to Satcher?
根据 Satcher 的说法，文化可以影响什么？
考试时的选项顺序
AThe way patients voice their symptoms.
A患者表达症状的方式。
BThe beliefs about what is counted as a mental illness.
B关于什么算作精神疾病的信念。
CThe way people form their ethnic communities.
C人们形成民族社区的方式。
DThe kind of services patients tend to get.
D患者倾向于获得的服务类型。
原始的选项顺序
AThe way patients voice their symptoms.
A患者表达症状的方式。
BThe way people form their ethnic communities.
B人们形成民族社区的方式。
CThe kind of services patients tend to get.
C患者倾向于获得的服务类型。
DThe beliefs about what is counted as a mental illness.
D关于什么算作精神疾病的信念。
解析：细节题。文章第三段最后一句提到，Satcher说，文化也影响患者如何表达他们的症状，以及他们如何在社区和家庭的支持范围内应对精神疾病。
23.
What do we learn about African Americans from the report?
我们从报告中学到了什么关于非裔美国人的信息？
考试时的选项顺序
AOne in three of them get care for mental disorders.
其中三人接受精神障碍治疗。
BHalf of them are uninsured and more suffer from mental illnesses.
他们中有很多人没有保险，更多的人患有精神疾病。
CAbout 22 percent of them can get access to mental health services.
其中22%的人可以获得心理健康服务。
DOne in four of them have urgent mental health needs.
其中四分之一的人有迫切的心理健康需求。
原始的选项顺序
AAbout 22 percent of them can get access to mental health services.
其中22%的人可以获得心理健康服务。
BHalf of them are uninsured and more suffer from mental illnesses.
他们中有很多人没有保险，更多的人患有精神疾病。
COne in four of them have urgent mental health needs.
其中四人有迫切的心理健康需求。
DOne in three of them get care for mental disorders.
其中三分之二的人得到精神障碍的治疗。
解析：细节题。文章第五段第三句提到，每四名非洲裔美国人中就有一名没有保险，只有三分之一的人能得到精神疾病的治疗。
24.
What is said about Asian Americans?
关于亚裔美国人怎么说？
考试时的选项顺序
ALess than half of them can speak English fluently.
超过一半的人能说一口流利的英语。
BThey use mental health services the least among all minority groups.
在所有少数群体中，使用心理健康服务最少。
CThey have limited access to mental health providers.
CThey 获得心理健康提供者的机会有限。
DThey seldom see clinical psychologists because of the high costs.
由于费用高昂，我很少去看临床心理学家。
原始的选项顺序
AThey have limited access to mental health providers.
A嘿嘿，他们获得心理健康服务提供者的机会有限。
BLess than half of them can speak English fluently.
他们中有一半以上能说一口流利的英语。
CThey use mental health services the least among all minority groups.
在所有少数群体中，使用心理健康服务最少的人。
DThey seldom see clinical psychologists because of the high costs.
由于费用高昂，我很少去看临床心理学家。
解析：细节题。文章倒数第二段最后一句提到，在所有少数族裔群体中，亚裔美国人接受心理健康服务的比率最低。
25.
What is the main idea of the passage?
这段经文的主要思想是什么？
考试时的选项顺序
APeople from different cultures suffer from the same mental illness.
来自不同文化背景的 APeople 患有相同的精神疾病。
BIn America, culture counts in mental health services.
在美国，文化在心理健康服务中很重要。
CPeople need the same access to mental health care.
CPeople 需要同样获得精神卫生保健的机会。
DThe cost influences the quality of mental health services in America.
D成本影响着美国精神卫生服务的质量。
原始的选项顺序
APeople from different cultures suffer from the same mental illness.
来自不同文化背景的 APeople 患有相同的精神疾病。
BThe cost influences the quality of mental health services in America.
B成本影响美国心理健康服务的质量。
CPeople need the same access to mental health care.
CPeople 需要同样获得精神卫生保健的机会。
DIn America, culture counts in mental health services.
在美国，文化在心理健康服务中很重要。
解析：主旨题。本文主要介绍了在美国，文化（背景）不同的少数族裔在接受心理健康服务方面存在差异，并具体分析了非裔美国人、西班牙裔美国人和亚裔美国人的情况，最后强调心理健康服务质量需要提高，必须从现在开始重视文化能力，所有心理健康专业人士都必须将文化能力放在第一位。
Many people believe that boys and girls should be educated in separate classes because their brains are to learn in different ways. For the past decade parents and teachers have become worried increasingly about boys, who are now routinely outperformed by girls at every level and who show growing levels of self-dissatisfaction and lack of motivation.
许多人认为男孩和女孩应该在不同的班级接受教育，因为他们的大脑以不同的方式学习。在过去的十年里，家长和老师越来越担心男孩，现在男孩在各个层面的表现都经常被女孩超越，而且他们表现出越来越严重的自我不满和缺乏动力。
Dr. Sax, founder of the National Association for Single Sex Public Education in the United States, argues that this gender gap is the result of innately different learning styles of boys and girls, and that most classrooms play to the strength of girls. Boys, for example, do not hear as well as girls. So, a female teacher with a soft voice may believe that a boy who is not paying attention is playing up, when actually he cannot hear her properly. Her reaction may be to discipline him. But Dr. Sax says that she would get better results by speaking louder and moving purposefully around the classroom. Boys’ eyes also respond better to movement and direction, while girls’ eyes are more affected by color and texture. Asked to draw, five-year-old girls produce flowers, pets and people. Boys will draw a car crash, but may be reproached by teachers for producing something that is “not nice”.
美国全国单一性别公共教育协会（National Association for Single Gender Public Education）的创始人萨克斯博士认为，这种性别差距是男孩和女孩天生不同的学习方式的结果，大多数教室都发挥了女孩的优势。例如，男孩的听力不如女孩。所以，一个声音柔和的女老师可能会认为一个不注意的男孩在玩，而实际上他听不清她的声音。她的反应可能是管教他。但萨克斯博士说，如果大声说话，有目的地在教室里走动，她会得到更好的结果。男孩的眼睛对运动和方向的反应也更好，而女孩的眼睛更容易受到颜色和质地的影响。被要求画画，五岁的女孩画花、宠物和人。男生会画出一场车祸，但可能会因为做出“不好”的东西而受到老师的责备。
Similarly, although most girls can sit still from a young age, most boys need to be active to discover their own pace. One result, Dr. Sax believes, is the overdiagnosis of attention deficit disorder among boys who are considered inattentive by teachers. Parents and doctors are tempted to treat this with medication, when simply putting them in a boy-friendly classroom would be far more effective. The failure of schools to understand why gender matters means that boys very often switch off from learning from an early age and never reengage. Long after their sisters have gone to university, they are still trapped at home suffering from “failure to launch” into adult life. The solution, Dr. Sax believes, lies in single-sex education provided by teachers trained to understand the differences in brain function between boys and girls.
同样，虽然大多数女孩从小就可以坐着不动，但大多数男孩需要积极主动才能发现自己的节奏。萨克斯博士认为，其中一个结果是，被老师认为注意力不集中的男孩被过度诊断为注意力缺陷障碍。父母和医生很想用药物治疗，而简单地把他们放在一个对男孩友好的教室里会更有效。学校不理解性别的重要性，这意味着男孩往往从小就放弃学习，从不重新参与。在姐姐们上大学很久之后，她们仍然被困在家中，遭受着“无法进入”成年生活的痛苦。萨克斯博士认为，解决方案在于由受过培训的教师提供单一性别教育，以了解男孩和女孩之间大脑功能的差异。
26.
What does the passage mainly talk about?
这段经文主要讲什么？
考试时的选项顺序
AWhy more boys suffer from attention deficit disorder.
更多的男孩患有注意力缺陷障碍。
BWhy boys and girls are treated differently at school.
B男孩和女孩在学校受到不同的对待。
CWhy boys and girls should be educated separately.
男孩和女孩应该分开接受教育。
DWhy more girls are found to lack motivation at school.
更多的女孩被发现在学校缺乏动力。
原始的选项顺序
AWhy boys and girls should be educated separately.
A男孩和女孩应该分开接受教育。
BWhy boys and girls are treated differently at school.
B男孩和女孩在学校受到不同的对待。
CWhy more boys suffer from attention deficit disorder.
更多的男孩患有注意力缺陷障碍。
DWhy more girls are found to lack motivation at school.
更多的女孩被发现在学校缺乏动力。
27.
What have parents and teachers become more concerned about in the past ten years?
在过去的十年里，家长和老师越来越关心什么？
考试时的选项顺序
ABoys tend not drop out of school as early as girls.
ABoys往往不会像女孩那样早早辍学。
BBoys and girls are educated in different classes.
BBoys和女孩在不同的班级接受教育。
CBoys are unable to compete with girls in school.
CBoys无法与学校的女孩竞争。
DBoys tend not to be so self-disciplined as girls.
DBoys 往往不像女孩那样自律。
原始的选项顺序
ABoys tend not to be so self-disciplined as girls.
ABoys 往往不像女孩那样自律。
BBoys and girls are educated in different classes.
BBoys和女孩在不同的班级接受教育。
CBoys are unable to compete with girls in school.
CBoys无法与学校的女孩竞争。
DBoys tend not drop out of school as early as girls.
DBoys往往不会像女孩那样早早辍学。
28.
If a boy is not paying attention in class, Dr. Sax suggests that ___________.
如果一个男孩在课堂上不专心，萨克斯博士建议___________。
考试时的选项顺序
Ateachers encourage him draw something nice
老师鼓励他画一些好东西
Bteachers use a soft voice to regain his attention
Bteachers用柔和的声音重新引起他的注意
Cteachers move around to draw the boy’s attention
老师们四处走动以吸引男孩的注意力
Dteachers stop him from moving and playing up
老师们阻止他移动和玩耍
原始的选项顺序
Ateachers use a soft voice to regain his attention
老师们用柔和的声音重新引起他的注意
Bteachers stop him from moving and playing up
老师们阻止他移动和玩耍
Cteachers encourage him draw something nice
老师鼓励他画一些好东西
Dteachers move around to draw the boy’s attention
老师们四处走动以引起男孩的注意
29.
According to the passage, inattentive boys may do better in school ___________.
根据这段话，注意力不集中的男孩在学校___________可能会做得更好。
考试时的选项顺序
Aif they are given proper medication that can cure attention deficient order
如果他们得到适当的药物治疗，可以治愈注意力缺陷
Bif they are put in a classroom that recognizes boys’ distinctive learning styles
Bif 他们被安排在一个认可男孩独特学习风格的教室里
Cif they are told to learn together with girls in the same classroom
如果告诉他们要和女孩在同一个教室里一起学习
Dif they are put in a class that is taught only by male teachers
如果她们被安排在一个只由男教师教授的班级中
原始的选项顺序
Aif they are put in a class that is taught only by male teachers
如果她们被安排在一个只由男教师教授的班级中
Bif they are told to learn together with girls in the same classroom
如果他们被告知要和女孩在同一个教室里一起学习
Cif they are given proper medication that can cure attention deficient order
如果他们得到适当的药物治疗，可以治愈注意力缺陷
Dif they are put in a classroom that recognizes boys’ distinctive learning styles
如果把他们放在一个承认男孩独特学习风格的教室里
30.
What may happen if schools and teachers don’t understand gender differences?
如果学校和老师不了解性别差异，会发生什么？
考试时的选项顺序
ABoys experience difficulties in starting their adult life.
ABoys 在开始他们的成年生活时遇到困难。
BBoys get engaged in learning earlier than usual.
BBoys 比平时更早地开始学习。
CBoys switch off from learning later than they should.
CBoys 比他们应该的学习晚。
DBoys fail to get good grades after getting into university.
DBoys在进入大学后未能取得好成绩。
原始的选项顺序
ABoys get engaged in learning earlier than usual.
ABoys 比平时更早地开始学习。
BBoys experience difficulties in starting their adult life.
BBoys 在开始他们的成年生活时遇到困难。
CBoys switch off from learning later than they should.
CBoys 比他们应该的学习晚。
DBoys fail to get good grades after getting into university.
DBoys在进入大学后未能取得好成绩。
Popular stereotype would have us believe that young women are often concerned about every up and down in their relationships – but one study says “romance drama” actually has a bigger effect on men.
流行的刻板印象会让我们相信，年轻女性经常关心她们关系中的每一个起起落落——但一项研究表明，“爱情剧”实际上对男性的影响更大。
Any reader of Cosmo could be forgiven for thinking that women spend all their time analyzing their boyfriends’ body language, text messages, and even sleep style for evidence of a likely breakup or marriage proposal. But according to Science Daily, researchers from Wake Forest University and Florida State University surveyed a thousand men and women between the ages of 18 and 23, and found that men were actually more likely to suffer emotionally from relationship difficulties. Study co-author Robin Simon explains that “for young men, their romantic partners are often their primary source of intimacy – in contrast to young women who are more likely to have close relationships with family and friends.”
任何 Cosmo 的读者都可以原谅，他们认为女性将所有时间都花在分析男友的肢体语言、短信甚至睡眠方式上，以寻找可能分手或求婚的证据。但据《科学日报》报道，维克森林大学和佛罗里达州立大学的研究人员调查了1000名年龄在18至23岁之间的男性和女性，发现男性实际上更容易在情感上遭受人际关系困难的困扰。该研究的合著者罗宾·西蒙（Robin Simon）解释说，“对于年轻男性来说，他们的浪漫伴侣通常是他们亲密关系的主要来源，而年轻女性则更有可能与家人和朋友建立亲密关系。
Young men themselves – as well as pop culture in general – often proclaim the idea that women spend all their time talking about their boyfriends, while men never mention their girlfriends to their fellow beings. This may be partially true – but it’s not because men don’t care about their girlfriends or because other topics are simply more important to men than relationships. In fact, it might be better for men to discuss their relationships more openly, getting reassurance about small problems and advice for solving larger ones.
年轻男性自己——以及一般的流行文化——经常宣称这样一种观点，即女人把所有的时间都花在谈论他们的男朋友上，而男人从不向他们的同胞提及他们的女朋友。这可能部分是正确的——但这并不是因为男人不关心他们的女朋友，也不是因为其他话题对男人来说比人际关系更重要。事实上，对于男人来说，更公开地讨论他们的关系可能会更好，对小问题有保证，并得到解决大问题的建议。
But young men shouldn’t necessarily act like young women in every way. Simon also says that “while young men are more affected emotionally by the quality of their current relationships, young women are more emotionally affected by whether they are in a relationship or not. So, young women are more likely to experience depression when the relationship ends, or benefit more by simply being in a relationship.” Being single is still a greater stigma (耻辱) for women than for men, but bad relationships aren’t good for either gender. And, as has been learned by many, sometimes you’re better off alone.
但年轻男性不一定要在各方面都表现得像年轻女性。西蒙还说，“虽然年轻男性在情感上更容易受到他们当前关系质量的影响，但年轻女性在情感上更多地受到他们是否处于恋爱关系中的影响。因此，当关系结束时，年轻女性更有可能经历抑郁，或者仅仅通过恋爱关系受益更多。单身对女性来说仍然比对男性来说是一种更大的耻辱（耻辱），但糟糕的关系对任何性别都没有好处。而且，正如许多人所学到的那样，有时你一个人过得更好。
31.
What is the finding of the study done by researchers in the US universities?
美国大学研究人员的研究结果是什么？
考试时的选项顺序
AWomen are more concerned about the ups and downs of a relationship.
AWomen 更关心一段关系的起起落落。
BMen are often more strongly affected by relationship difficulties.
BMen通常更强烈地受到人际关系困难的影响。
CMen find their source of intimacy mainly from their romantic partners.
CMen主要从他们的浪漫伴侣那里找到亲密关系的来源。
DWomen usually have closer relationships with family and friends.
DWomen 通常与家人和朋友有更密切的关系。
原始的选项顺序
AWomen usually have closer relationships with family and friends.
AWomen 通常与家人和朋友关系更密切。
BMen find their source of intimacy mainly from their romantic partners.
BMen发现他们的亲密关系主要来自他们的浪漫伴侣。
CWomen are more concerned about the ups and downs of a relationship.
CWomen 更关心一段关系的起起落落。
DMen are often more strongly affected by relationship difficulties.
DMen通常更强烈地受到人际关系困难的影响。
32.
Why don’t men talk about their girlfriends?
为什么男人不谈论他们的女朋友？
考试时的选项顺序
AThey prefer not to talk about relationships openly.
A嘿不喜欢公开谈论人际关系。
BThey don’t care so much about relationships.
顺便说一句，你不太在乎人际关系。
CThey have more important topics to talk about.
C大家有更重要的话题要谈。
DThey don’t like listening to advice from other people.
D嘿嘿不喜欢听别人的建议。
原始的选项顺序
AThey don’t care so much about relationships.
A嘿嘿，不太在乎人际关系。
BThey have more important topics to talk about.
顺便说一句，有更重要的话题要谈。
CThey prefer not to talk about relationships openly.
C嘿嘿不喜欢公开谈论人际关系。
DThey don’t like listening to advice from other people.
D嘿嘿不喜欢听别人的建议。
33.
In Simon’s opinion, _____________.
在西蒙看来，_____________。
考试时的选项顺序
Amen often feel more depressed when a relationship ends
当一段关系结束时，阿门往往会感到更加沮丧
Bmen often care more about the quality of a relationship
Bmen 通常更关心一段关系的质量
Cwomen don’t benefit as much as men do from a relationship
女性从一段关系中获益不如男性多
Dwomen often spend much time talking about their relationships
Dwomen 经常花很多时间谈论她们的关系
答案：B
34.
What is the advice given by the writer?
作者给出了什么建议？
考试时的选项顺序
ABad relationships should be put to an end as soon as possible.
应尽快结束与ABad的关系。
BWomen shouldn’t feel embarrassed if not in a relationship.
如果不是恋爱关系，BWomen 不应该感到尴尬。
CBoth genders should try to benefit from their relationships.
两性应该努力从他们的关系中受益。
DIt’s sometimes better to be alone than being in a relationship.
有时独处比恋爱更好。
原始的选项顺序
AWomen shouldn’t feel embarrassed if not in a relationship.
如果不是恋爱关系，Aomen 不应该感到尴尬。
BBoth genders should try to benefit from their relationships.
B两性应该努力从他们的关系中受益。
CIt’s sometimes better to be alone than being in a relationship.
有时独处比恋爱要好。
DBad relationships should be put to an end as soon as possible.
DBad 关系应尽快结束。
35.
What tends to be the writer’s attitude toward the finding?
作者对这一发现的态度是什么？
考试时的选项顺序
ASkeptical.
ASkeptical的。
BObjective.
BObjective的。
CChallenging.
CC具有挑战性。
DSupportive.
DS支持。
原始的选项顺序
ASkeptical.
ASkeptical的。
BSupportive.
BS支持。
CObjective.
CObjective的。
DChallenging.
DC具有挑战性。
Research suggests that we view our loved ones through rose-tinted glasses that overlook the physical flaws that might put others off. As a result, husbands and wives think their other halves are more attractive than they really are.
研究表明，我们通过玫瑰色眼镜来看待我们所爱的人，而忽略了可能让他人望而却步的身体缺陷。结果，丈夫和妻子认为他们的另一半比实际更有吸引力。
The phenomenon could help explain some apparently physically mismatched couples such as the glamorous Beyonce and Jay-Z, the striking Lara Stone and David Walliams, or the statuesque Sophie Dahl and the diminutive Jamie Cullum.
这种现象可能有助于解释一些明显身体不匹配的情侣，例如迷人的碧昂丝和 Jay-Z、引人注目的劳拉·斯通和大卫·沃利姆斯，或者雕像般的索菲·达尔和身材矮小的杰米·卡伦。
The “positive illusion” theory comes from researchers who asked 70 couples to rate their other halves for attractiveness. Questions included how attractive their husband, wife, boyfriend or girlfriend was to the opposite sex, and how they rated compared with others of the same age. The results, reported in The Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, revealed that couples rated the physical appeal of their partners higher than that of strangers.
“积极错觉”理论来自研究人员，他们要求70对夫妇对他们的另一半进行吸引力评分。问题包括他们的丈夫、妻子、男朋友或女朋友对异性的吸引力，以及他们与同龄人相比的评价如何。发表在《社会和个人关系杂志》（The Journal of Social and Personal Relationships）上的研究结果显示，夫妻对伴侣的身体吸引力的评价高于陌生人。
The researchers at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands explain this from a psychological perspective. During the course of a romantic relationship, partners will frequently uncover sources of negativity or conflict that may raise the fear that their partner is not the “right” person after all. Such doubts about the partner are troublesome because negativity typically surfaces when the individuals have already invested in their relationship.
荷兰格罗宁根大学的研究人员从心理学的角度解释了这一点。在恋爱关系中，伴侣会经常发现消极或冲突的根源，这可能会引起人们对伴侣毕竟不是“正确”人的恐惧。这种对伴侣的怀疑是很麻烦的，因为当个人已经投资于他们的关系时，消极情绪通常会浮出水面。
In order to reach some resolution between their hopes and doubts, and sustain a sense of security, partners often weave an elaborate fictitious (虚构的) story that both magnifies a partner’s virtues and minimizes his faults. By means of these positive illusions, partners may enhance their sense of security and stabilize their long-term bond.
为了在希望和怀疑之间达成某种解决方案，并维持安全感，伴侣经常编织一个精心设计的虚构（虚构的）故事，既放大了伴侣的优点，又最小化了他的缺点。通过这些积极的幻想，伴侣可以增强他们的安全感并稳定他们的长期联系。
Those who participated in the study were relatively young and had been together on average for just two and a half years. The researchers said that more work is needed to see if those in long marriages are still blind to their partner’s physical flaws. They think it is possible that positive illusions are much stronger in the beginning of the relationship when partners are still in love and tend to idealize each other strongly. Likewise, positive illusions may be stronger when people are younger and, as a consequence, relatively attractive.
参与这项研究的人相对年轻，平均在一起只有两年半的时间。研究人员表示，需要更多的工作来了解那些长期婚姻的人是否仍然对伴侣的身体缺陷视而不见。他们认为，当伴侣仍然相爱时，积极的幻想可能会在关系开始时更强烈，并且倾向于强烈地将对方理想化。同样，当人们年轻时，积极的幻想可能会更强烈，因此相对有吸引力。
36.
According to the passage, people think their partners are attractive ___________.
根据这段话，人们认为他们的伴侣___________很有吸引力。
考试时的选项顺序
Aeven if physical flaws are seen clearly through glasses
即使通过眼镜清楚地看到身体上的缺陷
Beven if their partners decide to turn them off
即使他们的伴侣决定关闭他们
Ceven if physical flaws appear to be dark colored
即使身体缺陷看起来是深色的
Deven if the partners have obvious physical flaws
即使伴侣有明显的身体缺陷
原始的选项顺序
Aeven if physical flaws are seen clearly through glasses
即使通过眼镜清楚地看到身体上的缺陷
Beven if physical flaws appear to be dark colored
即使身体缺陷看起来是深色的
Ceven if the partners have obvious physical flaws
即使伴侣有明显的身体缺陷
Deven if their partners decide to turn them off
即使他们的伴侣决定关闭他们
37.
The author mentions physically mismatched couples for the purpose of ___________.
作者提到身体不匹配的夫妻是为了___________。
考试时的选项顺序
Asupporting the theory of positive illusion
支持积极幻觉理论
Bexplaining the standards of physical appeal
B解释身体吸引力的标准
Cexplaining the rules of romantic relationships
解释恋爱关系的规则
Dsupporting the importance of being attractive
支持有吸引力的重要性
原始的选项顺序
Aexplaining the rules of romantic relationships
解释恋爱关系的规则
Bexplaining the standards of physical appeal
B解释身体吸引力的标准
Csupporting the importance of being attractive
支持有吸引力的重要性
Dsupporting the theory of positive illusion
支持积极幻觉理论
38.
Researchers believe that partners tend to ignore their other halves’ faults in order to ___________.
研究人员认为，伴侣倾向于忽略另一半的缺点，以便___________。
考试时的选项顺序
Amaintain the stability of their relationship
A维护他们关系的稳定
Buncover potential problems in their relationship
Buntub 发现他们关系中的潜在问题
Csolve conflicts between dreams and reality
解决梦想与现实之间的冲突
Dimprove the long-term security of their family
改善家庭的长期安全
原始的选项顺序
Aimprove the long-term security of their family
提高家庭的长期安全
Bmaintain the stability of their relationship
B保持他们关系的稳定
Csolve conflicts between dreams and reality
解决梦想与现实之间的冲突
Duncover potential problems in their relationship
邓发现他们关系中的潜在问题
39.
It can be inferred from the researcher’s view that ___________.
从研究者的观点可以推断出___________。
考试时的选项顺序
Aa man in his 20s may care less about his wife’s appearance than 10 years later
20多岁的男人可能比10年后更不在乎妻子的外表
Ba woman in her 20s may view her husband more positively than when in her 40s
20 多岁的 Ba 女性可能比 40 多岁时更积极地看待她的丈夫
Ca man in his 2nd-year marriage may view his wife less positively than 10 years later
婚姻第二年的男人对妻子的看法可能不如10年后那么积极
Da woman in her 40s care more about her husband’s appearance than before
40多岁的大女人比以前更在乎丈夫的外表
原始的选项顺序
Aa woman in her 20s may view her husband more positively than when in her 40s
20 多岁的女性可能比 40 多岁的女性更积极地看待她的丈夫
Ba man in his 2nd-year marriage may view his wife less positively than 10 years later
结婚第二年的巴男对妻子的看法可能比10年后更不积极
Ca woman in her 40s care more about her husband’s appearance than before
40多岁的Ca 女人比以前更在乎丈夫的外表
Da man in his 20s may care less about his wife’s appearance than 10 years later
20多岁的大男人可能比10年后更不在乎妻子的外表
40.
Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?
以下哪项最能说明这段经文的主要思想？
考试时的选项顺序
ALove is blind for a good reason.
ALove失明是有充分理由的。
BRomance reduces marriage stability.
BRomance 降低了婚姻的稳定性。
CAttractiveness comes with age.
吸引力是随着年龄的增长而来的。
DAppearance enhances happiness.
DAppearance增强了幸福感。
原始的选项顺序
ARomance reduces marriage stability.
ARomance 降低了婚姻的稳定性。
BAttractiveness comes with age.
吸引力随着年龄的增长而来。
CLove is blind for a good reason.
CLove是盲人是有充分理由的。
DAppearance enhances happiness.
DAppearance增强了幸福感。
While we instinctively know what appeals to our own sense of beauty, defining what determines attractiveness is not always easy. Recent studies have shown that the secret of beauty may at last be understood. It seems that attractiveness may be hard wired in our brains.
虽然我们本能地知道什么能吸引我们自己的美感，但定义什么决定了吸引力并不总是那么容易。最近的研究表明，美丽的秘密可能终于被理解了。似乎吸引力可能在我们的大脑中根深蒂固。
Experiments designed to measure attractiveness usually involve showing a series of images of human faces and asking subjects to rate their visual appeal. Surprisingly, people from a variety of different ages, races and cultures agree on what is and isn’t beautiful. Babies as young as three months can identify and prefer faces that most adults would deem beautiful. Europeans can pick out the same beautiful Japanese faces as Japanese subjects; Japanese can agree on which European faces another Europeans will view as beautiful. So what’s going on?
旨在测量吸引力的实验通常包括展示一系列人脸图像，并要求受试者对他们的视觉吸引力进行评分。令人惊讶的是，来自不同年龄、种族和文化的人们一致认为什么是美丽的，什么是不美丽的。三个月大的婴儿可以识别并喜欢大多数成年人认为美丽的面孔。欧洲人可以挑选出与日本人一样美丽的日本面孔;日本人可以就另一个欧洲人认为哪些欧洲面孔是美丽的达成一致。那么这是怎么回事呢？
Our brains have a special part called “the fusiform” (纺锤体), located in the back of the head near the spine. It’s the same neural pathway needed to recognize faces of family, friends and people we have met. When it’s damaged, the patients cannot recognize anyone, even people they have just met. Also, in experiments, they cannot discriminate between photographs of plain and beautiful faces.
我们的大脑有一个特殊的部分，称为“纺锤体”，位于脊柱附近的后脑勺。这与识别家人、朋友和我们遇到的人的面孔所需的神经通路相同。当它受损时，患者无法认出任何人，即使是他们刚刚认识的人。此外，在实验中，他们无法区分普通和美丽面孔的照片。
When we recognize a face as “beautiful”, we tend to think in terms of facial symmetry, the similarity of the left and right halves of a face. This is because the human brain relates this feature to the health and vitality of an individual. A non-symmetrical face, or Facial Asymmetry (FA), increases with the presence of genetic disturbances and the exposure to environmental perturbations (干扰) during development such as extremes in temperature and pollution. This implies a genetic weakness and less than optimum health. In contrast, Bilateral Symmetry of a face is equated with resistance to infection and debilitating (使人虚弱的) bacteria or virus. It is an important factor that shows optimum health and increases the success in competition.
当我们认识到一张脸是“美丽的”时，我们倾向于从面部对称性的角度来思考，即脸部左右两半的相似性。这是因为人脑将这一特征与个体的健康和活力联系起来。不对称的面部或面部不对称 （FA） 随着遗传干扰的存在和发育过程中暴露于环境扰动（干扰）而增加，例如极端温度和污染。这意味着遗传弱点和健康状况不佳。相比之下，面部的双侧对称等同于对感染和使人虚弱的细菌或病毒的抵抗力。这是显示最佳健康状况并增加竞争成功率的重要因素。
Thus, when we rate a face as “beautiful” or “plain”, we are actually judging whether that individual is healthy or not. We interpret facial symmetry to mean that a person has good genes and has been free from diseases, and we understand facial asymmetry as a sign of being weaker and less healthy.
因此，当我们将一张脸评为“美丽”或“普通”时，我们实际上是在判断这个人是否健康。我们将面部对称性解释为一个人拥有良好的基因并且没有疾病，我们将面部不对称理解为更虚弱和更不健康的标志。
41.
Experiments that measures attractiveness show that ___________.
衡量吸引力的实验表明，___________。
考试时的选项顺序
Aage is a crucial factor involved in how human beings define beauty
Aage是人类如何定义美的关键因素
Bpeople from different countries have little agreement on what is beautiful
来自不同国家的人们对什么是美几乎没有共识
Ccultural differences have no influence on how human beings define beauty
文化差异对人类如何定义美没有影响
Dimages of human faces are effective tools for people to rate themselves
人脸的Dimage是人们评价自己的有效工具
原始的选项顺序
Aage is a crucial factor involved in how human beings define beauty
Aage是人类如何定义美的关键因素
Bpeople from different countries have little agreement on what is beautiful
来自不同国家的人们对什么是美几乎没有共识
Cimages of human faces are effective tools for people to rate themselves
人脸图像是人们评价自己的有效工具
Dcultural differences have no influence on how human beings define beauty
文化差异对人类如何定义美没有影响
42.
The fusiform can help us do all of the following EXCEPT ___________.
梭形可以帮助我们完成以下所有操作，除了___________。
考试时的选项顺序
Adistinguishing between the neural cells in different parts of the face
区分面部不同部位的神经细胞
Brecognizing the face of a family member or a long-time friend
认出家人或老朋友的脸
Cdistinguishing between good-looking faces and plain ones
区分好看的脸和普通的脸
Drecognizing the face of someone we have just met a moment ago
不认识我们刚才刚认识的人的脸
原始的选项顺序
Adistinguishing between good-looking faces and plain ones
区分好看的脸和普通的脸
Bdistinguishing between the neural cells in different parts of the face
B区分面部不同部位的神经细胞
Crecognizing the face of someone we have just met a moment ago
认出我们刚才刚认识的人的脸
Drecognizing the face of a family member or a long-time friend
不敢认出家人或老朋友的脸
43.
Facial symmetry plays an important role in our definition of beauty because ___________.
面部对称性在我们对美的定义中起着重要作用，因为___________。
考试时的选项顺序
Athe brain associates it with high probability of developing serious infections
大脑将其与发生严重感染的高概率联系起来
Bthe brain can only evaluate the vitality of an individual with a symmetrical face
B大脑只能评估一个对称面孔的个体的活力
Cthe brain can only interpret the genes of an individual with a non-symmetrical face
C大脑只能解释具有非对称面孔的个体的基因
Dthe brain considers it as a crucial indicator of an individual’s health and vitality
大脑认为它是个人健康和活力的重要指标
原始的选项顺序
Athe brain considers it as a crucial indicator of an individual’s health and vitality
大脑认为它是个人健康和活力的重要指标
Bthe brain associates it with high probability of developing serious infections
B大脑将其与发生严重感染的高概率联系起来
Cthe brain can only interpret the genes of an individual with a non-symmetrical face
C大脑只能解释具有非对称面孔的个体的基因
Dthe brain can only evaluate the vitality of an individual with a symmetrical face
D大脑只能评估一个对称面孔的个体的活力
44.
A non-symmetrical face is likely to develop when ___________.
___________时可能会出现不对称的脸。
考试时的选项顺序
Aa person is exposed to extreme conditions in the natural environment
Aa 人暴露在自然环境中的极端条件下
Ba person has optimum health and excessive physical strength
巴人身体健康，体力过猛
Ca person experiences genetic disturbances in his development
Ca 人在发育过程中会经历遗传紊乱
Da person has strong resistance to most kinds of infection and bacteria
Da 人对大多数感染和细菌有很强的抵抗力
原始的选项顺序
Aa person experiences genetic disturbances in his development
Aa 人在发育过程中会经历遗传紊乱
Ba person has optimum health and excessive physical strength
巴人身体健康，体力过猛
Ca person is exposed to extreme conditions in the natural environment
Ca 人暴露在自然环境中的极端条件下
Da person has strong resistance to most kinds of infection and bacteria
Da 人对大多数感染和细菌有很强的抵抗力
45.
The passage is mainly concerned with ___________.
这段话主要涉及___________。
考试时的选项顺序
Athe structure and function of the fusiform in the human brain
A梭形在人脑中的结构和功能
Bthe genetic foundations of health and disease prevention
B健康和疾病预防的遗传基础
Cthe brain mechanism underlying the evaluation of beauty
C评价美的大脑机制
Dthe biological factors of face recognition and discrimination
D人脸识别和辨别的生物学因素
原始的选项顺序
Athe biological factors of face recognition and discrimination
A人脸识别和辨别的生物学因素
Bthe brain mechanism underlying the evaluation of beauty
B评价美的大脑机制
Cthe structure and function of the fusiform in the human brain
C梭形在人脑中的结构和功能
Dthe genetic foundations of health and disease prevention
D健康和疾病预防的遗传基础
Unit 1
单元 1
1.人们常把教师比作人类灵魂的工程师。(make/draw an analogy between) People often draw an analogy between teachers and the engineers of human souls.
人们经常将教师和人类灵魂的工程师相提并论。
2.联合国呼吁各国达成一致遵守全球气候制度。(make a pact) The UN appeals to all nations to make a pact to adhere to global climate conventions.
联合国呼吁所有国家达成一项遵守全球气候公约的协议。
3.令人遗憾的是，许多人耗尽青春所换来的只有懊悔。(in exchange for) Sad to say, many have worn out their youth in exchange for nothing but regret.
可悲的是，许多人已经耗尽了他们的青春，换来的只有遗憾。
Unit 2
单元 2
1.坚持男女平等的基本国策，保障妇女儿童合法权益。(adhere to) .We must adhere to the fundamental national policy of gender equality, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of women and minors.
.要坚持性别平等的基本国家政策，保护妇女和未成年人的合法权益。
2.如果你想毕业，就必须达到大学设定的最低标准。(live up to) If you want to graduate, you must live up to the minimum standards set by the university.
如果你想毕业，你必须达到大学设定的最低标准。
3.改革开放以来，中国提出一系列发展经济的政策措施。(come up with) Since reform and opening-up, China has come up with a series of policies and measures on economic development.
改革开放以来，中国出台了一系列经济发展政策措施。
Unit 3
单元 3
1.70年来，中国发展之所以成功，最根本在于中国共产党的领导。(boil down to) Over the past 70 years, China’s success has boiled down to the CPC’s leadership.
在过去的70年里，中国的成功归结为中国共产党的领导。
2.中国不谋求地区事务主导权，不经营势力范围。(sphere) China does not seek to dominate regional affairs or establish any sphere of influence.
中国不寻求主导地区事务或建立任何势力范围。
3.“一国两制”是一项前无古人的开创性事业。(precedent) “One country, two systems” is a pioneering initiative that has no precedent.
“一国两制”是前所未有的开创性举措。
Unit 4
单元 4
1.他的说法和行动之间存在着明显的不一致。(inconsistency) There is an obvious inconsitency between his words and actions.
他的言行之间有明显的不一致。
2.这些短篇小说代表了20世纪具有主导性的文学主题。(be representative of) These short stories are representative of the dominant literary themes of the 20th century.
这些短篇小说代表了 20 世纪的主要文学主题。
3.一些理论、观点和学术成果可以说明一些国家和民族的发展历程。(denote) Certain theories, ideas and intellectual achievements denote the course of development of certain countries and peoples.
某些理论、思想和知识成就代表了某些国家和民族的发展进程。
Unit 5
单元 5
1.好网站必须极具功能性以满足每一个访问者的期望和需求。(cater to sb.) A good website must be functional so as to cater to every visitor's wants and needs.
一个好的网站必须是功能性的，以满足每个访问者的需求。
2.任何企业，如果想要成功，都必须将个人的努力融合到真正的团队中。(weld) Any business, if it wants to succeed, must weld individual efforts into a true team.
任何企业，如果想要成功，就必须将个人的努力融入一个真正的团队。
3.在追求真理的过程中，我们注定要遭受失败的痛苦。(be destined to do sth./for sth.) We are destined to suffer from many failures in our quest for truth.
在追求真理的过程中，我们注定要遭受许多失败。
1.Social appearance anxiety is a type of social anxiety, specifically about one’s appearance and body shape. Much like individuals with social anxiety, individuals with social appearance anxiety experience a fear of negative evaluation by others. However, unlike social anxiety, social appearance anxiety focuses on the perceived negative evaluation of one’s physical appearance.
Previous studies have indicated that social appearance anxiety is associated with greater levels of body dissatisfaction , social anxiety, perfectionism, anorexia (厌食), and bulimia (暴食), indicating that there may be a link between social appearance anxiety and disordered eating. To explore this further, a new study by researchers at the University of Louisville examined the relations between social appearance anxiety and binge (放纵) eating behaviors.
In the study, 300 women completed questionnaires examining their levels of concern over mistakes (a component of perfectionism), social appearance anxiety, dietary restraint, and binge eating at three time points. The results indicated that social appearance anxiety, dietary restraint, and concern over mistakes all individually predicted binge eating behaviors. However, when examined all together, social appearance anxiety was the strongest predictor of binge eating behaviors, with concern over mistakes and dietary restraint no longer significantly predicting binge eating behaviors. Additionally, concern over making mistakes had some effects on binge eating behaviors through social appearance anxiety. In other words, concern over making mistakes predicted social appearance anxiety, which in turn predicted binge eating behaviors. In contrast , dietary restraint did not.
1.社交外表焦虑是一种社交焦虑，特别是关于一个人的外表和体型。就像患有社交焦虑症的人一样，患有社交外表焦虑症的人也害怕受到他人的负面评价。然而，与社交焦虑不同的是，社交外表焦虑侧重于对一个人外表的负面评价。先前的研究表明，社交外表焦虑与更高水平的身体不满意、社交焦虑、完美主义、厌食症和暴食症有关，表明社交外表焦虑与饮食失调之间可能存在联系。为了进一步探索这一点，路易斯维尔大学的研究人员进行了一项新的研究，研究了社交外表焦虑与暴饮暴食行为之间的关系。在这项研究中，300名女性完成了问卷调查，检查了她们在三个时间点对错误（完美主义的组成部分）、社交外表焦虑、饮食限制和暴饮暴食的关注程度。结果表明，社交外表焦虑、饮食克制和对错误的担忧都单独预测了暴饮暴食行为。然而，当综合检查时，社交外表焦虑是暴饮暴食行为的最强预测因子，对错误和饮食限制的担忧不再显着预测暴饮暴食行为。此外，对犯错的担忧通过社交外表焦虑对暴饮暴食行为产生了一些影响。换句话说，对犯错的担忧预测了社交外表焦虑，这反过来又预测了暴饮暴食的行为。相比之下，饮食限制则没有。
Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world.
There has been progress over the last decades : More girls are going to school, fewer girls are forced into early marriage, more women are serving in parliament and positions of leadership, and laws are being reformed to advance gender equality.
Despite these gains, many challenges remain: Discriminatory laws and social norms remain pervasive, women continue to be underrepresented at all levels of political leadership, and one in five women and girls between the ages of 15 and 49 report experiencing physical violence by an intimate partner within a 12-month period.
The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic could reverse the limited progress that has been made on gender equality and women’s rights. The coronavirus outbreak aggravates existing inequalities for women and girls across every sphere —from health and the economy, to security and social protection.
Women play a disproportionate (不成比例的) role in responding to the virus, including as frontline healthcare workers and carers at home. Women’s unpaid care work has increased significantly as a result of school closures and the increased needs of older people. Women are also harder hit by the economic impacts of COVID-19, as they disproportionately work in insecure labour markets. Nearly 60 percent of women work in the informal economy, which puts them at greater risk of falling into poverty.
性别平等不仅是一项基本人权，而且是和平、繁荣和可持续世界的必要基础。在过去的几十年里，学校取得了一些进展：更多的女孩上学，更少的女孩被迫早婚，更多的妇女在议会和领导职位上任职，法律正在改革以促进性别平等。尽管取得了这些成就，但仍然存在许多挑战：歧视性法律和社会规范仍然普遍存在，妇女在各级政治领导层中的代表性仍然不足，五分之一的15至49岁的妇女和女童报告说在12个月内遭受过亲密伴侣的身体暴力。COVID-19大流行的影响可能会扭转在性别平等和妇女权利方面取得的有限进展。新冠肺炎疫情加剧了妇女和女童在卫生和经济、安全和社会保护等各个领域的不平等现象。妇女在应对病毒方面发挥着不成比例（不成比例）的作用，包括作为一线医护人员和家庭护理人员。由于学校停课和老年人需求增加，妇女的无偿照料工作大幅增加。妇女也受到COVID-19经济影响的更大打击，因为她们在不安全的劳动力市场中工作不成比例。近60%的妇女在非正规经济部门工作，这使她们面临更大的贫困风险。
One of the factors that affects the world’s environmental conditions is the greenhouse effect. Climate scientists often blame it for contributing to the Earth’s environmental problems, but it has a vital positive effect as well. Without the greenhouse effect, the temperature of the planet would be similar to conditions experienced on the moon. On the lunar surface, with no atmosphere to mediate temperature swings, the surface can reach 134 ℃ during the day and −153 ℃ at night. A similar temperature swing on the Earth would have produced an environment hostile to most living things.
Unfortunately, while a moderate greenhouse effect is vital to life, an elevated greenhouse effect can be dangerous. Since the Industrial Revolution, the widespread adoption of fossil fuels has increased the amount of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Climate scientists point to this increase in heat-trapping (吸热的) gases as one of the reasons global temperatures have risen.
One of the chief concerns about an increase in the greenhouse effect is that the changes can become self-sustaining. As more greenhouse gases enter the atmosphere, their ability to trap heat increases. As the warmth of the atmosphere increases, the amount of water vapor it can hold increases as well, further boosting the effect. In addition, increased global temperatures threaten to release large amounts of carbon that is currently frozen into permafrost zones, also exacerbating the problem. Excessive heat retention could lead to massive changes in natural water distribution and available land mass on a global scale.
影响世界环境条件的因素之一是温室效应。气候科学家经常指责它导致了地球的环境问题，但它也具有至关重要的积极影响。如果没有温室效应，地球的温度将与月球上所经历的条件相似。在月球表面，没有大气层来介导温度波动，月球表面白天可以达到134°C，晚上可以达到-153°C。地球上类似的温度波动会产生一个对大多数生物不利的环境。不幸的是，虽然适度的温室效应对生命至关重要，但升高的温室效应可能是危险的。自工业革命以来，化石燃料的广泛采用增加了大气中二氧化碳、水蒸气和其他温室气体的含量。气候科学家指出，吸热气体的增加是全球气温上升的原因之一。对温室效应增加的主要担忧之一是这些变化可以自我维持。随着越来越多的温室气体进入大气层，它们捕获热量的能力也会增加。随着大气温度的增加，它可以容纳的水蒸气量也会增加，从而进一步增强效果。此外，全球气温升高有可能释放出大量碳，这些碳目前被冻结在永久冻土区，这也加剧了这个问题。过度的保温可能导致全球范围内的天然水分配和可用土地面积发生巨大变化。