Endocrine glands and their role in muscle activity.
内分泌腺及其在肌肉活动中的作用。
A hormone is a biologically active substance produced by an endocrine gland, i.e. released directly into the blood. They regulate the functions of the body as a single integrated system. The concept of “hormone” was proposed by scientists W. Bayliss and E. Starling in 1905. Hormones have biological characteristics:
激素是由内分泌腺产生的生物活性物质，即直接释放到血液中。它们作为一个单一的集成系统调节身体的功能。 “激素”的概念是由科学家W. Bayliss和E. Starling于1905年提出的。激素具有生物学特性：
- distance of action;
-动作距离；
- strict specificity of biological action;
- 生物作用的严格特异性；
- high biological activity.
-高生物活性。
According to their chemical structure, hormones are divided into:
根据其化学结构，激素分为：
- peptide hormones - produced by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid and pancreas.
-肽激素 - 由下丘脑、垂体、甲状腺、甲状旁腺和胰腺产生。
- steroid hormones – are derivatives of polycyclic alcohols, sterols. They are synthesized by the adrenal glands, testes, ovaries and some other organs and tissues.
-类固醇激素——是多环醇、甾醇的衍生物。它们由肾上腺、睾丸、卵巢和其他一些器官和组织合成。
- other hormones - do not belong to any of the two types, are synthesized by the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, reproductive organs and some tissues.
-其他激素- 不属于这两种类型中的任何一种，由甲状腺、肾上腺、生殖器官和一些组织合成。
Functions of peptide hormones:
肽类激素的作用：
- vasopressin – synthesized by the pituitary gland; The main function is to regulate water-salt metabolism, and also stimulates the contraction of vascular smooth muscles.
-加压素——由垂体合成；主要功能是调节水盐代谢，同时还刺激血管平滑肌的收缩。
- glucagon – synthesized by the pancreas; stimulates increased glycogenolysis.
-胰高血糖素——由胰腺合成；刺激糖原分解增加。
- insulin – synthesized by the pancreas; regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
-胰岛素——由胰腺合成；调节碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质的代谢。
In diabetes mellitus, a disease that occurs when insulin biosynthesis is disrupted, the glycogen content in muscles decreases, the biosynthesis of peptides, proteins and fats slows down, and mineral metabolism is disrupted.
糖尿病是一种当胰岛素生物合成被破坏、肌肉中糖原含量减少、肽、蛋白质和脂肪的生物合成减慢以及矿物质代谢被破坏时发生的疾病。
- parathyroid hormone - synthesized by the parathyroid gland; its function is to regulate the content of Ca2+ cations and anions of phosphoric and citric acids in the blood.
-甲状旁腺激素 - 由甲状旁腺合成；其功能是调节血液中Ca2+阳离子和磷酸、柠檬酸阴离子的含量。
- calcitonin – synthesized by the thyroid and parathyroid glands; its function is to regulate phosphorus-calcium metabolism.
-降钙素——由甲状腺和甲状旁腺合成；其功能是调节磷钙代谢。
- somatotropin – secreted by the pituitary gland; its functions are to enhance the synthesis of nucleic acids, proteins, glycogen, increase the mobilization of fats from fat reserves, and accelerate the breakdown of higher fatty acids and glucose. All these functions contribute to the growth of the body.
-生长激素——由垂体分泌；其功能是增强核酸、蛋白质、糖原的合成，增加脂肪储备中脂肪的动员，加速高级脂肪酸和葡萄糖的分解。所有这些功能都有助于身体的生长。
Functions of steroid hormones:
类固醇激素的功能：
- androgens - are formed in the testes. The main representatives are testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. By accelerating protein biosynthesis and related processes, androgens stimulate the development of skeletal muscles, growth and mineralization of bone tissue.
-雄激素- 在睾丸中形成。主要代表是睾酮和二氢睾酮。通过加速蛋白质生物合成和相关过程，雄激素刺激骨骼肌的发育、骨组织的生长和矿化。
- estrogens - produced by the ovaries and in small quantities by the adrenal glands.
-雌激素- 由卵巢产生，少量由肾上腺产生。
They stimulate the production of actomyosin and myometrium and proliferate the endometrium.
它们刺激肌动球蛋白和子宫肌层的产生并增殖子宫内膜。
Functions of other hormones:
其他激素的功能：
Other hormones include adrenaline and norepinephrine and the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine.
其他激素包括肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素以及甲状腺激素甲状腺素和三碘甲状腺原氨酸。
- adrenaline - produced by the adrenal medulla. Activates enzymes responsible for the breakdown of glycogen, leading to increased blood glucose levels. When adrenaline is introduced into the blood, the heartbeat becomes more frequent and intensifies, and blood pressure rises.
-肾上腺素- 由肾上腺髓质产生。激活负责糖原分解的酶，导致血糖水平升高。当肾上腺素进入血液时，心跳变得更加频繁和剧烈，血压也会升高。
- norepinephrine - like adrenaline, is formed by the adrenal medulla. It has a stimulating effect on the work of muscle cells of the heart and the walls of blood vessels and an inhibitory effect on the walls of the bronchi, stomach, and intestines.
-去甲肾上腺素- 与肾上腺素类似，由肾上腺髓质形成。它对心脏和血管壁的肌肉细胞的工作有刺激作用，对支气管、胃和肠壁有抑制作用。
- thyroxine and triiodothyronine - are formed in the thyroid gland. They accelerate the catabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, promote the normal development of the central nervous system, increase heart rate and cardiac output.
-甲状腺素和三碘甲状腺原氨酸- 在甲状腺中形成。它们加速蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的分解代谢，促进中枢神经系统的正常发育，增加心率和心输出量。
When performing work of varying power, the level of hormones in the blood changes.
当进行不同功率的工作时，血液中的激素水平会发生变化。
Changes in the concentration of hormones in the blood of athletes during physical activity.
运动员在体育活动期间血液中激素浓度的变化。
1. Adrenaline - increases
1.肾上腺素 - 增加
2. Norepinephrine - increases
2.去甲肾上腺素——增加
3. Somatotropin - increases
3.生长激素——增加
4. ACTH - increases
4. ACTH——增加
5. Insulin - decreases
5. 胰岛素——减少
6. Hydrocortisone - increases
6. 氢化可的松 - 增加
7. Estradiol - decreases
7. 雌二醇 - 减少
8. Testosterone - increases
8. 睾酮素——增加
The hypothalamus produces hormones that activate the hormonal function of the pituitary gland. Among these hormones, corticoliberin plays a leading role. Under its influence, pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released, which causes mobilization of the adrenal glands. Adrenal hormones increase the body's resistance to physical stress. Under normal conditions of functioning of the body, the level of ACTH in the blood serves as a regulator of its secretion by the pituitary gland. When ACTH enters the blood, its secretion is automatically suppressed. But during intense physical activity, the automatic regulation system changes. During this period, the body requires intensive adrenal function, which is stimulated by an increase in the concentration of ACTH in the blood. At the same time, the processes of glycogen breakdown in the liver are also stimulated. Glucocorticoids enhance energy processes in the cell and release biologically active substances that stimulate the body's resistance to external influences.
下丘脑产生激活垂体激素功能的激素。在这些激素中，皮质醇素起着主导作用。在其影响下，垂体促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）被释放，导致肾上腺活动。肾上腺激素可以增强身体对身体压力的抵抗力。在身体正常运作的情况下，血液中 ACTH 的水平可调节脑下垂体的分泌。当ACTH进入血液后，其分泌会自动受到抑制。但在剧烈的体力活动期间，自动调节系统会发生变化。在此期间，身体需要密集的肾上腺功能，血液中 ACTH 浓度的增加会刺激肾上腺功能。同时，肝脏中糖原的分解过程也受到刺激。糖皮质激素增强细胞内的能量过程并释放生物活性物质，刺激身体对外部影响的抵抗力。
The hormonal function of the adrenal cortex remains virtually unchanged during low-volume muscular work. With large loads, this function is mobilized. Insufficient or excessive loads cause inhibition of function. This is a kind of protective reaction of the body that prevents the depletion of its functional reserves.
在低强度的肌肉工作期间，肾上腺皮质的激素功能实际上保持不变。当负载较大时，该功能被调动。负载不足或过多会导致功能抑制。这是身体的一种保护反应，防止其功能储备耗尽。
The adrenal medulla helps increase energy production and increase mobilization of liver and skeletal muscle glycogen. Adrenaline and its precursors ensure the formation of adaptive changes even before the start of physical activity. Thus, adrenal hormones contribute to the formation of a complex of adaptive reactions aimed at increasing adaptive reactions aimed at increasing the resistance of cells and tissues of the body to the effects of physical stress. It must be said that this wonderful adaptive effect has only endogenous hormones, i.e. hormones produced by the body’s own glands, and not those coming from outside. The use of exogenous hormones is unacceptable.
肾上腺髓质有助于增加能量产生并增加肝脏和骨骼肌糖原的动员。肾上腺素及其前体甚至在体力活动开始之前就确保了适应性变化的形成。因此，肾上腺激素有助于形成适应性反应复合体，旨在增强适应性反应，从而增强身体细胞和组织对身体压力影响的抵抗力。必须说，这种奇妙的适应性作用只有内源性激素，即人体自身腺体产生的激素，而不是来自外界的激素。使用外源激素是不可接受的。
Hormones, as substances of high biological activity, despite extremely low concentrations in the blood, are capable of causing significant changes in the state of the body, in particular in the implementation of metabolism and energy. They have a remote effect and are characterized by specificity, which is expressed in two forms:
激素作为具有高生物活性的物质，尽管在血液中的浓度极低，但能够引起身体状态的显着变化，特别是在新陈代谢和能量的执行方面。它们具有远程效应并具有特异性，具体表现为两种形式：
- some hormones (for example, sex hormones) affect only the function of certain organs and tissues;
-某些激素（例如性激素）仅影响某些器官和组织的功能；
- others control only certain changes in the chain of metabolic processes and in the activity of enzymes regulating these processes.
-其他的仅控制代谢过程链和调节这些过程的酶的活性的某些变化。
Almost all disorders of the activity of the endocrine glands cause a decrease in the overall performance of a person. The function of the endocrine glands is regulated by the central nervous system. Nervous and humoral (through blood and other liquid media) effects on various organs, tissues and their functions are a manifestation of a unified system of neurohumoral regulation of body functions.
几乎所有内分泌腺活动紊乱都会导致人的整体表现下降。内分泌腺的功能受中枢神经系统的调节。神经和体液（通过血液和其他液体介质）对各个器官、组织及其功能的影响是身体功能的神经体液调节的统一系统的表现。
The role of hormones in the implementation of muscle activity is extremely large. Here are some supporting examples. During muscular activity, the activity of the thyroid gland is activated and the tissue breakdown of its hormones - thyraxine, triiodothyronine and thyrocalcitonin - is enhanced.
激素在肌肉活动的实施中的作用是极其巨大的。以下是一些支持示例。在肌肉活动期间，甲状腺的活动被激活，其激素（甲状腺素、三碘甲状腺原氨酸和甲状腺降钙素）的组织分解增强。
The pineal gland hormone melatonin (inhibits the development of the gonads, preventing premature sexual development, is involved in the regulation of electrolyte and carbohydrate metabolism) is produced in smaller quantities under the influence of light during the day, which causes the cyclical activity of the pineal gland, corresponding to the periods of day and night, being a kind of biological clock body, ensuring a natural level of performance.
松果体激素褪黑激素（抑制性腺发育，防止性早熟，参与电解质和碳水化合物代谢的调节）在白天光线的影响下产生少量，从而导致松果体的周期性活动松果体对应白天和黑夜的时段，是一种生物钟体，确保自然的表现水平。
Under the influence of adrenaline, a hormone of the adrenal medulla, the activity of the heart accelerates and intensifies, its excitability increases and the speed of impulses through the heart muscle increases; important during muscle loads is the contraction of the muscles of the walls of blood vessels in organs that are blood depots, as well as the relaxation of the smooth muscles of the bronchi, which helps reduce resistance to movement air during increased breathing and which, understandably, increases the transport of oxygen to actively working tissues.
在肾上腺髓质激素肾上腺素的影响下，心脏的活动加速和加强，其兴奋性增加，通过心肌的冲动速度增加；在肌肉负荷期间，重要的是作为血库的器官中血管壁肌肉的收缩，以及支气管平滑肌的松弛，这有助于减少呼吸增加期间对运动空气的阻力，这是可以理解的，增加氧气向活跃工作组织的输送。
The effect of adrenaline on metabolism is associated with the known fact of increasing the performance of tired muscles when administered (for example, by injection). During physical activity accompanied by increased sweating, the production of the hormone of the adrenal cortex, aldosterone, increases, as a result of which the excretion of sodium and potassium in the urine slows down, compensating for this process through the mechanism of sweating.
肾上腺素对新陈代谢的影响与已知的事实有关，即给药（例如通过注射）时会增加疲劳肌肉的性能。在伴随出汗增加的体力活动过程中，肾上腺皮质激素醛固酮的产生增加，从而导致尿液中钠和钾的排泄减慢，通过出汗机制补偿这一过程。
Increased release of aldosterone protects the body from significant changes in sodium and potassium levels in the blood plasma, which is important during prolonged endurance exercise (for example, long running). Thus, even a far from complete set of examples of the role of hormones during physical activity indicates the importance and high degree of biological activity of these substances, which are products of the activity of the endocrine system.
醛固酮释放的增加可以保护身体免受血浆中钠和钾水平显着变化的影响，这在长时间的耐力运动（例如长跑）中非常重要。因此，即使是一组远非完整的激素在身体活动过程中的作用的例子也表明了这些物质的重要性和高度的生物活性，它们是内分泌系统活动的产物。