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TPO 3

Passage
通道

Architecture
建筑

Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.
建筑是设计结构的艺术和科学,这些结构出于实际和象征目的组织和封闭空间。因为建筑源于人类的需求和愿望,所以它清楚地传达了文化价值观。在所有视觉艺术中,建筑对我们的生活影响最直接,因为它主要决定了人类环境的特征。

Architecture is a three-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, and color. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements. Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible. The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects.
建筑是一种三维形式。它利用空间、质量、纹理、线条、光线和颜色。要成为建筑,建筑物必须与各种元素实现工作和谐。人类本能地寻求能够庇护和改善他们生活方式的结构。建筑师的工作是创造不仅仅是建筑,而且还能提供灵感和乐趣的建筑。当建筑物提供庇护所、丰富空间、补充场地、适应气候并且在经济上可行时,它们会为人类生活做出贡献。为建筑付费并确定其功能的客户是建筑团队的重要成员。许多现代建筑的平庸设计可以追溯到客户和建筑师。

In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered themeven while building materials have changed dramatically. The world's architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure.
为了使结构达到满足其目的所需的尺寸和强度,建筑采用了支撑方法,因为它们基于物理定律,因此自从人们第一次发现它们以来几乎没有变化——即使建筑材料已经发生了巨大变化。世界的建筑结构也是根据材料的客观限制而设计的。可以根据结构如何处理重力产生的向下力来分析结构。它们旨在承受结构不同部分的压缩力(推在一起)、拉伸力(拉开)、弯曲力或这些力的组合。

Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago.
甚至建筑的发展也是重大技术变革的结果。材料和施工方法是建筑结构设计不可或缺的一部分。在早期,有必要设计适合可用材料(如木材、石头、砖块)的结构系统。今天,技术已经发展到可以发明新的建筑材料以适应所需结构类型的程度。在过去的几代人中,材料和建筑技术的巨大变化使得以最少的材料更轻松、更快速地封闭空间成为可能。这一领域的进步可以通过现在建造的建筑物与 100 年前建造的同等规模的建筑物之间的重量差异来衡量。

Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body's vital organs and systems. The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. Of course in early architecturesuch as igloos and adobe structuresthere was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.
现代建筑形式通常具有三个独立的组成部分,可与人体的元素相媲美:支撑骨架或框架、包围内部空间的外皮以及类似于人体重要器官和设备的设备。设备包括管道、电线、热水和空调。当然,在早期的建筑中——比如冰屋和土坯结构——没有这样的设备,骨架和皮肤通常是一体的。

Much of the world's great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world's finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. The doorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture throughout the centuries.
世界上许多伟大的建筑都是用石头建造的,因为它的美丽、永恒和可用性。过去,整个城市都是从切割和堆砌石头的艰巨任务中发展起来的。在秘鲁安第斯山脉东部高处的印加古城马丘比丘的废墟中可以看到一些世界上最好的石头建筑。门口和窗户是通过在开放空间上放置厚厚的石梁来实现的,这些石梁从上面支撑着重量。在克服石头的物理限制并创造新的建筑形式之前,必须进行结构发明。这项发明就是拱门,这是一种最初由单独的石头或砖块段制成的弯曲结构。地中海地区的早期文化主要将拱门用于地下排水管,但罗马人首先在地上结构中开发并广泛使用拱门。罗马建筑商完善了由单独的石块制成的半圆形拱门。作为一种跨越空间的方法,拱门可以支撑比水平梁更大的重量。它以压缩方式工作,将其上方的重量转移到两侧,在那里重量由拱形两侧的垂直元件承担。拱门是几个世纪以来建筑的众多重要结构突破之一。

Paragraph 1
第 1 段

Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.
建筑是设计结构的艺术和科学,这些结构出于实用和象征目的组织和封闭空间。 因为建筑源于人类的需求和愿望,所以它清楚地传达了文化价值观。 在所有视觉艺术中,建筑最直接地影响我们的生活,因为它主要决定了人类环境的特征。

1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT:
1. 根据第 1 段,以下所有关于建筑的陈述都是正确的,除了:

Architecture is visual art.
建筑是视觉艺术。

Architecture reflects the cultural values of its creators.
建筑反映了其创造者的文化价值观。

Architecture has both artistic and scientific dimensions.
建筑具有艺术和科学两个维度。

Architecture has an indirect effect on life.
建筑对生活有间接的影响。

Paragraph 2
第 2 段

Architecture is a three-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, and color. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements. Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible. The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects.
建筑是一种三维形式。它利用空间、质量、纹理、线条、光线和颜色。要成为建筑,建筑必须与各种元素实现工作和谐。 人类本能地寻求能够庇护和改善他们生活方式的结构。 建筑师的工作是创造不仅仅是建筑,而且还能提供灵感和乐趣的建筑。 当建筑物提供庇护所、丰富空间、补充场地、适应气候并且在经济上可行时,它们会为人类生活做出贡献为建筑付费并确定其功能的客户是建筑团队的重要成员。 许多现代建筑的平庸设计可以追溯到客户和建筑师。

2. The word "feasible" in the passage is closet in meaning to
2. 这段话中的“可行”一词在含义上是

in existence
存在

without question
毫无疑问

achievable
可行的

most likely
最有可能

3. The word "enhance" in the passage is closest in meaning to
3. 这段话中的“增强”一词在含义上最接近

protect
保护

improve
提高

organize
组织

match
火柴

Paragraph 3
第 3 段

In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered themeven while building materials have changed dramatically. The world's architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure.
为了使结构达到满足其目的所需的尺寸和强度,建筑采用了支撑方法,因为它们基于物理定律,自从人们第一次发现它们以来几乎没有变化——即使建筑材料已经发生了巨大变化。世界的建筑结构也是 根据材料的客观限制而设计的可以根据结构如何处理重力产生的向下力来分析结构。 它们的设计可以承受结构不同部分的压缩力(推在一起)、拉伸力(拉开)、弯曲力或这些力的组合。

4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
4. 以下哪句话最能表达文章中突出显示的句子中的基本信息?不正确的选择会以重要方式改变含义或遗漏重要信息。

Unchanging physical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be made with materials discovered long ago.
不变的物理定律限制了可以用很久以前发现的材料建造的建筑物的大小和强度。

Building materials have changed in order to increase architectural size and strength, but physical laws of structure have not changed.
为了增加建筑的尺寸和强度,建筑材料发生了变化,但结构的物理定律并没有改变。

When people first started to build, the structural methods used to provide strength and size were inadequate because they were not based on physical laws.
当人们刚开始建造时,用于提供强度和大小的结构方法并不充分,因为它们不是基于物理定律的。

Unlike building materials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws.
与建筑材料不同,建筑中使用的支撑方法并没有随着时间的推移而改变,因为它们是基于物理定律的。

5. The word "devised" in the passage is closest in meaning to
5. 这段话中的“设计”一词在含义上最接近

combined
组合的

created
创建

introduced
介绍

suggested
建议

Paragraph 4
第 4 段

Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago.
甚至建筑的发展也是重大技术变革的结果。 材料和施工方法是 建筑结构设计不可或缺的一部分。在早期,有必要设计适合现有材料(如木材、石头、砖块)的结构系统。 今天,技术已经发展到可以发明新的建筑材料以适应所需结构类型的程度。 过去几代人在材料和建筑技术方面的巨大变化使得以最少的材料更轻松、更快速地封闭空间成为可能。 这一领域的进步可以通过现在建造的建筑物与 100 年前建造的同等规模的建筑物之间的重量差异来衡量。

6. The word "integral" is closet in meaning to
6. “积分”一词的含义是

essential
基本

variable
变量

practical
实际

independent
独立

7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about materials used in the construction of buildings?
7. 根据第 4 段,以下关于建筑物建造中使用的材料,哪一项是正确的?

Because new building materials are hard to find, construction techniques have changed very little from past generations.
由于很难找到新的建筑材料,因此建筑技术与过去几代人相比变化不大。

The availability of suitable building materials no longer limits the types of structures that may be built.
合适的建筑材料的可用性不再限制可以建造的结构类型。

The primary building materials that are available today are wood, stone, and brick.
今天可用的主要建筑材料是木材、石头和砖块。

Architects in earlier times did not have enough building materials to enclose large spaces.
早期的建筑师没有足够的建筑材料来封闭大空间。

8. In paragraph 4, what does the author imply about modern buildings?
8. 在第 4 段中,作者对现代建筑有什么暗示?

They occupy much less space than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.
它们占用的空间比 100 年前建造的建筑物要小得多。

They are not very different from the building of a few generations ago.
它们与几代人的建筑没有太大区别。

They weigh less in relation to their size than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.
就其规模而言,它们的重量比 100 年前建造的建筑物要轻。

They take a long time to build as a result of their complex construction methods.
由于施工方法复杂,它们需要很长时间来建造。

Paragraph 5
第 5 段

Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body's vital organs and systems. The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. Of course in early architecturesuch as igloos and adobe structuresthere was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.
现代建筑形式通常具有三个独立的组成部分,可与人体的元素相媲美:支撑骨架或框架、包围内部空间的外皮以及类似于人体重要器官和设备的设备。 设备包括管道、电线、热水和空调。 当然,在早期的建筑中——比如冰屋和土坯结构——没有这样的设备,骨架和皮肤通常是一体的。

9. Which of the following correctly characterizes the relationship between the human body and architecture that is described in paragraph 5?
9. 以下哪项正确描述了第 5 段中描述的人体与建筑之间的关系?

Complex equipment inside buildings is the one element in modern architecture that resembles a component of the human body.
建筑物内的复杂设备是现代建筑中类似于人体组成部分的一个元素。

The components in early buildings were similar to three particular elements of the human body.
早期建筑中的组件类似于人体的三个特定元素。

Modern buildings have components that are as likely to change as the human body is.
现代建筑的组成部分与人体一样有可能发生变化。

In general, modern buildings more closely resemble the human body than earlier buildings do.
一般来说,现代建筑比早期建筑更接近人体。

Paragraph 6
第 6 段

Much of the world's great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world's finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. The doorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture throughout the centuries.
世界上许多伟大的建筑都是用石头建造的,因为它的美丽、永恒和可用性。 过去,整个城市都是从 切割和堆砌石头艰巨任务中发展起来的。秘鲁安第斯山脉东部高处的印加古城马丘比丘的废墟中可以看到一些世界上最好的石头建筑。 口和窗户是通过在空地上放置厚厚的石梁来实现的,这些石梁从上面支撑着重量。 克服石头的物理限制并创造新的建筑形式之前,必须进行结构发明。 这项发明就是拱门,一种最初由单独的石头或砖块段制成的弯曲结构。 地中海地区的早期文化主要将拱门用于地下排水管,但罗马人首先在地上结构中开发并广泛使用拱门。罗马建筑商完善了由单独的石块制成的半圆形拱门。 作为一种跨越空间的方法,拱门可以支撑比水平梁更大的重量。 它在压缩中起作用,将其上方的重量转移到两侧,在那里重量由拱形两侧的垂直元件承担。 拱门是几个世纪以来建筑的众多重要结构突破之一。

10. The word "arduous" in the passage is closest in meaning to
10. 这段话中的“艰巨”一词在含义上最接近

difficult

necessary
必要

skilled
熟练

shared
共享

11. Why does the author include a description of how the "doorways and windows" of Machu Picchu were constructed?
11. 为什么作者描述了马丘比丘的“门口和窗户”是如何建造的?

To indicate that the combined skeletons and skins of the stone buildings of Machu Picchu were similar to igloos and adobe structures
为了表明马丘比丘石头建筑的骨骼和表皮组合类似于冰屋和土坯结构

To indicate the different kinds of stones that had to be cut to build Machu Picchu
表示建造马丘比丘必须切割的不同种类的石头

To provide an illustration of the kind of construction that was required before arches were invented
提供在发明拱门之前所需的结构类型的说明

To explain how ancient builders reduced the amount of time necessary to construct buildings from stone
解释古代建筑商如何减少用石头建造建筑物所需的时间

12. According to paragraph 6, which of the following statements is true of the arch?
12.根据第 6 段,以下关于拱门的陈述中哪一项是正确的?

The Romans were the first people to use the stone arch.
罗马人是最早使用石拱门的人。

The invention of the arch allowed new architectural forms to be developed.
拱门的发明使新的建筑形式得以发展。

The arch worked by distributing the structural load of a building toward the center of the arch.
拱门的工作原理是将建筑物的结构负载分散到拱门的中心。

The Romans followed earlier practices in their use of arches.
罗马人在使用拱门时遵循了早期的做法。

13. Look at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
13.查看四个方块 [],它们表示可以将以下句子添加到段落中的位置。

However, some modern architectural designs, such as those using folded plates of concreter or air-inflated structures, are again unifying skeleton and skin.
然而,一些现代建筑设计,例如使用混凝土折叠板或充气结构的设计,再次统一了骨骼和皮肤。

Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.
这句话最适合在哪里?单击一个方块 将句子添加到段落中。

Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body's vital organs and systems. The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. Of course in early architecturesuch as igloos and adobe structuresthere was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.
现代建筑形式通常具有三个独立的组成部分,可与人体的元素相媲美;支撑骨架或框架、包围内部空间的外皮以及类似于身体重要器官和设备的设备。 设备包括管道、电线、热水和空调。 当然,在早期的建筑中——比如冰屋和土坯结构——没有这样的设备,骨架和皮肤通常是一体的。

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selected THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
14.说明:下面提供了一段介绍性句子,用于对文章进行简要总结。通过选择三个表达文章中最重要的思想的答案选项来完成摘要。有些句子不属于摘要,因为它们表达了文章中没有提出的想法,或者是文章中的次要想法。这个问题值 2 分。

Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click View Text.
将您的答案选项拖动到它们所属的空间中。要删除答案选项,请单击它。要查看段落,请单击 View text (查看文本)。

Architecture uses forms and space to express cultural values.
建筑使用形式和空间来表达文化价值。

Answer Choices
答案选项

Architects seek to create buildings that are both visually appealing and well suited for human use.
建筑师寻求创造既具有视觉吸引力又非常适合人类使用的建筑。

Over the course of the history of building, innovations in material and methods of construction have given architects ever greater freedom to express themselves.
在建筑历史的进程中,材料和施工方法的创新赋予了建筑师更大的自由来表达自己。

Throughout history buildings have been constructed like human bodies, needing distinct "organ" systems in order to function.
纵观历史,建筑物的构造就像人体一样,需要不同的“器官”系统才能发挥作用。

Both clients and architects are responsible for the mediocre designs of some modern buildings.
客户和建筑师都对一些现代建筑的平庸设计负责。

Modern buildings tend to lack the beauty of ancient stone buildings such as those of Machu Picchu.
现代建筑往往缺乏马丘比丘等古老石头建筑的美感。

The discovery and use of the arch typifies the way in which architecture advances by developing more efficient types of structures.
拱门的发现和使用代表了建筑通过开发更高效的结构类型而发展的方式。

TPO 3

Passage
通道

Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer
奥加拉拉含水层的枯竭

The vast grasslands of the High Plains in the central United States were settled by farmers and ranchers in the 1880s. This region has a semiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming. In the early twentieth century, however, it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer (a rock layer containing large quantities of groundwater). This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians, who once inhabited the region.
1880 年代,农民和牧场主在美国中部高原的广阔草原上定居。该地区属于半干旱气候,在定居后的 50 年里,它支持着养牛和小麦种植的低强度农业经济。然而,在 20 世纪初,人们发现高平原的大部分地区都被一个巨大的含水层(含有大量地下水的岩层)所覆盖。这个含水层以曾经居住在该地区的奥加拉拉苏族印第安人的名字命名。

The Ogallala aquifer is a sandstone formation that underlies some 583,000 square kilometers of land extending from northwestern Texas to southern South Dakota. Water from rains and melting snows has been accumulating in the Ogallala for the past 30,000 years. Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.
奥加拉拉含水层是一种砂岩地层,位于从德克萨斯州西北部延伸到南达科他州南部的约 583,000 平方公里的土地上。在过去的 30,000 年里,雨水和融雪产生的水一直在奥加拉拉积累。据估计,含水层中的水足以填满休伦湖,但不幸的是,在该地区目前存在的半干旱气候条件下,含水层的添加率很低,每年大约半厘米。

The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950s onward, transformed the economy of the region. More than 100,000 wells now tap the Ogallala. Modern irrigation devices, each capable of spraying 4.5 million liters of water a day, have produced a landscape dominated by geometric patterns of circular green islands of crops. Ogallala water has enabled the High Plains region to supply significant amounts of the cotton, sorghum, wheat, and corn grown in the United States. In addition, 40 percent of American grain-fed beef cattle are fattened here.
第一口井是在 1930 年代初期的干旱年份钻入 Ogallala 的。随之而来的灌溉农业的快速扩张,尤其是从 1950 年代开始,改变了该地区的经济。现在有超过 100,000 口井开采 Ogallala。现代灌溉设备每天能够喷洒 450 万升水,形成了以圆形绿色农作物岛屿的几何图案为主的景观。奥加拉拉水使高平原地区能够供应大量在美国种植的棉花、高粱、小麦和玉米。此外,40% 的美国谷物饲养肉牛在这里育肥。

This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge ratethat is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supplyhas caused water tables in the region to fall drastically. In the 1930s, wells encountered plentiful water at a depth of about 15 meters; currently, they must be dug to depths of 45 to 60 meters or more. In places, the water table is declining at a rate of a meter a year, necessitating the periodic deepening of wells and the use of ever-more-powerful pumps. It is estimated that at current withdrawal rates, much of the aquifer will run dry within 40 years. The situation is most critical in Texas, where the climate is driest, the greatest amount of water is being pumped, and the aquifer contains the least water. It is projected that the remaining Ogallala water will, by the year 2030, support only 35 to 40 percent of the irrigated acreage in Texas that is supported in 1980.
这种对有限地下水资源的空前开发,其自然补给率几乎可以忽略不计即几乎没有天然水源来补充供水导致该地区的地下水位急剧下降。在 1930 年代,水井在大约 15 米的深度遇到了充足的水;目前,它们必须挖掘到 45 到 60 米或更深的深度。在某些地方,地下水位以每年一米的速度下降,因此需要定期加深水井并使用越来越强大的水泵。据估计,按照目前的取水速度,大部分含水层将在 40 年内干涸。德克萨斯州的情况最为严峻,那里的气候最干燥,抽水量最大,含水层含水量最少。据预测,到 2030 年,剩余的奥加拉拉水将仅支持德克萨斯州 1980 年支持的灌溉面积的 35% 至 40%。

The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies. Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water. Others, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire region's water supplies.
农民对奥加拉拉河不可避免的枯竭的反应各不相同。许多人一直在尝试通过减少灌溉频率或改用需要较少水的作物来节约用水。然而,其他人则采用了这样一种理念,即最好在经济上仍然有利可图的时候利用水,并专注于棉花等高价值作物。希望节约用水的农民的积极性降低了,因为他们知道他们的许多邻居通过使用大量的水来获利,并在此过程中消耗了整个地区的水资源供应。

In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers. Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets. Somewhat more promising have been recent experiments for releasing capillary water (water in the soil) above the water table by injecting compressed air into the ground. Even if this process proves successful, however, it would almost triple water costs. Genetic engineering also may provide a partial solution, as new strains of drought-resistant crops continue to be developed. Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.
面对即将到来的供水危机,已经制定了许多宏伟的计划,通过运河或管道从密西西比河、密苏里河或阿肯色河运输大量水。不幸的是,通过这些计划获得的水成本都会使抽水成本至少增加十倍,从而使该地区的灌溉农产品成本在国内和国际市场上缺乏竞争力。更有希望的是最近的实验,即通过将压缩空气注入地下水来释放毛细管水(土壤中的水)到地下水位以上。然而,即使这个过程被证明是成功的,它也将使水费几乎增加三倍。基因工程也可能提供部分解决方案,因为抗旱作物的新品系不断被开发出来。无论水危机的最终答案是什么,很明显,在高平原地区,灌溉水将不再像 20 世纪中叶农业繁荣时期那样丰富、廉价。

Paragraph 1
第 1 段

The vast grasslands of the High Plains in the central United States were settled by farmers and ranchers in the 1880s. This region has a semiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming. In the early twentieth century, however, it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer (a rock layer containing large quantities of groundwater). This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians, who once inhabited the region.
美国中部高原广阔的草原是 1880 年代农民和牧场主定居的。 该地区属于半干旱气候,在定居后的 50 年里,它支持着养牛和小麦种植的低强度农业经济。 然而,在 20 世纪初,人们发现高平原的大部分地区都被一个巨大的含水层(含有大量地下水的岩层)所覆盖。 这个含水层以曾经居住在该地区的奥加拉拉苏族印第安人的名字命名

1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements about the High Plains is true?
1. 根据第 1 段,以下关于高原的陈述中哪一项是正确的?

Until farmers and ranchers settled there in the 1880s, the High Plains had never been inhabited.
在 1880 年代农民和牧场主在那里定居之前,高平原从未有人居住。

The climate of the High Plains is characterized by higher-than-average temperatures.
高平原的气候特点是温度高于平均水平。

The large aquifer that lies underneath the High Plains was discovered by the Ogallala Sioux Indians.
位于高平原下方的大型含水层是由奥加拉拉苏族印第安人发现的。

Before the early 1900s there was only a small amount of farming and ranching in the High Plains.
在 1900 年代初期之前,高平原只有少量的农业和牧场。

Paragraph 2
第 2 段

The Ogallala aquifer is a sandstone formation that underlies some 583,000 square kilometers of land extending from northwestern Texas to southern South Dakota. Water from rains and melting snows has been accumulating in the Ogallala for the past 30,000 years. Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.
拉拉含水层是一个砂岩形成的基础的一些583,000平方公里的土地上延伸,从西北部的德克萨斯州南南达科他州。 水从降雨和融化积雪已经积累的拉拉在过去的30 000名年。 的估计表明,含水层包含足够的水,以填补休伦湖,但不幸的是,在半干旱的气候条件,目前存在的区域,除了含水层是最小的,达到大约半厘米的一年。

2. According to paragraph 2, all of the following statements about the Ogallala aquifer are true EXCEPT:
2. 根据第2款,以下所有发言的拉拉含水层都是真实的,除非:

The aquifer stretches from South Dakota to Texas.
该含水层延伸,从南达科他州的德克萨斯州.

The aquifer's water comes from underground springs.
含水层的水来自地下的泉水。

Water has been gathering in the aquifer for 30,000 years.
水已经聚集在含水层为30 000名年。

The aquifer's water is stored in a layer of sandstone.
含水层的水是存储在一个层的砂岩。

3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
3. 以下哪句话最能表达文章中突出显示的句子中的基本信息?不正确的选择会以重要方式改变含义或遗漏重要信息。

Despite the current impressive size of the Ogallala aquifer, the region's climate keeps the rates of water addition very small.
尽管目前奥加拉拉含水层的规模令人印象深刻,但该地区的气候使加水速度非常小。

Although the aquifer has been adding water at the rate of only half a centimeter a year, it will eventually accumulate enough water of fill Lake Huron.
尽管含水层每年仅以半厘米的速度增加水,但它最终会积累足够的水来填满休伦湖。

Because of the region's present climatic conditions, water is being added each year to the aquifer.
由于该地区目前的气候条件,每年都会向含水层中添加水。

Even when the region experiences unfortunate climatic conditions, the rates of addition of water continue to increase.
即使该地区经历了不幸的气候条件,加水量仍在继续增加。

Paragraph 3
3

The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950s onward, transformed the economy of the region. More than 100,000 wells now tap the Ogallala. Modern irrigation devices, each capable of spraying 4.5 million liters of water a day, have produced a landscape dominated by geometric patterns of circular green islands of crops. Ogallala water has enabled the High Plains region to supply significant amounts of the cotton, sorghum, wheat, and corn grown in the United States. In addition, 40 percent of American grain-fed beef cattle are fattened here.
第一口井是在 1930 年代初期的干旱年份钻入 Ogallala 的。 之而来的灌溉农业的快速扩张,尤其是从 1950 年代开始,改变了该地区的经济。 现在有超过 100,000 口井开采 Ogallala。 现代灌溉设备每天能够喷洒 450 万升水,形成了以圆形绿色农作物岛屿的几何图案为主的景观。 奥加拉拉水使高平原地区能够供应大量在美国种植的棉花、高粱、小麦和玉米。 此外,40% 的美国谷物饲养肉牛在这里育肥。

4. The word "ensuing" in the passage is closest in meaning to
4. 这段话中的“随之而来”一词在含义上最接近

continuing
继续

surprising
令人 惊讶

initial

subsequent
随后的

5. In paragraph 3, why does the author provide the information that 40 percent of American cattle are fattened in the High Plains?
5. 在第 3 段中,为什么作者提供的信息是 40% 的美国牛在高原育肥?

To suggest that crop cultivation is not the most important part of the economy of the High Plains
表明农作物种植并不是高平原经济中最重要的部分

To indicate that not all economic activity in the High Plains is dependent on irrigation
表明并非高平原的所有经济活动都依赖于灌溉

To provide another example of how water from the Ogallala has transformed the economy of the High Plains
提供另一个例子,说明奥加拉拉河的水如何改变了高原的经济

To contrast cattle-fattening practices in the High Plains with those used in other region of the United States
将高平原的牛育肥做法与美国其他地区使用的育肥做法进行比较

Paragraph 4
4

This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge ratethat is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supplyhas caused water tables in the region to fall drastically. In the 1930s, wells encountered plentiful water at a depth of about 15 meters; currently, they must be dug to depths of 45 to 60 meters or more. In places, the water table is declining at a rate of a meter a year, necessitating the periodic deepening of wells and the use of ever-more-powerful pumps. It is estimated that at current withdrawal rates, much of the aquifer will run dry within 40 years. The situation is most critical in Texas, where the climate is driest, the greatest amount of water is being pumped, and the aquifer contains the least water. It is projected that the remaining Ogallala water will, by the year 2030, support only 35 to 40 percent of the irrigated acreage in Texas that is supported in 1980.
这种 有限的地下水资源的空前开发,其自然补给率几乎可以忽略不计也就是说,几乎没有天然水源来补充供水导致该地区的地下水位急剧下降。 在 1930 年代,水井在约 15 米的深度遇到了充足的水;目前,它们必须挖到 45 到 60 米或更深的深度。 在某些地方,地下水位以每年一米的速度下降,因此需要定期加深水井并使用越来越强大的泵。 据估计,按照目前的取水速度,大部分含水层将在 40 年内干涸。 德克萨斯州的情况最为危急,那里的气候最干燥,抽水量最大,含水层含水量最少。 预计到 2030 年,剩余的奥加拉拉水将仅支持德克萨斯州 1980 年支持的灌溉面积的 35% 至 40%。

6. The word "unprecedented" in the passage is closest in meaning to
6. 这段话中的“史无前例”一词在含义上最接近

difficult to control
难以控制

without any restriction
没有任何限制

unlike anything in the past
与过去的任何事物都不同

rapidly expanding
迅速扩张

7. The word "virtually" in the passage is closest in meaning to
7. 这段话中的“虚拟”一词在含义上最接近

clearly
清楚

perhaps
也许

frequently
经常

almost
几乎

8. According to paragraph 4, all of following are consequences of the heavy use of the Ogallala aquifer for irrigation EXCEPT:
8. 根据第 4 段,以下所有情况都是大量使用 Ogallala 含水层进行灌溉的后果,但以下情况除外:

The recharge rate of the aquifer is decreasing.
含水层的补给率正在下降。

Water tables in the region are becoming increasingly lower.
该地区的地下水位越来越低。

Wells now have to be dug to much greater depths than before.
现在必须将井挖得比以前更深。

Increasingly powerful pumps are needed to draw water from the aquifer.
需要越来越强大的泵来从含水层中抽水。

9. According to paragraph 4, compared with all other states that use Ogallala water for irrigation, Texas
9. 根据第 4 段,与所有其他使用 Ogallala 水进行灌溉的州相比,德克萨斯州

has the greatest amount of farmland being irrigated with Ogallala water.
拥有最多的农田用 Ogallala 水灌溉。

contains the largest amount of Ogallala water underneath the soil.
土壤下含有最多的 Ogallala 水。

is expected to face the worst water supply crisis as the Ogallala runs dry.
预计随着奥加拉拉河干涸,将面临最严重的供水危机。

uses the least amount of Ogallala water for its irrigation needs.
使用最少的 Ogallala 水来满足其灌溉需求。

Paragraph 5
第 5 段

The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies. Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water. Others, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire region's water supplies.
农民对奥加拉拉河不可避免枯竭的反应各不相同。 许多人一直在尝试通过减少灌溉频率或改用需要较少水的作物来节约用水。 然而,其他人则采用了这样一种理念,即最好在经济上仍然有利可图的时候利用水,并专注于棉花等高价值作物。 希望节约用水的农民的积极性会降低,因为他们知道许多邻居通过使用大量水来获利,并在此过程中消耗了整个地区的供水。

10. The word "inevitable" in the passage is closest in meaning to
10. 这段经文中的“必然”一词在含义上最接近

unfortunate
不幸

predictable
可预言的

unavoidable
不可避免的

final
最后

11. Paragraph 5 mentions which of the following as a source of difficulty for some farmers who try to conserve water?
11. 第 5 段提到以下哪项是一些试图节约用水的农民的困难来源?

Crops that do not need much water are difficult to grow in the High Plains.
不需要太多水的作物很难在高原种植。

Farmers who grow crops that need a lot of water make higher profits.
种植需要大量水的作物的农民可以获得更高的利润。

Irrigating less frequently often leads to crop failure.
灌溉频率降低通常会导致作物歉收。

Few farmers are convinced that the aquifer will eventually run dry.
很少有农民相信含水层最终会干涸。

Paragraph 6
6

In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers. Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets. Somewhat more promising have been recent experiments for releasing capillary water (water in the soil) above the water table by injecting compressed air into the ground. Even if this process proves successful, however, it would almost triple water costs. Genetic engineering also may provide a partial solution, as new strains of drought-resistant crops continue to be developed. Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.
面对即将到来的供水危机,已经制定了许多宏伟的计划,通过运河或管道从密西西比河、密苏里河或阿肯色河运输大量水。 不幸的是,通过这些计划中的任何一个获得的水的成本都会使抽水成本至少增加十倍,从而使该地区的灌溉农产品成本在国内和国际市场上缺乏竞争力。 最近的实验更有希望,即通过将压缩空气注入地下水来释放毛细管水(土壤中的水)到地下水位以上。 然而,即使这个过程被证明是成功的,它也几乎会使水费增加两倍。 基因工程也可能提供部分解决方案,因为抗旱作物的新菌株不断被开发出来。 无论水危机的最终答案是什么,很明显,在高平原地区,灌溉水将不再像 20 世纪中叶农业繁荣时期那样丰富、廉价。

12According to paragraph 6, what is the main disadvantage of the proposed plans to transport river water to the High Plains?
12.根据第6段,拟议的将河水输送到高原的计划的主要缺点是什么?

The rivers cannot supply sufficient water for the farmer's needs.
河流无法为农民提供足够的水。

Increased irrigation costs would make the products too expensive.
灌溉成本的增加将使产品过于昂贵。

The costs of using capillary water for irrigation will increase.
使用毛细管水进行灌溉的成本将增加。

Farmers will be forced to switch to genetically engineered crops.
农民将被迫改用转基因作物。

13. Look at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
13.查看四个方块 [],它们表示可以将以下句子添加到段落中的位置。

But even if uncooperative farmers were to join in the conservation efforts, this would only delay the depletion of the aquifer.
但是,即使不合作的农民加入保护工作,也只会延缓含水层的枯竭。

Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.
这句话最适合在哪里?单击一个方块 将句子添加到文章中。

The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies. Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water. Others, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire region's water supplies.
农民对奥加拉拉河不可避免的枯竭的反应各不相同。许多人一直在尝试通过减少灌溉频率或改用需要较少水的作物来节约用水。然而,其他人则采用了这样一种理念,即最好在经济上仍然有利可图的时候利用水,并专注于棉花等高价值作物。 希望节约用水的农民的积极性会降低,因为他们知道他们的许多邻居通过使用大量的水来获利,并在此过程中消耗了整个地区的水源。

In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers. Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets. Somewhat more promising have been recent experiments for releasing capillary water (water in the soil) above the water table by injecting compressed air into the ground. Even if this process proves successful, however, it would almost triple water costs. Genetic engineering also may provide a partial solution, as new strains of drought-resistant crops continue to be developed. Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.
面对即将到来的供水危机,已经制定了许多宏伟的计划,通过运河或管道从密西西比河、密苏里河或阿肯色河运输大量水。 不幸的是,通过这些计划获得的水成本都会使抽水成本至少增加十倍,从而使该地区的灌溉农产品成本在国内和国际市场上缺乏竞争力。更有希望的是最近的实验,即通过将压缩空气注入地下水来释放毛细管水(土壤中的水)到地下水位以上。然而,即使这个过程被证明是成功的,它也将使水费几乎增加三倍。基因工程也可能提供部分解决方案,因为抗旱作物的新品系不断被开发出来。无论水危机的最终答案是什么,很明显,在高平原地区,灌溉水将不再像 20 世纪中叶农业繁荣时期那样丰富、廉价。

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selected THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
14.说明:下面提供了一段介绍性句子,用于对文章进行简要总结。通过选择三个表达文章中最重要的思想的答案选项来完成摘要。有些句子不属于摘要,因为它们表达了文章中没有提出的想法,或者是文章中的次要想法。这个问题值 2 分。

Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click View Text.
将您的答案选项拖动到它们所属的空间中。要删除答案选项,请单击它。要查看段落,请单击 View text (查看文本)。

The Ogallala aquifer is a large underground source of water in the High Plains region of the United States.
奥加拉拉含水层是美国高平原地区的一个大型地下水源。

Answer Choices
答案选项

The use of the Ogallala for irrigation has allowed the High Plains to become one of the most productive agricultural regions in the United States.
奥加拉拉河用于灌溉使高平原成为美国生产力最高的农业区之一。

Given the aquifer's low recharge rate, its use for irrigation is causing water tables to drop and will eventually lead to its depletion.
鉴于含水层的低补给率,其用于灌溉导致地下水位下降,最终导致其枯竭。

Releasing capillary water and introducing drought-resistant crops are less-promising solutions to the water supply crisis than bringing in river water
与引入河水相比,释放毛细管水和引入抗旱作物是解决供水危机的希望较小的解决方案

The periodic deepening of wells and the use of more-powerful pumps would help increase the natural recharge rate of the Ogallala.
定期加深水井和使用更强大的泵将有助于提高奥加拉拉的自然补给率。

In Texas, a great deal of attention is being paid to genetic engineering because it is there that the most critical situation exists.
在德克萨斯州,人们非常重视基因工程,因为那里存在最危急的情况。

Several solutions to the upcoming water supply crisis have been proposed, but none of them promises to keep the costs of irrigation low.
针对即将到来的供水危机,已经提出了几种解决方案,但没有一个能保证保持较低的灌溉成本。

TPO 3

Passage
通道

The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems
生态系统的长期稳定性

Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term "succession" to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changesin plant numbers and the mix of speciesare cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.
植物群落可以灵活地自行组装,其特定结构取决于该地区的具体历史。生态学家使用“演替”一词来指代植物群落和生态系统随着时间的推移发生的变化。演替中的第一个社区称为先锋社区,而演替结束时长寿的社区称为顶峰社区。据说先锋和演替植物群落在 1 到 500 年的时间里发生了变化。这些变化——植物数量和物种组合——是累积的。顶极群落本身会发生变化,但时间会超过大约 500 年。

An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year's time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.
今天研究池塘的生态学家很可能会发现它在一年后相对没有变化。个别鱼可能会被替换,但鱼的数量每年往往相同。我们可以说,生态系统的特性比构成生态系统的单个生物更稳定。

At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather to pests.
生态学家曾一度认为,物种多样性使生态系统稳定。他们认为,多样性越大,生态系统就越稳定。支持这一观点的原因是观察到,持久的顶峰群落通常比先锋群落具有更复杂的食物网和更多的物种多样性。生态学家得出结论,顶极生态系统的表面稳定性取决于它们的复杂性。举一个极端的例子,以单一作物为主的农田非常不稳定,以至于一年的恶劣天气或单一害虫的入侵就可以摧毁整个作物。相比之下,复杂的顶极群落,例如温带森林,将容忍天气对害虫造成的相当大的损害。

The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what "stability" means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.
然而,生态系统稳定性的问题很复杂。第一个问题是,生态学家并不都同意“稳定”的含义。稳定性可以简单地定义为缺乏变化。在这种情况下,climax 社区将被视为最稳定的,因为根据定义,它随时间的变化最小。或者,稳定性可以定义为生态系统在发生重大干扰(例如火灾)后恢复到特定形式的速度。这种稳定性也称为弹性。在这种情况下,顶峰群落将是最脆弱和最不稳定的,因为它们可能需要数百年才能恢复到顶峰状态。

Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stabilityjust the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child's tricycle.
即使是那种被定义为简单缺乏变化的稳定性,也并不总是与最大的多样性有关。至少在温带地区,最大的多样性往往出现在演替中期,而不是在顶端群落。例如,一旦红杉林成熟,物种的种类和生长在森林地面上的个体数量就会减少。一般来说,多样性本身并不能确保稳定性。生态系统的数学模型同样表明,多样性并不能保证生态系统的稳定性——事实上恰恰相反。一般来说,更复杂的系统比简单的系统更容易崩溃。一辆 15 速的赛车比儿童的三轮车更容易抛锚。

Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community's resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.
生态学家特别有兴趣了解哪些因素有助于社区的复原力,因为世界各地的顶峰社区正在被人类活动严重破坏或摧毁。例如,美国西北部圣海伦斯山火山爆发造成的破坏与人类造成的破坏相比,简直相形见绌。我们需要知道社区的哪些方面对于社区抵抗破坏及其恢复最重要。

Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the "patchiness" of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.
许多生态学家现在认为,顶极群落的相对长期稳定性不是来自多样性,而是来自环境的“斑驳”,一个因地而异的环境比一个均匀的环境支持更多种类的生物。灭绝的当地种群很快就会被来自邻近社区的移民所取代。即使新种群属于不同的物种,它也可以大致填补已灭绝种群腾出的生态位,并保持食物网的完整性。

Paragraph 1
第 1 段

Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term "succession" to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changesin plant numbers and the mix of speciesare cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.
植物群落可以灵活地自行组装,其特定结构取决于该地区的具体历史。 生态学家使用“演替”一词来指代植物群落和生态系统随着时间的推移发生的变化。 演替中的第一个社区称为先锋社区,而演替结束时长寿的社区称为顶峰社区。 据说先锋和演替植物群落在 1 到 500 年的时间里会发生变化。 这些变化——植物数量和物种组合——是累积的。 顶极群落本身会发生变化,但时间会超过大约 500 年。

1. The word "particular" in the passage is closest in meaning to
1. 这段经文中的“特别”一词在含义上最接近

natural
自然的

final
最后

specific
特定

complex
复杂

2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?
2. 根据第 1 段,以下哪项不适用于高潮社区?

They occur at the end of a succession.
它们发生在连续的末尾。

They last longer than any other type of community.
他们比任何其他类型的社区都持续得更久。

The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change.
其中的植物数量和物种组合不会改变。

They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.
它们一次保持稳定至少 500 年。

Paragraph 2
第 2 段

An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year's time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.
今天研究池塘的生态学家很可能会发现它在一年后相对没有变化。 可以更换个别鱼,但鱼的数量每年都趋于相同。 我们可以说,生态系统的特性比构成生态系统的单个生物更稳定。

3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond?
3. 根据第 2 段,通过研究池塘可以了解以下哪些生态系统原则?

Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the system.
生态系统属性的变化比系统中的个体慢。

The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are replaced.
生态系统的稳定性往往会随着个体的替代而发生变化。

Individual organisms are stable from one year to the next.
个体生物体每年都保持稳定。

A change in the members of an organism does not affect an ecosystem's properties.
生物体成员的变化不会影响生态系统的属性。

Paragraph 3
第 3 段

At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather to pests.
生态学家曾一度认为,物种多样性使生态系统稳定。 他们认为,多样性越大,生态系统就越稳定。 支持这一观点的原因是观察到,长期的顶峰群落通常比先锋群落具有更复杂的食物网和更多的物种多样性。 生态学家得出结论,顶极生态系统的表面稳定性取决于它们的复杂性。 举个极端的例子,以单一作物为主的农田非常不稳定,一年的恶劣天气或单一害虫的入侵就可以摧毁整个作物。 相比之下,复杂的顶极群落,例如温带森林,将承受从天气到害虫的相当大的损害。

4. According to paragraph 3, ecologists once believed that which of the following illustrated the most stable ecosystems?
4. 根据第 3 段,生态学家曾经认为以下哪一项说明了最稳定的生态系统?

Pioneer communities
先锋社区

Climax communities
Climax 社区

Single-crop farmlands
单一作物农田

Successional plant communities
演替植物群落

Paragraph 4
第 4 段

The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what "stability" means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.
然而,生态系统稳定性的问题很复杂。 第一个问题是生态学家并不都同意“稳定性”的含义。 稳定性可以简单地定义为缺乏变化。 在这种情况下,climax 社区将被认为是最稳定的,因为根据定义,它随时间的变化最小。 或者,稳定性可以定义为生态系统在发生重大干扰(例如火灾)后恢复到特定形式的速度。 这种稳定性也称为弹性。 在这种情况下,顶峰群落将是最脆弱和最不稳定的,因为它们可能需要数百年才能恢复到顶峰状态。

5. According to paragraph 4, why is the question of ecosystem stability complicated?
5. 根据第 4 段,为什么生态系统稳定性问题很复杂?

The reasons for ecosystem change are not always clear.
生态系统变化的原因并不总是很清楚。

Ecologists often confuse the word "stability" with the word "resilience."
生态学家经常将“稳定性”一词与“弹性”一词混淆。

The exact meaning of the word "stability" is debated by ecologists.
生态学家对“稳定性”一词的确切含义存在争议。

There are many different answers to ecological questions.
生态问题有许多不同的答案。

6. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities?
6. 根据第 4 段,以下哪一项是关于高潮社区的?

They are more resilient than pioneer communities.
他们比先驱社区更有弹性。

They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities.
他们既可以被认为是最稳定的社区,也可以被认为是最不稳定的社区。

They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.
它们之所以稳定,是因为在受到重大干扰后恢复得很快。

They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time.
他们是最具弹性的社区,因为他们随时间的变化最小。

Paragraph 5
第 5 段

Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stabilityjust the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child's tricycle.
即使是那种被定义为简单缺乏变化的稳定性,也并不总是与最大的多样性有关。 至少在温带地区,最大的多样性往往出现在演替中期,而不是在顶端群落。 例如,一旦红杉林成熟,树种的种类和生长在森林地面上的个体数量就会减少。 一般来说,多样性本身并不能确保稳定性。 生态系统的数学模型同样表明,多样性并不能保证 生态系统的稳定性——事实上,恰恰相反。 一般来说,更复杂的系统比简单的系统更容易崩溃。 一辆 15 速的赛车比儿童的三轮车更容易抛锚。

7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?
7. 从第 5 段中可以推断出以下哪些关于红杉林的信息?

They become less stable as they mature.
随着年龄的增长,它们会变得不稳定。

They support many species when they reach climax.
当它们达到顶峰时,它们支持许多物种。

They are found in temperate zones.
它们分布在温带地区。

They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.
它们在演替中期的多样性降低。

8. The word "guarantee" in the passage is closest in meaning to
8. 这段话中的“保证”一词在含义上最接近

increase
增加

ensure
确保

favor
喜爱

complicate
弄复杂

9. In paragraph 5, why does the author provide the information that "A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child's tricycle"?
9. 在第 5 段中,为什么提交人提供了“15 速赛车比儿童三轮车更容易抛锚”的信息?

To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an everyday example
用一个日常的例子来说明关于系统稳定性的一般原则

To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in other situations
证明对生态系统稳定性的理解可以应用于帮助理解其他情况下的稳定性

To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in general, stability increases with diversity
为了进行比较,以支持以下说法:一般来说,稳定性会随着多样性的增加而增加

To provide an example that contradicts mathematical models of ecosystems
提供一个与生态系统的数学模型相矛盾的示例

Paragraph 6
第 6 段

Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community's resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.
生态学家特别有兴趣了解哪些因素有助于社区的复原力,因为世界各地的顶峰社区正在被人类活动严重破坏或摧毁。 圣山火山爆发造成的破坏。 例如,美国西北部的海伦斯人类造成的破坏相比就相形见绌我们需要知道社区的哪些方面对社区抵抗破坏及其恢复最重要。

10. The word "pales" in the passage is closest in meaning to
10. 这段话中的“苍白”一词在含义上最接近

increases proportionally
按比例增加

differs
不同

loses significance
失去意义

is common
很常见

Paragraph 7
第 7 段

Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the "patchiness" of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.
许多生态学家现在认为,顶极群落的相对长期稳定性不是来自多样性,而是来自环境的“斑驳”,一个因地而异的环境比一个统一的环境支持更多的生物种类。 绝的当地种群很快就会被来自邻近社区的移民所取代 即使新种群属于不同的物种,它也可以大致填补已灭绝种群腾出的生态位,并保持食物网的完整性。

11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
11. 以下哪句话最能表达文章中突出显示的句子中的基本信息?发生的选择会以重要方式改变含义或遗漏重要信息。

Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.
生态学家现在认为,环境的稳定性是多样性的结果,而不是斑驳的结果。

Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity.
因地而异的斑块环境通常不具有很高的物种多样性。

Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy environments.
统一环境不能成为顶峰群落,因为它们不支持像斑块环境那样多的生物类型。

A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms.
斑驳的环境被认为可以提高稳定性,因为它能够支持多种生物体。

12. The word "adjacent" in the passage is closest in meaning to
12. 这段话中的“相邻”一词在含义上最接近

foreign
外国

stable
稳定

fluid
流体

neighboring
邻近

13. Look at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
13.查看四个方块 [],它们表示可以将以下句子添加到段落中的位置。

In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes.
事实上,人类对环境的破坏往往比自然事件和过程造成的破坏严重得多。

Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.
这句话最适合在哪里?单击一个方块 将句子添加到段落中。

Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community's resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.
生态学家特别有兴趣了解哪些因素有助于社区的复原力,因为世界各地的顶峰社区正在被人类活动严重破坏或摧毁。 例如,美国西北部圣海伦斯山火山爆发造成的破坏与人类造成的破坏相比,简直相形见绌。 我们需要知道社区的哪些方面对于社区抵抗破坏及其恢复最重要。

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selected THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
14.说明:下面提供了一段介绍性句子,用于对文章进行简要总结。通过选择三个表达文章中最重要的思想的答案选项来完成摘要。有些句子不属于摘要,因为它们表达了文章中没有提出的想法,或者是文章中的次要想法。这个问题值 2 分。

Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click View Text.
将您的答案选项拖动到它们所属的空间中。要删除答案选项,请单击它。要查看段落,请单击 View text (查看文本)。

The process of succession and the stability of a climax community can change over time.
顶峰群落的继承过程和稳定性会随着时间的推移而变化。

Answer Choices
答案选项

The changes that occur in an ecosystem from the pioneer to the climax community can be seen in one human generation.
生态系统中发生的变化,从先驱者社区到顶峰社区,可以在人类的一代人中看到。

A high degree of species diversity does not always result in a sta
高度的物种多样性并不总是导致 sta

ble ecosystem.
BLE 生态系统。

Disagreements over the meaning of the term "stability" make it difficult to identify the most stable ecosystems.
对“稳定性”一词含义的分歧使得很难确定最稳定的生态系统。

Ecologists agree that climax communities are the most stable types of ecosystems.
生态学家一致认为,顶极群落是最稳定的生态系统类型。

The level of resilience in a plant community contributes to its long-term stability.
植物群落的适应能力水平有助于其长期稳定性。

The resilience of climax communities makes them resistant to destruction caused by humans.
顶峰群落的复原力使它们能够抵抗人类造成的破坏。