TPO 3
Passage ❶
通道 ❶
Architecture
建筑
Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.
建筑是设计结构的艺术和科学，这些结构出于实际和象征目的组织和封闭空间。因为建筑源于人类的需求和愿望，所以它清楚地传达了文化价值观。在所有视觉艺术中，建筑对我们的生活影响最直接，因为它主要决定了人类环境的特征。
Architecture is a three-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, and color. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements. Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible. The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects.
建筑是一种三维形式。它利用空间、质量、纹理、线条、光线和颜色。要成为建筑，建筑物必须与各种元素实现工作和谐。人类本能地寻求能够庇护和改善他们生活方式的结构。建筑师的工作是创造不仅仅是建筑，而且还能提供灵感和乐趣的建筑。当建筑物提供庇护所、丰富空间、补充场地、适应气候并且在经济上可行时，它们会为人类生活做出贡献。为建筑付费并确定其功能的客户是建筑团队的重要成员。许多现代建筑的平庸设计可以追溯到客户和建筑师。
In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically. The world's architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure.
为了使结构达到满足其目的所需的尺寸和强度，建筑采用了支撑方法，因为它们基于物理定律，因此自从人们第一次发现它们以来几乎没有变化——即使建筑材料已经发生了巨大变化。世界的建筑结构也是根据材料的客观限制而设计的。可以根据结构如何处理重力产生的向下力来分析结构。它们旨在承受结构不同部分的压缩力（推在一起）、拉伸力（拉开）、弯曲力或这些力的组合。
Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago.
甚至建筑的发展也是重大技术变革的结果。材料和施工方法是建筑结构设计不可或缺的一部分。在早期，有必要设计适合可用材料（如木材、石头、砖块）的结构系统。今天，技术已经发展到可以发明新的建筑材料以适应所需结构类型的程度。在过去的几代人中，材料和建筑技术的巨大变化使得以最少的材料更轻松、更快速地封闭空间成为可能。这一领域的进步可以通过现在建造的建筑物与 100 年前建造的同等规模的建筑物之间的重量差异来衡量。
Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body's vital organs and systems. The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. Of course in early architecture—such as igloos and adobe structures—there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.
现代建筑形式通常具有三个独立的组成部分，可与人体的元素相媲美：支撑骨架或框架、包围内部空间的外皮以及类似于人体重要器官和设备的设备。设备包括管道、电线、热水和空调。当然，在早期的建筑中——比如冰屋和土坯结构——没有这样的设备，骨架和皮肤通常是一体的。
Much of the world's great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world's finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. The doorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture throughout the centuries.
世界上许多伟大的建筑都是用石头建造的，因为它的美丽、永恒和可用性。过去，整个城市都是从切割和堆砌石头的艰巨任务中发展起来的。在秘鲁安第斯山脉东部高处的印加古城马丘比丘的废墟中可以看到一些世界上最好的石头建筑。门口和窗户是通过在开放空间上放置厚厚的石梁来实现的，这些石梁从上面支撑着重量。在克服石头的物理限制并创造新的建筑形式之前，必须进行结构发明。这项发明就是拱门，这是一种最初由单独的石头或砖块段制成的弯曲结构。地中海地区的早期文化主要将拱门用于地下排水管，但罗马人首先在地上结构中开发并广泛使用拱门。罗马建筑商完善了由单独的石块制成的半圆形拱门。作为一种跨越空间的方法，拱门可以支撑比水平梁更大的重量。它以压缩方式工作，将其上方的重量转移到两侧，在那里重量由拱形两侧的垂直元件承担。拱门是几个世纪以来建筑的众多重要结构突破之一。
Paragraph 1
第 1 段
❶Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. ❷Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. ❸Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.
❶建筑是设计结构的艺术和科学，这些结构出于实用和象征目的组织和封闭空间。 ❷因为建筑源于人类的需求和愿望，所以它清楚地传达了文化价值观。 ❸在所有视觉艺术中，建筑最直接地影响我们的生活，因为它主要决定了人类环境的特征。
1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT:
1. 根据第 1 段，以下所有关于建筑的陈述都是正确的，除了：
Architecture is visual art.
建筑是视觉艺术。
Architecture reflects the cultural values of its creators.
建筑反映了其创造者的文化价值观。
Architecture has both artistic and scientific dimensions.
建筑具有艺术和科学两个维度。
Architecture has an indirect effect on life.
建筑对生活有间接的影响。
Paragraph 2
第 2 段
❶Architecture is a three-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, and color. ❷To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements. ❸Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. ❹It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight. ❺Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible. ❻The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team. ❼The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects.
❶建筑是一种三维形式。它利用空间、质量、纹理、线条、光线和颜色。❷要成为建筑，建筑必须与各种元素实现工作和谐。 ❸人类本能地寻求能够庇护和改善他们生活方式的结构。 ❹建筑师的工作是创造不仅仅是建筑，而且还能提供灵感和乐趣的建筑。 ❺当建筑物提供庇护所、丰富空间、补充场地、适应气候并且在经济上可行时，它们会为人类生活做出贡献。 ❻为建筑付费并确定其功能的客户是建筑团队的重要成员。 ❼许多现代建筑的平庸设计可以追溯到客户和建筑师。
2. The word "feasible" in the passage is closet in meaning to
2. 这段话中的“可行”一词在含义上是
in existence
存在
without question
毫无疑问
achievable
可行的
most likely
最有可能
3. The word "enhance" in the passage is closest in meaning to
3. 这段话中的“增强”一词在含义上最接近
protect
保护
improve
提高
organize
组织
match
火柴
Paragraph 3
第 3 段
❶In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically. ❷The world's architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials. ❸Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with downward forces created by gravity. ❹They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure.
❶为了使结构达到满足其目的所需的尺寸和强度，建筑采用了支撑方法，因为它们基于物理定律，自从人们第一次发现它们以来几乎没有变化——即使建筑材料已经发生了巨大变化。❷世界的建筑结构也是 根据材料的客观限制而设计的。❸可以根据结构如何处理重力产生的向下力来分析结构。 ❹它们的设计可以承受结构不同部分的压缩力（推在一起）、拉伸力（拉开）、弯曲力或这些力的组合。
4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
4. 以下哪句话最能表达文章中突出显示的句子中的基本信息？不正确的选择会以重要方式改变含义或遗漏重要信息。
Unchanging physical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be made with materials discovered long ago.
不变的物理定律限制了可以用很久以前发现的材料建造的建筑物的大小和强度。
Building materials have changed in order to increase architectural size and strength, but physical laws of structure have not changed.
为了增加建筑的尺寸和强度，建筑材料发生了变化，但结构的物理定律并没有改变。
When people first started to build, the structural methods used to provide strength and size were inadequate because they were not based on physical laws.
当人们刚开始建造时，用于提供强度和大小的结构方法并不充分，因为它们不是基于物理定律的。
Unlike building materials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws.
与建筑材料不同，建筑中使用的支撑方法并没有随着时间的推移而改变，因为它们是基于物理定律的。
5. The word "devised" in the passage is closest in meaning to
5. 这段话中的“设计”一词在含义上最接近
combined
组合的
created
创建
introduced
介绍
suggested
建议
Paragraph 4
第 4 段
❶Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. ❷Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. ❸In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. ❹Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. ❺Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. ❻Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago.
❶甚至建筑的发展也是重大技术变革的结果。 ❷材料和施工方法是 建筑结构设计不可或缺的一部分。❸在早期，有必要设计适合现有材料（如木材、石头、砖块）的结构系统。 ❹今天，技术已经发展到可以发明新的建筑材料以适应所需结构类型的程度。 ❺过去几代人在材料和建筑技术方面的巨大变化使得以最少的材料更轻松、更快速地封闭空间成为可能。 ❻这一领域的进步可以通过现在建造的建筑物与 100 年前建造的同等规模的建筑物之间的重量差异来衡量。
6. The word "integral" is closet in meaning to
6. “积分”一词的含义是
essential
基本
variable
变量
practical
实际
independent
独立
7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about materials used in the construction of buildings?
7. 根据第 4 段，以下关于建筑物建造中使用的材料，哪一项是正确的？
Because new building materials are hard to find, construction techniques have changed very little from past generations.
由于很难找到新的建筑材料，因此建筑技术与过去几代人相比变化不大。
The availability of suitable building materials no longer limits the types of structures that may be built.
合适的建筑材料的可用性不再限制可以建造的结构类型。
The primary building materials that are available today are wood, stone, and brick.
今天可用的主要建筑材料是木材、石头和砖块。
Architects in earlier times did not have enough building materials to enclose large spaces.
早期的建筑师没有足够的建筑材料来封闭大空间。
8. In paragraph 4, what does the author imply about modern buildings?
8. 在第 4 段中，作者对现代建筑有什么暗示？
They occupy much less space than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.
它们占用的空间比 100 年前建造的建筑物要小得多。
They are not very different from the building of a few generations ago.
它们与几代人的建筑没有太大区别。
They weigh less in relation to their size than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.
就其规模而言，它们的重量比 100 年前建造的建筑物要轻。
They take a long time to build as a result of their complex construction methods.
由于施工方法复杂，它们需要很长时间来建造。
Paragraph 5
第 5 段
❶Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body's vital organs and systems. ❷The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. ❸Of course in early architecture—such as igloos and adobe structures—there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.
❶现代建筑形式通常具有三个独立的组成部分，可与人体的元素相媲美：支撑骨架或框架、包围内部空间的外皮以及类似于人体重要器官和设备的设备。 ❷设备包括管道、电线、热水和空调。 ❸当然，在早期的建筑中——比如冰屋和土坯结构——没有这样的设备，骨架和皮肤通常是一体的。
9. Which of the following correctly characterizes the relationship between the human body and architecture that is described in paragraph 5?
9. 以下哪项正确描述了第 5 段中描述的人体与建筑之间的关系？
Complex equipment inside buildings is the one element in modern architecture that resembles a component of the human body.
建筑物内的复杂设备是现代建筑中类似于人体组成部分的一个元素。
The components in early buildings were similar to three particular elements of the human body.
早期建筑中的组件类似于人体的三个特定元素。
Modern buildings have components that are as likely to change as the human body is.
现代建筑的组成部分与人体一样有可能发生变化。
In general, modern buildings more closely resemble the human body than earlier buildings do.
一般来说，现代建筑比早期建筑更接近人体。
Paragraph 6
第 6 段
❶Much of the world's great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. ❷In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon. ❸Some of the world's finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. ❹The doorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above. ❺A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created. ❻That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. ❼The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures. ❽Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone. ❾As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal beam. ❿It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch. ⓫The arch is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture throughout the centuries.
❶世界上许多伟大的建筑都是用石头建造的，因为它的美丽、永恒和可用性。 ❷过去，整个城市都是从 切割和堆砌石头的艰巨任务中发展起来的。❸在秘鲁安第斯山脉东部高处的印加古城马丘比丘的废墟中可以看到一些世界上最好的石头建筑。 ❹门口和窗户是通过在空地上放置厚厚的石梁来实现的，这些石梁从上面支撑着重量。 ❺在克服石头的物理限制并创造新的建筑形式之前，必须进行结构发明。 ❻这项发明就是拱门，一种最初由单独的石头或砖块段制成的弯曲结构。 ❼地中海地区的早期文化主要将拱门用于地下排水管，但罗马人首先在地上结构中开发并广泛使用拱门。❽罗马建筑商完善了由单独的石块制成的半圆形拱门。 ❾作为一种跨越空间的方法，拱门可以支撑比水平梁更大的重量。 ❿它在压缩中起作用，将其上方的重量转移到两侧，在那里重量由拱形两侧的垂直元件承担。 ⓫拱门是几个世纪以来建筑的众多重要结构突破之一。
10. The word "arduous" in the passage is closest in meaning to
10. 这段话中的“艰巨”一词在含义上最接近
difficult
难
necessary
必要
skilled
熟练
shared
共享
11. Why does the author include a description of how the "doorways and windows" of Machu Picchu were constructed?
11. 为什么作者描述了马丘比丘的“门口和窗户”是如何建造的？
To indicate that the combined skeletons and skins of the stone buildings of Machu Picchu were similar to igloos and adobe structures
为了表明马丘比丘石头建筑的骨骼和表皮组合类似于冰屋和土坯结构
To indicate the different kinds of stones that had to be cut to build Machu Picchu
表示建造马丘比丘必须切割的不同种类的石头
To provide an illustration of the kind of construction that was required before arches were invented
提供在发明拱门之前所需的结构类型的说明
To explain how ancient builders reduced the amount of time necessary to construct buildings from stone
解释古代建筑商如何减少用石头建造建筑物所需的时间
12. According to paragraph 6, which of the following statements is true of the arch?
12.根据第 6 段，以下关于拱门的陈述中哪一项是正确的？
The Romans were the first people to use the stone arch.
罗马人是最早使用石拱门的人。
The invention of the arch allowed new architectural forms to be developed.
拱门的发明使新的建筑形式得以发展。
The arch worked by distributing the structural load of a building toward the center of the arch.
拱门的工作原理是将建筑物的结构负载分散到拱门的中心。
The Romans followed earlier practices in their use of arches.
罗马人在使用拱门时遵循了早期的做法。
13. Look at the four squares [▣] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
13.查看四个方块 [▣]，它们表示可以将以下句子添加到段落中的位置。
However, some modern architectural designs, such as those using folded plates of concreter or air-inflated structures, are again unifying skeleton and skin.
然而，一些现代建筑设计，例如使用混凝土折叠板或充气结构的设计，再次统一了骨骼和皮肤。
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square ▣ to add the sentence to the passage.
这句话最适合在哪里？单击一个方块 ▣将句子添加到段落中。
▣ Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body's vital organs and systems. ▣ The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. ▣ Of course in early architecture—such as igloos and adobe structures—there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one. ▣
▣现代建筑形式通常具有三个独立的组成部分，可与人体的元素相媲美;支撑骨架或框架、包围内部空间的外皮以及类似于身体重要器官和设备的设备。 ▣设备包括管道、电线、热水和空调。 ▣当然，在早期的建筑中——比如冰屋和土坯结构——没有这样的设备，骨架和皮肤通常是一体的。 ▣
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selected THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
14.说明：下面提供了一段介绍性句子，用于对文章进行简要总结。通过选择三个表达文章中最重要的思想的答案选项来完成摘要。有些句子不属于摘要，因为它们表达了文章中没有提出的想法，或者是文章中的次要想法。这个问题值 2 分。
Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click View Text.
将您的答案选项拖动到它们所属的空间中。要删除答案选项，请单击它。要查看段落，请单击 View text （查看文本）。
Architecture uses forms and space to express cultural values.
建筑使用形式和空间来表达文化价值。
Answer Choices
答案选项
Architects seek to create buildings that are both visually appealing and well suited for human use.
建筑师寻求创造既具有视觉吸引力又非常适合人类使用的建筑。
Over the course of the history of building, innovations in material and methods of construction have given architects ever greater freedom to express themselves.
在建筑历史的进程中，材料和施工方法的创新赋予了建筑师更大的自由来表达自己。
Throughout history buildings have been constructed like human bodies, needing distinct "organ" systems in order to function.
纵观历史，建筑物的构造就像人体一样，需要不同的“器官”系统才能发挥作用。
Both clients and architects are responsible for the mediocre designs of some modern buildings.
客户和建筑师都对一些现代建筑的平庸设计负责。
Modern buildings tend to lack the beauty of ancient stone buildings such as those of Machu Picchu.
现代建筑往往缺乏马丘比丘等古老石头建筑的美感。
The discovery and use of the arch typifies the way in which architecture advances by developing more efficient types of structures.
拱门的发现和使用代表了建筑通过开发更高效的结构类型而发展的方式。