A worker checks a robot arm at a robotics company during a tour in Xianghe county in China's Hebei province on Oct. 22, 2017.


3月初,全球投资者将目光投向北京,来自中国各地的2977名代表齐聚北京,参加全国人民代表大会的年度会议。在这里,中国国务院总理李强将发表年度“政府工作报告”。在这里,将宣布必须指导中国政府未来一年活动的优先事项。在这里——或者说,国内外的金融家们都非常希望——中国政府会宣布其拯救中国经济的计划。

 


中国现代国际关系研究院(CICIR)的分析师最近撰写的一本教科书对这些观点进行了深入探讨。CICIR由中国首屈一指的情报机构国家安全部负责人员和运营。这本名为《国家安全与大国兴衰》的书是一系列书目中的一本,旨在将中国文职安全分析人士的共识观点提炼成一门课程,为有志从事国家安全事业的中国本科生提供课程。《兴衰》承诺向这些学生揭示决定国家命运的“普遍法则”。从这个角度来看,超级大国崛起的最重要因素是科学技术。


英国和美国是如何确保“他们作为前所未有的全球超级大国的地位”的?CICIR分析家坚持认为,导致霸权的既不是战略天才,也不是外交敏锐度。相反,他们指出伦敦和华盛顿的“突出优势......科学创新“和”他们各自在第一次和第二次工业革命中的领导地位“。


有利的人口结构、自然资源储量和地理位置都是国家实力的基础,但在现代条件下,权力来自于“在经济、科学和技术方面的主导地位”。在这种模式下,“科技创新......是衡量一个大国实际实力的重要指标。因此,崛起中的大国要想登上顶峰,首先要与“全球市场和核心技术中心”相融合,然后成为“制造业大国”,最后“主动创新”和“高技术产业领先”。


在这一点上,作者承认“中国在科学技术领域与美国仍有不小的差距需要缩小。然而,他们相信中国“有机会成为全球科学技术中心和世界科技发展的领导者”。这是因为“新一轮科技革命和产业转型正在酝酿之中”。在即将到来的工业革命中发挥领导作用,中国经济将在21世纪的经济秩序中发挥与美国经济在20世纪相同的作用。


“新一轮科技革命和产业转型”是中国共产党的口号。它与习最喜欢的另一句话密切相关:“百年未见的巨大变化”。当中国领导人和宣传人员谈论百年一遇的变化时,他们暗示世界已经进入了一个类似于20世纪初的历史时期,当时苏联和美国开始取代欧洲殖民帝国成为最重要的世界大国。


这些“变化”往往与西方的民粹主义破坏和“其他国家”的日益繁荣有关。但对于许多中国分析人士来说,它们也包括新兴技术的革命性潜力。这些分析人士指出,之前的三波工业转型浪潮——18世纪的蒸汽动力机械化、19世纪的电气化和20世纪的数字化——形成了未来将遵循的模式。中国大学教授金灿荣指出,这次的不同之处在于,“第四次工业革命的竞争将在中美之间进行。由于以前争夺工业霸权的竞争只发生在西方列强之间,“这是五个世纪以来从未见过的巨大变化。


在习看来,这场新的工业革命正在“迅速发展”。正如他在 2021 年对中国科学家和工程师的讲话中所说,“科技创新呈指数级增长,以信息技术和人工智能为代表的新兴技术走在前列。这导致了“人类对自然理解的范式转变”。这些革命性的进步正在“迅速转化为社会和经济生活”。


除了人工智能之外,中共还将材料科学、遗传学、神经科学、量子计算、绿色能源和航空航天工程等领域确定为这场革命的支柱。习在2021年认为,中国在这些领域中“有基础、有信心、信念和能力抓住新一轮技术革命和产业转型带来的机遇”。“我们准备顺应这股潮流,实现远大抱负。”


对于习来说,这场革命发生在一个关键时刻。2018年,他对党的干部说,“新一轮科技革命和产业转型与中国发展模式的转变相吻合”。习长期以来一直敦促中共围绕“新发展理念”进行定位,强调更高质量的增长,而不是在大衰退后几年推动中国经济的基础设施支出。高科技制造业有望成为增长的替代引擎。这些是2024年工作报告中提到的“新型优质生产力”。


正如中共旗舰理论杂志最近发表的一篇文章所解释的那样,“新的高质量生产力代表了新一轮科技革命和产业转型的[方向]。加快形成新的优质生产力,就是要在这些生产力的进步中取得领先地位......并在激烈的国际竞争中获得主动权“,争夺新兴全球经济的”制高点“。


过去几年中,中国的大部分政策——从决定将产业技术官僚提升为党内高级领导职位,到“十四五”计划承诺构建技术创新的“全民族体系”——只有在更大的叙事中才有意义。这些努力已经取得了一些成果:中国现在是电动汽车销售的世界领导者。华为的产业链正在打造先进的芯片。彭博经济(Bloomberg Economics)估计,到2026年,高科技行业对中国经济的贡献可能会超过房地产。如果对人工智能爆炸性增长潜力的预测是准确的,那么先进的技术可能只是为中国提供了它需要的替代增长引擎。


然而,这是一场冒险的赌博。中国的战略基于两个赌注:第一,世界确实处于经济转型的风口浪尖,其规模可与工业革命相媲美;第二,如果这场新的技术革命发生,中国将引领它。这两个赌注都不确定。

Here, the fate of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc should stand as a warning to Beijing. This is not the first time a communist regime hoped that investments in new technologies and industrial processes might reverse slowing growth. The communist parties of Europe made a similar set of bets in the mid-20th century. The Soviet Union hoped to lead the computer revolution; the Eastern Bloc as a whole aimed to become the world’s greatest high-end manufacturing hub. These bets did not pay off. New industries were not successfully developed, new technologies did not successfully diffuse, and new products were not price competitive with their counterparts in East Asia or the West. Soon, the bills came due. By the 1980s, one communist regime after another was forced first into austerity and then to outright collapse.

In the CCP’s telling, the fall of the Soviet Union is part of a very different narrative—a story about the perilous threat posed by internal corruption, liberal ideology, and foreign subversion. Chinese propagandists have little to say about economies that floundered because their leaders put too much hope in technology’s latest wave. The story of the “new round of techno-scientific revolution” is not a story about those who floundered. It is a story about those who won. Time will tell which story the Chinese leadership should have been paying most attention to.

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Tanner Greer is the director of the Center for Strategic Translation. Twitter: @Scholars_Stage

Nancy Yu is a research assistant at the Center for Strategic Translation.

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