第二章社会文化概况

第一节 历史地理

请简单介绍一下丝绸之路。第44页

丝绸之路是中国古代的一条贸易路线，始于中国古代政治、经济和文化的中心古都长安。它一直延伸到中亚、北非和欧洲，并延伸到印度和罗马等国家。丝绸之路最初在汉朝开辟，在唐朝达到顶峰。由于丝绸在这条道路沿线运输的商品中占很大比例，一些专家将中国与西方之间的贸易路线称为“丝绸之路”。它不仅是一条重要的古代国际贸易路线，也是连接亚洲与非洲和欧洲的文化桥梁。沿着这条路，许多中国的伟大发明传播到西方世界，佛教也被传入中国。

请简单介绍一下西湖。第48页

西湖是著名的淡水湖，位于中国东部浙江省省会杭州的历史街区。它是由钱塘江流入东海的浅海湾演变而来的。这个名字早在唐代就定了下来。位于杭州西部，通常被称为西湖。宋代著名诗人苏东坡对此表示赞赏，将其与中国传奇美女西子相提并论。从此，西湖又有了另一个优雅的名字——西子湖。西湖占地6.39平方公里。平均深度约为2.27米，最深为5米。湖面三面青翠，一面繁华都市，由苏棣、白棣、阳公棣堤道分成五部分。湖内有许多寺庙、宝塔、花园和人工岛。

第二节 文化符号

请简单介绍一下长城。第 52 页

作为中国的象征之一，长城不仅是中国的奇迹，也是全世界的奇迹。它始建于春秋战国时期。中国统一后，秦始皇将城墙的不同部分连接起来，以防止敌人的入侵。现存的中国长城是建于14世纪的主要部分，称为明长城。如今，长城遗迹散布在甘肃、陕西、山西、河北、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江、河南、山东、湖北、湖南等省，新疆、宁夏、内蒙古自治区，以及北京、天津等直辖市。中国长城拥有2000多年的悠久历史，于1987年被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产。直到现在，长城仍然是世界上最受欢迎的景点之一。

请简单介绍一下中国功夫/武术？P53&P56

中国武术在中国历史悠久，广受欢迎。受中国古代美学的影响，中国武术主张硬与软的平衡，形成了自己的审美标准。今天，许多人练习它是为了追求健康、娱乐和竞争。为了传承古老的艺术，中国各地建立了许多武术俱乐部和协会。这是一项中国传统运动，在战斗中运用攻防艺术，动作采用一系列技巧和技巧。中国功夫的核心思想源自儒家关于练气的中和理论，即滋养精神。同时，它还包括道教和佛教的思想。

中国功夫或中国武术承载着丰富的中国传统文化。 这是一项传统的中国运动，在战斗中应用攻击和防御的艺术，以及一系列技巧和技巧的动作，中国功夫的核心思想源自儒家的理论——中庸和和——练气（也称为滋养精神）。同时，它还包括道教和佛教的思想。中国功夫历史悠久，门派多样，拳风多样，强调硬与软、内外训练相结合。它包含了古代伟大思想家对生命和宇宙的思考。后世命名的18种兵器的运用技巧主要涉及徒手拳法，如影拳（太极拳）、形意拳（形意拳）、八卦掌（八卦掌），以及功夫武器的功法，如剑、矛、双刃剑戟、斧头、战斧等的技巧， 钩子、叉子等。

请简单介绍一下中医。第 53 页

中医是中国文化不可分割的一部分。它被定义为管理传统中医理论和实践的医学科学，包括中医、草药、针灸、按摩和气功。中医药为中国的繁荣做出了巨大贡献，今天西医和中医都在中国提供医疗保健服务。中医以其独特的诊断方法、系统的治疗、丰富的历史文献和资料，引起了国际社会的广泛关注。目前，国家有关中医药的政策、法律和法规已经到位，以指导和促进这一有前途的行业的研发。

请简单介绍一下中国古代学问四宝？第54页

毛笔、砚墨、纸、砚石是中国古代学者学习的必备宝物，常被称为“书学四宝”。毛笔和墨水棒的使用可以追溯到5000年前。在秦朝，人们就已经用不同硬度的羽毛和竹干来制作毛笔。在汉代，使用人造墨水代替天然墨水。中国人发明纸张后，原本用作书写表面的竹简、木板、锦缎和丝绸逐渐淡出人们的视线。砚石最初是使用毛笔和墨水开发的。宋代以后，“书房四宝”特别提到浙江湖州出产的书写毛笔;huimo，安徽惠州市生产的墨水棒;玄纸，一种产于安徽玄州的纸张;端严，广东肇庆制造的砚石（肇庆以前称为端州）。的确，“书房四宝”写满了整个中华文明。

请简单介绍一下24个节气。第55页

24 节气是该系统的总称，由 12 个主要节气和 12 个相互关联的小节气组成。它可以反映气候变化，指导农业安排，影响人们的生活。春秋战国时期，人们开始使用节气作为补充历法。公元前 104 年，24 个节气终于确立。众所周知，中国是一个历史悠久的农业国家，农业生产很大程度上受自然规律的影响。在古代，农民根据太阳的运动来安排农业活动，这是二十四节气的影响因素。

第三节 名胜古迹

请简单介绍一下故宫/紫禁城。第 63 页

皇宫，也被称为紫禁城，是明清 24 位皇帝统治中国约 500 年的宫殿。故宫位于北京市中心，天安门广场北侧，呈长方形，南北长961米，东西宽753米。面积72万平方米，总建筑面积15万平方米，是现存世界上最大、最完整的木制宫殿。紫禁城分为外院和内院两部分。外院是皇帝处理国家事务的地方，而内院是皇帝及其家人的住所。皇宫于1925年改建为博物馆，1924年清朝末代皇帝被赶出皇宫后一直向公众开放。

请简单介绍一下泰山。第 63 页

泰山，又称“东岳”，是五圣山中最重要的山峰，享有盛誉。泰山的每个季节都有自己的美丽：春天盛开的鲜花覆盖着绿色的山坡，壮观的夏季雷暴在其他地方很少见，蓝色的河流在秋天流过群山，上面覆盖着红色的枫叶，冬天的雪山和霜松树，上演着特别有趣的宁静庄严的景象。在晴朗的日子里，人们可以看到山峰一个接一个地升起。当天空阴沉时，地平线消失在云海中。泰山以其壮观的日出和日落而闻名。它的风景和众多的历史遗迹激发了古代作家、学者和书法家的许多伟大经典。长期以来，泰山一直是艺术家和诗人的首选聚集地。泰山于1987年被列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录。

请简单介绍一下颐和园。第64页

颐和园位于北京西郊，始建于清代，是中国最大、保存最完好的皇家园林之一。它在 1860 年的战争中遭到严重破坏，并于 1886 年开始根据原址进行修复。自1911年清朝灭亡以来，颐和园一直向公众开放。颐和园主要由万寿山和昆明湖组成，被誉为“御园博物馆”，园内有宫殿、寺庙、长廊、石桥等100多座具有民族特色的古典建筑。颐和园内的人工景观与天然山丘和宁静的湖泊和谐地结合在一起，为游客呈现出一幅美丽的风景画卷。

请简单介绍一下京杭大运河。第72页

京杭大运河开凿于春秋时期，在隋代和元代大规模建造。南起杭州，北至北京，全长1794公里。运河和长城作为世界上最长的人造水道，被誉为中国古代的两大工程。2004年，运河博物馆建成，以展示其古老的历史。大运河为我国经济发展、民族团结、社会进步和文化繁荣作出了重要贡献。现在，在周边地区旅行已成为一种新的时尚。京杭大运河的保护，对于传承人类文明、促进社会和谐发展，具有极其重要的意义。

第三章

第一节 哲学宗教

Please introduce Confucius and Confucianism. P.78
请介绍一下孔子和儒家思想。第78页

Confucianism is sometimes termed as a religion, but it is more of an ethical system. Confucius was the founder of Confucianism. Mencius and Xunzi were the representatives of Confucianism in the early Qin period, both of whom had made great contribution to the development of Confucianism. The core of Confucianism is benevolence, which maintains that the effective way to harmonize interpersonal relationship is a benevolent heart. Mencius advocated that rulers should love people and guarantee people's rights. Xunzi laid emphasis on social order and individual effort. As the main school of the traditional Chinese thinking in ancient times, Confucianism has an extremely far-reaching influence on Chinese ideology, values in particular.
儒家思想有时被称为一种宗教，但它更像是一种道德体系。孔子是儒家思想的创始人。孟子和荀子是秦初儒思想的代表人物，都对儒家思想的发展做出了巨大贡献。儒家思想的核心是仁，它认为协调人际关系的有效方式是仁心。孟子主张君子要爱人，保障人的权利。荀子强调社会秩序和个人努力。儒家思想作为中国古代传统思想的主要流派，对中国的意识形态，特别是价值观有着极其深远的影响。

Please introduce Laozi and Daoism. P.79
请介绍一下老子和道教。第79页

Taoism, founded by Laozi, is one of the most important schools of thought during the Spring and Autumn Period of ancient China. The "Tao”，as the core of Taoism, was applied by Laozi to explain the origin and evolution of universe. Laozi maintained that the law of the “Tao” should be applied to guide people's thinking as well as behavior, and everything should be in accordance with the nature. Zhuangzi, a philosopher after Laozi, inherited and developed Taoism. He laid emphasis on self-improvement and pursued spiritual freedom. Taoism, which advocates the pursuit of naturalness and harmony as well as humanistic spirit of critical thinking, is the precious and peculiar spiritual wealth of the traditional Chinese culture.
道教由老子创立，是中国古代春秋时期最重要的思想流派之一。“道”作为道教的核心，被老子用来解释宇宙的起源和演化。老子认为，要运用“道”的法则来指导人们的思想和行为，一切都要符合自然。庄子是老子之后的哲学家，继承并发展了道家。他强调自我完善，追求精神自由。道家崇尚追求自然和谐，崇尚批判性思维的人文精神，是中国传统文化中珍贵而独特的精神财富。

Please introduce Buddhism. P.80
请介绍佛教。第80页

As one of the three major religions in the world, Buddhism was born in Ancient India in the 6th century B.C. And Sakyamuni was regarded as the founder of Buddhism. Buddhism was first introduced into China in the Eastern Han Dynasty and reached its peak during the Sui and the Tang Dynasties. Buddhism is one of the chief beliefs of Chinese people. And it believes in samsara, which means that living beings are always circling around the six spheres. The doctrine of Buddhism contains abundant dialectical thoughts in thinking mode, and it brings us
佛教作为世界三大宗教之一，诞生于公元前6世纪的古印度。释迦牟尼被认为是佛教的创始人。佛教最早传入中国是在东汉时期，并在隋唐时期达到顶峰。佛教是中国人民的主要信仰之一。它相信轮回，这意味着众生总是围绕着六个球体旋转。佛教的教义在思维方式中包含着丰富的辩证思想，它带给我们

语言文字

Please explain the phenomenon of buzzword. P.86
请解释一行语的现象。第86页

The Chinese phrase “Nihao” is familiar to foreigners greeting Chinese; a new buzzword. “Tuhao” is now becoming known to many Westerners. A BBC online news magazine loosely translated “Tuhao” to “Nouveau Riche”. The word “Tuhao" dates back to ancient times in China, when it referred to the wealthy or landholders who would bully those beneath them from 1920s to early 1950s. This new usage took off in September 2013 and is commonly used in the phrase: “Tuhao, let’s be friends!” It is reported that there have been more than 100 million uses of the word on social media since 2013. As a matter of fact, Chinese buzzwords have made it into major English dictionaries in the past, such as “Guanxi” and “Taikonaut”.
中文短语“Nihao”是外国人问候中国人所熟悉的;一个新的流行语。“Tuhao”现在被许多西方人所熟知。英国广播公司（BBC）的一本在线新闻杂志将“Tuhao”粗略地翻译为“Nouveau Riche”。“土豪”一词可以追溯到中国古代，当时它指的是从 1920 年代到 1950 年代初欺负他们下面的富人或地主。这种新用法于 2013 年 9 月开始流行，通常用于短语：“Tuhao，让我们成为朋友！据报道，自 2013 年以来，该词在社交媒体上的使用量已超过 1 亿次。事实上，中国流行语过去曾进入主要的英语词典，如“Guanxi”和“Taikonaut”。

Please introduce Oracle Bone Script. P.87
请介绍一下 Oracle Bone Script。 P.87

Oracle Bone Script, a form of ancient Chinese writing, is considered an early form of modern Chinese characters. It emerged in the late Shang Dynasty or the early Western Zhou Dynasty. At that time, royal families carved words on turtle shells or animal bones to keep a record of divination and events. The content recorded on these tortoise shells and animal bones is extremely abundant, involving many aspects of the social life in Shang Dynasty such as politics, military affairs, culture, social customs, astronomy, calendar and medicine. This was China’s earliest form of systematic writing and regarded as a crucial stage in the development of Chinese language. It was from the Oracle Bone Script that modem Chinese characters evolved.
甲骨文是中国古代文字的一种形式，被认为是现代汉字的早期形式。它出现在商代晚期或西周早期。当时，皇室在龟壳或动物骨头上刻字，以记录占卜和事件。这些龟甲和动物骨骼上记载的内容极为丰富，涉及商代社会生活的方方面面，如政治、军事、文化、社会风俗、天文、历法、医学等。这是中国最早的系统文字形式，被认为是汉语发展的关键阶段。现代汉字是从甲骨文演变而来的。

What’s the influence of Chinese language? P.88
汉语的影响是什么？第88页

There are roughly 70,000 Chinese characters and phonetic sounds. A person has to know about 3,000 characters to be able to read the newspaper. In secondary schools the number of characters taught is 5,000.
大约有 70,000 个汉字和语音。一个人必须知道大约 3,000 个字符才能阅读报纸。在中学，教授的字符数量为5,000个。

As the dominant language of East Asia, Chinese has greatly influenced the writing systems and vocabularies of neighboring languages to which are not related by origin, such as Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese. It has been estimated that until the 18th century more than half of the world’s printed books were Chinese.
作为东亚的主要语言，汉语极大地影响了日语、韩语和越南语等与起源无关的邻近语言的书写系统和词汇。据估计，直到18世纪，世界上一半以上的印刷书籍都是中文的。

Among more than 1.3 billion Chinese people, approximately 95 percent speak Chinese. Chinese is also spoken by large emigrant communities in Southeast Asia, North and South America, and in the Hawaiian Islands. More people, in fact, speak Chinese than any other language in the world; English ranks second in number of speakers and Spanish third.
在超过13亿的中国人中，大约95%的人会说中文。东南亚、北美和南美以及夏威夷群岛的大型移民社区也使用中文。事实上，说中文的人比世界上任何其他语言都多;英语在使用人数上排名第二，西班牙语排名第三。

第三节 文学艺术

Please introduce The Book of Songs. P.95
请介绍一下《雅歌》。第95页

The history of Chinese literature begins with the The Book of Songs, also named Shi Jing compiled in 600 B. C. It is the earliest anthology of poetry in Chinese history. Shi Jing contains three hundred and five poetical compositions, including odes, hymns and love songs of greatly differing dates from the 11th to the 6th centuries B.C.. Most of them are set to music and sung on official and public occasions. The poems in Shi Jing are of considerable poetical value and can be compared with anthems in Bible and the Homeric poems in beauty. Love is the popular theme in Shi Jing. Repetition, refrain, rhythm, and assonance are the common characteristics of the three hundred poems in Shi Jing. Nowadays, it is considered as the artistic treasures in Chinese literature.
中国文学史始于公元前600年编纂的《诗经》。它是中国历史上最早的诗歌选集。《诗经》收录了三百零五首诗歌作品，包括颂歌、赞美诗和情歌，其创作日期从公元前11世纪到公元前6世纪，年代相差甚远。他们中的大多数都以音乐为背景，并在官方和公共场合演唱。《诗经》中的诗歌具有相当的诗意价值，在美感上可以与《圣经》中的国歌和荷马史诗相媲美。爱情是《诗经》中流行的主题。重复、副歌、韵律、谐音是《诗经》三百首诗的共同特征。如今，它被认为是中国文学的艺术瑰宝。

Please introduce Kunqu. P.96
请介绍一下昆曲。第96页

Kunqu was the dominant dramatic form in the late Yuan Dynasty in Kunshan area, Jiangsu province. It has its unique system and style and is most characterized by its rich emotion and skillful combination of singing and dancing. Talented dramatists produced enduring plays throughout its development. One of the most famous writers was Tang Xianzu, who wrote four plays. His masterpiece is The Peony Pavilion. Playwright Kong Shangren wrote Peach Blossom Fan. The play is a story of love and separation. These plays are classic Kunqu performances.
昆曲是江苏省昆山地区元代晚期的主要戏剧形式。它有其独特的体系和风格，最有特色的是其丰富的情感和歌舞的巧妙结合。才华横溢的戏剧家在其整个发展过程中创作了经久不衰的戏剧。最著名的作家之一是汤显祖，他写了四部剧本。他的代表作是《牡丹亭》。剧作家孔尚仁写了《桃花扇》。该剧是一个关于爱与分离的故事。这些戏剧是昆曲的经典表演。

Please introduce the idea of Yin and Yang. P.97
请介绍一下阴阳的概念。第97页

Chinese folk art and Chinese philosophy are unified in the belief that yin-yang produces all living things in the world. Originated in Chinese primitive society, this was the philosophical explanation of human’s perception of life. Chinese ancestors philosophical conclusion was to “Look at oneself up close and other creatures from afar”, which is essential to understand the primitive art of the Chinese folk art. To live and to continue life through propagation are the two instinctive desires of human. From birth, a person’s first instinct is to survive, and then to live a long life. From primitive society to the present day, the view of yin-yang and perpetual life has permeated in all aspects of social life and the national culture of Chinese society. Chinese folk art reflects all of the basic philosophical concepts.
中国民间艺术和中国哲学在阴阳产生世界上所有生物的信念上是统一的。起源于中国原始社会，这是对人类生命感知的哲学解释。中国祖先的哲学结论是“近距离观察自己，远远观察其他生物”，这对于理解中国民间艺术的原始艺术至关重要。通过繁衍来生存和延续生命是人类的两种本能欲望。从出生开始，一个人的第一本能就是生存，然后长寿。从原始社会到今天，阴阳长生不老的观念已经渗透到中国社会生活的方方面面和民族文化中。中国民间艺术反映了所有基本的哲学概念。

Please introduce Peking Opera. P.98
请介绍京剧。第98页

Peking Opera is praised as “Oriental Opera”. Peking Opera is a genuine national quintessence of China. It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially Huiban in southern China. At the end of the 19th Century, Peking Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in China. Peking Opera is a blend of performing arts—song, speech, performance, acrobatic fighting and dance. Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting. The main types of roles in Beijing Opera are Sheng (male), Dan (young female), Jing (painted face, male) and Chou (clown, male or female).
京剧被誉为“东方戏曲”。京剧是中国真正的民族精髓。它起源于许多种类的古代地方戏曲，尤其是中国南方的回坂。19世纪末，京剧发展壮大，成为中国最伟大的戏曲。京剧融合了表演艺术——歌曲、演讲、表演、杂技格斗和舞蹈。京剧通过程式化的表演来刻画和叙述情节和人物。京剧中的主要角色类型是盛（男）、丹（年轻女性）、静（画脸，男性）和周（小丑，男性或女性）。

Please introduce Chinese Calligraphy. P.98
请介绍中国书法。第98页

The four ancient Chinese artistic forms are called Guqin, Chinese chess, penmanship, and painting; and penmanship particularly refers to Chinese calligraphy. Chinese calligraphy is a kind of art using a brush to write seal script, official script, regular script, running script, and cursive script, and other various writing styles of Chinese characters. The writing techniques of Chinese calligraphy are highlighted by the manner of using a brush, the way of using ink, the art of composition, and so on. Its harmonious beauty of art is reflected in between the lines. Chinese calligraphy exhibits its beauty in different poses, such as the uniqueness of the official scripts—with bulky silkworm head and thin swallow tail, the regular scripts requirement to stick to the norm and rules, the typical characteristic of cursive scripts—as lively and vigorous as flying dragon and dancing phoenix, and the distinctive natural grace of the running script. Indeed, Chinese calligraphy reflects the personality of Chinese people’s straightforwardness, dignity, and reticence.
中国古代的四种艺术形式称为古琴、中国象棋、书法和绘画;书法特指中国书法。中国书法是一种用毛笔书写篆书、官书、正书、行字、草书等各种书写体式汉字的艺术。中国书法的书写技巧突出表现在毛笔的使用方式、墨水的使用方式、构图的艺术等方面。其和谐的艺术之美体现在字里行间。中国书法在不同的姿势上展现了它的美感，如官方文字的独特性——笨重的蚕头和细燕尾，常规的文字要求遵守规范和规则，草书的典型特征——像飞龙舞凤一样活泼有力，以及行文独特的自然优雅。的确，中国书法反映了中国人的直率、尊严和沉默寡言的个性。

Please introduce Chinese painting. P.99
请介绍一下中国画。第99页

Guohua, the short form for Zhongguohua (traditional Chinese painting), refers to paintings drawn on silk and paper by writing brush in water, ink or color. With a long history, traditional Chinese painting can be traced back to the cliff painting and colored pottery in Neolithic Age. Its main subjects include human figures, landscapes, flowers and birds. The drawing techniques consists of fine brushwork, freehand brushwork, and so on. It reflects Chinese people’s understanding of nature and human society in a representational way. A good Chinese painting often leaves much room for its viewer to indulge in wonderment and imagination. For example, in a Chinese landscape painting, the mountain top is circled by clouds and most of the sky is in empty void. Yet, these voids are deliberately designed and called “blank-leaving”. Chinese painters believe if the blank is well-left, the whole painting is alive. The distinctive feature of blank-leaving in the traditional Chinese painting is influenced by the Daoist conception of the non-existent.
国画是中国传统画的简称，是指用毛笔在水、墨或颜料上画在绢和纸上画的画。中国传统绘画历史悠久，可追溯到新石器时代的悬崖画和彩陶。它的主要主题包括人物、风景、花卉和鸟类。绘画技巧包括精细的笔触、徒手笔触等。它以具象的方式反映了中国人对自然和人类社会的理解。一幅好的中国画往往会给观众留下很大的空间，让他们沉迷于惊奇和想象。例如，在中国的一幅山水画中，山顶被云层环绕，大部分天空都是空旷的。然而，这些空隙是故意设计的，被称为“空白离开”。中国画家认为，如果空白留得好，整幅画就是活的。中国传统绘画中留白的显著特征受到道家不存在观念的影响。

第四节 节日民俗

Please introduce one of the traditional Chinese festivals. (任选其一)
请介绍一个中国传统节日。(任选其一)

24.Spring Festival
24.春节

The Spring Festival, also known as the Lunar New Year in China, is the grandest traditional holiday. It is usually a time between late January and early February, which means rest and relaxation after a year’s toil. New Year celebrations run from Chinese New Year’s Eve to the Lantern Festival. It is a tradition for every household to thoroughly clean the house in order to sweep away ill fortune and to bring in good luck. And doors will be decorated with couplets with themes of health, happiness, wealth and good luck. Setting off firecrackers is an essential part of the festival. Customs and activities about celebrating the Lunar New Year vary regionally. New Year’s Eve, however, is usually an occasion for Chinese people to gather together with their families for the reunion banquet, and the most popular food is jiaozi.
春节，在中国也被称为农历新年，是最隆重的传统节日。它通常是 1 月下旬到 2 月初之间的时间，这意味着经过一年的辛劳后休息和放松。新年庆祝活动从农历除夕到元宵节。每家每户都要彻底打扫房子，以扫除厄运，带来好运。门上将装饰着以健康、幸福、财富和好运为主题的对联。燃放鞭炮是节日的重要组成部分。庆祝农历新年的习俗和活动因地区而异。然而，除夕夜通常是中国人与家人聚在一起参加团圆饭的场合，最受欢迎的食物是椒子。

On the first morning of Spring Festival, children often follow their parents to pay a New Year’s visit, greeting relatives and friends in their new clothes. On this occasion, the elders often give the young some “luck money”, blessing them good luck. On the whole, the Spring Festival is a time for family members to gather together. When each member far away from home returns, the whole family can enjoy the bliss and happiness of the family reunion.
春节第一天早上，孩子们经常跟着父母去拜访新年，穿着新衣服迎接亲朋好友。在这个场合，长辈们经常会给年轻人一些“福钱”，祝福他们好运。总的来说，春节是家人团聚的好时机。当每个远道而归的成员，全家人都能享受到家庭团聚的幸福和幸福。

24.The Lantern Festival
24.元宵节

The Lantern Festival, Yuanxiao Jie in Chinese, is celebrated on January 15th of Chinese lunar calendar. It is the first full moon night in the Chinese lunar year, symbolizing the coming back of the spring. The Lantern Festival may be regarded as the last day of the Spring Festival. In other words, Yuanxiao Jie is an important part of the Spring Festival, and marks the end of China’s Lunar New Year celebrations. The Lantern Festival is regarded as a good day for family gather-together. According to the folk custom of China, people on that night will lighten up fancy lanterns and go out to appreciate the moon, set off fireworks, guess riddles written on lanterns, and eat traditional food Yuanxiao to celebrate the holiday. “Yuanxiao” (rice glue ball) is also commonly called “tangyuan” which means family reunion and happiness. Yuanxiao has its exterior made into a ball shaping like the full moon in the sky with stuffing in it, such as sesame, walnuts, peanuts, fruit jam and even meat, etc.
元宵节，中文为元宵节，在中国农历的1月15日庆祝。这是中国农历年的第一个满月之夜，象征着春天的到来。元宵节可以看作是春节的最后一天。换句话说，元宵节是春节的重要组成部分，标志着中国农历新年庆祝活动的结束。元宵节被认为是家庭聚会的好日子。按照中国的民间习俗，人们在那一晚会点亮花式灯笼，出去赏月，放烟花，猜写在灯笼上的谜语，吃传统美食元宵来庆祝节日。“圆孝”（饭胶球）俗称“汤圆”，意为家庭团聚和幸福。元宵的外表被做成一个球形，像天上的满月，里面有馅料，如芝麻、核桃、花生、果酱甚至肉等。

As time goes by, the Lantern Festival has enjoyed more and more celebrating activities. Some places even add traditional folk-custom performances such as playing dragon lantern, Lion Dancing, stilting, striking land boat, doing the Yangko, and striking Peace Drum. The Lantern Festival, a traditional Chinese festival which has undergone a history of over 2,000 years, is still very popular both at home and abroad, and every place where Chinese people live will witness a jolly occasion on that day.
随着时间的流逝，元宵节的庆祝活动越来越多。有些地方甚至增加了传统的民俗表演，如玩龙灯、舞狮、踩高跷、敲打陆地船、做扬哥和敲和平鼓。元宵节是中国的传统节日，已有2000多年的历史，在国内外仍然很受欢迎，中国人居住的每一个地方都会在这一天见证一个欢乐的时刻。

24.The Tomb Sweeping Day
24.清明节

Qingming, also called the Tomb Sweeping Day, is one of the most important Chinese traditional festivals. It is not only a time for Chinese people to show respects to ancestors, but also a tie for them to recognize their national identity. The traditional Chinese calendar divides a year into 24 solar terms and the Tomb Sweeping Day is the fifth solar term, which falls on either April 4th or 5th of the Gregorian calendar and indicates the coming of late spring. After the festival, the temperature will rise up and rainfall increases. It is the high time for spring plowing and sowing. The festival therefore has a close relationship with agriculture. However, the Tomb Sweeping Day is not only a seasonal point to guide farm work in China; it is more an occasion of commemoration.
清明节，又称清明节，是中国最重要的传统节日之一。这不仅是中国人向祖先致敬的时刻，也是他们承认自己民族身份的纽带。中国传统历法将一年分为24个节气，清明节是第五个节气，落在公历的4月4日或5日，预示着晚春的到来。节日过后，气温会上升，降雨量会增加。现在是春耕播种的好时机。因此，这个节日与农业有着密切的关系。然而，清明节不仅是指导中国农业工作的季节性点;这更像是一个纪念的时刻。

The Tomb Sweeping Day has had a history of more than 2,500 years and there are various activities for it. The most popular ones, including tomb sweeping, spring outings, kite flying, tree planting and putting willow branches on gates, have been an important part of this festival since the beginning. Besides, people often participate in a sport to ward off the cold and in anticipation of the arrival of spring. All in all, the Tomb Sweeping Day, a culture-rich and meaning-deep remembrance day, is an occasion of unique characteristics, integrating both reverence and fun, both sadness and happiness through its customs.
清明节已有2500多年的历史，有各种各样的活动。最受欢迎的活动，包括扫墓、春游、放风筝、植树和在大门上挂柳枝，从一开始就是这个节日的重要组成部分。此外，人们经常参加一项运动来抵御寒冷并期待春天的到来。总而言之，清明节是一个文化丰富、意义深远的纪念日，是一个具有独特特色的场合，通过其习俗将崇敬与欢乐、悲伤与快乐融为一体。

24.The Dragon Boat Festival
24.端午节

The Dragon Boat Festival, called Duanwu jie in Chinese, is one of the national holidays in China celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month (usually in June according to the Gregorian calendar). Dragon Boat Festival has had a history of more than 2,000 years. There are many legends about its evolution, the most popular of which is in commemoration of Qu Yuan, a patriotic poet and minister in the State of Chu during 340B.C.–278B.C. Qu Yuan was charged with faulty acquisitions and exiled by his king. Before his country was concurred by state of Qin, Qu Yuan committed suicide by jumping into the Miluo River. After his death, one of his townsmen had a dream. He dreamed that Qu Yuan was thinner than before. So he and his villagers made Zongzi by wrapping glutinous rice with reed or bamboo leaves and with the stuffing of date, or pork, chicken, beans pastes and many more. Then they loaded the Zongzi on dragon boat and dropped them into the river. Because dragon was in charge of all the animals in the sea, so they didn’t dare to eat Zongzi, And people figured that Qu Yuan could eat Zongzi and get healthier. Since then Zhongzi has been the special food for Duanwu Festival.
端午节，中文称为端午节，是中国的国定假日之一，在农历五月初五（根据公历通常在六月）庆祝。端午节已有2000多年的历史。关于它的演变有很多传说，其中最受欢迎的是为了纪念公元前 340 年至公元前 278 年间在楚国的爱国诗人和大臣屈原，屈原被指控有误收购并被他的国王流放。秦国同意他的国家之前，屈原跳入汨罗河自杀。在他死后，他的一个乡亲做了一个梦。他梦见屈原比以前瘦了。因此，他和他的村民们用芦苇或竹叶包裹糯米，并填上枣、猪肉、鸡肉、豆酱等馅料，制作了粽子。然后他们把粽子装上龙舟，扔进河里。因为龙掌管着海里所有的动物，所以他们不敢吃粽子，而人们又认为屈原可以吃粽子，变得更健康。从那时起，钟子就成了端午节的特色美食。

In addition to the traditions of eating rice dumplings and Dragon Boat Race which are closely related to the commemoration of Qu Yuan, there are also different conventions like drinking realgar wine, making and adorning of a sachet which is surely the most elegant one amongst all the customs about this traditional festival. According to the Chinese Zodiac, the fifth month and fifth day on the lunar calendar marks the emergence of many poisonous insects. In hopes for peace and happiness and less bites from hungry pests, people choose to hang wormwood, drink realgar wine and wear a sachet.
除了与屈原纪念密切相关的吃粽子和端午赛的传统外，还有不同的习俗，如喝雄黄酒、制作和装饰香囊，这无疑是这个传统节日的所有习俗中最优雅的一种。根据十二生肖，农历五月初五标志着许多毒虫的出现。为了和平和幸福，减少饥饿害虫的叮咬，人们选择挂艾草，喝雄黄酒，戴小袋。

24.The Mid-Autumn Festival
24.中秋节

The Mid-Autumn Festival is a harvest festival celebrated by ethnic Chinese people on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month every year which is the exact middle of autumn. That is how Mid-Autumn Festival gets its name. Many also refer to it simply as the “Fifteenth of the Eighth Lunar Month”. In the Gregorian calendar, the day of the festival usually occurs on the night of the full moon between early September and early October of the Gregorian calendar. Under the influence of Chinese culture, the Festival is also very popular in East Asia and some countries in Southeast Asia. Mainland China listed the festival among the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage in 2006 and defined it as a national holiday in 2008.
中秋节是华人每年农历八月十五庆祝的丰收节，正好是中秋。这就是中秋节得名的原因。许多人也将其简称为“农历八月十五”。在公历中，节日的日子通常发生在公历9月初至10月初的满月之夜。在中国文化的影响下，这个节日在东亚和东南亚的一些国家也很受欢迎。中国大陆于2006年将该节日列为第一批国家级非物质文化遗产，并于2008年将其定为国定假日。

The Mid-Autumn Festival customs vary from place to place, but some practices are the same. Appreciating the moon is one of the traditional activities of the day, and eating moon cakes is another holiday custom, as the round shape symbolizes unity in the Chinese culture. Therefore, the Mid-Autumn Festival indicates a day of harmonious unions. On the day of festival people tend to return home for a reunion dinner and give thanks to their ancestors for blessings. Also, owing to the timing of osmanthus blossoms, osmanthus-flavoured wine or food is a third traditional choice on the occasion. Throughout the history, Chinese people’ sentiments of nostalgia and gratitude for a bumper harvest and happiness have been stirred by the moon and embodied in the way the Mid-Autumn Festival is celebrated, which makes the Festival a colorful and precious cultural heritage.
中秋节的习俗因地而异，但有些习俗是一样的。赏月是当天的传统活动之一，吃月饼是另一种节日习俗，因为圆形象征着中国文化的统一。因此，中秋节是和睦结合的日子。在节日当天，人们往往会回家吃团圆饭，并感谢祖先的祝福。此外，由于桂花盛开的时间，桂花味的葡萄酒或食物是第三种传统选择。纵观历史，中华人民对丰收的怀念和感激之情，幸福的情怀，一直被月亮所激荡，体现在中秋节的庆祝方式上，使中秋节成为丰富多彩的珍贵文化遗产。

24. The Double Ninth Festival
24. 双九节

The Double Ninth Festival, also called Chongyang Festival, is observed on the ninth day of the 9th lunar month in the Chinese traditional calendar. In the ancient book Yi Ching, nine is regarded as the number of Yang (which means masculine as opposed to Yin which is feminine). The ninth day of the ninth month is the day that has two Yang numbers, and “chong” in Chinese means double. Hence, the name Chongyang was created. In ancient times, people believed that the double ninth day was a lucky day and worth a celebration. As nine is pronounced ‘jiu’ meaning permanently lasting in Chinese, and it is also the biggest number in the set of numbers from zero to nine, people have endowed the character ‘jiu’ with the meaning of longevity. Moreover, a sense of joy can often steal over people as the harvest autumn approaches. Naturally people always have a special feeling for the Double Ninth Festival. And a lot of poetic masterpieces from the ancient Tang and Song dynasty were created about the festival, Chongyang cake, chrysanthemums wine or tea form the traditional diet of the festival. Ascending heights, wearing cornel and appreciating chrysanthemums are important customs of that day. These activities not only add to the festive atmosphere, but allegedly help people avoid misfortune and prevent disasters. In the year of 1989, Chongyang Festival was designated as Senior's Day in China Mainland, a day to respect and do favor to the elderly and to let them enjoy themselves. Still, it is a good occasion for hiking and chrysanthemum appreciation. In contemporary times, Double Ninth Festival is a clever combination of tradition with modernity and has been given a new meaning.
双九节，又称重阳节，在中国传统历法中，农历九月初九举行。在古书《易经》中，九被认为是阳的数字（意思是阳的，而不是阴的）。九月初九是有两个阳数的日子，“冲”在汉语中的意思是双倍。因此，重阳这个名字被创造出来。在古代，人们认为双九日是一个幸运的日子，值得庆祝。由于九在中文中发音为“jiu”，意思是永久存在，它也是从零到九的一组数字中最大的数字，因此人们赋予了“jiu”一词长寿的意思。此外，随着丰收秋天的临近，喜悦感往往会笼罩着人们。自然，人们对双九节总是有一种特殊的感情。许多古唐宋的诗歌杰作都是关于节日创作的，重阳糕、菊花、酒或茶构成了节日的传统饮食。登高、穿山茱萸、欣赏菊花是当时的重要习俗。这些活动不仅增添了节日气氛，而且据称可以帮助人们避免不幸和防止灾难。1989年，重阳节被指定为中国大陆的老年人节，这一天是为了尊重和照顾老年人，让他们尽情享受。尽管如此，这仍然是远足和欣赏菊花的好时机。在当代，双九节是传统与现代的巧妙结合，被赋予了新的意义。

24.The Double Seventh Day
24.双七日

In China, the Double Seventh Day falls on the seventh day of the seventh month of Chinese lunar calendar. The festival, originating from a classic love story between the Cowherd, a human being, and the Weaving Girl, a fairy, has been enjoying a widespread popularity among ethnic Chinese community and East Asian countries having been influenced by traditional Chinese culture. According to the legend, the Cowherd and the Weaving Girl fell in love with each other but unfortunately were forced to separate and blocked away by the Milky Way. Out of compassion for them, on the night of the Double-Seventh Day each year, flocks of magpies would fly to form a bridge with their bodies over the Milky Way, allowing the couple to meet each other；
在中国，双七节是中国农历七月初七。这个节日起源于人类牛郎和仙女织女之间的经典爱情故事，在受中国传统文化影响的华人社区和东亚国家中广受欢迎。根据传说，牛郎和织女相爱，但不幸的是被迫分开并被银河系封锁。出于对他们的怜悯，每年双七的晚上，成群的喜鹊会飞来，用它们的身体在银河上架起一座桥，让这对情侣相遇;

This romantic story, to some extent, reflects Chinese people’s wishes to pursue the freedom of love and marriage. Meanwhile, when they are praying for a happy marriage of their own, girls on the ground also hope to have deft hands and good sense just like the Weaving Girl. Thus, the Double Seventh Day is also called Ingenuity-begging Festival (the festival to plead for skills). What's more, this fairy tale also contains Chinese people’s understanding about nature and star images and reflects a phenomenon of time worship and number worship of ancient China. In this sense, the Double Seventh Day is not merely a Chinese Valentine’s Day. In 2006, the Double Seventh Day was listed in the first national intangible cultural heritage lists by the People’s Republic of China.
这个浪漫的故事，在某种程度上反映了中国人追求爱情和婚姻自由的愿望。同时，在祈祷自己的幸福婚姻的同时，地面上的女孩们也希望像织女一样拥有灵巧的双手和良好的理智。因此，双七日也被称为独创性乞讨节（恳求技能的节日）。更重要的是，这个童话故事还包含了中国人对自然和星象的理解，反映了中国古代对时间、数字的崇拜现象。从这个意义上说，双七不仅仅是一个中国情人节。2006年，双七劳动节被中华人民共和国列入首批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。

第五节 民间工艺

Please introduce Paper Cutting. P.118
请介绍剪纸。第118页

Paper cutting is one of China’s most popular traditional folk arts. Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings. During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere. The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red symbolizing health and prosperity. Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends. The vividly-depicted paper-cuttings have different meanings and are endowed with a simple but exaggerated beauty.
剪纸是中国最受欢迎的传统民间艺术之一。中国剪纸已有1500多年的历史。它特别普遍，特别是在明清时期。人们经常用剪纸来美化他们的家。特别是在春节和婚礼庆典期间，人们会用剪纸来装饰门窗和房间，以增强欢乐的气氛。剪纸中最常用的颜色是红色，象征着健康和繁荣。中国剪纸在世界范围内非常受欢迎，经常作为礼物送给外国朋友。栩栩如生的剪纸具有不同的含义，并被赋予了简单而夸张的美感。

Please introduce Embroidery. P.118
请介绍刺绣。第118页

Embroidery is a brilliant pearl in Chinese art. From the magnificent dragon robes worn by emperors to today’s fashions, embroidery adds a great deal of pleasure to our culture and life. The oldest embroidery recorded in China dates back to the Shang Dynasty. Embroidery in this period symbolized social status. As the national economy developed, embroidery entered the life of the common people. Embroidery was an elegant task for ladies who were forbidden to go out of their homes. Imagine a beautiful young lady embroidering at home: stitch by stitch, she embroiders a pair of mandarin ducks for her love. It is a cold winter day and the room is filled with sweet smell. What a touching and beautiful picture!
刺绣是中国艺术中的一颗璀璨明珠。从皇帝所穿的华丽龙袍到今天的时尚，刺绣为我们的文化和生活增添了极大的乐趣。中国最古老的刺绣可以追溯到商代。这一时期的刺绣象征着社会地位。随着国民经济的发展，刺绣进入了老百姓的生活。刺绣对于被禁止出门的女士来说是一项优雅的任务。想象一下，一位美丽的年轻女士在家刺绣：一针一针，她为她的爱人绣了一对鸳鸯。这是一个寒冷的冬日，房间里充满了甜美的气味。多么感人而美丽的画面！

Please introduce Chinese knot. P.119
请介绍一下中国结。第119页

The Chinese knot, made by winding red cord to express blessings, is a unique craftwork of the Chinese nation. The Chinese knot has a long history and its origin can be traced back to prehistorical times when it was not only one of the daily necessities of life but also used as a means of recording history.
中国结，用缠绕的红绳制成，以表达祝福，是中华民族独特的工艺品。中国结有着悠久的历史，其起源可以追溯到史前时代，当时它不仅是生活的日常必需品之一，而且还被用作记录历史的手段。

In the times of Tang and Song Dynasties, The Chinese knot was widely used as an ornamental art on object and clothes. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the golden era of handicraft art, people started to name the various knots, endowing them with rich implications. For example, a square knot represented peacefulness, the Ruyi knot, auspiciousness and Panchangjie (winding long knot) expressed wishes for the true, the good and the beautiful.
在唐宋时期，中国结被广泛用作物品和衣服上的装饰艺术。在明清时期，手工艺艺术的黄金时代，人们开始命名各种结，赋予它们丰富的含义。例如，方形结代表和平，如意结代表吉祥，盘长结表达了对真、善、美的祝愿。

Please introduce Chopsticks.P.120
请介绍筷子.P.120

Chopsticks are an important part of Chinese culture. The widespread use of chopsticks across China has a long and rich history. The Chinese were the first to invent chopsticks thousands of years ago and it is said that chopsticks were used as an extension of the fingers to protect them from extreme heat or cold. Chopsticks began to be used as eating utensils during the Han Dynasty. But it was not until the Ming Dynasty that chopsticks came into normal use for both serving and eating and came to be called Kuaizi.
筷子是中国文化的重要组成部分。筷子在中国的广泛使用有着悠久而丰富的历史。几千年前，中国人是第一个发明筷子的人，据说筷子被用作手指的延伸，以保护它们免受极热或极冷的影响。筷子在汉代开始被用作餐具。但直到明代，筷子才开始正常使用，既可以上菜也可以吃，才被称为快子。

Chopsticks come in all shapes and forms, ranging from golden chopsticks engraved with colored pictures or calligraphy to disposable bamboo and wood. Regardless of the form they take, chopsticks have evolved into an important icon of Chinese culture and an important part of human history.
筷子有各种形状和形式，从刻有彩色图片或书法的金色筷子到一次性竹子和木头。无论采取何种形式，筷子已经演变成中国文化的重要标志和人类历史的重要组成部分。

第四章 当代社会

政治制度

Please give a general introduction about Chinese political system. 参考P131
请简要介绍一下中国的政治制度。参考P131

The socialist system is the basic system of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China is the fundamental law of the state.
社会主义制度是中华人民共和国的基本制度。中华人民共和国宪法是国家的根本法。

AIll power in the People’s Republic of China belongs to the people. The organs through which the people exercise state power are the National People’s Congress (NPC) and the local people’s congresses at different levels. All administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs of the state are created by the people's congresses to which they are responsible and under whose supervision they operate.
中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民。人民行使国家权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会。国家的一切行政、司法和检察机关都由人民代表大会设立，人民代表大会负责并监督人民代表大会。

The state council, or the Central People’s Government, of the People’s Republic of China is the executive body of the highest organ of state power and the highest organ of state administration.
中华人民共和国国务院或中央人民政府是国家最高权力机关和国家最高行政机关的执行机构。

The division of functions and powers between the central and local state organs is guided by the principle of giving full play to the initiative and enthusiasm of the local authorities under the unified leadership of the central authorities.
中央和地方国家机关的职权分工，是按照中央统一领导下充分发挥地方的积极性和积极性的原则来指导的。

Communist Party of China (CPC) is the leading party in China. Apart from it, there are eight democratic parties in China. Multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC is the basic political system in China.
中国共产党是中国的领导党。除此之外，中国还有八个民主党派。中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商是我国的基本政治制度。

The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) is a united front organization under the leadership of the CPC and an organ for various other political parties, mass organizations and personages of various social circles to take part in the running of the state.
中国人民政治协商会议是中国共产党领导的统一战线组织，是其他各政党、群众团体和社会各界人士参与国家管理的机关。

What is the nature of Communist Party of China? P132
中国共产党的本质是什么？第 132 页

更新为《中国共产党章程》（2017版）内容

中国共产党是中国工人阶级的先锋队，同时是中国人民和中华民族的先锋队，是中国特色社会主义事业的领导核心，代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，代表中国先进文化的前进方向，代表中国最广大人民的根本利益。党的最高理想和最终目标是实现共产主义。 中国共产党以马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观、习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想作为自己的行动指南。

The Communist Party of China is the vanguard of the Chinese working class, the Chinese people, and the Chinese nation. It is the leadership core for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and represents the developmental demands of China’s advanced productive forces, the orientation for China’s advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the greatest possible majority of the Chinese people. The Party’s highest ideal and ultimate goal is the realization of communism.The Communist Party of China uses Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the Theory of Three Represents, the Scientific Outlook on Development, and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era as its guides to action.
中国共产党是中国工人阶级、中国人民和中华民族的先锋队。它是中国特色社会主义事业的领导核心，代表着中国先进生产力的发展要求，代表着中国先进文化的方向，代表着中国最广大人民的根本利益。党的最高理想和最终目标是实现共产主义。中国共产党以马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、三个代表理论、科学发展观、新时代中国特色社会主义习近平思想为行动指南。

教育与科技

Please introduce some achievements that China has made in space. （课本话题扩展，无参考答案）
请介绍一下中国在太空领域取得的一些成就。（课本话题扩展，无参考答案）

Please introduce the Imperial Civil Service Examination System. P156
请介绍一下帝国公务员考试制度。第 156 页

The imperial civil examination system was an examination system that the Chinese feudal dynasties used to select officials. The system started in the Sui Dynasty and was terminated in the Qing Dynasty in 1905, lasting for over 1,300 years. It had a profound impact on the post-Sui-Tang China’s social structure, political system, educational system, and humanistic ideologies. There is no doubt that, compared with the hereditary system, the imperial civil examination was a relatively fair and open method to select officials, It improved the system of selecting officials and promoted the development of education. However, the imperial civil examination system also had negative effects. Especially in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the contents of the test were limited to the Four books and Five Classics. All candidates had to write a composition explaining their views on an idea from these books in a rigid form and structure consisting of eight parts, which was called baguwen. To some degree, its rigid content and form of examination bound people’s thinking and limited cultural progress.
科举文官考试制度是中国封建王朝用来选拔官员的考试制度。该制度始于隋朝，1905年终止于清朝，持续了1300多年。它对后隋唐时代的中国社会结构、政治制度、教育制度和人文主义思想产生了深远的影响。毋庸置疑，与世袭制度相比，科举文官考试是一种比较公平、公开的选拔官员方式，它完善了选拔官员制度，促进了教育的发展。然而，科举文考制度也产生了负面影响。特别是在明清时期，考核的内容仅限于四书五经。所有候选人都必须写一篇作文，以严格的形式和结构解释他们对这些书中的想法的看法，这被称为八古文。在某种程度上，其僵化的内容和考察形式束缚了人们的思维，限制了文化进步。

生态环境

What do you think college students can do to protect the environment? （课本话题扩展，无参考答案）
你认为大学生可以做些什么来保护环境？（课本话题扩展，无参考答案）

对外交流

Please introduce the B&R Initiative. P176
请介绍一下“一带一路”倡议。第 176 页

When Chinese President Xi Jinping visited Central Asia and Southeast Asia in 2013, he raised the initiative of jointly building the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 2Ist-Century Maritime Silk Road (hereinafter referred to as the Belt and Road), which have attracted close attention from all over the world. At the China-ASEAN Expo in 2013, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang emphasized the need to build the Maritime Silk Road oriented toward ASEAN, and to create strategic propellers for hinterland development. Accelerating the building of the Belt and Road can help promote the economic prosperity of the countries along the Belt and Road and regional economic cooperation, strengthen exchanges and mutual learning between different civilizations, and promote world peace and development. It is a great undertaking that will benefit people around the world.
2013年，中国国家主席习近平访问中亚和东南亚时，提出了共建丝绸之路经济带和2世纪海上丝绸之路（以下简称“一带一路”）的倡议，引起了世界各国的密切关注。在2013年中国-东盟博览会上，中国总理李克强强调，要建设面向东盟的海上丝绸之路，打造内地发展战略推进器。加快“一带一路”建设有助于促进“一带一路”沿线国家经济繁荣和区域经济合作，加强不同文明交流互鉴，促进世界和平与发展。这是一项伟大的事业，将造福全世界人民。

The Belt and Road Initiative is a systematic project, which should be jointly built through consultation to meet the interests of all, and efforts should be made to integrate the development strategies of the countries along the Belt and Road. The Chinese govermment has drafted and published the Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road to promote the implementation of the Initiative, instilling vigor and vitality into the ancient Silk Road.
“一带一路”倡议是一个系统性工程，应通过协商共建，满足各方利益，努力整合“一带一路”沿线国家的发展战略。中国政府起草并公布了《关于共建丝绸之路经济带和21世纪海上丝绸之路的愿景和行动》，推动“一带一路”倡议的实施，为古丝绸之路注入了活力和活力。

生活方式

Which social media do you use most? And why do you like it and what do you use it for?（课本话题扩展，无参考答案）
您最常使用哪种社交媒体？你为什么喜欢它，你用它做什么？（课本话题扩展，无参考答案）