Module 1: Fundamentals of Global Sourcing & Supplyss模块 1:全球采购与供应基础
A. Globalization A. 全球化
Definition: Integration of economies/societies via trade, tech, culture, politics.定义:通过贸易、技术、文化、政治实现经济/社会的一体化。
Impacts: Global production networks, access to diverse markets/resources, reduced trade barriers.影响:全球生产网络、多样化市场/资源的获取、贸易壁垒的降低。
Key Drivers: Improved transport (containerization), tech (internet), MNCs, trade blocs (WTO), financial mobility.关键驱动因素:运输改进(集装箱化)、技术(互联网)、跨国公司、贸易集团(世贸组织)、金融流动性。
B. Rationales & CriticismsB. 理由与批评
Pros: Cost reduction, tax incentives, market expansion, resource access.优点:降低成本、税收优惠、市场扩展、资源获取。
Cons: 缺点:
Job displacement (offshoring).工作岗位流失(离岸外包)。
Income inequality & worker exploitation.收入不平等与工人剥削。
Environmental degradation.环境恶化。
Cultural homogenization. 文化同质化。
C. Global Business EnvironmentC. 全球商业环境
3 Interconnected Forces:3 个相互关联的力量:
Economic: Supply/demand, FDI, trade policies.经济:供需,外国直接投资,贸易政策。
Legal-Political: National/international laws, political risks法律-政治:国家/国际法律,政治风险
Cultural: Cross-national differences (see Module 3).文化:跨国差异(参见模块 3)。
D. Global Sourcing D. 全球采购
Definition: Worldwide procurement of goods/services (components, labor, IT).定义:全球范围内采购商品/服务(组件、劳动力、信息技术)。
Key Terms: 关键词:
Outsourcing. Delegating processes to external suppliers (e.g., BPO: payroll, IT).外包。将流程委托给外部供应商(例如,业务流程外包:薪资、信息技术)。
Offshoring. Relocating processes abroad (4 types: peripheral, critical, strategic).离岸外包。将流程迁移到国外(4 种类型:外围型、关键型、战略型)。
Goals: Cost control, focus on core competencies, flexibility.目标:成本控制,专注核心竞争力,灵活性。
E. Reasons for Global SourcingE. 全球采购的原因
Cost savings (primary driver).成本节约(主要驱动力)。
Access to skilled labor/tech.获取熟练劳动力/技术。
Market penetration. 市场渗透。
Supply chain diversification.供应链多元化。
Competitive pressure. 竞争压力。
F. Apple Case StudyF. 苹果案例研究
Strategy. 战略。
Global supplier network (31 countries).全球供应商网络(31 个国家)。
JIT inventory (minimize stock, direct shipping).及时库存(最小化库存,直接发货)。
Multi-supplier mitigation (reduce single-source risks).多供应商缓解(减少单一来源风险)。
G. Sourcing ConsiderationsG. 采购考虑因素
Total Landed Cost: Unit price + logistics, tariffs, duties, hidden fees.总到岸成本:单价 + 物流、关税、税费、隐藏费用。
Quality: Defined standards, reputational risks.质量:定义的标准,声誉风险。
Logistics Capability: Transport reliability, infrastructure, contingency plans.物流能力:运输可靠性,基础设施,应急计划。
Location: Proximity, time zones, cultural alignment.位置:接近度,时区,文化契合度。
Trade Regulations: Quotas, incentives (e.g., China textile quotas).贸易法规:配额、激励措施(例如,中国纺织品配额)。
H. Global Supply ManagementH. 全球供应管理
Focus: Integration of procurement across units, leveraging global synergies.重点:整合各单位的采购,利用全球协同效应。
MODULE 2: INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS模块 2:国际竞争力
A. Meanings of International CompetitivenessA. 国际竞争力的含义
Competitive Advantage 竞争优势
Firm-level: Cost efficiency, tech superiority, resource access.公司层面:成本效率、技术优势、资源获取。
vs Comparative Advantage: Lower opportunity cost in production.与比较优势相比:生产中的较低机会成本。
Definitions 定义
Tyson (1993): Produce goods meeting global standards + sustain rising living standards.Tyson (1993):生产符合全球标准的商品 + 维持不断提高的生活水平。
OECD: Generate high income/employment under int’l competition.OECD:在国际竞争中创造高收入/就业。
Importance 重要性
Links national prosperity to firm performance.将国家繁荣与企业绩效联系起来。
Enables small nations to scale via global markets.使小国能够通过全球市场实现规模化。
Structure: Formal hierarchy (slow decisions) vs. flat (rapid response).结构:正式层级(决策缓慢)与扁平结构(快速响应)。
Individual Roles: Status importance impacts innovation/bureaucracy.个人角色:地位重要性影响创新/官僚主义。
Conflict Resolution: Cultural norms (avoidance vs. open resolution).冲突解决:文化规范(回避与公开解决)。
Delegation: Authority varies (senior-only vs. group consensus).授权:权限有所不同(仅限高级人员与群体共识)。
Delegation. Au hority varies (senior-only vs. group consensus).授权。权限有所不同(仅限高级人员与群体共识)。
Business Ethics: Priorities include compliance, employee respect, supplier relations.商业伦理:优先事项包括合规、尊重员工、供应商关系。
Social Responsibility: Sustainability, ISO 14000 , UN Global Compact.社会责任:可持续发展,ISO 14000,联合国全球契约。
D. Per sonality Analysis FactorsD. 人格分析因素
Communication Styles: Adapt to passive/aggressive/assertive preferences.沟通风格:适应被动/攻击性/自信的偏好。
Decision-Making: Data-driven vs. intuitive approaches.决策方式:数据驱动与直觉方法。
Emotional Intelligence: Read cues, demonstrate empathy.情商:读取线索,表现同理心。
Conflict Resolution: Collaborative vs. avoidant styles.冲突解决:协作型与回避型风格。
Motivations: Align proposals with recognition/achievement drivers.动机:使提案与认可/成就驱动因素保持一致。
Cultural Sensitivity: Avoid stereotypes; adapt to norms (e.g., collectivist harmony).文化敏感性:避免刻板印象;适应规范(例如,集体主义和谐)。
Trust Building: Reliability, informal rapport.建立信任:可靠性,非正式关系。
Flexibility: Adjust strategies to diverse personalities.灵活性:根据不同个性调整策略。
Key Concepts for Sourcing Challenges:采购挑战的关键概念:
Cultural differences impact negotiation, conflict resolution, and supplier relationships.文化差异影响谈判、冲突解决和供应商关系。
Align sourcing strategies with local business ethics and social responsibility practices. Module 4: Risk Management in Global Sourcing and Supply将采购策略与当地商业道德和社会责任实践相结合。模块 4:全球采购与供应中的风险管理
A. Introduction A. 介绍
Risk Definition: 风险定义:
Simple: Chance of adverse impact on objectives.简单:对目标产生不利影响的可能性。
Complex: Inability to achieve goals within cost/schedule/performance constraints.复杂:在成本/进度/性能约束内无法实现目标。
Importance: 重要性:
Affects supplier selection, cost escalation, supply continuity.影响供应商选择、成本上升、供应连续性。
Requires balancing mitigation costs with risk tolerance.需要在缓解成本与风险容忍度之间取得平衡。
Risk Management: 风险管理:
Process to identify, assess, control risks systematically.系统地识别、评估和控制风险的过程。
Includes both negative risks (threats) and positive risks (opportunities).包括负面风险(威胁)和正面风险(机会)。
B. Risk Identification B. 风险识别
Types: 类型:
Internal: Controllable (e.g., project delays, design flaws).内部:可控(例如,项目延误,设计缺陷)。
External: Uncontrollable (e.g., economic downturns, natural disasters).外部:不可控(例如,经济衰退,自然灾害)。
Common Risks: 常见风险:
Financial, legal, environmental, socio-political, supply chain disruptions, human resource risks.财务、法律、环境、社会政治、供应链中断、人力资源风险。
Expert knowledge, historical data, brainstorming, simulations (e.g., Monte Carlo), checklists.专家知识、历史数据、头脑风暴、模拟(例如蒙特卡洛)、检查表。
C. Risk Assessment & PrioritizationC. 风险评估与优先级排序
Key Metrics: 关键指标:
Probability: Likelihood of occurrence.概率:发生的可能性。
Impact: Severity of consequences (financial, operational).影响:后果的严重性(财务、运营)。
Risk Exposure
=
=
= = Probability
×
×
xx \times Impact.风险暴露
=
=
= = 概率
×
×
xx \times 影响。
Prioritization: 优先级排序:
Use thresholds: Risk Appetite (RA), Risk Tolerance (RT), Risk Capacity (RC).使用阈值:风险偏好(RA)、风险容忍度(RT)、风险承受能力(RC)。
Example: Risks with exposure
>
RC
>
RC
> RC >\mathrm{RC} require urgent action.例如:暴露度为
>
RC
>
RC
> RC >\mathrm{RC} 的风险需要紧急处理。
D. Risk Management StrategiesD. 风险管理策略
Avoidance: Eliminate risk source (e.g., avoid unreliable suppliers).避免:消除风险源(例如,避免不可靠的供应商)。
Mitigation: Reduce probability/impact (e.g., diversify suppliers, backup plans).缓解:降低概率/影响(例如,多元化供应商,备份计划)。
Acceptance: Retain risk if cost to mitigate
>
>
> > potential loss.接受:如果缓解成本
>
>
> > 潜在损失,则保留风险。
B. International Competitiveness of NationsB. 国家国际竞争力
Key Determinants 关键决定因素
Public institutions, education, innovation, infrastructure, political stability.公共机构、教育、创新、基础设施、政治稳定。
IMD World Competitiveness IndexIMD 世界竞争力指数
4 pillars: Economic Performance, Govt Efficiency, Business Efficiency, Infrastructure.四大支柱:经济表现、政府效率、商业效率、基础设施。
Porter’s Diamond Model 波特钻石模型
Factor Conditions: Skilled labor, specialized resources (e.g., China’s rare earths).要素条件:熟练劳动力,专业资源(例如,中国的稀土资源)。
Demand Conditions: Sophisticated domestic markets (e.g., China’s e-commerce growth).需求条件:成熟的国内市场(例如,中国的电子商务增长)。
Related Industries: Strong supply chains (e.g., China’s EV ecosystem).相关产业:强大的供应链(例如,中国的电动汽车生态系统)。
Firm Strategy: Local rivalry drives innovation (e.g., Huawei’s global expansion).企业战略:本地竞争推动创新(例如,华为的全球扩张)。
Govt Role 政府角色
Catalyst: Foster innovation, avoid protectionism, enforce antitrust laws.催化剂:促进创新,避免保护主义,执行反垄断法。
C. International Competitiveness of IndustriesC. 行业的国际竞争力
Porter’s Five Forces 波特五力模型
Threat of New Entrants: Moderate in China’s EV industry (high R&D costs).新进入者威胁:中国电动车行业中等(高研发成本)。
Supplier Power: Reduced via domestic battery production.供应商议价能力:通过国内电池生产降低。
Buyer Power: High due to competition and subsidies.买方议价能力:由于竞争和补贴而较高。
Substitute Threat: ICE vehicles dominant but declining.替代品威胁:内燃机车辆占主导地位但在下降。
Rivalry: Intense among Chinese EV brands (e.g., BYD, NIO).竞争:在中国电动车品牌中竞争激烈(例如,比亚迪,蔚来)。
Industry Challenges 行业挑战
Diverging competitiveness
→
→
rarr \rightarrow global income disparities.竞争力分化
→
→
rarr \rightarrow 全球收入差距。
D. International Competitiveness of FirmsD. 企业的国际竞争力
Sources of Advantage 优势来源
Resource-Based View: Unique assets (tech, IP, talent).资源基础观:独特资产(技术,知识产权,人才)。
Value Chain Optimization: Cost leadership or differentiation (e.g., Zara’s fast fashion).价值链优化:成本领先或差异化(例如,Zara 的快时尚)。
Global Strategies 全球战略
Offshoring, strategic alliances, FDI.离岸外包、战略联盟、外国直接投资。
Example: Huawei’s R&D investment in 5G tech.例子:华为在 5G 技术上的研发投资。
Module 3: Cultural Considerations for Global Sourcing模块 3:全球采购的文化考量
A. Culture & Per sonalityA. 文化与个性
National Culture: Shared values, beliefs, customs (e.g., Japan’s collectivism vs. USA’s individualism).国家文化:共享的价值观、信仰、习俗(例如,日本的集体主义与美国的个人主义)。
Corporate Culture: Organizational norms/practices (e.g., hierarchical vs. flat structures).企业文化:组织规范/实践(例如,层级结构与扁平结构)。
Personality: Traits influencing cultural adaptation (e.g., adaptability, openness).个性:影响文化适应的特质(例如,适应性、开放性)。
Interactions: 互动:
National culture shapes corporate culture.国家文化塑造企业文化。
Corporate culture influences employee traits.企业文化影响员工特质。
Personality impacts cultural fit (e.g., conformity in hierarchical cultures).个性影响文化适应性(例如,等级文化中的从众)。
B. Hofstede’s Cultural DimensionsB. 霍夫斯泰德的文化维度
(USA vs. Japan Examples)(美国与日本的例子)
Power Distance: Low (USA: decentralized decisions) vs. High (Japan: strict hierarchy).权力距离:低(美国:决策分散)与高(日本:严格的等级制度)。
Individualism vs. Collectivism: USA prioritizes individual goals; Japan emphasizes group harmony.个人主义与集体主义:美国优先考虑个人目标;日本强调群体和谐。
Masculinity: USA balances competition/work-life; Japan values long hours/socializing.男性气质:美国平衡竞争与工作生活;日本重视长时间工作和社交。
Uncertainty Avoidance: USA tolerates risk; Japan prefers rules/consensus.不确定性规避:美国容忍风险;日本偏好规则/共识。
Long-term Orientation: USA focuses on short-term goals; Japan prioritizes sustainability.长期导向:美国关注短期目标;日本优先考虑可持续性。
Indulgence: USA emphasizes creativity; Japan practices restraint.放纵:美国强调创造力;日本注重克制。
Key Strategies: 关键策略:
USA: Open communication, flexibility, efficiency.美国:开放沟通、灵活性、高效性。
Japan: Respect hierarchy, consensus-building, long-term commitment.日本:尊重等级,建立共识,长期承诺。
C. Corporate Cultural ValuesC. 企业文化价值观
Organizational & Social Culture: Local practices (e.g., working hours) adapt to national norms.组织与社会文化:本地实践(例如工作时间)适应国家规范。
Transfer: Shift risk (e.g., insurance, hedging, contracts).转移:转移风险(例如,保险、对冲、合同)。
E. Risk Control & MonitoringE. 风险控制与监测
Track risk responses, validate assumptions, update assessments.跟踪风险应对,验证假设,更新评估。
Contingency Plans: 应急预案:
Predefined actions for critical risks (e.g., supply chain disruptions).针对关键风险的预定义措施(例如,供应链中断)。
Steps: Identify critical risks
→
→
rarr \rightarrow Define triggers
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rarr \rightarrow Assign roles
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rarr \rightarrow Test plans.步骤:识别关键风险
→
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rarr \rightarrow 定义触发条件
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rarr \rightarrow 分配角色
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rarr \rightarrow 测试计划。
Differences: 区别:
Risk Strategies: Broad approaches.风险策略:广泛的方法。
Contingency Plans: Specific responses to activated risks.应急计划:对已激活风险的具体响应。
Supplementary Notes (Key Points)补充说明(关键点)
Common Risks: Currency fluctuations, geopolitical instability, quality failures.常见风险:货币波动、地缘政治不稳定、质量失败。
FX Risk Management: Hedging, forward contracts, currency diversification.外汇风险管理:对冲、远期合约、货币多样化。
Module 5: Supplier Management模块 5:供应商管理
A. Supplier Sourcing & DevelopmentA. 供应商采购与开发
Sourcing Process: 采购流程:
Identify quantifiable suppliers (capability, financials, capacity).识别可量化的供应商(能力、财务状况、产能)。
Sources: Experts, current suppliers, trade shows, databases, government agencies.来源:专家、现有供应商、贸易展、数据库、政府机构。
Single-Supplier Strategy:单一供应商策略:
Pros: Reliability, control, reduced paperwork.优点:可靠性、控制力、减少文书工作。
Cons: Limited leverage, vulnerability to supplier changes.缺点:杠杆有限,易受供应商变动影响。
Supplier Development Process:供应商发展流程:
Determine Requirements (identify critical commodities, shortlist suppliers).确定需求(识别关键商品,筛选供应商)。
Partnership Setup (strategic alignment, cost-sharing mechanisms).合作伙伴关系建立(战略对齐,成本分摊机制)。
Implement & Monitor (joint agreements, project adjustments).实施与监控(联合协议,项目调整)。
B. Supplier CertificationB. 供应商认证
Key Standards: 关键标准:
ISO 9001 (quality), SA8000 (social compliance), ISO 14001 (environmental), C-TPAT (supply chain security).ISO 9001(质量),SA8000(社会责任),ISO 14001(环境),C-TPAT(供应链安全)。
Audit Types: 审计类型:
Process audit, product audit, system audit.过程审计,产品审计,体系审计。
Assessment Areas: 评估领域:
Quality systems, compliance, product specs, financial stability, continuous improvement.质量体系、合规性、产品规格、财务稳定性、持续改进。
C. Supplier Performance EvaluationC. 供应商绩效评估
Critical KPIs: 关键绩效指标:
On-time delivery, defect rates, cost savings, responsiveness.准时交货、缺陷率、成本节约、响应能力。
Best Practices: 最佳实践:
Use ISO standards, mirror local evaluation criteria, engage foreign nationals for global sourcing.使用 ISO 标准,参照本地评估标准,聘用外国人才以实现全球采购。
Success Factors: 成功因素:
Clear KPIs, data-driven metrics, supplier collaboration, performance thresholds.明确的关键绩效指标,数据驱动的度量,供应商协作,绩效阈值。
D. Supplier SegmentationD. 供应商细分
Kraljic Matrix: 克拉里奇矩阵:
Classify suppliers by profit impact vs. supply risk.按利润影响与供应风险分类供应商。
Leverage, strategic, bottleneck, routine.杠杆型、战略型、瓶颈型、常规型。
Supplier Preferencing: 供应商优选:
Core, development, nuisance, exploit (based on buyer attractiveness vs. supplier value).核心、发展、麻烦、利用(基于买方吸引力与供应商价值)。
E. Supplier Relationship ManagementE. 供应商关系管理
Collaboration Types: 合作类型:
Transactional
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rarr \rightarrow Cooperative
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rarr \rightarrow Collaborative
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rarr \rightarrow Strategic alliances.交易型
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rarr \rightarrow 合作型
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rarr \rightarrow 协作型
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rarr \rightarrow 战略联盟。
Trust Factors: 信任因素:
Transparency, mutual goals, conflict resolution, long-term commitment.透明度、共同目标、冲突解决、长期承诺。
F. Supplementary Notes F. 补充说明
Performance Metrics Examples:绩效指标示例:
Delivery: Lead time compliance.交付:交期合规率。
Quality: Defect rates, return rates.质量:缺陷率,退货率。
Cost: Total cost reduction, payment terms.成本:总成本降低,付款条款。
Key Models & Frameworks:关键模型与框架:
Kraljic Matrix, ISO 9000/SA8000 certification, 3-phase development process. Module 6: Global Sourcing Strategy Development & Execution克拉利奇矩阵,ISO 9000/SA8000 认证,三阶段开发流程。模块 6:全球采购策略开发与执行
A. Strategic Planning HierarchyA. 战略规划层级
Vision: Aspirational future state (e.g., “Global leader in sustainable tech”).愿景:理想的未来状态(例如,“可持续技术的全球领导者”)。
Mission: Present purpose (e.g., “Provide innovative tech solutions”).使命:当前目标(例如,“提供创新的技术解决方案”)。
Values: Core principles (e.g., integrity, innovation).价值观:核心原则(例如,诚信,创新)。
Goals: Broad, long-term aims (e.g., “Increase market share”).目标:广泛的长期目标(例如,“增加市场份额”)。
Objectives: SMART targets (e.g., "
5
%
5
%
5% 5 \% market share growth in 1 year").具体目标:SMART 目标(例如,“
5
%
5
%
5% 5 \% 年内市场份额增长”)。
Strategies: Action plans (e.g., product differentiation, market expansion).策略:行动计划(例如,产品差异化,市场扩展)。
Key Differences: 主要区别:
Vision vs. Mission: Future vs. present focus.愿景与使命:未来与当前的关注点。
Goals vs. Objectives: Qualitative vs. measurable.目标与宗旨:定性与可衡量。
B. Linking Corporate & Global Sourcing StrategyB. 连接企业与全球采购战略
Alignment: Global sourcing strategies must support corporate goals (cost reduction, supply assurance, quality).一致性:全球采购战略必须支持企业目标(降低成本、保障供应、质量)。
Integrative Strategy Development:综合战略制定:
Corporate Strategy
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rarr \rightarrow Business Unit Strategy
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rarr \rightarrow Global Sourcing Strategy
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→
rarr \rightarrow Commodity Strategy.企业战略
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rarr \rightarrow 业务单元战略
→
→
rarr \rightarrow 全球采购战略
→
→
rarr \rightarrow 商品战略。
Core inputs: Competitive strengths, customer needs, macroeconomic trends.核心输入:竞争优势、客户需求、宏观经济趋势。
Examples of Alignment: 对齐示例:
Cost reduction
→
→
rarr \rightarrow Global supplier consolidation.成本降低
→
→
rarr \rightarrow 全球供应商整合。
Tech innovation
→
→
rarr \rightarrow Partner with R&D-focused suppliers.技术创新
→
→
rarr \rightarrow 与以研发为重点的供应商合作。
C. Developing Global Sourcing StrategyC. 制定全球采购策略
Strategic Plan Elements:战略计划要素:
Market Analysis: Supplier capabilities, cost profiles, risks (transportation, cultural).市场分析:供应商能力、成本结构、风险(运输、文化)。
Commodity Analysis: 商品分析:
Strategic Impact: High spend, business disruption risk.战略影响:高支出,业务中断风险。
Supply Market Challenges: Supplier capacity, substitution options.供应市场挑战:供应商产能,替代选项。
Portfolio Analysis: Prioritize commodities based on impact vs. supply complexity.组合分析:根据影响与供应复杂性优先排序商品。
International Trade Requirements:国际贸易要求:
Legal compliance (INCOTERMS, documentation).法律合规(国际贸易术语解释通则,文件)。
Logistics planning (transport terms, risk mitigation).物流规划(运输条款,风险缓解)。
Strategy Position Paper:战略立场文件:
Outline sourcing rationale, negotiation plans, approval process.概述采购理由,谈判计划,审批流程。
D. Key Issues in Strategy DevelopmentD. 战略制定中的关键问题
Cultura/Linguistic Barriers: Communication gaps.文化/语言障碍:沟通差距。
Legal Compliance: Varying regulations.法律合规:法规差异。
Logistical Risks: Delays, customs issues物流风险:延误,海关问题
Supplier Reliability: Financial stability, quality control.供应商可靠性:财务稳定性,质量控制。
Cost Volatility: Currency fluctuations, tariffs.成本波动性:货币波动,关税。
KPIs: 关键绩效指标:
Design with SMART principles.采用 SMART 原则进行设计。
Focus on cost, quality, delivery, sustainability.关注成本、质量、交付、可持续性。
Module 8: Global Sourcing & Supply模块 8:全球采购与供应
International R&D Activities国际研发活动
4 R&D Types: 4 种研发类型:
Transfer Tech Units (support subsidiaries)转移技术单位(支持子公司)
Indigenous Tech Units (localized product dev)本地化技术单位(本地化产品开发)
Global Tech Units (global market solutions)全球技术单位(全球市场解决方案)
Corporate Tech Units (long-term innovation)企业技术单位(长期创新)
Product Lifecycle & R&D Focus:产品生命周期与研发重点:
Intro/Growth
→
→
rarr \rightarrow Local Innovation
→
→
rarr \rightarrow Transfer Tech
引入/增长
→
→
rarr \rightarrow 本地创新
→
→
rarr \rightarrow 技术转移
Maturity
→
→
rarr \rightarrow Overseas/Global Innovation
→
→
rarr \rightarrow Indigenous/Global Tech
成熟期
→
→
rarr \rightarrow 海外/全球创新
→
→
rarr \rightarrow 本土/全球技术
Decline
→
→
rarr \rightarrow Corporate Tech
拒绝
→
→
rarr \rightarrow 企业技术
Drivers for Global R&D: Global competition, proximity to customers/tech hubs, talent availability, gov’t policies, faster innovation cycles.全球研发的驱动因素:全球竞争、接近客户/技术中心、人才可用性、政府政策、更快的创新周期。
Tech Implications in Sourcing采购中的技术影响
Key Technologies: 关键技术:
A
/
/
M
L
A
/
/
M
L
A////ML A / / M L : Demand forecasting, supplier risk analysis (e.g., Walmart’s Retail Link).
A
/
/
M
L
A
/
/
M
L
A////ML A / / M L :需求预测,供应商风险分析(例如,沃尔玛的零售链接)。
Blockchain: Traceability (e.g., Walmart-IBM food tracking).区块链:可追溯性(例如,沃尔玛-IBM 食品追踪)。
IoT/RFID: Real-time inventory mgmt (Walmart’s
30
%
30
%
30% 30 \% accuracy boost).物联网/RFID:实时库存管理(沃尔玛的
30
%
30
%
30% 30 \% 准确率提升)。
E-Procurement: Supplier onboarding, compliance tracking.电子采购:供应商入驻,合规跟踪。
Sustainability: Tools for emissions tracking (Walmart’s Project Gigaton).可持续发展:排放跟踪工具(沃尔玛的 Gigaton 项目)。
Future Trends: 未来趋势:
Digital Twins (supply chain simulation), Decentralized Networks (blockchain), Smart Contracts (auto-compliance), 3D Printing (on-demand production).数字孪生(供应链模拟)、去中心化网络(区块链)、智能合约(自动合规)、3D 打印(按需生产)。
3. Supply Chain Leadership3. 供应链领导力
Leader vs Manager: 领导者与管理者:
Leader: Future-focused, creates change, uses personal influence.领导者:面向未来,创造变革,运用个人影响力。
Manager: Present-focused, maintains stability, uses positional power.经理:关注当下,维持稳定,运用职位权力。
Leadership Levels: 领导层级:
Corporate: Strategic vision for supply chain value.企业层面:供应链价值的战略愿景。
C
P
O
C
P
O
CPO C P O : Align procurement with business goals.
C
P
O
C
P
O
CPO C P O :将采购与业务目标对齐。
Managers/Teams: Cross-functional collaboration.经理/团队:跨职能协作。
Core Competencies: Strategic thinking, ethical decision-making, crisis resilience (e.g., COVID response).核心能力:战略思维、道德决策、危机韧性(例如,COVID 应对)。
E. Critical Success FactorsE. 关键成功因素
Top Management Support: Align sourcing with corporate strategy.高层管理支持:使采购与公司战略保持一致。
Supplier Relationship Management: Long-term partnerships.供应商关系管理:长期合作伙伴关系。
Risk Mitigation Plans: Contingencies for disruptions.风险缓解计划:应对中断的应急措施。
Performance Metrics: Track cost savings, delivery times, quality.绩效指标:跟踪成本节约、交货时间、质量。
Adaptability: Adjust strategies to market changes.适应性:调整策略以应对市场变化。
Module 7: Global Supply Management第 7 模块:全球供应管理
A. Understanding GSM A. 理解全球供应管理(GSM)
Definition: Holistic strategy for acquiring global resources to meet strategic goals 1PDF.定义:获取全球资源以实现战略目标的整体策略 1PDF。
Key Activities: Negotiations, logistics, contract management, supplier quality control, inventory management.关键活动:谈判、物流、合同管理、供应商质量控制、库存管理。
GSM vs GSCM: Focus on buyer-supplier relationships (GSM) vs. end-to-end integration (GSCM).GSM 与 GSCM:关注买方与供应商关系(GSM)与端到端整合(GSCM)。
Strategic vs Tactical: 战略与战术:
Strategic: Value creation through process improvement.战略:通过流程改进创造价值。
Tactical: Reactive fulfillment (e.g., inventory replenishment).战术:反应性履行(例如,库存补充)。
8 Objectives: Uninterrupted supply flow, minimize inventory, improve quality, develop suppliers, standardize items lowest total cost, cross-functional collaboration, resource efficiency.8 个目标:供应流不中断,最小化库存,提高质量,发展供应商,标准化物品,最低总成本,跨职能协作,资源效率。
B. Managing GSM B. 管理 GSM
6-Step Framework: 6 步框架:
Analyze current processes
→
→
rarr \rightarrow Develop strategic philosophy
→
→
rarr \rightarrow Identify culture
→
→
rarr \rightarrow Plan change
→
→
rarr \rightarrow Design business units
→
→
rarr \rightarrow Implement.分析当前流程
→
→
rarr \rightarrow 制定战略理念
→
→
rarr \rightarrow 识别文化
→
→
rarr \rightarrow 规划变革
→
→
rarr \rightarrow 设计业务单元
→
→
rarr \rightarrow 实施。
Pareto’s
80
/
20
80
/
20
80//20 80 / 20 Rule: Focus on
20
%
20
%
20% 20 \% high-cost/critical items driving
80
%
80
%
80% 80 \% value.帕累托的
80
/
20
80
/
20
80//20 80 / 20 法则:关注
20
%
20
%
20% 20 \% 高成本/关键项目驱动的
80
%
80
%
80% 80 \% 价值。
Data-Driven Prioritization: Segment purchases by criticality, cost, and supplier availability.数据驱动的优先排序:按关键性、成本和供应商可用性对采购进行细分。
C. GSM as Competitive ForceC. GSM 作为竞争力量
End-Customer Focus: 终端客户关注:
Segment customers by product variety, delivery needs, service levels, price sensitivity.按产品种类、交付需求、服务水平、价格敏感度对客户进行细分。
Supply Partner Alignment:供应合作伙伴协调:
Balance cost, quality, service trade-offs; invest in tech/equipment for responsiveness.平衡成本、质量、服务的权衡;投资技术/设备以提升响应能力。
Capability Adjustment: 能力调整:
Reassess logistics, production, and delivery modes to match market demands.重新评估物流、生产和交付方式以匹配市场需求。
D. Organizational StructuresD. 组织结构
Centralized GSM: 集中式 GSM:
Pros: Bulk discounts, reduced duplication, lower transport costs.优点:批量折扣,减少重复,降低运输成本。
Cons: Rigid for multi-unit firms.缺点:对多单位公司来说较为僵化。
Decentralized GSM: 分散式 GSM:
Pros: Local expertise, faster decisions.优点:本地专业知识,决策更快。
Cons: Duplication, higher costs.缺点:重复,成本更高。
Hybrid GSM: 混合 GSM:
Combine centralized contracts (corporate) + decentralized buying (units).结合集中合同(企业)+ 分散采购(单位)。
Most popular (
68
%
68
%
68% 68 \% firms use hybrid).最受欢迎(
68
%
68
%
68% 68 \% 家公司使用混合模式)。
World-Class Metrics: 世界级指标:
Total GSM Costs (
4
−
5
%
4
−
5
%
4-5% 4-5 \% of sales for top firms).总 GSM 成本(顶级公司销售额的
4
−
5
%
4
−
5
%
4-5% 4-5 \% )。
Cash-to-Cash Cycle (30 days for leaders).现金到现金周期(领先者为 30 天)。
Production Flexibility (1-2 weeks response to
20
%
20
%
20% 20 \% demand spikes).生产灵活性(对
20
%
20
%
20% 20 \% 需求激增的响应时间为 1-2 周)。
Perfect Order Fulfillment (
94
−
100
%
94
−
100
%
94-100% 94-100 \% on-time, complete, damage-free).完美订单履行(
94
−
100
%
94
−
100
%
94-100% 94-100 \% 准时、完整、无损)。
Implementation: Align metrics with end-customer value and global partner collaboration.实施:使指标与终端客户价值及全球合作伙伴协作保持一致。
F. Benchmarking & G. KPI DevelopmentF. 基准测试 & G. KPI 开发
Benchmarking Steps: 基准测试步骤:
Identify gaps
→
→
rarr \rightarrow Compare industry leaders
→
→
rarr \rightarrow Adopt best practices
→
→
rarr \rightarrow Monitor trends.识别差距
→
→
rarr \rightarrow 比较行业领先者
→
→
rarr \rightarrow 采纳最佳实践
→
→
rarr \rightarrow 监控趋势。