论文题目：

Post-editing of AI Translation of Popular Science Based on Schema Theory——An E-C Report on Music and Technology（Excerpts）
基于图式理论的人工智能科普翻译译后编辑 —— 音乐与科技的 EC 报告 （ 节选 ）
基于图式理论的科普作品AI译后编辑——《音乐与技术》（节选）英汉翻译实践报告

选题依据：

Background of the Project
项目背景

Since its appearance in 2022, generative AI has profoundly impacted on the creative activities of human beings with its advanced large language model (LLM) and multi-modality processing ability. As for the music industry, Suno AI, an auto-generator capable of turning textualized ideas into realistic songs, has drawn concerns about whether AI technology is intruding mankind’s domain of ingenuity while impressing the public.
自 2022 年问世以来，生成式人工智能凭借其先进的大型语言模型（LLM）和多模态处理能力，深刻地影响着人类的创造活动。在音乐领域，能够将文本化想法转化为逼真歌曲的自动生成器 Suno AI，引发了人们对人工智能技术是否在给公众留下深刻印象的同时，正在侵入人类创造力领域的担忧。

Such a prevalent opinion actually reveals the mindset of “technology determinism”. That is, the general public prefer a narrow definition of “technology”, misperceiving it as novel hi-tech devices that will threaten, even exclude human practices, which proves that human beings need to rediscover their thousand-year symbiosis with technology. As a response to the status quo, the popular science works regarding the subject matter can help to break cognitive bias. Consequently, the translation of these works is conducive to enlighten the public on how to revalue their interaction with technology, especially in the field of arts and creation, through integrating cultural contexts and dynamic powers.
这种普遍的观点实际上揭示了 “ 技术决定论 ” 的思维模式 。即公众倾向于狭隘地定义 “ 技术 ” ，将其误解为威胁甚至排斥人类实践的新奇高科技设备，这证明人类需要重新发现与技术数千年的共生关系。作为对现状的回应， 关于该主题的科普作品有助于打破认知偏见。因此，翻译这些作品有助于启发公众如何通过整合文化语境和动态力量来重新评估他们与技术的互动，特别是在艺术和创作领域。

Music and Technology (2022) is written by Mark Katz, John P. Barker Distinguished Professor of Music for University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC). Professor Katz enjoys expertise in music and technology, hip-hop and cultural diplomacy with 5 published monographs and other collaborative works as a prolific scholar in the last two decades. By frequently delivering speeches and keynote lectures to both academics and general public, Professor Katz is aimed to discuss the dynamic interrelationship between evolving technology and culture while introducing the history of music involving diversified genres, instruments and eras. 
《音乐与科技 》（2022）由北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校（UNC）杰出音乐教授马克·卡茨撰写 。卡茨教授在音乐与科技、嘻哈音乐和文化外交领域拥有深厚的专业知识， 在过去二十年中，他作为一位多产的学者，已出版了五部专著及其他合作著作 。卡茨教授经常向学术界和公众发表演讲和主题演讲 ， 旨在探讨不断发展的技术与文化之间的动态相互关系，同时介绍涉及多种流派、乐器和时代的音乐史 。

Music and Technology, his latest publication, is also a volume of A Very Short Introduction series by Oxford University Press. With its established tradition, the evergreen popular series enjoys the reputation of disseminating complex theories and concepts to non-professional readers in an accessible way by inviting authoritative writers under certain subjects. Revolving around musicology, Music and Technology elaborates on the coexistence of human and technology by placing it in historic context of musical evolution, which exudes that, in Professor Katz’s words, “Humans are animals of technology and of music”. In the seven-chapter book, he, while against the stereotype that technology is either electronic or computerized, deems technology to be the essence of all music based on an expansive definition that music technology covers devices and systems invented and utilized by mankind for music “creation, preservation, reception or dissemination”. Therefore, the book equalizes the study of music technology to that of people with multiple cases analyzing how cultural diversity and people’s natural link to the external world has shaped their understanding and implementation of music technology, which serves as a timely reflection on the zeitgeist of 2020s world.
他的最新著作 《音乐与科技》 也是牛津大学出版社 《音乐简明导论 》系列丛书之一 。这套经久不衰的流行丛书秉承其悠久传统， 通过邀请特定学科的权威作者 ，以通俗易懂的方式向非专业读者传播复杂的理论和概念 。《 音乐与科技》 以音乐学为中心， 将人与科技的共存置于音乐演变的历史背景中，体现了卡茨教授所说的 “ 人类是科技的动物，也是音乐的动物 ” 。在这本七章的书中，他反对技术就是电子化或计算机化的刻板印象，认为技术是所有音乐的本质，并提出了一个广义的定义：音乐技术涵盖人类为 “ 创作、保存、接收或传播 ” 音乐而发明和使用的设备和系统 。 因此， 本书将音乐技术的研究等同于人的研究，通过多个案例分析文化多样性和人们与外部世界的自然联系如何塑造了他们对音乐技术的理解和实施，及时反映了 2020 年代世界的时代精神。

For the originality of the E-C translation report, it is confirmed by Professor Katz and the rights executive of Oxford University Press (OUP) that no Chinese edition of this book will be available on the market within 12-18 months. Through submitting requests on the official permissions portal PLSclear, the author managed to obtain the licensed translation material granted by the publisher Oxford Publishing Limited for academic thesis only.
关于欧共体翻译报告的原创性，卡茨教授和牛津大学出版社（OUP）的版权主管确认，该书的中文版在 12 至 18 个月内不会在市场上发行。 作者通过在官方许可门户网站 PLSclear 提交申请 ，成功获得出版商牛津出版有限公司（Oxford Publishing Limited）授予的仅用于学术论文的翻译材料的授权 。

Significance of the Project
项目意义

Through translating the excerpts (Chapter 1, 3 & 4) from Music and Technology and compiling a E-C translation report thereon, the author intends to highlight the following significances. Primarily speaking, the Chinese translation will introduce individual readers to a certain number of less-expounded apparatus, whether mainstream or indigenous, in the evolution of music technology. Moreover, it is likely to have a macro influence on today’s society by illuminating, thus encourage the intricate relationship between music and technology, thus encouraging the general public to rethink a fundamental question, “What is technology?” This reflection aims to dismantle long-lasting stereotypes that depict technology in creative activities as either omnipotent tools or omens for human doom. By doing so, it calls on individuals to explore their personal connections with music and technology, recognizing these elements not just as external influences but as integral parts of their daily lives and the environments they inhabit and shape.
通过翻译 《音乐与科技》 的节选 （第一、三、四章） 并撰写英译报告 ，作者希望强调以下重要意义 ： 首先， 中文翻译版将向读者介绍音乐技术发展过程中一些较少阐述的主流或本土技术。此外，它还可能对当今社会产生宏观影响 ，阐明并鼓励人们理解音乐与科技之间错综复杂的关系 ，从而鼓励公众重新思考一个基本问题：“科技是什么？”这种反思旨在打破长期以来将科技在创造性活动中描绘成万能工具或人类灭亡预兆的刻板印象 。通过这样做，它呼吁个人探索他们与音乐和科技之间的个人联系，认识到这些元素不仅是外部影响，也是他们日常生活以及他们所居住和塑造的环境不可或缺的一部分。

Additionally, from the perspective of translation practice and study, this report stands out for its innovative approach. In the past five years (2019-2023), few MTI translation reports have explored “music technology” as a potential focus. This case seeks to bridge this gap by combining the latest AI translation technologies with the nuanced insights and expertise of human translators. The goal is to produce a translation that is finely attuned to the requirements of English Popular Science (EPS) translation, reflecting the evolving role of translators in the AI era. This endeavor highlights the significance of adopting schema theory as a guiding framework for post-editing AI translations. By employing a “top-down” planning approach, this report contrasts with the predominantly “bottom-up” analyses seen in most previous EPS translation reports. This methodological shift underscores the value of strategic planning and overarching coherence in translation, ultimately enhancing the quality and accessibility of translated texts for a wider audience.
此外，从翻译实践和研究的角度来看，本报告以其创新方法脱颖而出。过去五年 （2019-2023 年），很少有 MTI 翻译报告将“音乐科技”作为潜在关注点进行探讨。本案例旨在通过将最新的人工智能翻译技术与人类译员的敏锐洞察力和专业知识相结合，弥合这一差距。其目标是提供符合英语科普 （EPS）翻译要求的译文，反映人工智能时代译员角色的演变。这一努力凸显了采用图式理论作为人工智能翻译译后编辑指导框架的重要性。本报告采用“自上而下”的规划方法 ，与大多数以往 EPS 翻译报告中以“自下而上”为主的分析方法形成鲜明对比。这种方法论的转变强调了战略规划和整体一致性在翻译中的重要性，最终提高了译文的质量，使其更容易被更广泛的受众所接受。

In general, the translation of Music and Technology is not merely an academic translation exercise but a multidimensional case with far-reaching implications. It aims to enrich individual readers' understanding, challenge present-day misperceptions, and advance translation practices, thereby contributing to a broader discourse on the intersection of music and technology in contemporary culture as well as boost the human-AI interaction in translation
总的来说，《音乐与科技》的翻译并非仅仅是一项学术翻译练习，而是一个具有深远影响的多维度案例。它旨在丰富读者的理解，挑战当今的误解，并推进翻译实践，从而促进当代文化中音乐与科技交汇的更广泛讨论，并促进翻译中的人机互动。.

国内外研究状况及水平：

Translation Study on English Popular Science (EPS) in China
英文科普（EPS）在中国的翻译研究

The introduction and translation of English Popular Science (EPS) in China on a considerable scale has begun ever since 1980s and witnessed a boom in the next two decades. However, it was not until the turning of the 20th and 21st century that a systematic translation study on the genre was gradually put in place to clarify certain key concepts in this field as well as to discuss the translation strategies and methods regarding its writing style and the demands of its target readers.
中国自 20 世纪 80 年代起开始大规模引进和翻译英文科普作品，并在随后的二十年中迎来了蓬勃发展。然而， 直到 20 世纪初，才逐渐形成了系统的英文科普翻译研究，阐明了该领域的一些关键概念，并探讨了针对英文科普作品的文体和目标读者需求的翻译策略和方法。

1.1 Definition and Characteristics of EPS
1.1 EPS 的定义及特点

Among the related studies, the priority is to discriminate between EPS and English for science and technology (EST). As early as in 1989, Fang Mengzhi, the pioneer of Chinese translation study on EPS, prompted that EPS should be considered as a branch of EST in his genre-based analysis (1989:20). Fang pointed out that across the wide spectrum of English technical writing, EPS, featuring less formality and a mixture of scientific knowledge, engaging elements and vivid language (1989:20), distinguishes itself from the other sub-genres while sharing limited similarities like delving into a single or interdisciplinary topic within the large category. Sticking to his early classification, Fang further specified that EPS (or science article) is “scientist/journalist-to-layperson writing” a decade later, which differs from scientific paper (“expert-to-expert”) and technical prose/documents (“expert-to-expert/layperson”) within the realm of EST (1999:32).
在相关研究中，EPS 与科技英语 (EST) 的区别尤为突出。早在 1989 年， EPS 汉译研究的先驱方孟智就在其基于体裁的分析中提出，EPS 应被视为 EST 的一个分支 (1989:20)。方孟智指出，在广泛的英语科技写作中，EPS 的特点是形式感较弱，融合了科学知识、引人入胜的元素和生动的语言 (1989:20)，这使其有别于其他子体裁， 同时也具有有限的相似之处，例如在大类别中深入探讨单一或跨学科主题。方孟智坚持其早期分类， 十年后进一步指出 EPS (或科学文章) 是 “ 科学家/记者对普通人的写作 ” ，这与 EST 范畴内的科学论文（ “ 专家对专家 ” ）和技术散文/文档（ “ 专家对专家/普通人 ” ） 有所不同 (1999:32)。

Later, Guo Jianzhong deemed in Studies of Sci-Tech Translation, the seminal monograph on the subject matter, that EPS serves as a variation of EST incorporating both scientific and literary elements on the purpose of popularizing scientific and technological ideas and knowledge along with disseminating research methods and scientific spirits (2004: xxii). Seconded Fang and Guo’s definition, Wang Zhenping commented that underlying the long-term clarification on the concept, it reflected how Chinese translators had long confused EPS with EST (2006:35), and such a misperception prevented them from resorting to conducive guidance and obtaining effective feedback from the target readers.
后来，郭建中在其开创性的科技翻译研究著作《科技翻译研究》中认为，EPS 是 EST 的一种变体，它融合了科学和文学的元素，旨在普及科技思想和知识，传播研究方法和科学精神（2004： xxii）。 王振平赞同方建军和郭建军的定义，并指出，长期以来对 EPS 概念的界定，背后反映了中国译者长期以来将 EPS 与 EST 相混淆（2006：35），这种误解阻碍了译者对 EPS 进行有益的引导，也阻碍了他们从目标读者那里获得有效的反馈。

Then, in the latest overall review on the subject matter, Xu Bin and Guo Hongmei attributed the widespread confusion of EPS with EST to the “underdevelopment” of translation study on EPS at home with fewer periodical articles related (2012:42), which leaves room for translation practices and researches from various perspectives. Besides, the review supplemented that EPS, derived from EST, has presented a salient tendency of featuring more literary quality than before (Xu & Guo, 2012:43). In brief, while endeavoring to rectify the misunderstanding of non-professionals, a comprehensive definition of ESP through the relay of translators and researchers manages to offer the premise for a thorough analysis of the sub-genre in terms of its text type and writing style.
随后，在最新的关于该主题的综述中，徐斌和郭红梅将 EPS 与 EST 的普遍混淆归咎于国内 EPS 翻译研究的 “ 不发达 ” ，相关的期刊论文较少（2012：42），这为从不同角度开展翻译实践和研究留下了空间。此外，该综述还补充指出，源自 EST 的 EPS 呈现出比以往更具文学性的显著趋势（徐斌 、 郭红梅，2012：43）。总之，在努力纠正非专业人士对 ESP 的误解的同时，通过译者和研究者的接力，对 ESP 进行全面的定义 ，为深入分析该子体裁的文本类型和写作风格奠定了前提 。

Further, the existent studies focused on the characteristics of EPS on textual level. At the early stage, Fang reflected that scientific activities are of human beings and of the society, thus all those involved in the activities are also placed within the social environment, and can be regarded as “interpreters” with subjectivity like emotional inclination, bias and their own takes on the products of science and technology (1999:32). Naturally, those authors would prefer the means of literary rhetoric like analogue or allusion to reveal their attitudes other than facts and technical contents in their writing. Fang’s reflection originated from the wide-ranging EST works, thus is also applicable in the branch of EPS.
此外， 现有研究侧重于文本层面对 EPS 特征的探讨。早期，方志强认为科学活动是人的活动，也是社会的活动，因此所有参与科学活动的人都置身于社会环境之中，可以被视为具有主观性的 “ 阐释者 ” ，例如情感倾向、偏见以及对科技产品的个人看法 （ 1999：32）。自然，这些作者倾向于使用类比或典故等文学修辞手段来表达他们的态度， 而非仅仅关注事实和技术内容。方志强的思考源于广泛的科技作品，因此也适用于 EPS 这一分支。

Before long, Guo put forth the baseline that popular science, whether in natural or social subfield, is science, made simple for the public (Guo et al, 2004:5,6). From it, Guo distilled the four features of EPS, descending in importance, as being “scientific, literary, accessible and engaging” (2004:7-10), resonating to Fang’s “a mixture of scientific knowledge, engaging elements and vivid expression” (1989:20). It serves as a bridge between the previous and latter-day researches. Respectively speaking, Guo honored scientific scrutiny to be the top, which is embodied in the accurate contents and sound logics of EPS writing; second to it, literary delivery is verified as another indispensable feature based on the definition of EPS above, responsible for readers’ appreciation on aesthetic purpose; accessibility ranking the third since scientific knowledge cannot reach the general public who are unfamiliar with the subject without concise yet vivid expressions, especially by properly adopting rhetoric devices and a conversational tone; last but not least, EPS integrates engaging, even intellectually amusing elements in its writing for it is designed to attract readers with a general education level. So far, Guo’s “four features” have become the recognized guiding principles for Chinese EPS translators.
不久之后，郭沫若提出了科普的基本原则：科普 ， 无论属于自然科学还是社会科学， 都是通俗易懂的科学（郭沫若等，2004：5、6）。 在此基础上，郭沫若提炼出科普的四个特征，按重要性依次递减，即 “ 科学性、 文学性、 通俗易懂、趣味性”（2004：7-10）， 这与方励之的“ 科学性、趣味性、生动性”的提法相呼应 （1989：20）。 郭沫若将科学性审视放在首位，这体现在 EPS 写作的准确内容和合理逻辑上；其次，文学性表达被证实为基于上述 EPS 定义的另一个不可或缺的特征，它负责读者进行审美欣赏； 易懂性位居第三，因为如果不使用简洁而生动的表达，特别是不恰当地采用修辞手段和对话语气， 科学知识就无法传达给不熟悉该主题的普通公众 ；最后但并非最不重要的是，EPS 在其写作中融入了引人入胜、甚至具有智力趣味的元素，因为它旨在吸引具有普遍教育水平的读者。迄今为止，郭沫若的 “ 四个特点 ” 已成为中国 EPS 翻译公认的指导原则 。

Aside from the aforementioned, Fan Yu and Li Guoguo specifically focused on syntax structures. While witnessing how plain English movement had swept the scientific academics, they observed that authors have embraced the clarity and productivity by employing active voice and first person in their writing, hence the turgid style represented by passive voice and redundant components has been cast aside for its low efficiency in composition and acceptance (2004:88). Although Fang and Li’s observation rings true given the accessibility of EPS, Xu and Guo, taking more indexes like type of words and average sentence length (ASL) into account, gave a critical examination of readability based on quantitative studies (2012:43). By comparing EPS with other fictions and practical texts, it is found that the so-called “plain” style is aiming to reduce obscure jargon of a certain subject so as to streamline the delivery of logic or mechanisms to laypeople. In this case, they concluded that both researchers and translators should avoid misconceiving the plain and accessible traits of EPS as simplified English regardless of the complexity of the topic. Instead, it is encouraged to customize translation standards to various levels of EPS along with textual analysis.
除上述内容外，范宇和李果果特别关注语法结构。他们见证了简明英语运动席卷科学界，并观察到作者们为了追求清晰和高效的写作 ，纷纷采用主动语态和第一人称 ，而以被动语态和冗余成分为代表的冗长文体因其低效的写作效率和接受度而被摒弃（2004：88）。虽然方和李的观察在考虑到简明英语的易读性后也得到了印证，但徐和郭基于定量研究，更多地考虑了词汇类型和平均句子长度（ASL）等指标，对可读性进行了批判性检验 （2012：43）。通过将简明英语与其他小说和实用文本进行比较，发现所谓的 “ 简明 ” 风格旨在减少特定主题的晦涩术语 ，以便更高效地向普通读者传达逻辑或机制。在本案例中， 他们得出结论， 无论主题多么复杂，研究人员和译者都应避免将 EPS 的简洁易懂的特点误解为简化英语。相反，我们鼓励根据不同级别的 EPS 定制翻译标准，并进行文本分析。

1.2 The Standards and Challenges of EPS Translation
1.2 EPS 翻译的标准与挑战

Under a clear definition of EPS and a thorough discussion on its characteristics, the ultimate goal of previous researches is to set the standards for EPS translation while pinpointing possible challenges met by translators. Fang first voiced that translators of sci-tech works should be highly aware of the audience, including their roles, attitudes and demands, since those works highlight “persuasiveness” in its exposition (1999:32). He also mentioned how skillful decoding of rhetoric devices can ensue the arguments in the source texts to be more convincing (1999:34). Afterwards, aligned with the “four features” of EPS, Guo continued to propose the “three baselines” for EPS translation that comprise of faithfulness to disciplinary facts and information, stylishness compatible with logic coherence, and comprehensible expressions adapted to the target readers’ thinking pattern and cultural background (2004:59).
在对 EPS 进行清晰定义并深入探讨其特点的基础上，前人研究的最终目标是制定 EPS 翻译的标准，同时指出译者可能面临的挑战。方志强首先指出， 科技作品的翻译应该高度关注受众，包括他们的角色、态度和需求，因为科技作品在阐述时强调 “ 说服力 ” （1999：32）。他还提到，巧妙地解读修辞手段可以使源文本的论点更具说服力（1999：34）。随后，郭沫若针对 EPS 的 “ 四个特点 ” ，继续提出了 EPS 翻译的 “ 三条底线 ” ，即忠实于学科事实和信息 、 风格与逻辑连贯相适应、表达通俗易懂且适应目标读者的思维模式和文化背景（2004：59）。

Following his line of reasoning, Guo discovered two major struggles shared by most Chinese practitioners. One concerns the misinterpretation of source contents due to lacking professional knowledge and language proficiency (2004:60) because the apt interpretation of meaning is the core across almost every dimension of language conversion (2007:1). The other touches on the rigid conformity to English syntax units rendering the opaque translation (2004:66). To address these problems, Guo hence held that a qualified Chinese translation of EPS should be content-centered as well as reader-centered (2004:75) with suitable rewriting to transfer meaning from English to Chinese (2007:2). In favor of the opinions above, Wang listed literary refinement as a must in EPS translation out of readers’ aesthetic need. Similarly, Guo himself supplemented later that translators ought to foster an intuitive grasp of the linguistic nuances in EPS works for difficulties often occur in the translation of seemly trouble-free phrases or sentences (2007:85).
顺着他的思路，郭发现大多数中国译者都面临两大难题 。一是由于缺乏专业知识和语言水平，容易对原文内容产生误解（2004：60），因为对原文意义的准确解读几乎是语言转换各个维度的核心（2007：1）。二是翻译中对英文句法单位的刻板遵循，导致译文晦涩难懂（2004：66）。针对这些问题，郭认为，合格的 EPS 中文翻译版不仅要以内容为中心，还要以读者为中心（2004：75 ），并进行适当的改写，将英文意思转化为中文 （2007：2）。王赞同上述观点，他认为出于读者审美的需要，EPS 翻译必须注重文学修养。同样，郭沫若后来也补充道，译者应该直观地掌握英语作品中的语言细微差别，因为翻译一些看似没有问题的短语或句子时，往往会遇到困难（2007：85）。

To finish, Xu and Guo emphasized the accuracy and consistency of terms and glossaries in EPS translation (2012:45). Meanwhile, they recapitulated that EPS writers tend to elaborate on scientific principles or technologies through preceding instantiations or well-known allusions to English natives (2012:46), which consequently obliges translators to bridge cognitive gap and prepare for the targeted readers.
最后，徐和郭强调了 EPS 翻译中术语和词汇的准确性和一致性（2012:45）。同时，他们还指出，EPS 作者倾向于通过先前的实例或众所周知的典故来阐述科学原理或技术，以方便英语母语人士理解（2012:46），这迫使译者弥合认知差距，并为目标读者做好准备。

In precis, the “four features” (being scientific, literary, accessible and engaging) of EPS works demonstrates how professional writers are apt to mobilize experience-based resources encompassing the accumulation of subject knowledge, thinking patterns and language cultures, i.e. multiple kinds of cognitive schemas, to accomplish the mission of enlightening the public. For that reason, it can be drawn from the “three baselines” for EPS translation that it’s essential for translators to activate the corresponding schemas of the target readers from a top-down perspective, which will be discussed in the following chapters.
概括而言， EPS 作品的 “ 四大特性 ” （ 科学性、文学性、通俗易懂、引人入胜 ） 体现了专业作家善于调动基于经验的资源，包括学科知识积累、思维模式和语言文化，即多种认知图式，来完成启迪大众的使命 。由此，从 EPS 翻译的 “ 三条基线 ” 可知，译者必须自上而下地激活目标读者的相应图式，这将在后续章节中讨论。

Schema Theory and EPS Translation
图式理论与 EPS 翻译

Unlike the prevalent bottom-up model seen in EPS translation, i.e. from words, sentences to passages, the author prefers a top-down framework that radiates from reader’s cognitive activation to contextual, linguistic and cultural compliments, which pilots the translation process coursing through the analysis of source texts, choices on translation tools and expected achievements in post-editing. On this purpose, the chapter will tease out the origin of schema theory, its implementation in translation and association with the characteristics of EPS.
与 EPS 翻译中普遍存在的自下而上 （即从词 、句到段）的模式不同 ， 作者主张自上而下，从读者认知激活到语境 、语言和文化补充的翻译过程，以此指导翻译过程，贯穿原文分析、 翻译工具选择以及译后编辑的预期效果。为此，本章将梳理图式理论的起源、其在翻译中的应用以及与 EPS 特点的关联 。

2.1 Application of Schema Theory in Translation
2.1 图式理论在翻译中的应用

To date, numerous earlier researchers, including but not limited to Wei Wei and Liu Mingdong (2007), Kang Lixin (2011) and Fang Jing (2023), are credited for the inclusive appraisals on the progress of schema theory. Pertaining to their studies, the theory experienced three succeeding stages in terms of philosophy, psychology and application.
迄今为止， 包括魏巍和刘明东（2007）、康立新（2011）、方静（2023）在内的众多前辈研究者对图式理论的发展做出了较为全面的评价 。 在他们的研究历程中，图式理论经历了哲学、心理学和应用三个发展阶段。

As the ideological blueprint, Immanuel Kant (1781) in his Critique of Pure Reason identified schemas as intermediaries between perception and concepts, functioning as stimulants to help perceive the world. With the introduction of “schema” in philosophical field, British cognitive psychologist Frederick Bartlett (1932) steered it to the direction of psychological cognition. In this case, Bartlett identified "schema" as the mental structures that organize and interpret past experiences, influencing how new information is perceived, thus specified how schema operates in a theoretic sense for the first time (Fang, 2023:34). He posited that memory is not a straightforward reproduction of events but an interpretative process that constructs mental representations by integrating new information with pre-existing knowledge structures (Bartlett, 1932). Moreover, Jean Piaget (1952) expanded on the psychological aspects of schema theory, viewing schemas as structures or organizations of actions that result from the interaction between a subject and an object.
作为其思想蓝图，伊曼努尔·康德（1781）在其《纯粹理性批判》中将图式视为感知与概念之间的中介，作为刺激物帮助人们感知世界。随着“图式”概念被引入哲学领域，英国认知心理学家弗雷德里克·巴特利特（1932）将其引向心理认知领域。巴特利特将“图式”定义为组织和解释过去经验的心理结构，它们影响着新信息的感知方式，从而首次在理论意义上明确了图式的运作方式（方志强，2023：34）。他认为记忆并非对事件的直接再现，而是一个通过将新信息与先前存在的知识结构整合起来构建心理表征的解释过程（巴特利特，1932）。此外，让·皮亚杰（Jean Piaget，1952）扩展了图式理论的心理学方面，将图式视为主体与客体之间相互作用产生的行为的结构或组织。

Moving into the end of the 20^th century, more experts invested attention in exploring the practical potential of the theory, especially in linguistics and discourse. Rumelhart (1980), a notable figure in artificial intelligence, described schemas as cognitive building blocks, encompassing knowledge units that combine and categorize all forms of events and objects. This idea accentuates the role of schemas in organizing people’s cognitive processes, which is crucial for understanding and interpreting language (Zhou, 2002:86). Later developments in schema theory were advanced by scholars such as Brown and Yule (1983), and Cook (1992). They defined schemas as the knowledge structures necessary for discourse processing, emphasizing that understanding a text involves activating relevant schemas that link new information to prior knowledge.
进入 20 世纪末，越来越多的专家开始关注图式理论的实践潜力，尤其是在语言学和话语分析领域。人工智能领域的杰出人物鲁梅哈特（Rumelhart，1980）将图式描述为认知的构建模块，涵盖了组合和分类各种事件和对象的知识单元。这一观点强调了图式在组织人类认知过程方面的作用，这对于理解和阐释语言至关重要（周志强，2002：86）。后来，布朗和尤尔（Brown and Yule，1983）以及库克（Cook，1992）等学者推动了图式理论的发展。他们将图式定义为话语处理所必需的知识结构，强调理解文本需要激活相关图式，将新信息与先前知识联系起来。

The varying perspectives above from philosophy, cognitive psychology, and other applicable disciplines highlight the broad applicability and fundamental importance of schema theory in understanding cognitive processes. Relying on these groundworks, contemporary research in translation studies has utilized schema theory to explore how translators process and reconstruct meaning. For instance, Zhu Ying and Cai Bin (2016:83) highlight that schemas in translation encompass linguistic, content, and rhetorical dimensions. They argue that the more extensive and refined these schemas are in a translator’s mind, the greater the likelihood and efficiency of comprehending the source text (Zhu & Cai, 2016:83). Naturally, the focus shifts to how schema theory is applied in translation practice.
上述来自哲学 、 认知心理学和其他应用学科的不同观点凸显了图式理论在理解认知过程方面的广泛适用性和根本重要性 。 基于这些基础研究 ，当代翻译研究已经利用图式理论来探索译者如何处理和重构意义。 例如， 朱颖和蔡斌 （2016 ：83 ）强调翻译中的图式涵盖语言 、内容和修辞维度。他们认为，译者头脑中的图式越广泛和精细，理解源文本的可能性和效率就越大（ 朱颖和蔡斌，2016：83）。 自然而然，焦点转移到如何将图式理论应用于翻译实践。

Translation, as a cross-linguistic and cross-cultural communicative activity, requires the translator to understand the unique cultural background knowledge associated with the work. Schema theory, which is based on linguistics and psychology, emphasizes the role of this background knowledge in language comprehension (Peng, 2000:64). For translators, understanding is in twofold: one is the translator's understanding of the original text, and the other is making the translated text comprehensible to the target language readers (Peng, 2000:64). More specifically, the first fold is the premise and basis for the second; while the second fold is the purpose and necessary outcome of the first, and also serves as a test for the first understanding.
翻译作为一种跨语言、跨文化的交际活动，要求译者理解作品所蕴含的独特文化背景知识。 基于语言学和心理学的图式理论强调这些背景知识在语言理解中的作用（彭建军，2000：64）。 对译者而言 ，理解包含两个层面 ：一是译者对原文的理解；二是使译文能够被目标语读者理解 （彭建军，2000：64）。 具体而言，理解是理解的前提和基础；理解是理解的目的和必然结果，同时也是对理解的检验。

Then, stemming from translators’ two-fold understanding, translation is essentially about constructing a "schema text" in the translator's mind, which involves correctly decoding the source language. The process includes activating and enriching the existing schemas in translators’ mind (Liu, 2002:56). When new information interacts with and is integrated into existing background knowledge, and is placed in the appropriate channel, the schema is activated, thus providing concrete samples to activate the target readers’ correspondingly schemas (Peng, 2000:66). Rumelhart's (1980) assertion that schemas involve any form of event or object and constitute a comprehensive memory organization illustrates their importance in translation. Translators must activate these knowledge structures to interpret and reconstruct the text accurately. This concept aligns with Liu Mingdong and Liu Kuanping's view (2004) that translating involves decoding schemas of source language and re-encoding them in the target language to maintain fidelity and elegance.
基于译者的双重理解， 翻译的本质是在译者头脑中构建“图式文本”，这涉及对源语的正确解读。 这个过程包括激活和丰富译者头脑中已有的图式 （刘，2002：56）。当新的信息与已有的背景知识相互作用、融合，并被置于适当的通道中时，图式就会被激活，从而提供具体的样本来激活目标读者相应的图式（彭，2000：66） 。 鲁梅尔哈特 （ 1980 ） 的论断表明了图式在翻译中的重要性，他认为图式涉及任何形式的事件或对象，并构成一个综合的记忆组织 。译者必须激活这些知识结构才能准确地解读和重构文本。这一概念与刘明东和刘宽平 （2004）的观点一致 ，即翻译涉及解码源语言的图式并将其重新编码到目标语言中以保持忠实度和优雅度。

Furthermore, Zhou Dubao (2002:86) elaborates that the translation process involves filling in the gaps of the untranslated text by activating relevant knowledge structures from memory. In other words, the translation process is not merely passive decoding but an active and creative cognitive activity. Translators construct new schemas or modify existing ones to fit the target language and culture. If the information from the source text aligns with the translator's existing knowledge structures, the translation proceeds smoothly. Otherwise, translators may employ strategies such as modification, addition, or reordering to reconcile discrepancies and construct new schemas suitable for the target language (Zhu & Cai, 2016:85).
此外，周笃宝（2002：86）进一步阐述了翻译过程，即通过激活记忆中的相关知识结构来填补未译文本的空白。换言之，翻译过程并非仅仅是被动的解码，而是一个主动且富有创造性的认知活动。译者构建新的图式或修改现有的图式以适应目标语言和文化。如果源文本中的信息与译者现有的知识结构相符，翻译就会顺利进行。否则，译者可能会采用修改、添加或重新排序等策略来协调差异，并构建适合目标语言的新图式（朱文、蔡文静，2016：85）。

Hence, applying schema theory in translation hinges on the interaction between a translator's prior knowledge and new information presented in the source text. This interaction is facilitated more through top-down analysis (also known as conceptually driven processing) (Zhou, 2006:86) instead of bottom-up processing involves decoding individual linguistic units—words, phrases, and sentences. Top-down analysis allow translators to leverage their knowledge of the world, language, and subject matter to grasp the overall meaning of the text.
因此， 图式理论在翻译中的应用取决于译者先前知识与源文本中呈现的新信息之间的互动。这种互动更多地通过自上而下的分析 （也称为概念驱动处理 ）（周 ， 2006：86）而非自下而上的处理来实现。自上而下的分析涉及解码单个语言单位——单词、短语和句子。 自上而下的分析使译者能够利用他们对世界、语言和主题的知识来掌握文本的整体含义。

Analysis of Schemas in EPS
EPS 中的模式分析

The ongoing development and refinement of schema theory continue to offer valuable insights into the cognitive processes underlying translation. According to the previous researchers, schemas fall into various categories, which covers almost all-around factors in translators’ decision-making. Zhou Dubao promoted structure schemas (or formal schemas) and content schemas (Zhou, 2002:86). In his opinion, structure schemas refer to knowledge about the structure and rhetoric of articles, including character symbols, phonetics, vocabulary, syntax, and semantic structures; content schemas refer to knowledge about the content and scope of articles, including cultural knowledge, pragmatic knowledge, and specialized knowledge. Such a division serves as an example of what is typically perceived to be the basics of top-down analysis in translation.
图式理论的不断发展和完善，为理解翻译的认知过程提供了宝贵的见解 。 前人认为 ，图式分为很多种，几乎涵盖了译者决策的各个方面 。周笃宝提倡结构图式（或形式图式）和内容图式（周笃宝，2002：86）。 他认为，结构图式是指关于文章结构和修辞的知识，包括文字符号、语音、词汇、句法和语义结构 ； 内容图式是指关于文章内容和范围的知识，包括文化知识 、语用知识和专业知识。 这种划分是翻译中通常被认为是自上而下分析基础的一个例子 。

Similar to Zhou’s structure schemas, Liu Mingdong and Liu Kuanping proposed language involving knowledge of vocabulary, grammar, and idiomatic usage, and deemed that it is essential to accurate conveyance during the translation process (2004:51). Additionally, they added context schema that pertains to all the occasion of language use, logical connections and various subjective and objective environmental factors that affect the meaning of discourse (2004:51). Moreover, it is important to convey the "stylistic schema," which refers to the stylistic features of the text. Different texts have distinct stylistic characteristics; some are colloquial, while others are formal. The stylistic schema is closely related to translation (Liu and Liu, 2004:52).
与周建军的结构图式类似，刘明东和刘宽平也提出了语言的概念，包括词汇、语法和惯用语的知识，并认为语言在翻译过程中对于准确传达意义至关重要（2004：51）。此外，他们还提出了语境图式，涵盖所有语言使用的场合、逻辑联系以及影响话语意义的各种主客观环境因素（2004：51）。此外，传达“风格图式”也至关重要，它指的是文本的风格特征。不同的文本具有不同的风格特征，有些是口语化的，有些是正式的。风格图式与翻译密切相关（刘建军和刘建军，2004：52）。

Likewise, Wang Lidi stated knowledge schemas that are sided with Zhou’s content schemas. In Wang’s explanation, knowledge schemas provide references for interpreting the content of texts, assist in the establishment and selection of word meanings, help predict subsequent text, guide information extraction, and aid in reconstructing information (2001:19).
同样，王立迪也提出了与周文内容图式相符的知识图式。在王的解释中，知识图式为文本内容的解读提供了依据，有助于词义的建立和选择，有助于预测后续文本，指导信息提取，并有助于信息重构（2001：19）。

Finally, Zhou added that cultural schemas should also be included as knowledge structures based on extra-textual cultural knowledge, including customs, habits, and traditions (2002:87). Cultural schemas are knowledge structure blocks about "culture," existing in human minds through previous experiences. During translation, the translator must correctly decode the cultural schemas in the source language and transplant them into the target language to facilitate the correct understanding by target language readers, thereby achieving the purpose of cross-cultural communication in translation (Liu and Liu, 2004:52).
最后，周教授补充道， 文化图式也应作为基于文本外文化知识的知识结构，包括风俗、习惯和传统（2002：87）。 文化图式是关于“文化”的知识结构块， 通过先前的经验存在于人类的头脑中。在翻译过程中，译者必须正确地解读源语中的文化图式，并将其移植到目标语中，以便目标语读者正确理解，从而实现翻译中跨文化交际的目的（刘志军、刘志军，2004：52）。

EPS texts often contain specialized terminology and complex concepts requiring translators to have robust schemas encompassing linguistic, content, contextual, stylistic, and cultural knowledge. Therefore, all the schemas above can be classified into three major categories:
EPS 文本通常包含专业术语和复杂概念，要求译员具备涵盖语言 、内容、语境、风格和文化知识的稳健图式。 因此，上述所有图式可分为三大类：

Content Schemas: key scientific concepts, professional elements and terminology
内容图式： 关键科学概念 、 专业要素和术语;

Linguistic Schemas: context, style, rhetorical devices
语言图式：语境、风格、修辞手法;

Cultural Schemas: cultural references or examples that need adaptation for Chinese readers.
文化图式：需要适应中国读者的文化参考或例子。

Tailored to the three features of EPS (scientific, literary, accessible and engaging) , the three schemas will facilitate translators to have a holistic preview of the source text so as to be faithful to disciplinary facts and information, compatible with the style and logic coherence, and accessible to the target readers’ thinking pattern and cultural background. In this case, schema theory can effectively address the unique challenges posed on the translation of EPS.
三种图式理论针对 EPS 的三大特点（ 科学性、 文学性、 通俗易懂和引人入胜 ），有助于译者对原文进行整体性解读，从而忠实于学科事实和信息 ， 兼容文体风格和逻辑连贯性，并贴近目标读者的思维模式和文化背景 。 图式理论能够有效应对 EPS 翻译所面临的独特挑战 。

In conclusion, schema theory provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and improving the translation of EPS. By leveraging content, linguistic and cultural schemas, translators can effectively bridge the gap between source and target languages, ensuring that the interpretation and adaptation is accurate and accessible to the target readers.
总而言之，图式理论为理解和改进 EPS 翻译提供了一个全面的框架。译者能够利用内容、语言和文化图式， 有效地弥合源语言和目标语言之间的差距，确保译文的准确解读和改编 ，并使其易于目标读者理解。

AI Translation
人工智能翻译

As the society has marched from the Information Age into the AI Era, almost every walk of life requiring intellectual activities like information processing or creative production has been inevitably involved in the push-and-pull with the expansion and penetration of artificial general intelligence (AGI). Relying on a direct interaction with natural language, translation industry, the building block of language services, also need to proactively absorb in the frontier to grope for a path for its future survival against the ontological shock by AI, as well as the career wellbeing of nowadays translators challenged by highly capable algorithm. Since the report aspires to explore the technological integration in EPS translation under the framework of schema theory, the chapter will begin with the edges and shortages of AI translation between English and Chinese based on previous researches, then extend to a suitable translation mode feasible in the era of generative AI.
随着社会从信息时代迈入人工智能时代，几乎所有需要信息处理或创意生产等智力活动的行业都不可避免地卷入了通用人工智能（AGI）扩张和渗透的拉锯战。作为语言服务基石，翻译行业依赖于与自然语言的直接交互，也需要积极探索前沿技术，探索未来生存之道，以应对人工智能带来的本体论冲击 ，以及当今译员在高性能算法挑战下的职业发展。由于本报告旨在探索图式理论框架下 EPS 翻译的技术融合，本章将基于前人研究成果，探讨英汉人工智能翻译的优势与不足，并由此延伸至生成式人工智能时代可行的翻译模式。

3.1. Development of AI Translation
3 .1 . 人工智能翻译的发展

Although 2023, after the popularity of ChatGPT, was globally recognized as the “the dawn of AI”, the debates on the application of AI, or its predecessor Neural Machine Translation (NMT), were commenced long before the milestone year. In China, the previous researches on AI translation between English and Chinese can be roughly divided into three stages: prediction (before 2022), assessment (2023), and reflection (from 2024 onwards). Within the first two stage, there was always a focus on the scope of AI’s competence and the “dos and don’ts” of human translators.
尽管 2023 年在 ChatGPT 的流行之后被全球公认为 “ 人工智能的黎明 ” ， 但关于人工智能或其前身神经机器翻译（NMT）的应用争论早在这一里程碑年份之前就已展开。在中国，此前对人工智能英汉翻译的研究大致可以分为三个阶段：预测（2022 年之前）、评估（2023 年）和反思（2024 年以后）。在前两个阶段，人们始终关注的是人工智能的能力范围以及人类翻译的 “ 该做与不该做的事情 ” 。

In the first stage, two noteworthy studies were served by Xiong Can (2020) and Xu Bin with the co-write Song Shuang (2021). Xiong contributed an early estimation on the possibility of AI performance in literary and non-literary translation. From the perspective of Connectionism, the scholar deemed the essence of AI as a simulation of the information processing in human’s brain (2020:107). In this case, NMT, like Google Translation, is able to mobilize its accumulated experience and couple with contextual understanding to improve accuracy and fluency (2020:108). Despite that what Xiong exemplified has become a relatively outdated derivative of AI, the argument did reflect that AI tools have the potential of accelerating translation process through analyzing from a big picture instead of driven by words or sentences. Such a working mechanism befits to the top-down pattern shown in schema theory. But Xiong also pointed out that cultural and pragmatic interpretation still worries AI translation (2020:112), which indicates the necessity of post-editing by human translators. Steering towards this direction, Xu and Song prompted a reasonable guess that post-editing will be widely accepted and even embraced by translators as a promising working pattern as AI development along with NMT is to receive much more recognition by professionals of language services and the general public (2021:115).
第一阶段，熊灿（2020）和徐斌与宋爽（2021）合作完成了两篇值得关注的研究。熊灿对人工智能在文学和非文学翻译领域应用的可能性做出了早期评估。他从联结主义的视角出发，认为人工智能的本质是对人脑信息处理过程的模拟 （2020:107）。在这种情况下，神经机器翻译（NMT）系统，例如谷歌翻译，能够运用其积累的经验，结合语境理解来提高翻译的准确性和流畅性（2020:108）。尽管熊灿所举的例子已成为相对过时的人工智能衍生物，但该论点确实反映了人工智能工具具有通过从宏观角度进行分析而不是由单词或句子驱动来加速翻译过程的潜力 。这种工作机制符合图式理论所展现的自上而下的模式。但熊先生也指出， 文化和语用解释仍然令人工智能翻译感到担忧（2020:112），这表明人工翻译进行后期编辑的必要性 。 朝着这个方向，徐和宋提出了一个合理的猜测：随着人工智能的发展以及神经机器翻译（ NMT）将得到语言服务专业人士和普通公众的更多认可， 译后编辑将被翻译人员广泛接受，甚至作为一种有前途的工作模式而受到欢迎（2021：115）。

After the advent of ChatGPT, AI has evolved into the generative version, which consequently leads to the interactive exchanges in translatio
ChatGPT 出现后，AI 进化到了生成式，从而带动了翻译领域的互动交流。n practice
实践oth
其他er than the one-way output by traditional NMT. In the assessment stage, practitioners and researchers were able to get firsthand experience from applying generative AI tools to translation projects.
比传统 NMT 的单向输出更具优势。在评估阶段，从业者和研究人员能够获得将生成式 AI 工具应用于翻译项目的第一手经验。Impressed
印象深刻 by ChatGPT
作者：ChatGPT’s revolutionary featur
的革命性特点es, Wang Huashu with Xie Ya sketched the edges of it as prominently improved accuracy and fluency, more automatic and creative generation,
例如，王华书与谢娅勾勒的边缘线条明显提高了准确性和流畅性，更加自动化和富有创意地生成，interact
相互影响ive synergy with translators by real-time prompters as well as continuously enhanced multi-modality (2023:81-
通过实时提示器与翻译人员进行有效协同，并不断增强多模态性（2023:81-82). In view of that, they argued from both technical and educational perspective that
82）鉴于此，他们从技术和教育角度认为“how to integrate with technology to raise the standards of language services
如何与技术相结合，提高语言服务的标准” has outweighed
已经超过“whether
“无论 technology will replace human translators
技术将取代人类翻译” to be the hot issue at
成为热点问题present (2023:83). Furthermore, it is
现在（2023:83）。此外，concluded
结论 by Wang and Xie that AI with its upgrade and expansion is joining knowledge of natural science and liberal arts together, causing
王和谢认为，人工智能及其升级和扩展正在将自然科学和人文科学的知识结合在一起，从而导致interdisciplinary
跨学科 effect on translation
对翻译的影响industry
行业 (2023:84). Hence, it is inevi
（2023:84）。因此，这是不可避免的table that post-editing, the by-product of technological involvement (2023:85), will become the next subject of translation studies. Similarly, Yang Yanxia and Wei Xiangqing approved
译后编辑，作为技术介入的副产品（2023:85），将成为翻译研究的下一个主题。杨艳霞和魏祥庆也同样赞同that
那 generative AI is transforming the workflow from
生成式人工智能正在改变工作流程machine-assisted hum
机器辅助嗡嗡声an translation to AI translation managed and edited by human translators (2023:94). But then, the two
翻译由人工翻译管理和编辑的人工智能翻译（2023:94）。但是，两者outlined
概述 that
那 currently speaking, the comfort zone of AI
目前来说，人工智能的舒适区translation
翻译 is mostly confined to scientifically informative texts loaded with facts (2023:95). L
主要局限于充满事实的科学信息文本（2023:95）。Likewise, the
同样，compatibility
兼容性 of AI translation and
人工智能翻译和“hard text
硬文本” is also
也是acknowledged
承认 by Ye Zinan (2023:177). In other words, Ye
作者：叶紫楠（2023：177）。换句话说，叶subscribed
订阅 that it still calls
它仍然调用for human’s
对于人类 understanding and judgement when translating expressive
翻译表达性文章时的理解和判断“soft text
软文” flexible
灵活的 in cultural
在文化方面 and
和emotional
情绪化 nuances (2023:177), which explains to
细微差别（2023:177），这解释了wh
什么y human decision-making is central to EPS, the combination of hard and soft textual features.
人类决策是 EPS 的核心，是硬文本特征和软文本特征的结合。

As more intricate ChatGPT 4 appeared by the end of 2023, in-depth studies on AI translation has since then touched on more untried areas including but not limited to style convention (Zhang & Wang, 2024), syntactic variation and structure refinement (Yu, 2024) and terminology extraction and management (Long & Zhou, 2024). It is via these efforts that a more reliable evaluation of AI’s translation competence was founded on critical thinking out of quantitative researches, which enters the stage of “reflection”. Speaking of AI’s undeniable privileges, Yu complimented that attributed to rich sources of texts input in its training, ChatGPT is able to diversify the use of vocabularies and perform better in constructing long and difficult sentences (2024:305). In addition, thanks to its Internet-based real-time search function, it’s underscored by Long and Zhou that ChatGPT can quickly retrieve professional terms and list background suggestions related to the source texts (2024:7), which is conducive to translators for their reference work. However, when comes to the style of source texts, Zhang and Wang claimed that even the advanced ChatGPT 4 is yet in want of ideal command of transcoding shifting context influenced by social conventions and adapting for reader’s expectation (2024:12-13).
随着 2023 年底更加复杂的 ChatGPT 4 的出现，对人工智能翻译的深入研究自此触及更多未曾涉足的领域，包括但不限于风格规范（Zhang & Wang, 2024）、句法变异与结构细化（Yu, 2024）以及术语提取与管理（Long & Zhou, 2024）。正是通过这些努力， 对人工智能翻译能力的更可靠评估建立在对定量研究的批判性思考之上，进入 “ 反思 ” 阶段 。谈到人工智能不可否认的优势 ， Yu 称赞道，由于训练中输入了丰富的文本来源 ，ChatGPT 能够多样化地使用词汇，并在构建长句和难句方面表现更出色（2024:305）。此外 ， Long 和 Zhou 强调，得益于基于互联网的实时搜索功能，Ch atGPT 可以快速检索专业术语并列出与源文本相关的背景建议 （2024:7），有利于翻译人员进行参考工作。 然而，当谈到源文本的风格时，张和王声称，即使是先进的 ChatGPT 4 仍然缺乏理想的控制能力，无法根据社会习俗的影响转换不断变化的语境并适应读者的期望（2024：12-13）。

3.2 Post-editing (PE) in the Era of Generative AI
3.2 生成人工智能时代的译后编辑（PE ）

The prevalence of post-editing (PE) and its effectiveness is largely correlated with the quality of translation output by MT. From 1980s to the early 21^st century, the post-editing had restricted application due to the poor first draft generated by underdeveloped MT entailing manual overhauling rather than polishing (Xu & Song, 2021:112). It was not until the worldwide launch of Google Translator’s Toolkit that PE finally held its position as a widely-adopted workflow in translation industry (Xu & Song, 2021:112). Despite it, the PE back then is now considered as traditional mode, mainly referring to “bottom-up” proofreading of MT translation, thus the polished version cannot completely outdo some “from-the-scratch translation”, which runs counter to its purpose on high efficiency with good quality. However, since the dawn of generative AI is shedding light on all translators, PE has also evolved from “correction” to “integration”, i.e. selecting useful elements from the machine pre-translation and integrating (modification, interpretation or rewrite) them to fit with the ideal version (Xu & Song, 2021:115). In this case, as Xu and Song précised, successful PE demands translators to exhibit long-term capacities regarding professional, linguistic and cultural knowledge as well as decision-making and problem-solving (2021:125), which is associated with activating and implementing content, linguistic and cultural schemas from a holistic perspective in this report.
译后编辑 (PE) 的普及及其有效性与机器翻译的译文质量密切相关。从 20 世纪 80 年代到 21 世纪初 ^， 由于机器翻译技术落后，生成的初稿质量较差，需要人工大修而非润色 ， 译后编辑的应用受到限制 (Xu & Song，2021：112)。直到谷歌翻译工具包在全球范围内推出，PE 才最终成为翻译行业广泛采用的工作流程 (Xu & Song，2021：112)。尽管如此， 当时的 PE 现在被认为是一种传统模式，主要指对机器翻译进行 “自下而上 ” 的校对，因此润色后的版本无法完全超越一些 “ 从头翻译 ” ，这与其高效优质的宗旨背道而驰 。然而，自从生成人工智能的曙光照亮所有翻译人员以来，PE 也从 “ 校正 ” 发展到 “ 集成 ” ，即从机器预译中选择有用的元素并进行集成（修改、解释或重写）以适应理想版本（Xu & Song，2021：115）。 在这种情况下，正如徐和宋所指出的 ， 成功的体育教育要求译者展现出专业、 语言和文化知识以及决策和解决问题的长期能力 （2021:125），这与本报告从整体角度激活和实施内容、语言和文化图式有关。

In essence, the biggest flair of generative AI represented by ChatGPT is producing content customized to user’s instantaneous needs through chatbot-like interface and retrieval system link to the Internet (Hu & Geng, 2023:41). As a result, it’s crucial to know how human translators mange to effectively interact with AI tools and drive it to spawn desirable feedback on aspects of situation context, register, syntactic structure, etc., and the key to this problem is prompt engineering, through which translators can enhance their decision-making ability and form a knowledge system in PE (Wang & Wang, 2023: 18). In addition, the adjustment of generative AI to the alternative prompt once again proves that nowadays PE has extended from sheer correction after reviewing the draft by MT to pre-translation editing (Yang & Wei, 2023:93), as schema preparation for the source text in this report. Nevertheless, it’s advised by other experts that AI like ChatGPT 4 empowered by emergent ability and chain of thought (Zhang & Wang, 2024:15) can expose to the risks of hallucination and batch processing (Li & Niu, 2023:30) that do harm to both the credulity of content schema and style and tone of linguistic schema.
本质上，以 ChatGPT 为代表的生成型人工智能的最大亮点在于通过类似聊天机器人的界面和与互联网连接的检索系统，生成满足用户即时需求的定制内容 （Hu & Geng，2023：41）。 因此 ， 了解人类译者如何与人工智能工具有效交互，并驱动其在语境、语域、 句法结构等方面产生理想的反馈至关重要，而解决这个问题的关键在于提示工程，通过提示工程，译者可以提升自身的决策能力，形成译前知识体系（ Wang & Wang，2023：18）。此外 ， 生成型人工智能对替代提示的调整再次证明，如今译前工作已经从单纯的机器翻译审稿后修改扩展到译前编辑（Yang & Wei，2023：93），如本报告中对源文本的图式准备。然而， 其他专家建议，像 ChatGPT 4 这样的人工智能，如果被赋予了涌现能力和思维链（Zhang & Wang，2024:15）的能力，可能会面临幻觉和批处理的风险（Li & Niu，2023:30），这不仅会损害内容图式的可信度，还会损害语言图式的风格和语调。

In general, AI with its massive memories of multidisciplinary knowledge and great learning skills can avoid repeated mistakes (Wang, 2024:6), but to accomplish a qualified EPS translation, such a technological facility must abide by human translator’s interpretation and revision, which renders the new post-editing pattern in the era of generative AI.
总体而言 ，人工智能凭借其海量多学科知识的记忆和强大的学习能力，可以避免重复性的错误（Wang，2024：6），但要完成一篇合格的 EPS 翻译，这样的技术设备必须遵循人类译者的解读和修改，这就为生成性人工智能时代的译后编辑带来了新的模式。

参考文献：

Bartlett, Federic C. Remembering: A Studying in Experimental and Social Psychology [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1932.
巴特利特 ， 费德里克 ·C. 记忆 ：实验与社会心理学研究 [M].剑桥：剑桥大学，1932。

Brown, Gillian and George Yule. Discourse Analysis[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Brown , G illian 和 George Yule 话语分析 [M].剑桥:剑桥大学出版社, 1983 。

Cook, Guy. Discourse [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992．
库克 ，盖伊。 话语 [M]。牛津：牛津大学出版社 ，1992 。

Fang Jing. A Study on the Translation of English for Science and Technology from the Perspective of Cognitive Schema Theory [J]. Frontiers in Educational Research, 2023, 6(11): 34-41
方菁 . 认知图式理论视角下的科技英语翻译研究 [ J]. 教育研究前沿, 2023, 6(11) : 34-41.

Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason [M]. Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 1781.
康德 ， 伊曼纽尔纯粹理性批判 [M]。北京：人民出版社 ， 1781。

Piaget, Jean. The Origins of Intelligence in Children [M]. New York: International University Press, 1952.
皮亚杰 ， 让 。 儿童智力的起源 [M ] 。 纽约：国际大学出版社， 1952 。

Rumelhart, David E. Schemata: The Building Blocks of Cognition[A]. In: Spiro, R. J., Bruce, B. C., Brewer, W. F., eds. Theoretical Issues in Reading Comprehension[C]. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1980: 33-58.
Rumelhart , David E. 图式: 认知的基石 [A] 。 引自: Spiro, RJ, Bruce, BC, Brewer, WF 编。 阅读理解中的理论问题 [C] 。Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1980: 33-58。

蔡力坚. 科技类文本的翻译探析[J]. 中国翻译, 2023, 44(6): 154-157.

范瑜, 李国国. 科技英语文体的演变[J]. 中国翻译, 2004(5): 88-89.

方梦之. 科技翻译：科学与艺术同存[J]. 上海科技翻译, 1999(4): 32-36.

方梦之. 文体研究与科技翻译[J]. 中国翻译, 1989(4): 17-21.

耿芳,胡健. 人工智能辅助译后编辑新方向——基于ChatGPT的翻译实例研究[J]. 中国外语, 2023, 20(3): 41-47.

郭建中. 重写：科普文体翻译的一个实验——以《时间简史》(普及版)为例[J]. 中国科技翻译, 2007(2): 1-6.

郭建中. 科普翻译的标准和译者的修养[J]. 中国翻译, 2007(6): 85-86.

郭建中, 李亚舒, 黄忠廉. 科普与科幻翻译：理论、技巧与实践[M]. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 2004.

李宜芸, 牛云平. 重建巴别塔之理想与现实——基于ChatGPT的译例探赜[J]. 翻译研究与教学, 2024(1): 25-31.

刘明东. 图式在翻译过程中的运用[J]. 外语教学, 2022(6): 55-58.

刘明东, 刘宽平. 图式翻译漫谈[J]. 外语教学, 2004(4): 50-52.

龙昱琼, 周小玲. 技术赋能下的术语翻译与术语管理——以中华学术外译项目《论中国乡村变迁》的英译为例[J]. 中国科技术语, 2024, 26(2): 49-58.

彭建武. 从认知图式看翻译理解[J]. 山东科技大学学报(社会科学版), 2000(2): 64-66.

王华树, 谢亚. ChatGPT时代翻译技术发展及其启示[J]. 外国语言与文化, 2023, 7(4): 80-89.

王克非. 智能时代翻译之可为可不为[J]. 外国语(上海外国语大学学报), 2024, 47(1): 5-9+13.

王立弟. 翻译中的知识图式[J]. 中国翻译, 2001(2): 19-25.

王律, 王湘玲. ChatGPT时代机器翻译译后编辑能力培养模式研究[J]. 外语电化教学, 2023(4): 16-23+115.

王振平. 科普著作的文体与翻译[J]. 上海翻译, 2006(2): 35-38.

魏薇, 刘明东. 图式理论的发展及应用[J]. 湖南第一师范学报, 2007(1): 105-108.

熊璨. 论人工智能翻译的可能性——从翻译的三个层次看非文学与文学翻译[J]. 中外文化与文论, 2020(2): 106-115.

徐彬, 郭红梅. 科普翻译的挑战[J]. 上海翻译, 2012(1): 42-46.

徐彬, 宋爽. AI时代译后编辑的典型错误与译者培养[J]. 翻译与传播, 2021(1): 111-126.

杨艳霞, 魏向清. 基于认知范畴观的机器翻译译后编辑能力解构与培养研究[J]. 外语教学, 2023, 44(1): 90-96.

叶子南. 在ChatGPT时代,人译独领风骚[J]. 中国翻译, 2023,44(3): 173-178.

于蕾. ChatGPT翻译的词汇多样性和句法复杂度研究[J]. 外语教学与研究, 2024, 56(2): 297-307+321.

张梅岗. 论翻译的图式文本[J]. 中国翻译, 2002(1): 28-30.

张政, 王赟. ChatGPT译文风格生成：评析与思考[J]. 翻译研究与教学, 2024(1): 10-15.

周笃宝. 图式理论对理解翻译的解释力[J]. 南华大学学报(社会科学版), 2002(4): 86-89.

朱英, 蔡斌. 基于图式加工理论的大学科技英语翻译课程设计[J]. 上海翻译, 2016(6): 83-85.

研究问题、研究目标、研究内容、研究思路和方法、预期目标：

Research Questions
研究问题

Translation Decision-Making and Integration with AI Tools
翻译决策与人工智能工具的整合

How does schema theory facilitate a holistic understanding of the themes, purpose, and structure of an English popular science (EPS) work?
图式理论如何帮助我们全面理解英文科普作品的主题 、目的和结构 ？

What strategic decisions are necessary for translating EPS works, and how can a comprehensive, top-down analysis inform these decisions?
翻译 E PS 作品需要哪些战略决策 ？ 全面的、自上而下的分析如何为这些决策提供信息？

How can schema theory be integrated with translation technologies to enhance the translation of EPS works?
图式理论如何与翻译技术相结合， 提高 EPS 作品的翻译质量 ？

How can a workflow integrating AI-generative translation with schema theory-based post-editing to realize these strategic translation decisions?
如何将人工智能生成翻译与基于图式理论的译后编辑相结合的工作流程来实现这些战略性翻译决策？

In what ways does AI’s first draft assist in this comprehensive understanding, and where does it fall short? And how can human translators enhance the translation errors and shortages through schema theory-based post-editing?
人工智能的初稿如何帮助我们全面理解？它又有哪些不足？ 人类译者又如何通过基于图式理论的译后编辑来弥补翻译中的错误和不足 ？

Post-editing Analysis on Content, Linguistics and Cultural Schemas
内容、语言学和文化图式的译后编辑分析

Improving Content Accuracy and Quality
提高内容准确性和质量

How does schema theory contribute to the accuracy and quality of subject-related contents in the EPS translation?
图式理论如何提高 EPS 翻译中主题相关内容的准确性和质量 ？

What are the strengths and weaknesses of ChatGPT 4o’s first draft in terms of accuracy, and how can human translators use schema theory to refine topic content like scientific facts and background knowledge?
ChatGPT 4o 的初稿在准确性方面有哪些优势和劣势 ，以及人类翻译如何使用图式理论来细化科学事实和背景知识等主题内容 ？

Maintaining Rhetorical and Stylistic Elements
保持修辞和文体元素

What rhetorical and stylistic elements are crucial in the translation of an EPS work, and how can they be preserved?
在 E PS 作品的翻译中 ，哪些修辞和风格元素至关重要？如何保留这些元素？

How well does ChatGPT capture these rhetorical and stylistic elements, and what post-editing strategies can ensure their effectiveness based on schema theory?
ChatGPT 如何很好地捕捉这些修辞和风格元素，以及基于图式理论，哪些后期编辑策略可以确保它们的有效性？

Effective Cultural Adaptation
有效的文化适应

What strategies can be employed to adapt cultural references and context in an EPS work using schema theory for Chinese readers with an estimated education level of Grade 10 to Freshman Year of college?
对于教育水平估计为 10 年级至大学一年级的中国读者 ，可以采用哪些策略来适应使用图式理论的 E PS 作品中的文化参考和背景 ？

How effectively does ChatGPT 4o handle cultural references in the first draft, and what specific adaptations are needed during post-editing?
ChatGPT 4o 在初稿中处理文化参考的效果如何，后期编辑时需要进行哪些具体的调整？

Comparative Analysis
比较分析

How does the effectiveness of schema theory-based translation compare to other methodologies for translating an English popular science work?
基于图式理论的翻译方法与其他英文科普作品翻译方法相比，其有效性如何？

What differences are observed in translations starting from ChatGPT 4o’s drafts versus those using other initial drafting methods?
从 ChatGPT 4o 草稿开始的翻译与使用其他初始起草方法的翻译相比有哪些差异 ？

Research Objectives
研究目标

The research objectives are delineated as follows:
研究目标如下：

Content Relevance
内容相关性

This project is significant as it fills a gap in MTI postgraduate translation reports in the latest five years, particularly those centered on musicology with technological and ethnic elements. These topics are underexplored in academic theses and reports in the realm of E-C translation studies, yet they hold profound cultural and scholarly value. By translating and interpreting works in this domain, this research contributes to expanding the scope of academic discourse and scientific knowledge in China.
本项目意义重大，因为它填补了近五年 MTI 研究生翻译报告的空白 ，尤其是那些以音乐学为核心， 融入科技和民族元素的研究报告。这些主题在英汉翻译研究领域的学术论文和报告中尚未得到充分探讨 ，但它们却蕴含着深厚的文化和学术价值。通过翻译和解读该领域的著作，本研究有助于拓展中国学术话语和科学知识的广度 。

This translation report aspires to acquaint individual Chinese readers with an array of lesser-known musical technologies, encompassing both mainstream and indigenous variants, that have played a pivotal role in the progression of music. Meanwhile, it endeavors to stimulate collective introspection on the substance of technology by deconstructing stereotypes that portray technology as either all-powerful measures or an imaginary enemy that will diminish the value of human’s brain and brawn. This aim is to inspire individuals to uncover their personal relationships with music and technology within their everyday lives.
本翻译报告旨在帮助中国读者了解一系列鲜为人知的音乐技术，涵盖主流音乐和本土音乐，这些技术在音乐发展中发挥了关键作用。 同时 ，报告也致力于通过解构那些将技术描绘成万能的手段或贬低人类智力和体力价值的假想敌的刻板印象 ，激发人们对技术本质的集体反思 。其目的是激励人们在日常生活中探索与音乐和科技的个人关系。

Theoretical Highlight
理论亮点 ​

This research adopts schema theory as its overarching framework for EPS translation and post-editing. Unlike traditional bottom-up approaches that analyze words, sentences, and passages sequentially, schema theory offers a top-down perspective. It allows translators to grasp the holistic meaning, themes, and cultural nuances of the EPS texts first, guiding subsequent translation decisions in a more integrated and coherent manner, thus underlines the key role of translators as decision-maker and mediator between the source texts and target readers.
本研究采用图式理论作为 EPS 翻译和译后编辑的总体框架 。与传统的自下而上、按顺序分析单词、 句子和段落的方法不同，图式理论提供了一种自上而下的视角。它使译者能够首先掌握 EPS 文本的整体含义、主题和文化差异 ，从而以更完整、更连贯的方式指导后续的翻译决策 ，从而强调译者作为源文本和目标读者之间的决策者和中介者的关键作用 。

Technological Integration
技术整合

The study underscores the evolving relationship between translators and AI technologies like ChatGPT 4o. As these technologies become indispensable tools in translation practices, understanding how to effectively integrate AI-generated drafts with human post-editing under the guide of carefully-chosen translation theory is crucial. This research explores practical methodologies to optimize this collaboration, ensuring translations meet high standards of accuracy, coherence, and cultural adaptation.
这项研究强调了译者与 ChatGPT 4o 等人工智能技术之间不断发展的关系。随着这些技术成为翻译实践中不可或缺的工具，了解如何在精心选择的翻译理论指导下， 有效地将人工智能生成的稿件与人工译后编辑相结合至关重要。本研究探索了优化这种协作的实用方法，以确保译文达到准确性、连贯性和文化适应性的高标准。

Future Implications
未来影响

This research has broader implications for the future of translation studies and professional practice. By demonstrating the effectiveness of schema theory and its application in EPS works alongside AI technologies, it sets a precedent for enhancing translation quality and efficiency. It prepares translators for a future where technological advancements are integral to achieving translation goals, thereby bridging the gap between theoretical insights and practical application in contemporary translation practices.
这项研究对翻译研究和专业实践的未来具有更广泛的意义。它展示了图式理论的有效性及其在 EPS 工作中与人工智能技术的应用 ，为提升翻译质量和效率开创了先例。它帮助译者为未来做好准备，在未来，技术进步将成为实现翻译目标不可或缺的一部分，从而弥合当代翻译实践中理论见解与实际应用之间的差距。

Research Topics
研究主题

The report is based on a post-editing on AI-generative initial translation of Chapter 1, 3 and 4 in Music and Technology, a musical-technology-themed English popular science (EPS). By integrating the assistance of ChatGPT 4o, representing the state-of-the-art development of large language model (LLM), it intends to explore the application of “decision-making-centered” post-editing workflow in translation practice. Meanwhile, under the guide of schema theory, the report also discusses how translators can utilize specific schemas regarding content, linguistics and culture to holistically anatomize EPS works, a genre featuring the mixture of objective knowledge in natural or social science and evocative communication with readers through literary expressions like rhetoric devices.
本报告基于对音乐 -科技-医学英语科普作品（EPS ） 《音乐与科技》 第一、三、四章的 AI 生成式初译的译后编辑 ，并结合代表大型语言模型（LLM）最新进展的 ChatGPT 4o，探索 “ 以决策为中心 ”的译后编辑流程在翻译实践中的应用 。同时，报告还以图式理论为指导，探讨译者如何运用内容、语言学和文化等特定图式，对 EPS 作品进行整体性剖析。EPS 作品是一种融合了客观的自然科学或社会科学知识，并通过修辞等文学表达方式与读者进行富有感染力的交流的文学体裁。

The five-chapter report starts with a background introduction to the book and its author, the significance of the case and the overall structure of the whole thesis. Next, it unfolds the theoretical framework, reviewing the translation studies of EPS in China and the development of schema theory so as to find the overlap between the two fields, which further leads to how the theory can direct translator’s analysis of the source text and the focus in post-editing. Then, it illustrates the translation procedures from the status quo of AI translation studies, pre-translation preparation including the choice of AI tools (ChatGPT 4o), to the post-editing workflow encompassing manual revision and iterative feedback with ChatGPT 4o. Later, it endeavors to classify and address the three schemas (content, linguistic and cultural schemas) and their corresponding errors reflected in the first draft by ChatGPT 4o under the aforementioned framework. Finally, the report presents a comprehensive conclusion about the achievements and drawbacks in the translation process.
报告共五章，首先介绍本书及其作者的背景、案例意义以及全文的结构 。随后，报告展开理论框架，回顾国内 EPS 翻译研究与图式理论的发展，探讨两者之间的交汇之处，并进一步探讨图式理论如何指导译者对原文的分析以及译后编辑的重点。随后， 报告从人工智能翻译研究的现状、译前准备（包括人工智能工具的选择，例如 ChatGPT 4o） 到使用 ChatGPT 4o 进行人工修改和迭代反馈的译后编辑流程，逐一阐述翻译流程。最后，报告尝试在上述框架下，对 ChatGPT 4o 初稿中所反映的三种图式（内容图式、语言图式和文化图式）及其对应的错误进行分类和阐述 。最后，报告对翻译过程中的成就和不足进行了全面的总结。

According to the quantitative indexes (Flesch Reading Ease Score and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level offered by MS Word) on the readability of the source texts, the three chapters score 46 in FRE and 10.1 in FKGL on average, indicating that the material selected is moderately challenging, suitable for readers between 10^th grade to freshmen year of college. Besides, considering the engagement and clarity, the relatively low percentage (12.4%, also supported by MS Word) of passive sentences on average suggests that the selected chapters prone to be clear and engaging, as active voice is obviously easier for reading and understanding. Therefore, it can be inferred that the material, well suited to the “three features” of EPS, is composed to be informative and attractive for reasonably educated readers interested in music and technology.
根据原文可读性的量化指标（Word 提供的 Flesch 阅读难易度分数和 Flesch-Kincaid 成绩等级），这三个章节的 FRE 平均得分为 46 分，FKGL 平均得分为 10.1 分，表明所选材料具有中等难度 ，适合 10 年级至大学一年级的读者阅读 ^。 此外 ，从参与度和清晰度来看，被动句的平均比例相对较低（12.4%，Word 也支持这一观点），这表明所选章节倾向于清晰易懂， 因为主动语态显然更易于阅读和理解。因此，可以推断 ，该材料非常适合 EPS 的 “ 三个特点 ” ，内容丰富，对受过良好教育、对音乐和技术感兴趣的读者具有吸引力。

Moreover, the moderately challenging points in each chapter mainly exhibit as follows that are highly associated with various schemas in cognitive course:
此外 ，各章中具有中等挑战性的点主要表现在以下几个方面，这些点与认知过程中的各种图式密切相关：

The material is rich in factual information and concepts, jargon and terms related to music apparatus and acoustics. Chapter 1 provides historical context on music technology's evolution, highlighting key technological advancements and their impact on music. Chapter 3 discusses the influence of music on temporal perception, using technical terminology and examples of recording and playback technologies. Chapter 4 delves into the relationship between music and space, employing terminology from architectural acoustics and music technology.
本教材包含丰富的事实信息 、 概念、专业术语以及与音乐设备和声学相关的术语。第一章介绍了音乐技术发展的历史背景，重点介绍了关键的技术进步及其对音乐的影响。第三章运用专业术语以及录音和播放技术的例子，探讨了音乐对时间感知的影响。第四章运用建筑声学和音乐技术的术语，深入探讨了音乐与空间的关系。

The material features distinct linguistic characteristics, contextual factors, and rhetorical devices. Chapter 1 uses a first-person narrative to connect personally with readers, emphasizing personal experiences and emotions related to music technology. Chapter 3 incorporates devices such as rhetorical questions and parallelism to engage readers and emphasize the impact of music technology on time perception. Chapter 4 employs detailed descriptions, metaphors, and personification to illustrate the spatial aspects of music and its technological influences.
材料具有鲜明的语言特征、语境因素和修辞手法。第一章采用第一人称叙述，与读者建立个人联系，强调与音乐科技相关的个人体验和情感。第三章运用反问句和平行结构等手法来吸引读者，并强调音乐科技对时间感知的影响。第四章运用细致的描写、隐喻和拟人手法，阐述音乐的空间维度及其科技影响。

The material includes numerous cultural references to western music industry and contains underlying ethnic elements. For instance, chapter 1 mentions Cher and T-Pain, notable icon and trailblazer of western pop music, while explaining how novel music production methods like Auto-Tune arouse people’s concerns and debates on technological evolution. Chapter 3 touches on diverse traditional performances worldwide like maqam in Arab and dastgah in Iran to explore the cultural significance of musical notation that reflects time measurement. Chapter 4 alludes to Radiohead and String Quartet no. 12 by Dvorvak as cultural implications that music carried by technological means transcends physical spaces and spreading within different cultural contexts.
该材料包含大量对西方音乐产业的文化指涉 ，并蕴含着潜在的民族元素。 例如， 第一章提到了雪儿和 T-Pain，他们是西方流行音乐的著名偶像和先驱，同时解释了像 Auto-Tune 这样的新颖的音乐制作方法如何引起人们对技术进步的关注和争论 。第三章涉及世界各地丰富的传统表演 ，如阿拉伯的木卡姆和伊朗的达斯特加 ，以探索反映时间测量的乐谱的文化意义 。第四章提到了电台司令和德沃瓦克的第 12 号弦乐四重奏， 表明通过技术手段承载的音乐超越了物理空间并在不同的文化背景下传播。

Therefore, the translator should carefully examine whether these schemas are correctly decoded by ChatGPT 4o in the first draft, and whether the generated translation is properly re-encoded to activate the cognitive patterns stored in the target readers’ mind. Judging from the actual results, the translator ought to perform tailored revision or adaptation, such as amplification, footnotes, restructuring, etc., to rectify schema-related errors either by hand or through iterative feedback with ChatGPT 4o, hence render a faithful and accessible final version in an efficient way.
因此， 译者应仔细检查初稿中这些图式是否被 ChatGPT 4o 正确解码 ，以及生成的译文是否被正确地重新编码，以激活目标读者头脑中储存的认知模式 。根据实际结果 ，译者应进行有针对性的修改或调整，例如增补、 脚注、 重构等 ，以手动或通过 ChatGPT 4o 的迭代反馈纠正与图式相关的错误，从而高效地呈现忠实且易于理解的最终版本 。

Research Methodology
研究方法

This thesis is structured to apply text analysis and case analysis to explore the translation of EPS translation. It employs a blend of AI-assisted translation and human post-editing as the principal research methodologies to delve into the translation of EPS texts. The step-by-step workflow encompasses the following procedures:
本论文旨在运用文本分析和案例分析来探索 EPS 翻译 。论文以人工智能辅助翻译和人工译后编辑相结合为主要研究方法 ，深入探讨 EPS 文本的翻译。 分步工作流程包含以下步骤 ：

Holistic Understanding and Schema Preparation
整体理解和图式准备

The post-editing process herein is steered by schema theory, which advocates a "top-down" planning approach. This strategy stands in contrast to the "bottom-up" analyses commonly employed in prior EPS translation reports, emphasizing strategic planning and overall coherence to enhance the quality and accessibility of the translated material.
本文的译后编辑流程以图式理论为指导，该理论提倡 “自上而下”的规划方法。该策略与以往 EPS 翻译报告中常用的“自下而上”的分析方法不同，强调战略规划和整体连贯性，以提高译文的质量和可读性 。

Content Schemas:
内容架构：

Identify key scientific concepts and professional elements for each chapter:
确定每章的关键科学概念和专业要素：

Chapter 1: Correlation between music and technology, and their impact on life;
第一章：音乐与科技的关联及其对生活的影响 ；

Chapter 3: Technology in music timing and measuring time;
第三章：音乐计时和测时技术 ；

Chapter 4: Music technology related to acoustics and space.
第四章： 声学、空间相关的音乐技术。

Terminology: Specific terms for music genres, ethnic instruments, technological apparatus, concepts of acoustics, etc.
术语 ： 音乐流派、民族乐器、技术设备、 声​​学概念等的专用术语 。

Linguistic Schemas:
语言图式：

Context: How context affects meaning and relationships within the text.
上下文：上下文如何影响文本中的含义和关系 。

Sentiments and Attitudes: The tone and perspective conveyed by the author.
情感和态度 ：作者传达的语气和观点。

Rhetoric: Use of rhetorical devices to engage readers.
修辞：使用修辞手法吸引读者。

Cultural Schemas:
文化图式：

Identify cultural references or examples that need adaptation for Chinese audiences, focusing on historical and cultural references to contemporary music and pop culture in the western cultures.
找出需要适应中国观众的文化参考或例子 ， 重点关注西方文化中当代音乐和流行文化的历史和文化参考 。

Initial Translation with ChatGPT 4o
使用 ChatGPT 4o 进行初始翻译

In this phase, AI translation tools are utilized to produce an initial draft of the selected chapters from Music and Technology. This preliminary translation capitalizes on the efficiency and speed of AI technology to create a foundational version of the text.
在此阶段， AI 翻译工具将用于对 《音乐与科技》 中选定的章节进行初稿翻译 。 初稿充分利用了 AI 技术的效率和速度，创建了文本的基础版本。

Divide the Source Text:
划分源文本 ：

Break the whole texts of excerpts into manageable chunks (paragraphs or sentences).
将摘录的整个文本分解为可管理的块 （段落或句子）。

Create Prompters to Detail Instructions
创建提示器来详细说明

Generate the First Draft:
生成初稿 ：

Input the source text of pre-segmented chunks of the three chapters into ChatGPT 4o to generate the first draft of translation.
将三章预先分段的块状源文本输入 ChatGPT 4o 中 ， 生成翻译初稿 。

Provide Context:
提供背景信息：

Clearly prompt ChatGPT 4o that the chunks are from EPS work and highlight the need for a blend of “three features”, i.e. scientific accuracy, engaging elements and vivid expression, as well as cultural relevance for Chinese readers.
明确提示 ChatGPT 4o 这些内容来自 EPS 作品 ，并强调需要融合“ 三大特点 ” ，即科学准确性、引人入胜的元素和生动的表达， 以及与中国电子读者的文化相关性 。

Error Analysis and Manual Revision
错误分析与手册修订

For each chunk, classify potential issues or room for improvement under content, linguistic and cultural schema. A thorough post-editing is conducted by human translators to polish the AI-generated draft. This phase ensures that the translation is precise, contextually suitable, and culturally pertinent to the target audience.
对于每个词块 ， 根据内容 、语言和文化架构对潜在问题或改进空间进行分类 。人工翻译人员会进行全面的后期编辑，以完善人工智能生成的译稿。此阶段确保翻译准确、符合语境，并与目标受众的文化相关。

Revision for Content Schemas:
内容架构的修订 ：

Check for any missing or misinterpreted content.
检查是否有任何缺失或误解的内容。

Adjust translations to accurately reflect key themes and information in each chapter:
调整翻译以准确反映每章的关键主题和信息：

Chapter 1: Ensure the introduction explains the relationship between music and technology and their societal impacts in a way that’s accessible and engaging to Chinese readers;
第一章：确保引言能够以中国读者能够理解和参与的方式解释音乐与科技之间的关系及其社会影响 ；

Chapter 3: Ensure a precise explanation of technology's role in music timing;
第三章：确保准确解释技术在音乐计时中的作用 ；

Chapter 4: Ensure accurate depiction of acoustics and space in music technology.
第四章：确保音乐技术中声学和空间的准确描绘。

Ensure that the professional concepts related to music and technology are accurately conveyed in Chinese; ensure accurate and appropriate use of jargons and proper nouns referring to in Chinese;
确保与音乐和技术相关的专业概念能够用中文准确传达 ； 确保所指的中文术语和专有名词的准确和恰当使用 ；

Revision for Linguistic Schemas:
语言图式的修订 ：

Context: Maintain the engaging elements that make the content intelligently amusing to EPS audiences; verify that the context between lines is preserved and accurately reflects conversational overtones.
语境： 保留引人入胜的元素，使内容能够吸引 EPS 观众的注意； 验证字里行间的语境是否得到保留，并准确反映对话的基调。

Balance between Objectivity and Subjectivity: Maintain the tone and attitudes intended by the author, ensuring it resonates with the Chinese audience;
客观性与主观性的平衡 ：保持作者想要表达的语气和态度 ，确保引起中国观众的共鸣 ；

Literary Rhetoric: Adapt rhetorical devices to ensure they are effective and engaging in Chinese.
文学修辞 ：采用修辞手法，确保其在中文中有效且引人入胜 。

Revision for Cultural Schemas:
文化图式修订 ：

Identify Cultural References: Locate references to western cultural phenomenon and industries icons in terms of the subject matter that may not be familiar to Chinese readers;
识别文化参考： 根据中国读者可能不熟悉的主题，找到对西方文化现象和行业标志的引用 ；

Transform or Adapt Schemas: Provide needed contextual materials by amplification or footnotes to make them understandable while ensuring adapted cultural content remains engaging and accessible to the target readers.
转换或调整模式 ： 通过扩充或脚注提供所需的背景材料 ， 使其易于理解， 同时确保改编后的文化内容仍然具有吸引力， 目标读者能够理解。

Iterative Feedback with ChatGPT 4o
使用 ChatGPT 4o 进行迭代反馈

For AI-generated translation chunks needing significant revision, the translator, leveraging human-computer interaction (HCI), should input the modified text back into ChatGPT 4o after error analysis, specify content, linguistic or cultural schemas linguistic schema category to get focused suggestions by few-shot learning, and request alternative versions or further improvements.
对于需要进行大量修改的人工智能生成的翻译块 ，译者应利用人机交互（HCI）进行错误分析，将修改后的文本输入回 ChatGPT 4o ， 指定内容 、语言或文化图式（语言图式类别） ， 通过少量学习获得有针对性的建议 ，并请求替代版本或进一步改进。

Final Read-through and Refinement
最终通读和完善

Review the entire document of each chapter to ensure coherence and flow; ensure that integration of content, linguistic and cultural schemas has not disrupted general readability and meaning; verify that the translation maintains the engaging and vivid expression characteristic of EPS works.
审查每一章的整个文档，以确保连贯性和流畅性 ； 确保内容、 语言和文化图式的整合没有破坏整体的可读性和含义 ； 验证翻译是否保持了 EPS 作品引人入胜和生动的表达特点 。

If possible, have another senior translator review the edited chapters with a focus on the three schemas discussed above and incorporate his/her feedback to make final adjustments.
如果可能的话，请另一位资深翻译人员审查编辑过的章节 ，重点关注上面讨论的三个模式 ，并结合他/她的反馈做出最后的调整。

By implementing this methodology, the thesis underscores the significance of merging technological advancements with human ingenuity and analytical skills, highlighting the evolving responsibilities of translators in the era of artificial intelligence.
通过实施这种方法，该论文强调了将技术进步与人类的智慧和分析技能相结合的重要性，强调了人工智能时代翻译人员不断变化的责任。

Expected Achievements
预期成果

The report is expected to achieve multifaceted goals aligning with the stated research questions, objectives, and methodologies.
该报告预计将实现与所述研究问题、目标和方法相一致的多方面目标 。

First and foremost, this research aims to demonstrate the efficacy of schema theory as a guiding framework for the translation and post-editing of English popular science (EPS) works. By applying schema theory, the research anticipates a significant enhancement in the holistic understanding and translation quality of the selected EPS text. This will include improved accuracy in conveying scientific concepts, better preservation of rhetorical and stylistic elements, and more effective cultural adaptation for the Chinese audience.
本研究的首要目标是论证图式理论作为指导框架在英文科普作品翻译和译后编辑中的有效性。通过应用图式理论，本研究预期所选科普作品的整体理解和翻译质量将得到显著提升，包括提高科学概念传达的准确性、更好地保留修辞和文体元素，以及更有效地适应中国受众的文化需求。

Secondly, the project expects to establish a clear and structured workflow for integrating AI-generated translations with human post-editing. By utilizing ChatGPT 4o for initial drafts and subsequent human revisions informed by schema theory, the research aims to create a replicable model that highlights the complementary strengths of AI tools and human expertise. This workflow is anticipated to not only improve translation quality but also to increase efficiency in the translation process, offering valuable insights into the evolving relationship between translators and AI technologies.
其次，该项目旨在建立一个清晰、结构化的工作流程，将人工智能生成的翻译与人工译后编辑相结合。通过利用 ChatGPT 4o 进行初稿编写，并基于图式理论进行后续人工修订，该研究旨在创建一个可复制的模型，以突出人工智能工具与人类专业知识的互补优势。该工作流程不仅有望提高翻译质量，还能提升翻译效率，为译者与人工智能技术之间不断发展的关系提供宝贵的见解。

Moreover, the research seeks to provide a comprehensive analysis of the strengths and limitations of AI-generated drafts, specifically those produced by ChatGPT 4o. Through detailed error analysis and iterative feedback processes, the study aims to identify common errors and gaps in AI translations, thereby informing better post-editing strategies and enhancing the overall quality of the final translated text.
此外，本研究旨在全面分析人工智能生成稿件（尤其是 ChatGPT 4o 生成的稿件）的优势与局限性。通过详细的错误分析和迭代反馈过程，本研究旨在识别人工智能翻译中常见的错误和不足，从而制定更完善的译后编辑策略，并提升最终译文的整体质量。

The report also aspires to contribute to the broader field of translation studies by offering a comparative analysis of schema theory-based translation against other methodologies. This comparison will help elucidate the unique advantages of schema theory in handling the complex interplay of content, linguistic, and cultural schemas in EPS works, thus providing a valuable framework for future research and practice.
本报告也希望通过对基于图式理论的翻译与其他方法论进行比较分析，为更广泛的翻译研究领域做出贡献 。这种比较将有助于阐明图式理论在处理 EPS 作品中内容、语言和文化图式复杂相互作用方面的独特优势，从而为未来的研究和实践提供一个宝贵的框架。

Last but not least, the expected achievements include a significant contribution to the academic discourse on the integration of technology and human skills in translation. By demonstrating the practical applications of schema theory in conjunction with AI tools, this research aims to bridge the gap between theoretical insights and real-world translation practices, thereby preparing translators for a future where technology plays an integral role in their work.
最后 ，同样重要的是，预期成果包括对翻译中技术与人类技能融合的学术探讨做出重大贡献。通过展示图式理论与人工智能工具的实际应用，本研究旨在弥合理论见解与实际翻译实践之间的差距，从而帮助译者为未来技术在其工作中发挥不可或缺的作用做好准备。

In summary, this research anticipates achieving a nuanced understanding and practical methodology for enhancing the translation of EPS works through the integration of schema theory and AI tools, ultimately contributing to both the academic field of translation studies and the practical domain of professional translation.
综上所述，本研究期望通过图式理论与人工智能工具的结合，对增强 EPS 作品的翻译获得细致的理解和实用的方法，最终为翻译研究的学术领域和专业翻译的实践领域做出贡献。

论文工作各阶段（日期）的主要内容、具体要求及工作方式：

2024.06.27 Handing in the thesis proposal
202 4 .06. 27 提交论文开题报告

2024.07.04 Attending thesis proposal defense
202 4 .0 7 . 04 参加论文开题报告答辩

2024.08 Revising the thesis proposal
202 4 .08 修改论文开题报告

2024.09.15 Handing in the revised thesis proposal
2 02 4 .09 .15 提交修改后的论文开题报告

2024.11.15 Handing in the first draft
202 4 .11 .15 提交初稿

2024.12.10 Handing in the second draft
202 4 .12 .10 提交第二稿

2024.12.30 Attending pre-defense
2 02 4 .12 .30 参加预答辩

2025.02 Handing in the third draft
202 5 .02 提交第三稿

2025.03.01 Duplicate checking
202 5 .03 .01 重复检查

2025.03 Second duplicate checking and attending anonymous evaluation
2 02 5 .03 第二次复核及参加匿名评审

2025.04.23 Handing in the final draft
2 02 5 .04 .23 提交最终稿

2025.05.8 Attending thesis defense
2 02 5 .05 .8 参加论文答辩

2025.05.28 Handing in the thesis
2 02 5 .05 .28 提交论文

论文结构（至少二级提纲）

Chapter 1 Introduction
第一章 引言

1.1 Background of the Project
1.1 项目背景

1.2 Significance of the Project
1.2 项目意义

1.3 Structure of the Report
1.3 报告结构

Chapter 2 Literature Review
第二章 文献综述

2.1 Translation Study on English Popular Science (EPS) in China
2.1 中国英语科普翻译研究

2.1.1 Definition and Characteristics of EPS
2.1.1 EPS 的定义和特性

2.1.2 Standards and Challenges of EPS Translation
2.1.2 EPS 翻译的标准与挑战

2.2 Schema Theory and EPS Translation
2.2 图式理论与 EPS 翻译

2.2.1 Application of Schema Theory in Translation of EPS
2.2.1 图式理论在 EPS 翻译中的应用

2.2.2 Analysis of the Source Texts with Schema Theory
2.2.2 运用图式理论分析原文

2.3 AI Translation
2.3 人工智能翻译

2.3.1 Development of AI Translation
2.3.1 人工智能翻译的发展 ​​​

2.3.2 Post-editing in the Era of Generative AI
2.3.2 生成人工智能时代的译后编辑

Chapter 3 Description of Translation Procedure
第三章 翻译流程说明

3.1 Pre-translation Preparation
3.1 翻译前准备

3.1.1 AI Assistance for Pre-translation
3.1.1 人工智能辅助预翻译

3.1.2 Holistic Understanding and Schema Preparation
3.1.2 整体理解与模式准备

3.2 While-translation Process
3.2 翻译过程中

3.2.1 Prompt Engineering
3.2.1 即时工程

3.2.2 Initial Translation with ChatGPT 4o
3.2.2 使用 ChatGPT 4o 进行初始翻译

3.2.3 Glossary Extraction with ChatGPT 4o
3.2.3 使用 ChatGPT 4o 进行词汇表提取

3.3 Post-editing Workflow
3.3 后期编辑工作流程

3.3.1 Error Analysis and Manual Revision
3.3.1 错误分析与手册修订

3.3.2 Iterative Feedback with ChatGPT 4o
3.3.2 使用 ChatGPT 4o 进行迭代反馈

3.3.3 Final Read-through and Refinement
3.3.3 最终通读和改进

Chapter 4 PE Analysis of AI Translation Based on Schema Theory
第四章基于图式理论的人工智能翻译 PE 分析

4.1 Error Analysis in Content Schema and Solution
4.1 内容图式错误分析及解决策略

4.1.1 Factual Inaccuracy in AI Translation
4.1.1 人工智能翻译中的事实不准确性

4.1.2 Mistranslated Terminologies
4.1.2 术语翻译错误 ​​

4.1.3 Enhancement in Content Accuracy by Few-shot Learning（具体用什么方法增强准确度？呼应3.3.2）
4.1.3 通过 Few-shot Learning 增强内容准确性 （具体用什么方法增强准确度 ？ 呼应 3.3.2 ）

4.2 Error Analysis in Linguistic Schema and Solution
4.2 语言图式中的错误分析及解决

4.2.1 Linguistic Misinterpretation in AI Translation
4.2.1 人工智能翻译中的语言误读

4.2.2 Adjustment of Rhetorical Device
4.2.2 修辞手法的调整 ​

4.3 Error Analysis Cultural Schema and Solution
4.3 错误分析文化图式及解决方案

4.3.1 Identification of Cultural Reference
4.3.1 文化参照的识别

4.3.2 Underperformance of AI in Handling Cultural Nuance
4.3.2 人工智能在处理文化差异方面表现不佳

4.3.3 Refinement in Cultural Adaptation
4.3.3 文化适应的细化

Chapter 5 Conclusion
第五章 结论

5.1 Achievement and Limitation
5.1 成就与局限性

5.1.1 Effectiveness of Schema-based Error Analysis
5.1.1 基于图式的错误分析的有效性

5.1.2 Constraints of Current Post-editing Powered by HCI
5.1.2 当前基于人机交互的译后编辑的局限性

5.2 Implication and Suggestion
5.2 启示与建议

References
参考

Appendix
附录

指导教师对论文工作计划的意见：

签名： 2024 年 月 日

举行报告会时间： 地 点：

选题开题报告的时间及参加报告会的考核小组人员名单

参加人员：组长： 职称： 签名： 

成员： 职称： 签名：

成员： 职称： 签名：

考核小组对选题报告的评语及对选题的意见：

选题报告考查成绩：（记优、良、中、及格、不及格）

考核小组组长签名： 2024年 月 日

院（系）领导意见：

签字： 年 月 日

学院（盖章）