Could T-shirts be the way to industrialise an African nation?
T 恤衫能否成为工业化非洲国家的途径？

A plain cotton T-shirt is a pretty ordinary item of clothing. But for Benin, a sliver of a country on the west coast of Africa with little manufacturing tradition, it is intended to be the start of an industrial revolution.
一件普通的棉质 T 恤是一件相当普通的服装。但对于贝宁这个位于非洲西海岸、几乎没有制造传统的国家来说，它旨在成为工业革命的开端。

“We call it farm to fashion,” says Ramakrishnan Janarthanan, chief development officer at Arise Integrated Industrial Platforms, a Dubai-based industrial group that is investing €550mn in textiles and apparel alongside Benin’s sovereign wealth fund and a consortium of local cotton-ginning companies.
“我们称之为从农场到时尚，”阿拉伯联合酋长国迪拜的阿拉伊斯综合工业平台首席发展官拉马克里希南·贾纳尔塔南说，该工业集团正在与贝宁主权财富基金和一组当地棉花轧花公司共同投资 5.5 亿欧元于纺织和服装行业。

The T-shirt, Janarthanan explains, holding up the modest-looking item, has come from cotton that has been grown, picked, ginned, spun, woven into fabric and dyed in Benin, before being cut and stitched. “Can you imagine there are so many processes before you make a shirt? We want to capture the whole value chain,” he says.
这件 T 恤，贾纳尔塔南解释道，举起这件看起来朴素的物品，是由在贝宁种植、采摘、轧花、纺纱、织成布料并染色的棉花制成的，然后再裁剪和缝制。“你能想象在制作一件衬衫之前有这么多工序吗？我们想要捕捉整个价值链，”他说。

The apparel industry, which relies on cheap labour once machines have churned out the yarn and fabric, has long been considered one of the most accessible rungs on the ladder of industrialisation, drawing workers from the countryside into factories and putting countries on the long road out of poverty.
服装行业在机器生产出纱线和面料后依赖廉价劳动力，长期以来被认为是工业化过程中最容易进入的行业之一，吸引农村工人进入工厂，并使国家走上摆脱贫困的漫长道路。

Benin, a nation of 13mn people, is trying to achieve what few African countries have managed: systematically transform raw materials — not just cotton, but also raw cashew nuts, soya, shea and even human hair for wigs — into finished goods. Until now, like many poor countries, Benin has been trapped in a trading pattern in which it sells cheap raw commodities and imports expensive finished goods.
贝宁，一个拥有 1300 万人口的国家，正在努力实现少数非洲国家所能做到的目标：系统地将原材料——不仅仅是棉花，还有生腰果、黄豆、乳木果，甚至人发用于假发——转化为成品。到目前为止，像许多贫穷国家一样，贝宁一直陷入一种贸易模式，出售廉价的原材料，进口昂贵的成品。

“The industrialisation that we see now is part of a strategy to bring prosperity to our people,” says Romuald Wadagni, the finance minister, a former Deloitte consultant brought into government to help push Benin into the manufacturing age.
“我们现在看到的工业化是为了给我们的人民带来繁荣的战略的一部分，”财政部长罗穆阿尔德·瓦达尼说，他是一位前德勤顾问，被引入政府以帮助贝宁进入制造业时代。

Virtually its entire cotton crop, of about 300,000 tonnes of lint cotton, is exported raw, mostly to Bangladesh, where it is transformed into clothing for the world’s $1.5tn fast-fashion industry. In selling raw cotton, Benin, Africa’s biggest producer, is missing out on more than 90 per cent of the value, according to industry experts.
几乎其全部棉花作物，约 30 万吨棉花，都是以原料形式出口，主要到孟加拉国，在那里转化为全球价值 1.5 万亿美元的快时尚产业的服装。根据行业专家的说法，作为非洲最大的生产国，贝宁在销售原棉时错失了超过 90%的价值。

Twenty years ago, the economist Pietra Rivoli, in her book The Travels of a T-shirt in the Global Economy, described the cotton mill and the sweatshop as “the ignition switch for the urbanisation, industrialisation and economic diversification that followed”.
二十年前，经济学家皮特拉·里沃利在她的书《T 恤在全球经济中的旅行》中将棉花厂和血汗工厂描述为“随之而来的城市化、工业化和经济多样化的点火开关”。

Arkebe Oqubay, a government official who was in charge of Ethiopia’s successful, if stalled, attempt to build a shoe and clothing export industry, says that the UK, Germany, Japan, South Korea and China all began their journey towards prosperity via textiles, an industry that has more recently triggered economic take-off in countries such as Bangladesh. (South Korea also started with wigs.)
阿尔凯贝·奥库拜，一位负责埃塞俄比亚成功但停滞不前的鞋类和服装出口产业的政府官员表示，英国、德国、日本、韩国和中国都通过纺织业开始了通往繁荣的旅程，而这一行业最近在孟加拉国等国引发了经济腾飞。（韩国也从假发开始。）

“If any country is thinking of industrialisation, garments is the most important avenue,” Oqubay says, adding that the labour-intensive apparel industry is uniquely capable of absorbing what he estimates to be the 30mn new jobs Africa’s bulging young population needs each year.
“如果任何国家考虑工业化，服装业是最重要的途径，”奥库拜说，并补充道，劳动密集型服装行业独特地能够吸收他估计的每年非洲膨胀的年轻人口所需的 3000 万个新工作岗位。

In the Glo-Djigbé industrial park north of Cotonou, Benin’s commercial capital, where 12,000 workers are already employed, the vast air-conditioned integrated textile factory — at 160,000 sq metres equivalent to about 22 football pitches — is filled with rows of whirring machines from Switzerland, Germany and Japan.
在贝宁商业首都科托努北部的 Glo-Djigbé工业园区，已有 12,000 名工人就业，面积达 160,000 平方米，相当于约 22 个足球场的庞大空调一体化纺织厂内，满是来自瑞士、德国和日本的嗡嗡作响的机器。

More than a thousand new recruits are cutting and sewing fabric that is being produced at the rate of 50,000 kilos a day. “If you see a modern factory anywhere in the world, you’ll see exactly the same,” Janarthanan says.
超过一千名新员工正在裁剪和缝制每天生产 5 万公斤的面料。“如果你在世界上的任何地方看到现代工厂，你会看到完全相同的情况，”贾纳尔塔南说。

“Today 1,000 people are working here. They did not have these jobs or these skills before,” says Letondji Beheton, chief executive of the company that manages the 1,650-hectare industrial zone, a joint venture between Arise and the government of Benin.
“今天有 1,000 人在这里工作。他们之前没有这些工作或这些技能，”管理这片 1,650 公顷工业区的公司首席执行官 Letondji Beheton 说，该工业区是 Arise 与贝宁政府的合资企业。

“This is how you transform a country.”
“这就是你如何改变一个国家。”

Industrialisation in Africa has been a mantra for decades. But in reality, many countries on the continent have gone backwards as their fragile manufacturing sectors have buckled under global competition, especially from China.
非洲的工业化已经成为数十年的口号。但实际上，许多国家的脆弱制造业在全球竞争，尤其是来自中国的竞争下，已经退步。

Poor roads, corrupt and inefficient ports, lack of power, the high cost of capital and an elite that is often more interested in extracting rent from raw materials or import-export licences have done the rest.
糟糕的道路、腐败和低效的港口、缺乏电力、高昂的资本成本，以及一个往往更关注从原材料或进出口许可证中提取租金的精英阶层，造成了这一切。

According to the World Bank, the percentage of manufacturing value added in GDP for sub-Saharan African states, excluding high-income countries, has fallen from 18 per cent in 1981 to 11 per cent in 2023. Benin, with a GDP per capita of about $1,400 at market prices, is only at 10 per cent.
根据世界银行的数据，除高收入国家外，撒哈拉以南非洲国家的制造业增加值在 GDP 中的比例已从 1981 年的 18%下降至 2023 年的 11%。贝宁的人均 GDP 约为 1,400 美元（按市场价格计算），仅为 10%。

A few African countries have bucked that trend. Mauritius, now known as a high-end tourist destination and financial services hub, began its journey from seeming entrenched poverty to upper-middle-income status via the apparel sector. It now has a GDP per capita above $11,000.
一些非洲国家逆转了这一趋势。毛里求斯现在被视为高端旅游目的地和金融服务中心，通过服装行业开始了从看似根深蒂固的贫困到中上收入国家的旅程。它现在的人均 GDP 超过 11,000 美元。

Botswana, another upper-middle-income country, with a GDP per capita of $7,200, has achieved relative success through its diamond industry. Instead of exporting uncut diamonds, it has struck progressively better deals with diamond company De Beers to ensure that value-added activities, such as cutting and polishing, is done at home.
博茨瓦纳，另一个中上收入国家，人均 GDP 为 7,200 美元，通过其钻石产业取得了相对成功。它没有出口未加工的钻石，而是与钻石公司德比尔斯达成了逐步更好的交易，以确保增值活动，如切割和抛光，能够在国内进行。

In north Africa, Morocco has combined excellent infrastructure, skilled labour and easy access to European markets to build a competitive auto and aerospace industry from scratch.
在北非，摩洛哥凭借出色的基础设施、熟练的劳动力和便捷的欧洲市场准入，从零开始建立了具有竞争力的汽车和航空航天产业。

In Benin, under President Patrice Talon — a business tycoon known as the “King of Cotton” for his involvement in the industry — the west African country is trying to emulate these success stories.
在贝宁，总统帕特里斯·塔隆——一位因参与棉花产业而被称为“棉花之王”的商业巨头——这个西非国家正试图效仿这些成功故事。

The textile and apparel factory north of Cotonou, which will also produce bed linen, towels and garments such as polo shirts and leggings, is part of a national industrialisation strategy intended to quintuple the country’s manufacturing capacity by 2030. The finance ministry estimates that manufacturing contributes 9.8 per cent to GDP, but says that more than two-thirds of this is artisanal manufacturing. The formal industrial sector, restricted to a few activities such as cotton ginning, contributes only 3 per cent to GDP. If the entire cotton crop were processed into apparel, it would at a stroke add $12bn to Benin’s $17bn economy, say industry experts.
位于科托努北部的纺织和服装工厂将生产床单、毛巾以及如马球衫和紧身裤等服装，是国家工业化战略的一部分，旨在到 2030 年将该国的制造能力提高五倍。财政部估计，制造业对 GDP 的贡献为 9.8%，但表示其中超过三分之二是手工业制造。正式工业部门仅限于少数活动，如棉花轧花，对 GDP 的贡献仅为 3%。行业专家表示，如果将整个棉花作物加工成服装，将立即为贝宁 170 亿美元的经济增加 120 亿美元。

Talon says the country’s politicians and business class has traditionally lacked the ambition to industrialise, finding easier profits in trading. Many have got rich smuggling goods across the leaky border with Nigeria, a market of 220mn people.
塔隆表示，该国的政治家和商界传统上缺乏工业化的雄心，发现通过贸易获得更容易的利润。许多人通过在与尼日利亚的漏水边界走私商品而致富，尼日利亚是一个拥有 2.2 亿人口的市场。

“Leaders were always willing to take commissions on the trade of raw materials. They never tried to get into the transformation phase,” he says. “We want to change that.”
“领导者总是愿意在原材料交易中收取佣金。他们从未尝试进入转型阶段，”他说。“我们想改变这一点。”

Though the president, now in his second term and thought to be contemplating a third, has been criticised by the opposition for curbing civil liberties and stifling democracy, his administration has won grudging praise for its no-nonsense, business-friendly style that some compare with Rwanda’s president Paul Kagame. Talon’s government has simplified the formalities for registering a business, brought in one of Africa’s quickest visa procedures, offered incentives to foreign investors and upgraded infrastructure, including roads, power and Cotonou port.
尽管总统目前处于第二个任期，并被认为在考虑第三个任期，但他的政府因限制公民自由和压制民主而受到反对派的批评。然而，他的政府因其务实、亲商的风格赢得了勉强的赞誉，这种风格与卢旺达总统保罗·卡加梅相提并论。塔隆政府简化了注册企业的手续，引入了非洲最快的签证程序之一，为外国投资者提供了激励，并升级了基础设施，包括道路、电力和科托努港。

Since Talon became president eight years ago, Benin’s growth rate has rarely dipped below 6 per cent, even during the Covid pandemic, making it one of the continent’s best-performing economies. Beheton, who runs the Glo-Djigbé industrial zone, vouches for the president’s pro-business attitude. “If I call him, I’ll say, ‘Mr President, we are having this issue’. And he’s available 24/7. You can call him at night,” he enthuses.
自从塔隆八年前成为总统以来，贝宁的增长率很少低于 6%，即使在新冠疫情期间，这使其成为非洲表现最好的经济体之一。管理 Glo-Djigbé工业区的贝赫顿为总统的亲商态度作证。“如果我给他打电话，我会说，‘总统先生，我们遇到了这个问题’。他随时都可以接听。你可以在晚上给他打电话，”他兴奋地说。

The government, according to the managers at the textile factory, has helped solve many potential obstacles. It supplies electricity at a competitive 8 cents a kilowatt hour and has established an on-site one-stop shop to smooth the licence procedures and co-ordinate different government departments.
根据纺织厂经理的说法，政府帮助解决了许多潜在障碍。它以具有竞争力的每千瓦时 8 美分的价格提供电力，并建立了一个现场一站式服务中心，以简化许可程序并协调不同的政府部门。

“No more going here and there to avoid any corruption or administrative issues,” says Herbert Semassa Moutangou, the industrial zone’s senior marketing officer, referring to endless stamps investors often have to obtain.
“再也不用到处奔波以避免任何腐败或行政问题，”工业区高级市场官员赫伯特·塞马萨·穆唐戈说，指的是投资者通常需要获得的无尽印章。

Gagan Gupta, founder and chief executive of Arise, which has invested in manufacturing in 11 African countries, says Benin’s government has impressed him with its seriousness. In just 18 months, five factories have been built to transform the country’s entire crop of cashew nuts into packaged goods. Previously they were all sent to Vietnam for processing and packaging, but this change increases their value to Benin’s economy 10-fold, he says.
加根·古普塔，阿赖斯的创始人兼首席执行官，该公司在 11 个非洲国家投资制造业，他表示贝宁政府给他留下了深刻的印象，显示出其严肃性。在短短 18 个月内，五家工厂已建成，将该国的整个腰果作物转化为包装商品。他说，之前这些腰果全部被送往越南进行加工和包装，但这一变化使它们对贝宁经济的价值增加了 10 倍。

Textiles is the big play, says Gupta, who claims Benin can become a significant textile hub for Europe, the Americas and the west African market. The fact that its cotton is rain-fed, not irrigated, and that raw cotton doesn’t have to spend 45 days on a ship to factories in Asia and 45 days on the return leg means “made in Benin” garments will be up to two-thirds less carbon intensive, he says.
纺织品是大势所趋，古普塔表示，贝宁可以成为欧洲、美洲和西非市场的重要纺织中心。由于贝宁的棉花是雨养的，而不是灌溉的，且原棉不需要在船上花费 45 天运送到亚洲的工厂和返回，这意味着“贝宁制造”的服装碳排放量将减少多达三分之二。

As Europe erects barriers to discourage carbon-intensive goods, that ought to become a competitive advantage. The Arise factory will embed a pigment into its fabric that acts like a serial code containing supply chain information, using a patented technology called FibreTrace. Gupta says this will provide buyers with assurances over issues like farm labour and pesticide use.
随着欧洲设立障碍以抑制碳密集型商品，这应该成为一种竞争优势。Arise 工厂将在其面料中嵌入一种颜料，像序列码一样包含供应链信息，使用一种名为 FibreTrace 的专利技术。Gupta 表示，这将为买家提供关于农场劳动力和农药使用等问题的保障。

Arise says Benin’s workers have already reached productivity levels on a par with Bangladesh and Sri Lanka and command similar wages of about $140 a month, up to a third cheaper than for similar jobs in China. Sections of the factory floor have been cordoned off as instruction centres. In one, a few dozen workers are gathered around an instructor standing in front of a sign reading: “Terry Towel Classroom Training Zone.”
阿赖斯表示，贝宁的工人已经达到了与孟加拉国和斯里兰卡相当的生产力水平，工资也相似，约为每月 140 美元，比中国类似工作的工资便宜三分之一。工厂的某些区域已被划定为培训中心。在其中一个区域，几十名工人围绕着一位站在“毛巾课堂培训区”标志前的讲师聚集在一起。

Gupta says the factory has already shipped orders for garments like shirts and trousers to The Children’s Place, a US clothing outlet, and Kiabi, a French fashion chain. For woven towels and bedsheets, there are “expressions of interest” from Carrefour, El Corte Inglés, Walmart and others. It has also been making camouflage uniforms for Benin’s army far more cheaply than its previous supplier.
古普塔表示，该工厂已经向美国服装零售商 The Children’s Place 和法国时尚连锁店 Kiabi 发货了衬衫和裤子等服装。对于编织毛巾和床单，家乐福、埃尔科特英格列斯、沃尔玛等公司表示了“兴趣”。该工厂还为贝宁军队生产迷彩制服，价格远低于之前的供应商。

“In the end you need to be able to produce competitively on a global scale,” Gupta says. “Otherwise all this is just a good photo op.”
“最终，你需要能够在全球范围内具有竞争力地生产，”古普塔说。“否则这一切只是一个好的拍照机会。”

Even if Arise meets its targets, it will only be transforming 40,000 tonnes, or about 13 per cent, of Benin’s cotton crop by the end of 2026. To meet Benin’s goal of manufacturing its entire cotton crop at home would mean attracting investments in around 25 new factories.
即使 Arise 达成其目标，到 2026 年底，它也只会转化贝宁的棉花作物中的 40,000 吨，约占 13%。要实现贝宁在国内制造其全部棉花作物的目标，就需要吸引约 25 家新工厂的投资。

Oqubay, who ran Ethiopia’s industrialisation drive and is now an academic at Soas University of London, is sceptical about Benin’s chances of reaching its targets. He cautions how hard it is to build a manufacturing sector from scratch, saying that scale, single-minded determination and constant adjustment of strategy are required.
奥库贝曾负责埃塞俄比亚的工业化推进，现在是伦敦大学亚非学院的学者，他对贝宁实现其目标的机会持怀疑态度。他警告说，从零开始建立制造业是多么困难，强调需要规模、专注的决心和不断调整战略。

Ethiopia — with 120mn people and cheap hydroelectric energy — made steady progress in apparel, leather and shoes, but its success was interrupted by war and its subsequent removal in 2022 from tariff-free access to the US market under the African Growth and Opportunity Act, a heavy blow.
埃塞俄比亚——拥有 1.2 亿人口和廉价的水电能源——在服装、皮革和鞋类方面取得了稳步进展，但其成功因战争而中断，并在 2022 年根据《非洲增长与机会法案》被取消了对美国市场的免税准入，这是一记沉重的打击。

Even before that, it took years of study, experimentation and false starts to get an industry off the ground, Oqubay says. He questions Benin’s integrated factory approach, saying it is better to get specialist investors in yarn and fabric to create economies of scale. “My understanding of Benin is that the investment is too small, but it could be a good beginning,” he says. “There is no single prescription you can read from a textbook. You need to be pragmatic.”
即使在那之前，Oqubay 表示，启动一个行业需要多年的研究、实验和失败的尝试。他质疑贝宁的综合工厂模式，认为引入专注于纱线和面料的投资者以创造规模经济更为有效。“我对贝宁的理解是，投资太小，但这可能是一个好的开始，”他说。“没有任何一本教科书能提供单一的处方。你需要务实。”

Joe Studwell, who is writing a book on African industrialisation, says he has not studied Benin’s efforts specifically. But, he argues, African countries, after years of expanding education, have finally achieved the literacy levels, as well as the population densities, to begin much-delayed industrial take-off.
乔·斯图德威尔正在撰写一本关于非洲工业化的书，他表示自己并没有专门研究贝宁的努力。但他认为，经过多年的教育扩展，非洲国家终于达到了识字水平和人口密度，可以开始长期延迟的工业起飞。

A big problem in many African countries, he says, has been weak leadership and bureaucracies that are far less competent than those that steered manufacturing revolutions in several Asian countries.
他说，许多非洲国家面临的一个大问题是领导力薄弱和官僚机构的能力远不如那些引领多个亚洲国家制造业革命的机构。

“States continue to be pretty hopeless, so an awful lot of what is happening is driven by the private sector,” adds Studwell, an academic who has written extensively on factors leading to industrial take-off in several Asian economies. He cites the example of Bakhresa, a Tanzanian agricultural processor, with 15 product divisions, and Nigeria’s Aliko Dangote, whose company has moved steadily up the industrial value chain, beginning with salt, flour and cement and ending up by building a $20bn oil refinery, Africa’s biggest.
“各国的情况依然相当无望，因此许多发生的事情都是由私营部门推动的，”斯图德威尔补充道，这位学者在多个亚洲经济体的工业起飞因素上进行了广泛研究。他举了坦桑尼亚农业加工企业巴赫雷萨的例子，该公司拥有 15 个产品部门，以及尼日利亚的阿利科·丹戈特，他的公司稳步向工业价值链上游发展，从盐、面粉和水泥开始，最终建成了非洲最大的 200 亿美元石油精炼厂。

Studwell says that, even without strong states, industrialisation can still occur. He cites Cambodia, where Chinese companies have invested as they have looked for lower-cost alternatives to manufacturing at home. “Cambodia is now exporting over $10bn of textiles a year, not because they got their act together but because the Chinese needed somewhere to go.”
斯图德威尔表示，即使没有强大的国家，工业化仍然可以发生。他提到柬埔寨，中国公司在寻找比国内制造更低成本的替代方案时进行了投资。“柬埔寨现在每年出口超过 100 亿美元的纺织品，并不是因为他们做得很好，而是因为中国需要一个去处。”

Dani Rodrik, a Harvard economist, is more pessimistic about the chances of Benin, or any other country, emulating the growth-through-factories model that has been so successful in Asia. In an age of automation, he argues, there will be fewer manufacturing jobs required for labour in low-cost countries. “The escalator of development has become much flatter.”
哈佛经济学家达尼·罗德里克对贝宁或其他任何国家模仿亚洲成功的工厂增长模式的机会持更悲观的态度。他认为，在自动化时代，低成本国家对劳动力的制造业岗位需求将减少。“发展之梯变得更加平坦。”

Ha-Joon Chang, a South Korean economist who has also studied African industrialisation, disagrees. Manufacturing jobs are not disappearing, he says. He points to an academic study by Nobuya Haraguchi of the UN Industrial Development Organization showing that the manufacturing sector’s employment and value-added contribution to global GDP has not changed significantly since the 1970s.
哈-Joon Chang，一位研究过非洲工业化的韩国经济学家，持不同意见。他表示，制造业岗位并没有消失。他指出联合国工业发展组织的 Nobuya Haraguchi 的一项学术研究，显示自 1970 年代以来，制造业在全球 GDP 中的就业和附加值贡献并没有显著变化。

Chang says he also detects greater ambition among African governments to industrialise. “There are stirrings. And ambition is the start,” he says, commending Benin for at least trying.
常说，他还发现非洲各国政府在工业化方面的雄心更加强烈。“有一些动向。而雄心是开始，”他说，称赞贝宁至少在努力。

Alongside its ambitions in textiles, factories in Benin’s Glo-Djigbé will also produce ceramic tiles and, with luck, electric motorbikes, initially from knockdown kits. Packaging companies there have started producing some, though not all, of the plastic and cardboard needed to ship finished goods, though even apparently simple items for the apparel sector like buttons, zips and labels are imported from China and India.
除了在纺织品方面的雄心，贝宁的 Glo-Djigbé工厂还将生产陶瓷砖，并且如果运气好的话，最初将从拆解套件中生产电动摩托车。那里的包装公司已经开始生产一些，但不是所有的塑料和纸板，以便运输成品，尽管即使是看似简单的服装行业物品，如纽扣、拉链和标签，仍然是从中国和印度进口的。

“When people tell me that none of these countries will amount to much, I always draw their attention to the fact that South Korea had less than half the per capita income of Ghana in the early ’60s,” Chang says. Today, it is eight times richer in purchasing power parity terms, an indication of what Chang says can be achieved through industrialisation.
“当人们告诉我这些国家都不会有什么作为时，我总是提醒他们，韩国在 60 年代初的人均收入还不到加纳的一半，”张说。今天，韩国在购买力平价方面的收入是加纳的八倍，这表明张所说的通过工业化可以实现的目标。

Studwell says there is nothing to prevent at least some African countries starting on an Asian-style trajectory. “I don’t expect 55 countries to get their act together in unison,” he says. “But if five do, it will have a very positive demonstration effect.”
斯图德威尔表示，没有什么可以阻止至少一些非洲国家走上亚洲式的发展轨迹。“我不指望 55 个国家能够齐心协力，”他说。“但如果有五个国家做到这一点，将会产生非常积极的示范效应。”

Data visualisation by Keith Fray
数据可视化 by Keith Fray