Economic Indignitary Torts
经济名誉侵权

DEFAMATION
诽谤

Common Law: Prima Facie Case
普通法：初步证据案件

Common Law Elements
普通法要素

Defamatory statement that turns out to be false
诽谤性言论被证明是错误的

Statement to be of or concerning the π
关于 π 的陈述

Published to a third party
发布给第三方

Dmg.
伤害。

Defamatory Statement: A defamatory statement is one that injures the plaintiff ’s reputation. Honesty; Integrity; Morality
诽谤性言论：诽谤性言论是指损害原告名誉的言论。诚实;正直;道德

Mere name calling is not enough.
仅仅指名道姓是不够的。

Examples
例子

Example #1: Talk Show Host calls Dr. Greene a “buffoon”. Is this a “defamatory statement?”
示例#1：脱口秀主持人称格林博士为“小丑”。这是“诽谤性言论”吗？

No. This might be insulting, but it’s mere name calling, and it’s not detrimental to Dr.’s reputation.
不。这可能是侮辱性的，但这只是辱骂，并没有损害博士的声誉。

Example #2: Talk Show Host says that Dr. Greene has performed unnecessary surgeries. Is this a “defamatory statement?”
示例#2：脱口秀主持人说格林医生进行了不必要的手术。这是“诽谤性言论”吗？

Yes. That implies that the Dr. is incompetent as in ethnics.
是的。这意味着博士在种族方面无能。

COMMON LAW Truth: The defendant bears the burden of proving truth. Therefore, at common law, truth is a defense to a defamation claim.
普通法真相：被告有举证责任。因此，在普通法中，真相是对诽谤主张的辩护。

Of and Concerning: The defendant’s statement must reasonably be understood to
属于并涉及：被告的陈述必须合理地理解为

Example: Defendant says: “The lawyers in this town steal their clients’ money.” Is this statement “of and concerning” any particular lawyer ...
例如：被告说：“这个镇上的律师偷了客户的钱。”该声明是否“属于并涉及”任何特定律师……

In a town with three lawyers?
在一个有三个律师的小镇？

Yes, it is of and concerning a particular lawyer in the group.
是的，它是关于该团体中的一位特定律师的。

In a large city?
在大城市？

No, it is not.
不它不是。

TO SOMEONE OTHER THAN THE ∏ ☟
给 ∏ ☟ 以外的人

Publication: The statement must be communicated to a third person.
发布：该声明必须传达给第三方。

The third person(s) must be capable of understanding it.
第三人必须能够理解它。

E.g., Talk Show Host said about Dr. Greene in English, but none of the audience speak English No publication.
例如，脱口秀主持人用英语谈论格林博士，但没有观众说英语。没有发表。

Publication must be at least negligent if not intentional on the part of the ∆.
如果 Δ 不是故意的，则发表至少必须是疏忽的。

★ Therefore, if a π carefully tries to avoid other see or hear the statement, that almost always insolates her from defamation liability.
★ 因此，如果 π 小心翼翼地试图避免其他人看到或听到该声明，那么她几乎总是免于承担诽谤责任。

Example: Talk Show Host confronts Dr. Greene quietly in his office, but is overheard by Eavesdropper. Has Talk Show Host “published” his statement to Eavesdropper?
示例：脱口秀主持人在格林博士的办公室里悄悄对峙，但被窃听者无意中听到。脱口秀主持人是否“公开”了他对窃听者的声明？

No, b/c based on the facts given, there is no E showing that Talk Show Host is intentional or negligent.
不，b/c 根据所提供的事实，没有 E 表明脱口秀主持人是故意或疏忽的。

Damages: When defamation is spoken (slander), the plaintiff must prove special damages. When defamation is written or broadcast (libel), juries may presume damages.
损害赔偿：当诽谤（诽谤）时，原告必须证明特殊损害赔偿。当诽谤被书面或传播（诽谤）时，陪审团可以推定损害赔偿。

(special dmg. monetary loss associated with the defamation)☝
（特殊伤害。与诽谤相关的金钱损失）☝

Exception: A plaintiff can recover presumed damages in cases of slander per se.
例外：在诽谤本身的情况下，原告可以追回推定的损害赔偿。

The traditional categories of slander per se are
诽谤本身的传统类别是

Statements that impune one’s trade or profession.
损害某人的行业或职业的言论。

Statements accusing someone of a serious crime
指控某人犯有严重罪行的声明

anything punishable by imprisonment
任何可判处监禁的行为

Traditionally, statements that will imply the π has a “loathsome disease”
传统上，暗示 π 患有“令人厌恶的疾病”的陈述

Traditionally, statements that impune unchastity to a woman
传统上，谴责女性不贞的言论

Although some jdx. had abandoned this and apply the new rule that includes men b/c of the potential gender bias
虽然有些jdx。放弃了这一点并应用了新规则，其中包括男性 b/c 潜在的性别偏见

Common Law: Defenses – not often tested
普通法：抗辩——不经常被检验

Truth -- ∆ bears the burden
真相——Δ承担重担

Absolute Privilege – if the statement were made intentionally, or even maliciously
绝对特权——如果该声明是故意的，甚至是恶意的

Categories
类别

Judicial proceedings
司法程序

statements made by judges, lawyers, Ws or anything that pertains to the course of litigation
法官、律师、律师或任何与诉讼过程有关的内容所作的陈述

Statements made in the course of legislative proceeding
在立法程序中所作的陈述

by executive branch
由行政部门

Example: During floor debate, Senator falsely says that Constituent cheated the welfare system. Can Constituent successfully maintain a defamation action?
示例：在众议院辩论中，参议员谎称选区欺骗了福利制度。选民能否成功维持诽谤诉讼？

No, b/c the statement was made during legislative proceeding. And the context is privileged against the defamation claim.
不，因为该声明是在立法程序期间做出的。而且上下文是针对诽谤指控的特权。

Qualified Privilege – not often tested
合格特权 – 不经常测试

A person has a qualified privilege to make a defamatory statement in the course of legitimate public debate, or more commonly, is to serve the interest of the person who is receiving the information, the ∆ might be liable if she abuses the privilege.
一个人拥有在合法的公开辩论过程中发表诽谤性言论的限定特权，或者更常见的是，为了服务于接收信息的人的利益，如果她滥用该特权，则可能要承担责任。

Constitutional Limitations
宪法限制

General Rule: The First Amendment protects speech on matters of public concern. In cases involving such speech, the Supreme Court has added two elements to the plaintiff’s prima facie case. [+ 4 common law element]
一般规则：第一修正案保护有关公众关注问题的言论。在涉及此类言论的案件中，最高法院在原告的表面证据案件中增加了两个要素。 [+ 4个普通法要素]

Falsity: The plaintiff must prove that the statement wasfalse.
虚假性：原告必须证明该陈述是虚假的。

Public Persons: A public plaintiff must prove actual malice. The Supreme Court defines actual malice as the ∆ either knew her statement was false or that the ∆ had reckless disregard of the truth but published the statement anyway New York Times v. Sullivan
公众人士：公众原告必须证明其确实存在恶意。最高法院将实际恶意定义为 Δ 要么知道她的陈述是错误的，要么是 Δ 鲁莽地无视事实，但仍发表了该声明 《纽约时报诉沙利文》

Public officials – elected officials; candidate for office; most other gov’t officials and some positions of authority
公职人员——民选官员；公职候选人；大多数其他政府官员和一些权威职位

Public figures – non-gov’t actors who are in positions of tremendous affects or fame
公众人物——具有巨大影响力或名气的非政府行为者

Private Persons: A private plaintiff must prove fault amounting to at least negligence
私人：私人原告必须证明其过错至少达到疏忽程度

Example: Talk Show Host accuses Dr. Weaver of bribing a jury in a malpractice case. What level of fault must Dr. Weaver prove in a defamation action against Talk Show Host?
示例：脱口秀主持人指控韦弗博士在医疗事故案件中贿赂陪审团。在针对脱口秀主持人的诽谤诉讼中，韦弗博士必须证明什么程度的过错？

Only to the level that the Talk Show Host should have known that he didn’t bribe the jury. – normal reasonably prudent person standard
只是脱口秀主持人应该知道他没有贿赂陪审团。 – 正常合理谨慎的人标准

Damages: In matters of public concern, all plaintiffs must prove actual malice to recover presumed or punitive damages.
损害赔偿：在公众关注的问题上，所有原告都必须证明确实存在恶意，才能获得推定或惩罚性损害赔偿。

No presumed dmg. in any case, even for a private person, if it involves public concern.
没有假定的伤害。无论如何，即使对于个人而言，如果涉及公众关注的话。

INVASION OF RIGHT TO PRIVACY
侵犯隐私权

Normally will test one in exam
通常会在考试时考一项

Appropriation
拨款

Definition: Use of the plaintiff’s name or picture or likeness for commercial advantage without permission.
定义：未经许可使用原告的姓名、图片或肖像以获取商业利益。

Example: Wheaties puts Celebrity’s picture on a cereal box. Appropriation?
示例：Wheaties 将名人的照片放在麦片盒上。拨款？

Yes, b/c Wheaties used Celebrity’s picture for commercial advantage w/o permission.
是的，b/c Wheaties 在未经许可的情况下使用了名人的照片以获得商业利益。

Limitation: Plaintiff’s likeness must be used for advertising, promotional, or labeling purposes.
限制：原告的肖像必须用于广告、促销或标签目的。

Newsworthy use of a celebrity’s name, picture or likeness is not appropriation.
对名人的姓名、照片或肖像进行有新闻价值的使用并不构成盗用。

Intrusion
入侵

You don’t have to physically come to somebody’s property to be liable for this T.
您不必亲自前往某人的财产来承担此 T 责任。

➸ E.g., a telescope or eavesdropping device.
➸ 例如，望远镜或窃听装置。