这是用户在 2024-5-1 24:24 为 https://app.immersivetranslate.com/pdf-pro/e3db6ac0-9647-4244-bb5d-5cf7163bf9bf 保存的双语快照页面，由 沉浸式翻译 提供双语支持。了解如何保存？
2024_05_01_efe089d9b9ad823f1bfeg

4.1 Solubility  4.1 溶解度

Terms you should know. Creating flash cards may help you memorize these terms.
你应该了解的术语。制作单词卡可能有助于你记忆这些术语。
1
Homogeneous
mixture
Mixtures in which the components are uniformly
组分均匀分布的混合物
distributed. (Typically these are clear and may be
（通常这些是透明的，可能是
coloured or colourless).
有色或无色）。
2
Heterogeneous
mixture
Mixtures in which the components are
组分在静止时分离的混合物。
segregated when at rest. (Typically these are
（典型情况下这些是
cloudy before they are at rest and have two
在休息之前是多云的，有两个
distinct phases when they are at rest. They may
明显的阶段当它们休息时。它们可能
be coloured or colourless).
是有色的或无色的）。
3 Solution
A combination of two or more substances that
两种或两种以上物质的组合，形成均匀混合物。
exist as a homogeneous mixture.
存在的均匀混合物。
Example : Sodium Chloride in water.
例子：水中的氯化钠。
4 Solute
The substance of lesser quantity in a
在均匀混合物中数量较少的物质。
homogeneous mixture. 均匀混合物中的物质。
Example: The Sodium Chloride portion of the
Sodium Chloride in water solution.
水溶液中的氯化钠。
5 Solvent
The substance of greater quantity in a
在均匀混合物中数量更多的物质。
homogeneous mixture. 均匀混合物中的物质。
Example: The water portion of the Sodium
例子：氯化钠水溶液中的水部分
Chloride in water solution.
溶液中的氯化钠
6 Solubility
A measure of the amount of solute that will
一种测量将溶质溶解在溶剂中的量的方法
dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a
在指定温度下在给定溶剂中溶解
specified temperature. Usually measured in units
通常以摩尔/升、{{0}}或{{1}}为单位测量
of moles/liter, , or .
在指定温度下在给定溶剂中溶解
7 Concentrated A relatively large amount of solute to solvent.
溶质相对较多的溶剂。
8 Dilute A relatively small amount of solute to solvent.
溶质相对较少的溶剂。
9
Saturated
solution
A solution in which a maximum quantity of solute
溶液中溶质达到最大量。
has been dissolved. 已被溶解。
10 Precipitate
An insoluble product that may form when a
在溶液中发生化学反应时可能形成的不溶性产物。
chemical reaction occurs in solution. (ie. The solid
（例如：固体
that causes a cloudy appearance and eventually
导致浑浊外观并最终
settles to the bottom of the container).
沉积到容器底部）。
11 Miscible Unlimited ability to mix in solution.
无限的溶液混合能力。
12 Immiscible
Limited ability to mix in solution, or say
溶液中混合能力有限，或者说
"substances that are insoluble in each other".
"彼此不溶的物质"。
13 Soluble
Any solution whose concentration is greater than
任何浓度大于
or equal to .
小于或等于 。
14 Insoluble
Any solution at equilibrium whose concentration
在平衡时，任何浓度低于{{0}}的溶液。
is less than .
小于 。

Ponderings 沉思

White bear in the ocean, struggling to swim shouts "HELP! I'm dissolving!"
海洋中的白熊挣扎着游泳喊道“救命！我正在溶解！”
The brown bear on the shore shouts back "Don't worry, bears are insoluble."
岸边的棕熊回应道“别担心，熊是不溶解的。”
Ponderings
White bear in the ocean, struggling to swim shouts "HELP! I'm
海洋中的白熊挣扎着游泳喊道“救命！我
dissolving!"
The brown bear on the shore shouts back "Don't worry, bears are
岸边的棕熊回应道“别担心，熊是
insoluble."
The white bear shouts back "Easy for you to say, you're not
白熊回应道“你说得轻松，你不是
POLAR!"
Consider a slightly soluble substance such as:
考虑稍微溶解的物质，例如：
0 0
(negl.)
1.0
Note that is considered negligible if it is less than of the starting amount. Since we are told the substance is slightly soluble we can assume less than will dissolve here. This is why we are able to say that the is still 1.0
请注意，如果 小于起始量的 ，则被视为可以忽略不计。由于我们被告知物质稍微溶解，我们可以假设少于 会在这里溶解。这就是为什么我们能够说 仍然是 1.0
Since solubility is a measure of the amount of capable of dissolving at a given temperature, the solubility must equal in the above chart. This is to say that the solubility equals the amount of solid which did dissolve, or say it equals the concentration of either or ions which did appear.
由于溶解度是在给定温度下能够溶解的 量的度量，所以上述图表中的溶解度必须等于 。这意味着溶解度等于溶解的固体量，或者说它等于出现的 或 离子的浓度。
The solubility of any solid will equal the concentration of any ion produced in a 1:1 ratio with the solid in the dissociation reaction.
任何固体的溶解度将等于在解离反应中与固体以 1:1 比例产生的任何离子的浓度。
Furthermore the equilibrium constant for a dissociation equation is called a solubility product constant and is abbreviated Ksp. You have a table of Ksp values in your data booklet.
此外，解离方程的平衡常数称为溶解度积常数，简称为 Ksp。您的数据手册中有 Ksp 值的表格。
The basic formula for Ksp is identical to that for Keq. However the reactant for any Ksp formula will always be a solid and remember the factor for a solid defaults to a value of 1 . This means a Ksp formula will only every use the products of the dissociation.
Ksp 的基本公式与 Keq 的公式相同。然而，任何 Ksp 公式的反应物始终是固体，并且请记住固体的因子默认值为 1。这意味着 Ksp 公式将仅使用解离的产物。
In this example: 在这个例子中：
We will refer to this reaction as a 1:1:1 reaction.
我们将把这个反应称为 1:1:1 反应。

For any dissociation reaction whose components are in a 1:1:1 ratio:
对于任何组分比例为 1:1:1 的解离反应：
Ksp Lesson Ksp 课程
Or: solubility  或：溶解度
And this example will be referred to as a 1:2:1 reaction:
这个例子将被称为 1:2:1 反应：
For any dissociation reaction whose components are in a 1:2:1 or a 1:1:2 ratio:
对于任何组分比例为 1:2:1 或 1:1:2 的解离反应：
Or: solubility  或：溶解度
While this example will be referred to as a 1:1:3 reaction:
虽然这个例子将被称为 1:1:3 反应：
For any dissociation reaction whose components are in a 1:1:3 or a 1:3:1 ratio
对于任何组分比为 1:1:3 或 1:3:1 的解离反应
Ksp (solubility)
Ksp （溶解度）
Or: solubility  或：溶解度
Always write phase symbols for all components in all reactions in this unit as phase is now the central topic.
在这个单元中，对于所有反应中的所有组分，始终编写相位符号，因为相位现在是中心话题。
Also always be aware of which form a reaction is in,
同时，始终注意反应处于哪种形式中，
(ie. 1:1:1 or 1:1:2 or 1:1:3 etc.).
（即 1:1:1 或 1:1:2 或 1:1:3 等）。
Solubility will often be shortened to just .
溶解度通常会被简称为 。
One of the most common mistakes students make is to confuse s and Ksp. They are related using the formulas above but they are not the same!
学生们经常犯的一个最常见的错误是混淆 s 和 Ksp。它们使用上面的公式相关，但它们并不相同！
Q. What do you call a tooth in a glass of water?
问：你怎么称呼杯子里的一颗牙？
A. A one molar solution!
一摩尔溶液！
Remember: 记住：
If you are not part of the solution, you are part of the precipitate!
如果你不是解决方案的一部分，那么你就是沉淀物的一部分！

Examples 示例

Example 1: Solve the question in your notebook then check your solution.
例子 1：在你的笔记本上解决问题，然后检查你的解决方案。
Write the Ksp expression for:
写出以下物质的 Ksp 表达式：
Colutinn 解决方案
Example 2: Solve the question in your notebook then check your solution.
例 2：在笔记本中解决问题，然后检查你的解决方案。
The of is at . Write the dissociation equation, then calculate its solubility.
的 在 时为 。写出解离方程式，然后计算其溶解度。
  1. Write the Ksp expression for...
    写出...的 Ksp 表达式
    a. (aq) a. （溶液）
b. (aq) b. （溶液）
c.
  1. The of is at . Write the dissociation equation, then calculate its solubility.
    的 在 时为 。写出解离方程式，然后计算其溶解度。
note this salt is , therefore
注意这种盐是 ，因此
Solubility the square root of
溶解度 是 的平方根
  1. The of is at . Write the dissociation equation, then calculate its solubility.
    的 在 时为 。写出解离方程式，然后计算其溶解度。
note this salt is ,
注意这个盐是 ，
therefore Solubility the cube root of
因此溶解度 是 的立方根
  1. The solubility of is at . Write the dissociation equation, then calculate its .
    的溶解度在 时为 。写出解离方程式，然后计算它的 。
note this salt is ,
注意这个盐是 ，
therefore,  因此，
  1. The solubility of is at . Write the dissociation equation, then calculate its .
    的溶解度在 时为 。写出其解离方程式，然后计算其 。
note this salt is 1:1:2, therefore
注意这个盐是 1:1:2 的，因此
  1. The solubility of is at . Write the dissociation equation then calculate its .
    的溶解度为 ，在 时。写出解离方程，然后计算其 。
note this salt is ,
注意这个盐是 ，
therefore  因此
There are two approaches for predicting precipitate formation, namely the qualitative approach (descriptive) and the quantitative approach (mathematical).
预测沉淀形成有两种方法，即定性方法（描述性）和定量方法（数学方法）。
Click here to download a table called "The Solubility of Common Compounds in Water"
点击这里下载名为“常见化合物在水中的溶解度”表格。
You will need this Table for the explanations and examples on the rest of this webpage. As well, you will use this table when you write your Chem 12 tests and exams.
您将需要此表格来解释和展示本网页其余部分的示例。此外，在您参加化学 12 级考试和考试时，您也会使用此表格。
Note that this table is part of your data booklet so if you printed that at the start of the course you do not need to print it again.
请注意，此表格是您数据手册的一部分，因此如果您在课程开始时打印了该表格，则无需再次打印。

The Qualitative Approach to Predicting Precipitate Formation
预测沉淀形成的定性方法

We use "The Solubility Table" to identify combinations of ions which have low solubility. Always use the table by finding the negative ion first (left column) then find its partner positive ion (central column) and lastly read the solubility (right column). Be sure to read the table carefully and be especially aware that species such as and are different as are and . Also note that on some lines the "all others" group means that ion is soluble and on other lines it means the ion is insoluble (the table is not necessarily written in a consistent format, but it is written efficiently so it fits on one page).
我们使用“溶解度表”来识别具有低溶解度的离子组合。始终通过首先找到阴离子（左列），然后找到其伴侣阳离子（中列），最后阅读溶解度（右列）来使用该表。务必仔细阅读表格，并特别注意，诸如 和 之类的物种是不同的， 和 也是如此。还要注意，在某些行上，“所有其他”组意味着该离子是可溶的，而在其他行上，它意味着该离子是不溶的（表格的格式不一定是一致的，但它被高效地编写以适合一页）。
Low solubility, as used on the solubility table, specifically means the ions will form a precipitate when their molarity is greater than .
在溶解度表中使用的低溶解度，特指当它们的摩尔浓度大于 时，离子将形成沉淀。
It is extremely useful (although not necessary) to memorize the following solubility rules. They cover of the information contained in the solubility table. Therefore this allows you to solve problems much faster and it also eliminates reading errors which can easily occur until you are familiar with the solubility table.
记住以下溶解度规则非常有用（尽管不是必需的）。它们涵盖了溶解度表中包含的 信息。因此，这可以让你更快地解决问题，也可以消除阅读错误，直到你熟悉溶解度表为止。

Solubility Rules 溶解度规则

  1. Compounds are soluble if their positive ion is any one of:
    如果它们的正离子是以下任何一种，则化合物是可溶的:
  • An alkali metal , or
    碱金属 ，或
  • Ammonium ion ) 铵离子 )
  • Hydrogen ion  氢离子
  1. Compounds are soluble if their negative ion is any one of
    如果它们的阴离子是以下任何一种，则化合物是可溶的
  • Nitrate ion  硝酸根离子
  • Acetate ion , except that silver acetate is insoluble
    醋酸根离子 ，但是醋酸银 是不溶的。
  1. Given rule #1 above, all other Phosphates , Carbonates and Sulfites are insoluble also most other Hydroxides are insoluble.
    根据上述规则 #1，所有其他的磷酸盐 ，碳酸盐 和亚硫酸盐 也是不溶的，大多数其他的氢氧化物 也是不溶的。

Examples 示例

Example 1: Solve the question in your notebook then check your solution.
例子 1：在你的笔记本上解决问题，然后检查你的解决方案。
A solution containing an unknown cation was added to three solutions and the following observations were recorded:
向三个溶液中加入含有未知阳离子的溶液，并记录以下观察结果：
Solution Observations
no precipitate 没有沉淀。
precipitate
no precipitate 没有沉淀。
The unknown cation is: 未知阳离子是：
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Solution 1 溶液 1

The correct answer is: b)
正确答案是: b)
Use the descriptive solubility table to match the observations with one salt.
使用描述性溶解度表将观察结果与一个盐匹配。
Example 2: Solve the question in your notebook then check your solution.
例 2：在笔记本中解决问题，然后检查你的解决方案。
Which of the following reagents could be used to indicate the presence of in a water solution?
以下试剂中哪些可以用来指示水溶液中 的存在？
a)
b)
c)
d)

Solution 2 第二种解决方案

The correct answer is: c)
正确答案是：c)

Select the salt whose anion precipitates with
选择与 发生沉淀的盐

The Quantitative Approach
定量方法

Click here to download the table called "Solubility Constants at ".
点击这里下载名为“ 的溶解度常数”表格。
You will need this Table for the explanations and examples on the rest of this webpage. As well, you will use this table when you write your Chem 12 tests and exams.
您将需要此表格来解释和展示本网页其余部分的示例。此外，在您参加化学 12 级考试和考试时，您也会使用此表格。
This table is present in your data booklet so if you have already printed that out you do not need to print it again.
如果您已经打印了数据手册，那么这个表格已经包含在其中，您无需再次打印。

The Quantitative Approach to Predicting Precipitate Formation
预测沉淀形成的定量方法

Use this approach when:
当出现以下情况时使用此方法：
  • The problem is presented quantitatively.
    问题以数量方式呈现。
  • A check for reasonableness shows that the final concentration of the suspect precipitate is less than or close to the soluble/insoluble boundary which applies to the solubility table predictions.
    合理性检查显示，可疑沉淀的最终浓度小于或接近适用于溶解度表预测的 可溶/不可溶边界。
Note that both concentration values are divided by two. This is because equal volumes of the two solutions were combined, which causes the concentrations of all species to be halved.
请注意，两个浓度值都被除以二。这是因为将两种溶液体积相等混合，导致所有物种的浓度减半。
Step 3: 步骤 3：
Compare to  比较 和
We read from the "Solubility Constant Table" (page 5 of the Data Booklet) that the Ksp for CuS is:
我们从“溶解度常数表”（数据手册第 5 页）中读到 CuS 的 Ksp 为：
Ksp
Therefore: and a precipitate will form
因此： ，沉淀物将形成

and a precipitate will form
并且会形成沉淀

When a precipitate will NOT form
当 时，不会形成沉淀

Beware of the dilution effect in all situations where one solution is poured into another. Apply this formula to all ions involved before proceeding with calculations.
在一个溶液倒入另一个溶液的所有情况中要注意稀释效应。在进行计算之前，应用这个公式到所有涉及的离子。
Initial Volume 初始体积
[Final] [Initial]
Final Volume
(This last fraction is called the dilution factor)
（最后这一部分称为稀释因子）
Note: 注意：
A K trial expression is just like a Ksp expression except that concentrations known to be at equilibrium are used in a Ksp expression, while concentration values are checked out to see if they are, or are not, at equilibrium in a K trial expression.
一个 K 试验表达式与 Ksp 表达式类似，只是在 Ksp 表达式中使用已知处于平衡状态的浓度，而在 K 试验表达式中检查浓度值是否处于平衡状态或不处于平衡状态。
Alternate labels for K trial include "T.I.P." (trial ion product), "Trial Ksp", or "Trial Q".
K 试验的替代标签包括“T.I.P.”（试验离子积）、“试验 Ksp”或“试验 Q”。

Examples 示例

Examples 示例

Example 1: Solve the question in your notebook then check your solution.
例子 1：在你的笔记本上解决问题，然后检查你的解决方案。
If of and of are mixed, will a precipitate form?
如果 的 和 的 混合在一起，会形成沉淀吗？
Because it isn't included in the Solubility Constant Table the of is
因为它没有包含在溶解度常数表中，所以 的 是

Solution 1 溶液 1

Write the dissociation equation for the possible precipitate
为可能的沉淀物写出解离方程
+
Initial -
Trial -
Trial
Trial
Therefore a precipitate will form.
因此会形成沉淀。

Activity 活动

Use: Table of Solubility of Common Compound in Water
使用：常见化合物在水中的溶解度表

  1. Will a precipitate form if equal volumes of and are combined? Explain.
    如果将等体积的 和 混合，会形成沉淀吗？请解释。

forms  形成

  1. Will a precipitate form if equal volumes of and are combined? First write the equilibrium reaction for the "possible" precipitate
    如果将等体积的 和 混合，会形成沉淀吗？首先写出“可能”沉淀的平衡反应。
The possible precipitate is...
可能的沉淀是...
Ktrial division by 2 due to dilution effect
由于稀释效应，Ktrial 除以 2
Ktrial < Ksp, therefore the calculation overrules the prediction from the descriptive table and no precipitate forms.
Ktrial < Ksp，因此计算结果优先于描述表中的预测，不会形成沉淀。
  1. Given a solution of , what concentration of will be needed to just start precipitation of ? (Assume that an insignificant volume of solid is added. This situation then has no dilution effect!). First write the equilibrium reaction for the precipitate
    给定 溶液，需要多少浓度的 才能刚好开始沉淀 ？（假设添加了微量固体 。这种情况下没有稀释效应！）。首先写出沉淀物的平衡反应
Therefore the will also be
因此 也将是

Altering Solubility and the effect of temperature
改变溶解度和温度的影响

The solubility of a compound can be increased or decreased. The change is explained here using the solubility equilibrium equation. Changing the temperature of a solution can affect the solubility of a compound. The changes are explained using the solubility equilibrium eauation for compounds that dissolve endothermicallv and exothermicallv.
化合物的溶解度可以增加或减少。这种变化是通过溶解度平衡方程来解释的。改变溶液的温度可以影响化合物的溶解度。这些变化是通过溶解度平衡方程来解释的，用于溶解吸热和放热的化合物。
Decreasing solubility 降低溶解度
Using solubility equilibrium equations, it can be shown how the solubility of a compound can be decreased using the common ion effect.
使用溶解度平衡方程，可以展示如何利用共有离子效应降低化合物的溶解度。
The following multi-part question will give you practice in predicting and explaining how adding other compounds can decrease the solubility of a given compound.
以下的多部分问题将让你练习预测和解释如何通过添加其他化合物来降低给定化合物的溶解度。

Increasing Solubility 增加溶解度

Solubility equilibrium equations will show how the solubility of a compound can be increased.
溶解度平衡方程将展示如何增加化合物的溶解度。

The following multi-part question will give you practice in predicting and explaining how adding other compounds could either increase, decrease, or have no effect on the solubility of a given compound.
以下这个多部分问题将让你练习预测和解释如何添加其他化合物可能会增加、减少或对给定化合物的溶解度没有影响。