Global Action Plan to End Statelessness 结束无国籍状态全球行动计划
2014-2024
"Statelessness can lead to a devastating cycle of deprivation and vulnerability. In the five years since the launch of the #IBelong Campaign, we have witnessed remarkable progress on many fronts, including new accessions to the UN Statelessness Conventions. "无国籍状态会导致匮乏和脆弱性的破坏性循环。在#IBelong运动发起以来的五年里,我们见证了许多方面取得的显著进展,包括新加入联合国无国籍公约。
However, millions of people still suffer the lifelong denial of their human rights because they are stateless. And certain worrying trends, including a rise in damaging forms of nationalism, and increased forced displacement, threaten to increase statelessness in some parts of the world if action isn’t taken. 然而,仍有数百万人因无国籍而终生被剥夺人权。如果不采取行动,某些令人担忧的趋势,包括破坏性民族主义的抬头和被迫流离失所现象的增加,有可能加剧世界某些地区的无国籍状态。
Now - more than ever - we need strengthened international resolve to take the steps set out in this Global Action Plan so as to ensure that no one is stateless in 2024." 现在,我们比以往任何时候都更需要加强国际决心,采取本《全球行动计划》中规定的步骤,以确保到 2024 年没有人成为无国籍者"。
FILIPPO GRANDI, UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES 联合国难民事务高级专员菲利波-格兰迪
CONTENTS 目 录
Executive Summary … 2 执行摘要 ... 2
Overview … 4 概述 ... 4
Statement of Intent … 4 意向声明 ... 4
Introduction … 4 导言 ... 4
Overall Strategy … 6 总体战略 ... 6
Resources … 6 资源 ... 6
Background … 7 背景 ... 7
10 Actions to End Statelessness … 8 结束无国籍状态的 10 项行动...... 8
Action 1: Resolve existing major situations of statelessness … 8 行动 1:解决现有的重大无国籍状况...... 8
Action 2: Ensure that no child is born stateless … 10 行动 2:确保没有儿童生来就是无国籍的...... 10
Action 3: Remove gender discrimination from nationality laws … 14 行动 3:消除国籍法中的性别歧视...... 14
Action 4: Prevent denial, loss or deprivation of nationality on discriminatory grounds … 16
Action 5: Prevent statelessness in cases of State succession … 18
Action 6: Grant protection status to stateless migrants and facilitate their naturalization … 20
Action 7: Ensure birth registration for the prevention of statelessness … 23
Action 8: Issue nationality documentation to those with entitlement to it … 26
Action 9: Accede to the UN Statelessness Conventions … 28 行动 9:加入联合国无国籍状态公约...... 28
Action 10: Improve quantitative and qualitative data on stateless populations … 30
Annex 1 … 32 附件 1 ... 32
Annex 2 … 33 附件 2 ... 33
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 执行摘要
1. Objectives 1.目标
TO END STATELESSNESS WITHIN 10 YEARS, the Global Action Plan to End Statelessness: 2014-2024 establishes a guiding framework of 10 Actions to be undertaken by States, with the support of UNHCR and other stakeholders to: 为了在十年内结束无国籍状态,《结束无国籍状态全球行动计划:2014-2024年》确立了一个由10项行动组成的指导框架,各国将在联合国难民署和其他利益攸关方的支持下采取这些行动,以便:
resolve existing major situations of statelessness; 解决现有的重大无国籍问题;
prevent new cases of statelessness from emerging; and 防止出现新的无国籍案例;以及
better identify and protect stateless populations. 更好地识别和保护无国籍人口。
2. The 10 Actions to End Statelessness 2.结束无国籍状态的十项行动
STATES ARE ENCOURAGED to take one or more of the following 10 Actions to achieve the related Goals by 2024. UNHCR, other UN and international agencies, regional organizations, civil society and stateless people all have roles to play in supporting governments to accomplish relevant Actions. Because the causes, profile and magnitude of statelessness vary, not all Actions are required in all countries. 鼓励各国采取以下 10 项行动中的一项或多项行动,在 2024 年前实现相关目 标。难民署、其他联合国机构和国际机构、区域组织、民间社会和无国籍人都可以发挥作用,支持各国政府完成相关行动。由于无国籍状态的原因、概况和严重程度各不相同,并非所有国家都需要采取所有行动。
Action 1: 行动 1:
RESOLVE EXISTING MAJOR SITUATIONS OF STATELESSNESS 解决现有的重大无国籍问题
Goal: All major non-refugee statelessness situations resolved. 目标:解决所有主要的非难民无国籍问题。
Action 2: 行动 2:
ENSURE THAT NO CHILD IS BORN STATELESS 确保没有儿童出生时没有国籍
Goal: No reported cases of childhood statelessness. 目标:无无国籍儿童的报告。
Goal: All States have a provision in their nationality laws to grant nationality to stateless children born in their territory. 目标:所有国家的国籍法都规定,给予在其领土上出生的无国籍儿童国籍。
Goal: All States have a provision in their nationality laws to grant nationality to children of unknown origin found in their territory (foundlings). 目标:所有国家的国籍法都规定,对在其境内发现的来历不明的儿童(弃儿)给予国籍。
Goal: All States have a safeguard in their nationality laws to grant nationality to children born to nationals abroad and who are unable to acquire another nationality. 目标:所有国家的国籍法都有保障措施,给予国民在国外所生但无法获得其他国籍的子女国籍。
Action 3: 行动 3:
REMOVE GENDER DISCRIMINATION FROM 消除性别歧视
NATIONALITY LAWS 国籍法
Goal: All States have nationality laws which treat women and men equally with regard to conferral of nationality to their children and with regard to the acquisition, change and retention of nationality. 目标:所有国家的国籍法在赋予子女国籍以及取得、改变和保留国籍方面对男女一视同仁。
Action 4: 行动 4:
PREVENT DENIAL, LOSS OR DEPRIVATION OF 防止拒绝、丧失或剥夺
NATIONALITY ON DISCRIMINATORY GROUNDS 基于歧视性理由的国籍
Goal: No States have nationality laws which permit denial, loss or deprivation of nationality on discriminatory grounds. 目标:没有任何国家的国籍法允许以歧视性理由拒绝、丧失或剥夺国籍。
Action 5: 行动 5:
PREVENT STATELESSNESS IN CASES OF STATE SUCCESSION 防止在国家继承情况下出现无国籍状态
Goal: No cases of statelessness due to future situations of State succession. 目标:不出现因未来国家继承而造成的无国籍情况。
Action 6: 行动 6:
GRANT PROTECTION STATUS TO STATELESS MIGRANTS AND FACILITATE THEIR NATURALIZATION 给予无国籍移民保护身份,并为其入籍提供便利
Goal: 70 States identify stateless migrants through determination procedures which lead to a legal status that permits residence and guarantees the enjoyment of basic human rights, and facilitate naturalization. 目标:70 个国家通过确定程序识别无国籍移民,从而获得允许居住并保障享有基本人权 的法律地位,并为入籍提供便利。
Action 7: 行动 7:
ENSURE BIRTH REGISTRATION FOR THE PREVENTION OF STATELESSNESS 确保出生登记,防止出现无国籍状态
Goal: No reported cases of statelessness due to a lack of birth registration. 目标:无因缺乏出生登记而导致无国籍的报告案例。
Action 8: 行动 8:
ISSUE NATIONALITY DOCUMENTATION TO THOSE WITH ENTITLEMENT TO IT 向有权获得国籍的人发放国籍文件
Goal: No States have populations which are entitled to nationality under law but which cannot acquire documentary proof of nationality. 目标:没有任何国家的人口依法有权获得国籍,但却无法获得国籍证明文件。
Action 9: 行动 9:
ACCEDE TO THE UN STATELESSNESS CONVENTIONS 加入联合国无国籍公约
Goal: 140 States are party to the 1954 目标:140 个国家成为 1954 年《公约》缔约国
Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons. 《关于无国籍人地位的公约》。
Goal: 130 States are party to the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness. 目标:130 个国家加入 1961 年《减少无国籍状态公约》。
Action 10: 行动 10:
IMPROVE QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DATA ON STATELESS POPULATIONS 改进有关无国籍人口的定量和定性数据
Goal: Quantitative data on stateless populations is publicly available for 150 States. 目标:公开 150 个国家无国籍人口的定量数据。
Goal: Qualitative analysis on stateless populations is publicly available for at least 120 States. 目标:公开至少 120 个国家的无国籍人口定性分析。
OVERVIEW 概述
Statement of Intent
TO BRING AN END TO STATELESSNESS
within 10 years by resolving existing situations and preventing the emergence of new cases of statelessness. 意向声明
结束无国籍状态
在 10 年内解决现有状况,防止出现新的无国籍问题。
Introduction 导言
IN A WORLD COMPRISED OF STATES, the problem of statelessness remains a glaring anomaly with devastating impacts on the lives of at least 10 million people around the world who live without any nationality. ^(1){ }^{1} In October 2013, the UN High Commissioner for Refugees called for the “total commitment of the international community to end statelessness.” The Global Action Plan to End Statelessness: 2014-2024 (Global Action Plan), developed in consultation with States, civil society and international organisations, sets out a guiding framework made up of 10 Actions that need to be taken to end statelessness within 10 years. Provided that there is adequate leadership and effective implementation of the Global Action Plan, statelessness can be ended within a decade. 在这个国家林立的世界上,无国籍问题仍然是一个突出的异常现象,对全世界至少1000万没有任何国籍的人的生活造成了破坏性影响。 ^(1){ }^{1} 2013年10月,联合国难民事务高级专员呼吁 "国际社会全面致力于结束无国籍状态"。与各国、民间社会和国际组织协商制定的《结束无国籍状态全球行动计划:2014-2024年》(《全球行动计划》)提出了一个由10项行动组成的指导框架,要求在10年内结束无国籍状态。只要有足够的领导和有效执行《全球行动计划》,无国籍状态就能在十年内结束。
THE GLOBAL ACTION PLAN INCLUDES ACTIONS TO: 全球行动计划包括以下行动
resolve existing situations of statelessness; 解决现有的无国籍状况;
prevent new cases of statelessness from emerging; and 防止出现新的无国籍案例;以及
better identify and protect stateless persons. 更好地识别和保护无国籍人士。
THE 10 ACTIONS TO END STATELESSNESS ARE: 结束无国籍状态的 10 项行动是
Action 1: Resolve existing major situations of statelessness. 行动 1:解决现有的重大无国籍状况。
Action 2: Ensure that no child is born stateless. 行动 2:确保没有儿童出生时无国籍。
Action 3: Remove gender discrimination from nationality laws. 行动 3:消除国籍法中的性别歧视。
Action 4: Prevent denial, loss or deprivation of nationality on discriminatory grounds. 行动 4: 防止以歧视性理由拒绝、丧失或剥夺国籍。
Action 5: Prevent statelessness in cases of State succession. 行动 5:防止在国家继承情况下出现无国籍状态。
Because the causes, profile and magnitude of statelessness vary, not all Actions are required in all countries. Indeed, in the majority of cases, only one or two Actions will be relevant to address statelessness within specific country contexts. For this reason, the Actions presented in this Global Action Plan are not in order of implementation, priority or importance. UNHCR, other UN and international agencies, regional organizations, civil society and stateless people all have a role to play in supporting governments to accomplish the relevant Actions. 由于无国籍状态的原因、概况和严重程度各不相同,并非所有国家都需要采 取所有行动。事实上,在大多数情况下,只有一两项行动与解决具体国家的无国籍问题相关。因此,本《全球行动计划》中提出的行动不按执行、优先或重要程度排序。难民署、其他联合国机构和国际机构、区域组织、民间社会和无国籍人都可以发挥作用,支持各国政府完成相关行动。
For each Action, the Global Action Plan sets out available information (the Starting Point) and the Goals to be achieved within 10 years. It also includes Milestones, or interim targets, in 2017 and 2020, to mark progress towards achievement of the Goals. 对于每项行动,《全球行动计划》都列出了现有信息(起点)和 10 年内要实现的目标。它还包括 2017 年和 2020 年的 "里程碑 "或中期目标,以标志在实现目标方面取得的进展。
A number of the Actions are interrelated. Therefore, achievement of the Goals of one Action, could lead to partial achievement of the Goals of another Action. For example, increasing the number of States parties to the 1961 一些行动是相互关联的。因此,一项行动目标的实现可能导致另一项行动目标的部分实现。例如,增加 1961 年《公约》缔约国的数量
Action 6: Grant protection status to stateless migrants and facilitate their naturalization. 行动 6:给予无国籍移民保护地位,并为其入籍提供便利。
Action 7: Ensure birth registration for the prevention of statelessness. 行动 7:确保出生登记,防止无国籍状态。
Action 8: Issue nationality documentation to those with entitlement to it. 行动 8:向有权获得国籍的人发放国籍文件。
Action 9: Accede to the UN Statelessness Conventions. 行动 9: 加入联合国无国籍状态公约。
Action 10: Improve quantitative and qualitative data on stateless populations. 行动 10:改进关于无国籍人口的定量和定性数据。
Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness under Action 9, could also lead to those States adopting or improving provisions in their nationality laws to ensure that no child is born stateless pursuant to Action 2. 行动 9 下的《减少无国籍状态公约》也可能促使这些国家通过或改进其国籍法的规定,以确保没有儿童出生时是无国籍的。
Countries are encouraged to accomplish Actions by developing and implementing National Action Plans (please see Annex 1). These National Action Plans can set out detailed strategies to complete selected Actions and indicate detailed countrylevel goals and milestones. It is recommended that National Action Plans are developed through a consultation process which includes the involvement of UNHCR, other UN and development actors and regional bodies where relevant, national institutions (relevant ministries, parliament, etc.), civil society and stateless groups. States are encouraged to undertake periodic reviews of their National Action Plans. UNHCR will report on progress achieved under the Global Action Plan every two years. In the absence of a National Action Plan, UNHCR will continue to promote key Actions within the country concerned. 鼓励各国通过制定和实施国家行动计划(请参见附件 1)来完成各项行动。这些 "国家行动计划 "可为完成选定的 "行动 "制定详细的战略,并指出国家一级的详细目标和里程碑。建议通过协商进程制定《国家行动计划》,其中包括难民署、其他联 合国和发展行为者以及相关的区域机构、国家机构(相关部委、议会等)、民间社 会和无国籍群体的参与。鼓励各国定期审查其国家行动计划。难民署将每两年报告一次在《全球行动计划》下取得的进展。在没有《国家行动计划》的情况下,难民署将继续在有关国家推动关键行 动。
Overall Strategy 总体战略
TO ASSIST COUNTRIES ACHIEVE THE GOALS of 协助各国实现以下目标
this Global Action Plan, UNHCR and partners will: 难民署及其伙伴将:
Identify factors which may contribute to new cases of statelessness or which prevent resolution of existing situations; 确定可能导致新的无国籍案例或阻碍解决现有状况的因素;
Develop and implement National Action Plans to undertake relevant Actions; 制定并实施国家行动计划,开展相关行动;
Convene country-level roundtable discussions with governments, civil society, other UN Agencies and stakeholders, and undertake participatory assessments with stateless communities to inform the development of National Action Plans; 与各国政府、民间社会、其他联合国机构和利益攸关方举行国家级圆桌讨论,与无国籍社区开展参与式评估,为制定国家行动计划提供信息;
Provide technical advice and, where necessary, resources to support governments and stateless populations; 提供技术咨询,必要时提供资源,支持各国政府和无国籍人口;
Promote the exchange of good practices in resolving statelessness; 促进交流解决无国籍问题的良好做法;
Engage with the justice sector and the legal community for a strategic use of judicial processes; 与司法部门和法律界合作,战略性地利用司法程序;
Undertake sustained global awarenessraising and advocacy on statelessness, ensuring that the plight of stateless people is understood and their voices are heard; and 在全球范围内持续开展关于无国籍问题的提高认识和宣传活动,确保人们了解无国籍人的困境,倾听他们的声音;以及
Report on implementation of Actions every two years. 每两年报告一次行动实施情况。
While the Global Action Plan focuses on the overarching goals of resolving existing situations of statelessness and preventing the emergence of new cases of statelessness, UNHCR will continue to work with relevant actors to ensure implementation of all aspects of its statelessness mandate in accordance with relevant General Assembly Resolutions and Conclusions of UNHCR’s Executive Committee, notably Conclusion No. 106 of 2006 on “Identification, Prevention and Reduction of Statelessness and Protection of Stateless Persons.” ^(3){ }^{3} 虽然《全球行动计划》的重点是解决现有的无国籍状态和防止出现新的无国籍状态的总体目标,但难民署将继续与有关行为者合作,确保根据大会有关决议和难民署执行委员会的结论,特别是2006年关于 "识别、防止和减少无国籍状态和保护无国籍人 "的第106号结论,执行其无国籍状态任务的所有方面。 ^(3){ }^{3}
While some stateless people are also refugees, most are not. The Global Action Plan focuses primarily on non-refugee stateless populations but also complements UNHCR’s efforts to resolve protracted refugee situations. 《虽然有些无国籍人也是难民,但大多数不是。全球行动计划》主要侧重于非难民无国籍人口,但也补充了难民署为解决旷日持久的难民局势所做的努力。
Resources 资源
EXPERIENCE HAS SHOWN that successful responses to most situations of statelessness entail low costs. However, additional resources will be required to undertake the Actions outlined in the Global Action Plan. 经验表明,成功应对大多数无国籍状况的成本很低。然而,开展《全球行动计划》中概述的行动需要额外的资源。
Since 2009, UNHCR has more than tripled its expenditure on statelessness - from USD 12 million to USD 36 million in 2013. The High Commissioner has dedicated additional resources through the ‘Seeds for Solutions’ process to the most promising projects to resolve existing situations and prevent new cases of statelessness. This has boosted the capacity of six UNHCR operations by over USD 1 million during 2014. 自2009年以来,难民署在无国籍问题上的支出增加了两倍多,从1200万美元增至2013年的3600万美元。高级专员通过 "解决方案种子 "进程,为最有希望解决现有状况和防止出现新的无国籍案件的项目拨出了额外资源。2014年期间,这使难民署六项业务的能力提高了100多万美元。
An additional USD 3 million has been allocated to implement the Global Action Plan in 2015. UNHCR welcomes continued support from donors to end statelessness. 为在2015年实施《全球行动计划》,已追加拨款300万美元。难民署欢迎捐助方继续支持结束无国籍状态。
In addition to its regular staff, UNHCR is also deploying more than 20 specialists around the world to work with UNHCR teams, governments, non-governmental organizations and stateless communities. These include eight regional statelessness officers, protection staff in countries with large stateless and at-risk populations and short-term deployees under a specialized roster of the Surge Protection Capacity Project. 除正式工作人员外,难民署还在世界各地部署了 20 多名专家,与难民署工 作队、各国政府、非政府组织和无国籍社区合作。这些专家包括八名区域无国籍问题官员、在有大量无国籍人口和面临风险人口的国家的保护工作人员,以及在 "激增保护能力项目 "专门名册下的短期雇员。
Background 背景介绍
WHAT IS STATELESSNESS AND WHY MUST IT BE BROUGHT TO AN END? 什么是无国籍状态,为什么必须结束这种状态?
A stateless person is someone who is not considered as a national by any State under the operation of its law. At least 10 million people worldwide continue to suffer the privations and indignity of being denied nationality. Statelessness may occur for a variety of reasons, including discrimination against particular ethnic or religious groups or on the basis of gender; the emergence of new States and transfers of territory between existing States (State succession); and conflict of nationality laws. 无国籍人是指根据任何国家的法律规定不被该国视为国民的人。全世界至少有 1 000 万人继续遭受被剥夺国籍的痛苦和侮辱。无国籍状态的出现有多种原因,包括对特定种族或宗教群体的歧视或基于性别的歧视;新国家的出现和现有国家之间的领土转让(国家继承);以及国籍法的冲突。
Whatever the cause, statelessness has serious consequences for people in almost every country and in all regions of the world. Stateless persons are often denied enjoyment of a range of rights such as identity documents, employment, education and health services. Statelessness can lead to forced displacement just as forced displacement can lead to statelessness. It can also 无论原因如何,无国籍状态几乎对世界上所有国家和地区的人们都造成了严重后果。无国籍人往往被剥夺一系列权利,如身份证件、就业、教育和医疗服务。无国籍状态可能导致被迫流离失所,正如被迫流离失所可能导致无国籍状态一样。它还可以
contribute to political and social tensions. The exclusion and denial of rights to large populations because they are stateless can impair the economic and social development of States. 造成政治和社会紧张局势。大量人口因无国籍而被排斥和剥夺权利,会损害国家的经济和社会发展。
Under international law, States set the rules for acquisition, change and withdrawal of nationality. At the same time, the discretion of States with regard to nationality is limited by obligations under international treaties to which they are a party, customary international law and general principles of international law. The 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons is the cornerstone of the international protection regime for stateless people. Specific obligations relating to the prevention and reduction of statelessness are established under the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness. 根据国际法,国家制定获得、改变和撤销国籍的规则。与此同时,各国在国籍问题上的自由裁量权受到其加入的国际条约义务、习惯国际法和国际法一般原则的限制。1954 年《关于无国籍人地位的公约》是无国籍人国际保护制度的基石。1961 年《减少无国籍状态公约》规定了防止和减少无国籍状态的具体义务。
In addition, a range of human rights instruments recognize the right to a nationality, albeit with varying formulations. These instruments include: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights; the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; the International Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination; the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women; the Convention on the Rights of the Child; the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families; and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The Global Action Plan is based on the standards contained in these international treaties (please see Annex 2). 此外,一系列人权文书也承认国籍权,尽管其表述各不相同。这些文书包括世界人权宣言》、《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》、《消除种族歧视国际公 约》、《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》、《儿童权利公约》、《保护所有移徙工人及其 家庭成员权利国际公约》和《残疾人权利公约》。全球行动计划》以这些国际条约所载的标准为基础(请参见附件 2)。
10 ACTIONS TO END STATELESSNESS 结束无国籍状态的 10 项行动
Action 1: 行动 1:
RESOLVE EXISTING MAJOR SITUATIONS OF STATELESSNESS 解决现有的重大无国籍问题
STARTING POINT
- There are 20 major reported non-refugee statelessness situations. 起点
- 报告的主要非难民无国籍状态有 20 种。
MILESTONES 里程碑
Law, policy and administrative reforms are in place to grant or confirm nationality of non-refugee stateless persons in 10 of the major non-refugee statelessness situations. ^(4){ }^{4} 在 10 个主要的非难民无国籍状态中,法律、政策和行政改革已经到位,以给予或确认非难民无国籍者的国籍。 ^(4){ }^{4}
By 2020 到 2020 年
Law, policy and administrative reforms in place to grant or confirm nationality of non-refugee stateless persons in an additional 5 of the major non-refugee statelessness situations (15 situations in total since 2014). 进行法律、政策和行政改革,在另外 5 个主要的非难民无国籍状况中(自 2014 年以来共 15 个状况),给予或确认非难民无国籍人国籍。
GOAL BY 2024 - All major non-refugee statelessness situations resolved. 2024 年之前的目标--解决所有主要的非难民无国籍问题。
CONTEXT 背景
Major non-refugee statelessness situations are often linked to non-inclusion of specific groups in the body of citizens at the time of independence, sometimes for discriminatory reasons. These situations generally have persisted for decades. A number of States have recognized the negative impact and have taken steps to resolve largescale situations. They have shown that the key factor is political will and that relatively simple and low-cost reforms can have an immediate, permanent impact. 主要的非难民无国籍状况往往与独立时未将特定群体纳入公民主体有关,有时是出于歧视性原因。这些情况一般都持续了几十年。一些国家已经认识到这种负面影响,并采取措施解决大规模的问题。它们表明,关键因素是政治意愿,相对简单和低成本的改革可以产生立竿见影的永久性影响。
HOW CAN THIS ACTION BE IMPLEMENTED? 如何实施这一行动?
The most cost-effective way of resolving major statelessness situations is through changes to legislation or government policy, including one-off measures to recognize as nationals those populations excluded at the time of State independence. Rules for conferral of nationality can be changed so that all stateless people resident in the territory are considered nationals provided that they were born on the territory or have resided there before a particular date, or have parents or grandparents who meet these criteria. Requirements and procedures for 解决重大无国籍状况的最具成本效益的方法是修改立法或政府政策,包括采 取一次性措施,承认在国家独立时被排除在外的人口为国民。可以修改授予国籍的规则,使居住在领土上的所有无国籍人都被视为国民,条件是他们出生在领土上,或在某一特定日期之前居住在领土上,或其父母或祖父母符合这些标准。以下方面的要求和程序
naturalization can also be simplified to make it easier for stateless people to acquire nationality, for instance, by reducing the required number of years of residence or by lowering or eliminating application fees. 还可以简化入籍程序,使无国籍人士更容易获得国籍,例如,减少所需的居住年限或降低或取消申请费。
HOW CAN UNHCR HELP? 难民署能提供哪些帮助?
Major activities: 主要活动
Advocate and provide technical advice for reform of nationality laws, policies and procedures to permit acquisition of nationality by stateless people. 倡导国籍法、政策和程序改革并提供技术咨询,允许无国籍人士获得国籍。
Deliver operational support to governments, parliaments, civil society and stateless populations, including through projects to bolster capacity of States and civil society. This includes: 向政府、议会、民间社会和无国籍人口提供业务支持,包括通过项目增强国家和民间社会的能力。这包括
Provision of information, legal aid, documentation and support for nationality campaigns to assist stateless individuals with nationality applications and for acquisition of documentation confirming nationality; 为国籍运动提供信息、法律援助、文件和支持,以帮助无国籍人申请国籍和获得确 认国籍的文件;
Support to governments for processing of applications or issuance of documentation; 支持政府处理申请或发放文件;
Support for deployment of mobile teams to ensure that all sectors of the population have access to procedures; 支持部署流动小组,以确保各阶层民众都能获得相关程序;
Where statelessness is due to discriminatory social attitudes, building support for long-term solutions through dialogue, reconciliation and confidencebuilding. 如果无国籍状态是由歧视性的社会态度造成的,则应通过对话、和解和建立信 任,为长期解决方案提供支持。
WHAT EXISTING CIRCUMSTANCES CAN FACILITATE IMPLEMENTATION OF THIS ACTION? 现有哪些情况可以促进这一行动的实施?
Pledges made by particular States in the context of UNHCR’s 2011 Ministerial Meeting, commitments made in the context of the Universal Periodic Review of the Human Rights Council and recommendations made to particular States by UN human rights treaty bodies and special procedures. 特定国家在联合国难民署2011年部长级会议上做出的承诺,在人权理事会普遍定期审议中做出的承诺,以及联合国人权条约机构和特别程序向特定国家提出的建议。
Increasing recognition by States of the negative impacts of large-scale situations of statelessness and of the benefits of resolving such situations, including in terms of improving social cohesion and other development outcomes. 各国日益认识到大规模无国籍状态的负面影响以及解决这种状态的益处,包括在提高社会凝聚力和其他发展成果方面的益处。
WHAT ARE THE OBSTACLES TO IMPLEMENTING THIS ACTION? 实施这一行动的障碍是什么?
Reforms of nationality laws and policies are sometimes difficult to achieve in practice. 国籍法和国籍政策的改革有时在实践中很难实现。
Prevailing political and social views and practices regarding stateless populations may be difficult to change. 关于无国籍人口的普遍政治和社会观点及做法可能难以改变。
Action 2: 行动 2:
ENSURE THAT NO CHILD IS BORN STATELESS 确保没有儿童出生时没有国籍
STARTING POINT 起点
At least 70,000 children born in the 20 major reported non-refugee statelessness situations each year are unable to acquire any nationality. 每年至少有 7 万名在 20 个主要报告的非难民无国籍状态下出生的儿童无法获得任何国籍。
At least 29% of all States have no provision in their nationality laws to grant nationality to stateless children born in their territory. At least 28% of all States have inadequate provisions in their nationality laws. 至少 29%的国家在其国籍法中没有规定给予在其领土上出生的无国籍儿童国籍。至少 28%的国家在其国籍法中没有充分的规定。
At least 29% of all States have no provision in their nationality laws to grant nationality to children of unknown origin found in their territory (foundlings). At least 37% of all States have inadequate provisions in their nationality laws. 至少 29%的国家在其国籍法中没有规定给予在其领土上发现的来历不明的儿童(弃儿)国籍。至少有 37%的国家在其国籍法中没有充分的规定。
At least 3% of all States have no safeguards in their nationality laws to grant nationality to children born to nationals abroad and who are unable to acquire another nationality. At least 44% of all States have inadequate safeguards in their nationality laws. 至少有 3%的国家在其国籍法中没有任何保障措施,以给予国民在国外所生且无法获得另一国籍的子女国籍。至少 44%的国家在其国籍法中没有充分的保障措施。
MILESTONES 里程碑
By 2017: 到 2017 年:
The percentage of States with no provision in their nationality laws to grant nationality to statelessness children born in their territory is reduced to 22%22 \%. The percentage of States with inadequate provisions is reduced to 22%22 \%. 国籍法中没有规定给予在其领土上出生的无国籍儿童国籍的国家的百分比减至 22%22 \% 。规定不充分的国家的百分比减少到 22%22 \% 。
The percentage of States with no provision in their nationality laws to grant nationality to children of unknown origin found in their territory (foundling) is reduced to 22%22 \%. The percentage of States with inadequate provisions is reduced to 28%28 \%. 国籍法中没有规定给予在其领土上发现的来历不明的儿童(弃儿)国籍的国家的百分比减至 22%22 \% 。规定不充分的国家的百分比减至 28%28 \% 。
The percentage of States with no safeguard in their nationality laws to grant nationality to children born to nationals abroad and who are unable to acquire another nationality is reduced to 2%2 \%. The percentage of States with inadequate safeguards is reduced to 33%33 \%. 国籍法中没有保障措施给予海外国民所生子女国籍且无法获得另一国籍的国家百分比减至 2%2 \% 。保障措施不力的国家的百分比减至 33%33 \% 。
By 2020: 到 2020 年:
The percentage of States with no provision in their nationality laws to grant nationality to stateless children born in their territory is reduced to 13%13 \%. The percentage of States with inadequate provisions is reduced to 13%13 \%. 国籍法中没有规定给予在其领土上出生的无国籍儿童国籍的国家的百分比减至 13%13 \% 。规定不充分的国家的百分比减至 13%13 \% 。
The percentage of States with no provision in their nationality laws to grant nationality to children of unknown origin found in their territory (foundling) is reduced to 13%13 \%. The percentage of States with inadequate provisions is reduced to 17%17 \%. 国籍法中没有规定给予在其领土上发现的来历不明的儿童(弃儿)国籍的国家的百分比减至 13%13 \% 。规定不充分的国家的百分比减至 17%17 \% 。
The percentage of States with no safeguard in their nationality laws to grant nationality to children born to nationals abroad and who are unable to acquire another nationality is reduced to 1%1 \%. The percentage of States with inadequate safeguards is reduced to 20%20 \%. 国籍法中没有保障措施给予海外国民所生子女国籍且无法获得另一国籍的国家百分比减至 1%1 \% 。保障措施不力的国家的百分比减至 20%20 \% 。
Law, policy and administrative reforms in place to grant or confirm nationality of non-refugee stateless persons in an additional 5 of the major non-refugee statelessness situations (15 situations in total since 2014). 进行法律、政策和行政改革,在另外 5 个主要的非难民无国籍状况中(自 2014 年以来共 15 个状况),给予或确认非难民无国籍人国籍。
GOAL BY 2024 - No reported cases of childhood statelessness. 2024 年之前的目标--无无国籍儿童的报告案例。
All States have a provision in their nationality laws to grant nationality to stateless children born in their territory. 所有国家的国籍法中都有给予在其领土上出生的无国籍儿童国籍的规定。
All States have a provision in their nationality laws to grant nationality to children of unknown origin found in their territory (foundlings). 所有国家的国籍法都规定,对在其境内发现的来历不明的儿童(弃儿)授予国籍。
All States have a safeguard in their nationality laws to grant nationality to children born to nationals abroad and who are unable to acquire another nationality. 所有国家在其国籍法中都有一项保障措施,即给予国民在国外所生但无法获得其他国籍的子女国籍。
CONTEXT 背景
The majority of the world’s stateless people have lacked any nationality since they were born. This is for two primary reasons: (a) their parents were stateless and (b) they were born in a country with a nationality law that does not confer its nationality on children even if this means that they would be left stateless. In a number of other cases, children become stateless when they are born abroad and their parents have a nationality but cannot confer it under the law of their State of nationality. Children may also become stateless when they have been abandoned or separated from their family and their nationality cannot be ascertained. Some children affected by these circumstances are refugees. 世界上大多数无国籍人士自出生起就没有任何国籍。这主要有两个原因:(a) 他们的父母是无国籍人;(b) 他们出生在一个国籍法不赋予儿童国籍的国家,即使这意味着他们将成为无国籍人。在其他一些情况下,如果儿童出生在国外,其父母有国籍,但根据其国籍国的法律不能赋予其国籍,他们就会成为无国籍人。当儿童被遗弃或与家人失散,无法确定其国籍时,他们也可能成为无国籍人。受这些情况影响的一些儿童是难民。
HOW CAN THIS ACTION BE IMPLEMENTED? 如何实施这一行动?
One of the most important safeguards to prevent statelessness is to ensure that nationality laws allow children born in the territory of a State to acquire the nationality of that State if they would otherwise be stateless. This safeguard is the cornerstone of efforts to prevent statelessness and is set out in the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness. 防止无国籍状态最重要的保障措施之一是确保国籍法允许在一国境内出生的儿童获得该国国籍,否则他们将成为无国籍人。这项保障措施是防止无国籍状态工作的基石,1961 年《减少无国籍状态公约》对此作了规定。
The importance of this safeguard is reinforced by standards included in the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights with respect to the right of every child to acquire a nationality. States are not required to grant nationality to all children born in their territories, but only to those who cannot acquire any other nationality. 儿童权利公约》和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》中关于每个儿童获得国籍的权利的标准加强了这一保障的重要性。各国不必给予在其领土上出生的所有儿童国籍,而只需给予那些无法获得任何其他国籍的儿童国籍。
To implement this safeguard, States need to take steps to ascertain whether a child born in the territory whose nationality is unclear, has acquired the nationality of another State. If not, the State in which the child is born is required to grant its nationality so that the child is not left stateless. In accordance with the principle of the best interests of the child, it is recommended that States automatically grant their nationality to children in such situations. 为落实这一保障,各国需要采取步骤,确定在其境内出生但国籍不明确的儿童是否已获得另一国国籍。如果没有,则要求儿童出生的国家授予其国籍,以免儿童成为无国籍人。根据儿童最大利益的原则,建议各国在这种情况下自动给予儿童国籍。
Nationality laws also require a safeguard to grant nationality to children born to nationals abroad and who would otherwise be stateless. Another important provision to be included in nationality laws is the rule that foundlings (found children of unknown parentage) are to be presumed to be nationals of the State in which they are found. Improving birth registration to prevent statelessness amongst children, as envisaged under Action 7, will be important to ensure implementation of Action 2. 国籍法还要求有一项保障措施,给予国民在国外所生的子女国籍,否则他们将成为无国籍人。应纳入国籍法的另一项重要规定是,弃儿(被发现的父母身份不明的儿童)应被推定为其所在国的国民。按照行动 7 的设想,改进出生登记以防止儿童中的无国籍状态,对于确保行动 2 的实施非常重要。
HOW CAN UNHCR HELP? 难民署可提供哪些帮助?
Major activities: 主要活动
Raise awareness of the safeguards to prevent statelessness among children and how these are to be implemented, including in the refugee context. 提高对防止儿童无国籍的保障措施的认识,以及如何实施这些措施,包括在难民背景下。
Advocate and provide technical advice for reform of nationality laws, policies and procedures to permit acquisition of nationality by children who would otherwise be stateless and to grant nationality to foundlings. 倡导国籍法、政策和程序改革,并提供技术咨询,允许原本无国籍的儿童获得国 籍,并给予弃儿国籍。
Coordinate with UNICEF and civil society organisations active in the area of child rights to build awareness and disseminate information. 与儿童基金会和活跃在儿童权利领域的民间社会组织协调,提高认识和传播信 息。
Support initiatives by the legal community to ensure the grant of nationality to children who would otherwise be stateless, including through strategic litigation. Build the capacity of legal professionals and the justice sector on statelessness and nationality issues. 支持法律界采取各种举措,包括通过战略性诉讼,确保给予否则会成为无国籍人的儿童国籍。提高法律专业人员和司法部门在无国籍和国籍问题上的能力。
Advocate for law and policy measures to enable children to access key health, education and other services while their nationality status is being resolved. 倡导采取法律和政策措施,使儿童在国籍问题得到解决的同时能够获得关键的医疗、教育和其他服务。
WHAT EXISTING CIRCUMSTANCES CAN FACILITATE IMPLEMENTATION OF THIS ACTION? 现有哪些情况可以促进这一行动的实施?
Virtually all States are party to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and/or the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which recognize the right of every child to acquire a nationality. 几乎所有国家都是《儿童权利公约》和/或《公民及政治权利国际公约》的缔约国,这些公约承认每个儿童都有获得国籍的权利。
Commitments made in the context of the Universal Periodic Review of the Human Rights Council and recommendations made to particular States by UN human rights treaty bodies and special procedures. 在人权理事会普遍定期审议背景下做出的承诺,以及联合国人权条约机构和特别程序向特定国家提出的建议。
WHAT ARE THE OBSTACLES TO IMPLEMENTING THIS ACTION? 实施这一行动的障碍是什么?
There is limited awareness of the importance of the safeguard to prevent statelessness among children. 人们对防止儿童无国籍的保障措施的重要性认识有限。
There is a misconception in some States that the safeguards require grant of nationality to all children born in the territory. 一些国家有一种误解,认为保障措施要求给予所有在境内出生的儿童国籍。
Reforms of nationality laws are sometimes difficult to achieve and may require additional reforms to related legislation or the Constitution. 国籍法改革有时很难实现,可能需要对相关立法或《宪法》进行额外改革。
Action 3: 行动 3:
REMOVE GENDER DISCRIMINATION FROM NATIONALITY LAWS 消除国籍法中的性别歧视
27 States have nationality laws which do not allow women to confer nationality to their children on an equal basis as men. 27 个国家的国籍法不允许妇女在与男子平等的基础上将国籍传给子女。
More than 60 States have nationality laws which do not allow women and men to acquire, change or retain their nationality on an equal basis. 60 多个国家的国籍法不允许男女在平等的基础上获得、改变或保留国籍。
MILESTONES By 2017: 里程碑 到 2017 年:
10 States introduce reforms to their nationality laws to allow women to confer their nationality to their children on an equal basis as men. 10 个国家对国籍法进行改革,允许妇女在与男子平等的基础上将国籍传给子女。
20 States introduce reforms to their nationality laws to allow women to acquire, change and retain their nationality on an equal basis as men. 20 个国家对国籍法进行改革,允许妇女在与男子平等的基础上获得、改变和保留国籍。
By 2020: 到 2020 年:
An additional 10 States (20 in total since 2014) introduce reforms to their nationality laws to allow women to confer nationality to their children on an equal basis as men. 另有10个国家(自2014年以来共20个国家)对其国籍法进行了改革,允许妇女在与男子平等的基础上将国籍授予其子女。
An additional 20 States (40 in total since 2014) introduce reforms to their nationality laws to allow women to acquire, change and retain their nationality on an equal basis as men. 另有20个国家(自2014年以来共40个国家)对其国籍法进行了改革,允许妇女在与男子平等的基础上获得、变更和保留国籍。
GOAL BY 2024 2024 年目标
All States have nationality laws which treat women and men equally with regard to conferral of nationality to their children and with regard to the acquisition, change and retention of nationality. 所有国家的国籍法在将国籍传给子女以及取得、改变和保留国籍方面对男女一视同仁。
CONTEXT 背景
Gender discrimination in nationality laws can have far-reaching consequences on all aspects of family life. When women are unable to pass on their nationality to their children because of discriminatory laws, and those children are unable to acquire nationality from the father, they are rendered stateless. This can happen where the father is stateless, unknown, or unable or unwilling to complete administrative requirements to confer 国籍法中的性别歧视会对家庭生活的各个方面产生深远影响。当妇女因歧视性法律而无法将国籍传给子女,而这些子女又无法从父亲那里获得国籍时,他们就会成为无国籍人。如果父亲是无国籍人、身份不明、无法或不愿完成授予国籍的行政要求,就会出现这种情况。
his nationality or to obtain documentation to prove the nationality of the child. Such laws are not in compliance with Article 9(2) of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. States which deny women equal rights as men to acquire, change or retain their nationality are not in compliance with Article 9(1) of that Convention. 这些法律不符合《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第 9(2)条的规定。这些法律不符合《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第 9(2)条的规定。否认妇女在取得、改变或保留国籍方面享有与男子平等权利的国家也不符合该公约第 9(1)条的规定。
HOW CAN THIS ACTION BE IMPLEMENTED? 如何实施这一行动?
Reforms to laws which prevent women from conferring nationality to their children on an equal basis as men are necessary to prevent statelessness among children. Such reforms can be enacted with retroactive effect to ensure that those left stateless under previously discriminatory laws are able to acquire a nationality. Lifting reservations to Article 9 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women will also help to achieve the Goal under this Action. Removing gender discrimination against women when it comes to their ability to acquire, change and retain their nationality on an equal basis with men is necessary to protect women against statelessness and unwanted changes in the nationality status. 为了防止儿童中出现无国籍状态,有必要改革那些阻止妇女在与男子平等的基础上为其子女授予国籍的法律。可以颁布具有追溯效力的此类改革,以确保那些因以前的歧视性法律而处于无国籍状态的人能够获得国籍。取消对《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第 9 条的保留也有助于实现本行动的目标。在妇女与男子平等地获得、改变和保留国籍的能力方面,消除对妇女的性别歧视是保护妇女免于无国籍状态和国籍状况意外改变的必要条件。
HOW CAN UNHCR HELP? 难民署能提供哪些帮助?
Major activities: 主要活动
Advocate and provide technical advice for reform of nationality laws, policies and procedures to ensure equality between women and men in nationality matters. Where possible, use the opportunity of Constitutional reform processes to achieve these objectives. 倡导国籍法、政策和程序改革并提供技术咨询,以确保男女在国籍问题上的平等。在可能的情况下,利用宪法改革进程的机会实现这些目标。
Work with UN Women, UNICEF, OHCHR and civil society members of the Global Campaign for Equal Nationality Rights. 与联合国妇女署、联合国儿童基金会、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处以及 "全 球国籍权利平等运动 "的民间社会成员合作。
Support initiatives by the legal community to promote equality of women and men in nationality matters, including through strategic litigation aimed at achieving legislative reform or ending the discriminatory application of nationality laws. Build the capacity of legal professionals and the justice sector on statelessness and nationality issues. 支持法律界在国籍问题上促进男女平等的倡议,包括通过旨在实现立法改革或终止歧视性适用国籍法的战略诉讼。提高法律专业人员和司法部门在无国籍和国籍问题上的能力。
WHAT EXISTING CIRCUMSTANCES CAN FACILITATE IMPLEMENTATION OF THIS ACTION? 现有哪些情况可以促进这一行动的实施?
Pledges made by particular States in the context of UNHCR’s 2011 Ministerial Meeting, commitments made in the context of the Universal Periodic Review of the Human Rights Council and recommendations made to particular States by UN human rights treaty bodies and special procedures. 特定国家在联合国难民署2011年部长级会议上做出的承诺,在人权理事会普遍定期审议中做出的承诺,以及联合国人权条约机构和特别程序向特定国家提出的建议。
There is significant forward momentum on this issue. In the past 10 years, 12 States have reformed their laws to achieve compliance with Article 9(2) of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women to allow women to pass on their nationality to their children. 在这一问题上取得了重大进展。在过去 10 年中,12 个国家改革了法律,以遵守《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第 9(2)条,允许妇女将国籍传给子女。
In 2014, a new coalition of civil society actors and UN Agencies launched the Global Campaign for Equal Nationality Rights. The work of this campaign can complement and support implementation of this Action. 2014 年,一个由民间社会行动者和联合国机构组成的新联盟发起了 "全球国籍权利平等运动"。这一运动的工作可以补充和支持本行动的实施。
WHAT ARE THE OBSTACLES TO IMPLEMENTING THIS ACTION? 实施这一行动的障碍是什么?
Discriminatory provisions of nationality laws sometimes reflect prevailing social and/or demographic considerations regarding the role of women which can be difficult to change. 国籍法中的歧视性规定有时反映了有关妇女角色的普遍社会和/或人口因素,而这些因素可能很难改变。
Reforms of nationality laws are sometimes difficult to achieve and may require additional reforms to related legislation or the Constitution. 国籍法改革有时很难实现,可能需要对相关立法或《宪法》进行额外改革。
Action 4: 行动 4:
PREVENT DENIAL, LOSS OR DEPRIVATION OF NATIONALITY ON DISCRIMINATORY GROUNDS 防止以歧视性理由拒绝给予、丧失或剥夺国籍
STARTING POINT *\cdot At least 20 States have nationality laws which permit denial, loss or deprivation of nationality on discriminatory grounds. 起点 *\cdot 至少有 20 个国家的国籍法允许以歧视性理由拒绝、丧失或剥夺国籍。
MILESTONES By 2017: 里程碑 到 2017 年:
At least 4 States reform their nationality laws to remove provisions which permit denial, loss or deprivation of nationality on discriminatory grounds. 至少 4 个国家改革国籍法,删除允许以歧视性理由拒绝、丧失或剥夺国籍的条款。
By 2020: 到 2020 年:
At least an additional 8 States (12 in total since 2014) reform their nationality laws to remove provisions which permit denial, loss or deprivation of nationality on discriminatory grounds. 至少又有8个国家(自2014年以来共12个国家)改革其国籍法,删除允许以歧视性理由拒绝、丧失或剥夺国籍的条款。
GOAL BY 2024 2024 年目标
No States have nationality laws which permit denial, loss or deprivation of nationality on discriminatory grounds. 没有任何国家的国籍法允许以歧视性理由拒绝、丧失或剥夺国籍。
CONTEXT 背景
Discrimination on the basis of ethnicity, race, religion, language or disability is a recurrent cause of statelessness. In fact, the majority of the world’s known stateless populations belong to minority groups. Instances of denial, loss and deprivation of nationality on discriminatory grounds leading to statelessness continue to occur in a range of countries. These include situations of mass deprivation of nationality on the grounds of ethnicity or race during recent decades. In some instances, the individuals and groups affected have crossed international borders and have become refugees. Given its particular impact, statelessness arising from gender discrimination is dealt with under Action 3. 基于族裔、种族、宗教、语言或残疾的歧视是造成无国籍状态的一个经常性原因。事实上,世界上已知的无国籍人口大多属于少数群体。以歧视性理由拒绝、丧失和剥夺国籍导致无国籍状态的事件继续在许多国家发生。其中包括近几十年来因族裔或种族原因而大规模剥夺国籍的情况。在某些情况下,受影响的个人和群体跨越国际边界,成为难民。鉴于其特殊影响,因性别歧视造成的无国籍状态在行动 3 下处理。
HOW CAN THIS ACTION BE IMPLEMENTED? 如何实施这一行动?
This Action requires that State authorities refrain from denying or depriving people of nationality on discriminatory grounds such as ethnicity, race, religion, language or disability. To ensure this, States can introduce non-discriminatory provisions in their Constitutions and nationality laws. There needs to be adequate supervision of compliance with such provisions, including through complaints mechanisms, the possibility of judicial review and restitution of nationality. 该行动要求国家当局不得以族裔、种族、宗教、语言或残疾等歧视性理由拒绝或剥夺人民的国籍。为确保这一点,各国可在宪法和国籍法中引入非歧视性条款。需要对这些规定的遵守情况进行充分监督,包括通过投诉机制、司法审查的可能性和归还国籍。
HOW CAN UNHCR HELP? 难民署能提供哪些帮助?
Major activities: 主要活动
Promote international standards relating to non-discrimination, the right to a nationality and the prohibition of arbitrary deprivation of nationality. 推广有关不歧视、国籍权和禁止任意剥夺国籍的国际标准。
Identify situations of direct or indirect discrimination which have or could lead to individual or mass denial or deprivation of nationality. 确定直接或间接歧视已经或可能导致个人或群体被拒绝或剥夺国籍的情况。
Undertake timely interventions with relevant government ministries and parliaments to prevent future instances of denial, loss and deprivation of nationality, or if it has already occurred, for restitution of nationality, in accordance with Action 1. This includes: 根据行动 1,及时与相关政府部委和议会进行交涉,防止今后再发生拒绝、丧失和剥夺国籍的情况,如果已经发生,则归还国籍。这包括
Advocating and providing technical advice for reform of nationality laws with provisions that permit denial, loss or deprivation of nationality on discriminatory grounds. Where possible, use the opportunity of Constitutional reform processes to achieve these objectives; 倡导对允许以歧视性理由拒绝、丧失或剥夺国籍的国籍法进行改革并提供技术咨询。在可能的情况下,利用宪法改革进程的机会实现这些目标;
Supporting restitution of nationality to refugees and returning migrants, including in the context of tripartite agreements governing voluntary repatriation of refugees between the States concerned and UNHCR. 支持归还难民和返回移民的国籍,包括在有关国家与联合国难民事务高级专员 办事处之间关于难民自愿遣返的三方协议范围内。
Coordinate with other UN Agencies and regional human rights bodies to intervene in instances of denial, loss and deprivation of nationality on discriminatory grounds. 与其他联合国机构和区域人权机构协调,对以歧视为由拒绝、丧失和剥夺国籍的情况进行干预。
Provide information, legal advice and legal aid to affected populations, assist with monitoring of restitution of nationality and implementation of reformed nationality laws. 向受影响的人口提供信息、法律咨询和法律援助,协助监测国籍归还情况和经改革的国籍法的执行情况。
Support initiatives by the legal community aimed at achieving legislative reform or ending the discriminatory application of nationality laws, including through strategic litigation. Build the capacity of legal professionals and the justice sector on statelessness and nationality issues. 支持法律界旨在实现立法改革或终止歧视性适用国籍法的倡议,包括通过战略诉讼。提高法律专业人员和司法部门在无国籍和国籍问题上的能力。
WHAT EXISTING CIRCUMSTANCE CAN FACILITATE IMPLEMENTATION OF THIS ACTION? 现有哪些情况可以促进这一行动的实施?
Virtually all States are party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination or the Convention on the Rights of the Child, among other international human rights treaties, which along with Article 9 of the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness and customary international law, provide for the principle of nondiscrimination, including in nationality matters. 几乎所有国家都是《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》、《消除种族歧视国际公约》或《儿童权利公约》等国际人权条约的缔约国,这些条约以及 1961 年《减少无国籍状态公约》第 9 条和习惯国际法都规定了不歧视原则,包括在国籍问题上的不歧视原则。
Recommendations made to particular States in the context of the Universal Periodic Review of the Human Rights Council and by the UN human rights treaty bodies and special procedures. 在人权理事会普遍定期审议以及联合国人权条约机构和特别程序的背景下向特定国家提出的建议。
WHAT ARE THE OBSTACLES TO IMPLEMENTING THIS ACTION? 实施这一行动的障碍是什么?
Prevailing social views regarding ethnic, racial, religious or other minorities may be difficult to change. 社会上对少数族裔、种族、宗教或其他少数群体的普遍看法可能很难改变。
Discrimination may be linked to underlying issues relating to land and resources, which may also need to be resolved. 歧视可能与土地和资源方面的潜在问题有关,这些问题可能也需要解决。
Action 5: 行动 5:
PREVENT STATELESSNESS IN CASES OF STATE SUCCESSION 防止在国家继承情况下出现无国籍状态
(It is not possible to provide a Starting Point for this Action as it relates to events which have not occurred and which are difficult to predict.) (由于该行动涉及的事件尚未发生,难以预测,因此无法提供起点)。
MILESTONES 里程碑
GOAL BY 2024 - No cases of statelessness due to future situations of State succession. 2024 年之前的目标--不出现因未来国家继承而造成的无国籍情况。
CONTEXT 背景
Emergence of new States and transfers of territory between existing States (State succession) have led to mass statelessness on numerous occasions. At least 620,000 people remain stateless as a result of State succession within the last 30 years. State succession occurs where there is: 新国家的出现和现有国家之间的领土转让(国家继承)多次导致大规模无国籍状态。在过去 30 年中,至少有 62 万人因国家继承而处于无国籍状态。国家继承发生在以下情况:
Transfer of one part of the territory of a State to another State; 一国领土的一部分转让给另一国;
Separation of part of the territory of a State and formation of one or more new States; or 一个国家的部分领土分离,形成一个或多个新的国家;或
Dissolution of a State and formation of two or more States. 一个国家解体,两个或更多国家组成。
In the case of separation or dissolution, although most individuals automatically become citizens of newly independent States when nationality legislation is adopted, large numbers can be left stateless. Migration movements before and at the time of independence as well as discrimination against marginalized ethnic and social groups may create particular risks of statelessness. Transfer of territory between States can have similar results. 在分离或解体的情况下,虽然大多数人在通过国籍法时自动成为新独立国家的公民,但大量的人可能成为无国籍人。独立前和独立时的移民流动,以及对边缘化族裔和社会群体的歧视,都可能造成特别的无国籍风险。国家之间的领土转让也会造成类似的结果。
HOW CAN THIS ACTION BE IMPLEMENTED? 如何实施这一行动?
Statelessness as a result of State succession can be prevented through a coordinated approach to nationality by the concerned States and implementation of simple safeguards in nationality laws. For example, upon transfer of territory from one State to another, the original nationality of the affected population may not be withdrawn unless it is clear that they have acquired the nationality of the other State involved. 国家继承造成的无国籍状态可以通过有关国家协调处理国籍问题以及在国籍法中实施简单的保障措施来防止。例如,在领土从一个国家转移到另一个国家时,受影响人口的原国籍不得撤销,除非很明显他们已获得另一个有关国家的国籍。
1 The terms ‘nationality’ and ‘citizenship’ are used interchangeably throughout the Global Action Plan. 1 在整个《全球行动计划》中,"国籍 "和 "公民身份 "这两个词交替使用。
2 High Commissioner’s Closing Remarks to the 64th Session of UNHCR’s Executive Committee, 4 October 2013: http://unhcr.org/525539159.html. 2 高级专员在难民署执行委员会第六十四届会议上的闭幕词,2013年10月4日:http://unhcr.org/525539159.html。
4 The 20 largest non-refugee statelessness situations are reported in UNHCR’s 2013 Global Trends Report published on 20 June 2014: http://www.unhcr.org/5399a14f9.html. As new population data is gathered under Action 10 and large new stateless populations come to light, Action 1 will require measures to be undertaken in additional States. 4 难民署2014年6月20日发布的《2013年全球趋势报告》中报告了20种最大的非难民无国籍状况:http://www.unhcr.org/5399a14f9.html。随着在行动10下收集新的人口数据和发现大量新的无国籍人口,行动1将要求在更多国家采取措施。