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Title: Texas shooting: Where does US gun control go from here?
標題:德州槍擊事件:美國槍枝管制何去何從?

By BBC NEWS staff
BBC 新聞工作人員

The school shooting in Uvalde, Texas, has led to renewed calls for action on gun control. But familiar obstacles - and some new ones - will make any reform difficult.
德州尤瓦爾迪發生的校園槍擊事件再次引發人們對槍枝管制採取行動的呼聲。但熟悉的障礙——以及一些新的障礙——將使任何改革變得困難。

Nearly a decade after a young man shot and killed 26 people, including 20 children, at Sandy Hook elementary school in Newtown, Connecticut, a similar tragedy unfolded at an elementary school in Uvalde, Texas.
康乃狄克州紐敦的桑迪胡克小學一名年輕人槍殺了包括 20 名兒童在內的 26 人,近十年後,德州尤瓦爾迪的一所小學也發生了類似的悲劇。

The Sandy Hook shooting prompted calls for national gun reform and led to an emotional plea for action from US President Barack Obama. But efforts to advance gun-control legislation in Congress stalled.
桑迪胡克槍擊案引發了全國槍支改革的呼聲,並導緻美國總統巴拉克·歐巴馬激動地呼籲採取行動。但國會推動槍枝管制立法的努力陷入停滯。

Now, following the deaths of 19 children and two adults in Uvalde, there are similar calls for action from national politicians. President Joe Biden has echoed Mr Obama in pleading for change.
現在,在尤瓦爾迪 19 名兒童和兩名成人死亡後,國家政界人士也呼籲採取類似行動。喬·拜登總統呼應歐巴馬呼籲改變。

"Why are we willing to live with this carnage?" he said. "Why do we keep letting this happen? Where in God's name is our backbone to have the courage to deal with it and stand up to the lobbies?"
“為什麼我們願意忍受這場大屠殺?”他說。 「為什麼我們總是讓這種事情發生?看在上帝的份上,我們的勇氣在哪裡,有勇氣應對它並勇敢地面對遊說者?”

Even though Democrats control both chambers of Congress and the presidency this time around, efforts to pass new gun-control regulations are facing similar challenges - and new ones that may be even more formidable.
儘管民主黨這次控制了國會兩院和總統職位,但通過新槍枝管制法規的努力也面臨類似的挑戰,新的挑戰可能更加艱鉅。

Here's a look at some potential courses of action and the obstacles they will have to surmount.
以下是一些潛在的行動方案以及他們必須克服的障礙。

Old roadblocks in Congress
國會的舊障礙

In the weeks after Sandy Hook, a majority of US senators supported passing legislation requiring expanded background checks for gun purchases. Because of the filibuster - a parliamentary procedure that requires at least 60 votes in the 100-seat Senate to pass most legislation - a simple majority was not enough, however.
在桑迪胡克事件發生後的幾週內,大多數美國參議員支持通過立法,要求擴大槍支購買的背景調查。然而,由於阻撓議事——一種議會程序,需要在 100 個席位的參議院中至少獲得 60 票才能通過大多數立法——簡單多數是不夠的。

Today, only a handful of the 50 Republican senators today appear open to new gun legislation, suggesting any new efforts will meet a similar fate.
如今,50 名共和黨參議員中只有少數人似乎對新的槍支立法持開放態度,這表明任何新的努力都將遭遇類似的命運。

That hasn't stopped Democrats from considering new proposals and offering to work with Republicans to find any common ground.
這並沒有阻止民主黨考慮新的提案,並提出與共和黨合作尋找共同點。

"I think it's a slim prospect, very slim, all too slim," Democratic Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer said of changes of success on Thursday. "We've been burnt so many times before."
民主黨參議院多數黨領袖查克·舒默週四在談到成功的變化時表示:“我認為前景渺茫,非常渺茫,太渺茫了。” “我們以前被燒傷過很多次了。”

Conversations about doing more have begun, however, and a handful of Republicans have been participating. Proposals with the greatest support include a "red flag" law that would prevent individuals with mental illness or a criminal history from purchasing firearms and expanded background checks on gun purchasers that would include private gun sales.
然而,關於採取更多行動的對話已經開始,並且少數共和黨人已經參與其中。獲得最大支持的提案包括一項「紅旗」法,該法將阻止患有精神疾病或有犯罪歷史的個人購買槍支,並擴大對槍支購買者的背景調查,其中包括私人槍支銷售。

Although polls indicate majorities of Americans support such efforts, many Republican senators represent states with large pro-gun communities. And the Republican voters whose support they need to win primary elections (the selection process within each party) are even more opposed to reform. So unless sentiment shifts among that constituency, the Republicans are unlikely to change course.
儘管民調顯示大多數美國人支持此類努力,但許多共和黨參議員代表擁有大量支持槍支社區的州。而贏得初選(各黨內部的選舉過程)所需支持的共和黨選民則更加反對改革。因此,除非選區的情緒轉變,否則共和黨不太可能改變路線。

And even if this proposed legislation passes, it may be an imperfect solution. There are mass shootings that red-flag laws and background checks haven't prevented - and they wouldn't do anything to reduce the 393 million firearms currently in the US
即使這項擬議的立法獲得通過,它也可能是一個不完美的解決方案。危險信號法律和背景調查未能阻止大規模槍擊事件,而且他們也不會採取任何措施來減少美國目前 3.93 億支槍支

States pressing ahead
各州奮力向前

Although congressional efforts were stymied in 2015, gun-control activists made substantive progress in passing new laws at the state level.
儘管國會的努力在 2015 年受到阻礙,但槍支管制活動人士在州一級通過新法律方面取得了實質進展。

In Connecticut, for instance, there was overwhelming support for reform from the communities still reeling from the brutality of the Sandy Hook attack. Other Democratic-controlled states - like New York, Maryland and California - passed their own legislation, closing gun-show loopholes, limiting magazine sizes and prohibiting the sale of certain types of firearms.
例如,在康乃狄克州,仍然受到桑迪胡克襲擊的殘酷影響的社區對改革給予了壓倒性的支持。其他民主黨控制的州,如紐約州、馬裡蘭州和加利福尼亞州,也通過了自己的立法,堵住了槍展的漏洞,限制了彈匣的尺寸,並禁止銷售某些類型的槍支。

In Vermont in 2018, after a school-shooting plot was narrowly averted, Republican Governor Phil Scott reversed his position and worked with Democrats to pass new legislation in the traditionally gun-friendly state. The law, which included raising the age to buy a firearm to 21, limiting magazine sizes and requiring new background checks, angered many of his previous supporters on the right. He easily won re-election in 2018, however.
2018 年,在佛蒙特州,學校槍擊陰謀險些被阻止後,共和黨州長菲爾·斯科特 (Phil Scott) 改變了立場,與民主黨合作,在這個傳統上持槍友好的州通過了新立法。這項法律包括將購買槍支的年齡提高到 21 歲、限制彈匣尺寸以及要求進行新的背景調查,這激怒了他以前的許多右翼支持者。然而,他在 2018 年輕鬆贏得連任。

But the states that have the political majorities to pass gun-control regulations have already done so. And in many Republican controlled states, the momentum on the gun issue is towards less regulation, not more. In April, Georgia became the 25th state - all Republican - to allow its residents to carry a concealed handgun without a government license.
但擁有政治多數通過槍枝管制法規的州已經這麼做了。在許多共和黨控制的州,槍枝問題的趨勢是減少監管,而不是加強監管。 4 月,喬治亞州成為第 25 個允許居民在沒有政府許可的情況下攜帶隱藏手槍的州(全是共和黨)。

Democratic politicians in those states, frustrated by the lack of action, may cite the Uvalde massacre as reason to act. Former congressman Beto O'Rourke, the Democrat running for Texas governor in November, voiced the anger many on the left feel in conservative states as he confronted Republican Governor Greg Abbott at a press conference in Uvalde on Wednesday.
這些州的民主黨政客因缺乏行動而感到沮喪,可能會以尤瓦爾迪大屠殺為理由採取行動。 11 月競選德克薩斯州州長的民主黨前國會議員貝托·奧羅克 ( Beto O’Rourke) 週三在尤瓦爾迪(Uvalde) 舉行的新聞發布會上與共和黨州長格雷格·阿博特( Greg Abbott) 對峙時,表達了許多左翼人士對保守州的憤怒。

"The time to stop the next shooting is now, and you are doing nothing," he shouted, before being berated by the Republicans on the stage and removed from the building.
他大喊:「現在是停止下一次槍擊事件的時候了,而你們卻什麼也沒做。」隨後他在台上遭到共和黨人的斥責,並被帶出了大樓。

Mr O'Rourke spoke to reporters after the event and listed banning assault weapon sales, universal background checks, red-flag laws and safe gun-storage laws as steps his state could take in the wake of the attack.
奧羅克先生在活動結束後對記者發表講話,列出了該州在襲擊發生後可以採取的措施,包括禁止攻擊性武器銷售、普遍背景調查、危險信號法和安全槍支儲存法。

While many of those provisions have popular support, all will be difficult to pass in Texas. The more likely response there will be increased funding for law enforcement and school security measures, such as Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton's call for giving more guns to teachers.
儘管其中許多條款得到了民眾的支持,但所有條款在德克薩斯州都很難通過。更有可能的回應是增加執法和學校安全措施的資金,例如德州總檢察長肯帕克斯頓呼籲為教師提供更多槍支。

Courts are another battleground
法庭是另一個戰場

Even if the political calculus changes in Congress or among the states like Texas that have been reluctant or outright hostile to enacting gun-control legislation, there is a significant and growing obstacle to any attempts at reform - the courts.
即使國會或德州等州的政治考量發生變化,這些州一直不願或完全敵視槍枝管制立法,但任何改革嘗試都面臨著一個重大且日益嚴重的障礙——法院。

In 2008, a narrow 5-to-4 majority in the US Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment to the US Constitution, which says "the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed", guarantees a personal right to possess a handgun. That interpretation, although subject to furious debate, has embedded gun ownership rights in the text of the Constitution itself. And since that decision, the courts have only become more supportive.
2008年,美國最高法院以5比4的微弱優勢裁定,美國憲法第二修正案“人民持有和攜帶武器的權利不受侵犯”,保障了個人持有武器的權利。這種解釋雖然引起了激烈的爭論,但已將槍支所有權納入憲法本身的文本中。自從做出決定以來,法院只會變得更加支持。

One of President Donald Trump's lasting legacies was to appoint hundreds of conservative judges to the federal courts, including naming three new Supreme Court justices. Two weeks ago, two Trump-appointed appellate-court judges in California struck down a state law prohibiting the sale of assault rifles to those under the age of 21.
唐納德·川普總統的持久遺產之一是任命數百名保守派法官進入聯邦法院,包括任命三名新的最高法院法官。兩週前,川普任命的兩名加州上訴法院法官推翻了一項禁止向 21 歲以下人士出售突擊步槍的州法律。

That opinion, if upheld by the Supreme Court, could be of particular relevance given that the perpetrators in Uvalde, Sandy Hook and the recent shooting in Buffalo all fall into that category.
鑑於尤瓦爾迪、桑迪胡克和最近布法羅槍擊事件的肇事者都屬於這一類別,如果最高法院維持這一觀點,這一觀點可能特別重要。

"America would not exist without the heroism of the young adults who fought and died in our revolutionary army," one of the judges wrote. "Today we reaffirm that our constitution still protects the right that enabled their sacrifice - the right of young adults to keep and bear arms."
一位評委寫道:“如果沒有在我們革命軍隊中戰鬥和犧牲的年輕人的英雄主義,美國就不會存在。” 「今天,我們重申,我們的憲法仍然保護使他們能夠做出犧牲的權利——年輕人持有和攜帶武器的權利。”

The Supreme Court appears poised to strike down a New York law that restricts who may obtain concealed handgun licences in the next month, perhaps endangering similar laws in other states.
最高法院似乎準備廢除紐約州一項限制誰可以在下個月獲得隱藏手槍許可證的法律,這可能會危及其他州的類似法律。

With gun laws already on the books being ruled unconstitutional, it appears likely that any new laws will face legal challenges as well - and may not survive long.
由於槍支法已經被裁定違憲,任何新法律似乎也將面臨法律挑戰,而且可能不會長久存在。

Thoughts: I think it’s very important to have more restrictions in guns, though I understand there are people who love guns, enjoy hunting or think it’s necessary to keep them safe, yet there are people out in the world who take others life lightly. And there shouldn’t be blood split for things to change. I do hope “red flag” law would pass.
想法:我認為對槍支進行更多限制非常重要,儘管我知道有人喜歡槍支、喜歡打獵或認為有必要保證他們的安全,但世界上還是有人拿別人的東西生活輕輕一點。而且事情不應該改變。我確實希望「紅旗」法能夠通過。