Calls mount to stop orphanages exploiting poor children to lure money, tourists
呼吁制止孤儿院利用贫困儿童吸引资金和游客的行为日益增多
By Emma Batha 作者：Emma Batha
LONDON (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - After Australian lawyer Kate van Doore set up an orphanage in Nepal and took over another in Uganda she was astounded to find that the children she thought she was helping were not orphans at all.
伦敦（汤森路透基金会）——澳大利亚律师凯特·范多尔在尼泊尔创办了一所孤儿院，并接管了乌干达的另一所孤儿院后，惊讶地发现她以为自己在帮助的孩子们根本不是孤儿。
伦敦（汤森路透基金会）——澳大利亚律师凯特·范多尔在尼泊尔创办了一所孤儿院，并接管了乌干达的另一所孤儿院后，惊讶地发现她以为自己在帮助的孩子们根本不是孤儿。
They were "paper orphans" - children given fake identities after being taken from their families and placed in orphanages to attract funding from foreign donors, volunteers and tourists.
他们是“纸上孤儿”——这些孩子被从家庭中带走后，被赋予虚假的身份，送入孤儿院，以吸引外国捐助者、志愿者和游客的资金。
他们是“纸上孤儿”——这些孩子被从家庭中带走后，被赋予虚假的身份，送入孤儿院，以吸引外国捐助者、志愿者和游客的资金。
"The kids started saying to us, 'Can I go home to mum now?'," said van Doore who runs the charity Forget Me not.
“孩子们开始对我们说，‘我现在可以回妈妈身边了吗？’”经营慈善机构 Forget Me Not 的范多尔说。
“孩子们开始对我们说，‘我现在可以回妈妈身边了吗？’”经营慈善机构 Forget Me Not 的范多尔说。
"It was devastating to discover these children had been exploited for profit. I was horrified and determined to fix it," said van Doore, who spoke about orphanage trafficking at the Thomson Reuters Foundation's Trust Conference on Wednesday.
“发现这些孩子被用来牟利，真是令人心碎。我感到震惊，并决心解决这个问题，”范多尔在周三汤森路透基金会信任大会上谈及孤儿院贩卖问题时说。
“发现这些孩子被用来牟利，真是令人心碎。我感到震惊，并决心解决这个问题，”范多尔在周三汤森路透基金会信任大会上谈及孤儿院贩卖问题时说。
About 80 percent of an estimated 8 million children in orphanages or other institutions are not orphans, according to Lumos, a charity founded by "Harry Potter" author J.K. Rowling, which aims to have no children living in institutions by 2050.
据由《哈利·波特》作者 J.K.罗琳创立的慈善机构 Lumos 称，估计有 800 万孤儿院或其他机构中的儿童中约 80%并非真正的孤儿，该机构的目标是到 2050 年让没有儿童生活在机构中。
据由《哈利·波特》作者 J.K.罗琳创立的慈善机构 Lumos 称，估计有 800 万孤儿院或其他机构中的儿童中约 80%并非真正的孤儿，该机构的目标是到 2050 年让没有儿童生活在机构中。
Traffickers have worked out that orphanages are good business and can attract large donations, leading to a global boom in orphanages, from Cambodia to Haiti, which often lure children from poor rural families with promises of an education.
贩卖者发现孤儿院是个好生意，能够吸引大量捐款，导致从柬埔寨到海地的孤儿院全球激增，这些孤儿院常常以提供教育的承诺诱骗贫困农村家庭的儿童。
贩卖者发现孤儿院是个好生意，能够吸引大量捐款，导致从柬埔寨到海地的孤儿院全球激增，这些孤儿院常常以提供教育的承诺诱骗贫困农村家庭的儿童。
Van Doore said the female pastor running the Ugandan orphanage had given the children fake identities after promising to educate them but kept them in a "pitiful condition" to boost funding. Many had malaria and were malnourished.
范多尔说，负责乌干达孤儿院的女牧师在承诺教育孩子们后，给他们伪造了身份，但却让他们处于“可怜的状态”以增加资金。许多孩子患有疟疾且营养不良。
范多尔说，负责乌干达孤儿院的女牧师在承诺教育孩子们后，给他们伪造了身份，但却让他们处于“可怜的状态”以增加资金。许多孩子患有疟疾且营养不良。
In Kathmandu, Forget Me Not discovered the orphanage had shown them fraudulent death certificates for the children's parents and told the children to lie.
在加德满都，Forget Me Not 发现孤儿院向他们出示了儿童父母的伪造死亡证明，并告诉孩子们撒谎。
在加德满都，Forget Me Not 发现孤儿院向他们出示了儿童父母的伪造死亡证明，并告诉孩子们撒谎。
"There were terrible stories of families coming to the gate and the child watching from the window as they were turned away," said van Doore, an international child rights lawyer and academic at Griffith Law School in Australia.
“有许多令人心碎的故事，家人来到大门口，孩子们从窗户里看着他们被拒之门外，”范多尔说，他是澳大利亚格里菲斯法学院的国际儿童权利律师和学者。
“有许多令人心碎的故事，家人来到大门口，孩子们从窗户里看着他们被拒之门外，”范多尔说，他是澳大利亚格里菲斯法学院的国际儿童权利律师和学者。
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Forget Me Not has since helped rescue hundreds of children from orphanages in Nepal. It has reunited many with their parents and is caring for others while their families are found.
“别忘我”组织此后帮助从尼泊尔的孤儿院救出了数百名儿童。它已帮助许多儿童与父母团聚，并在寻找他们家庭的过程中照顾其他儿童。
“别忘我”组织此后帮助从尼泊尔的孤儿院救出了数百名儿童。它已帮助许多儿童与父母团聚，并在寻找他们家庭的过程中照顾其他儿童。
Van Doore is now calling for an end to orphanages which she says cause irreparable harm to children and fuel trafficking, pushing the Australian and British governments to lead on this.
范·杜尔现在呼吁停止孤儿院的存在，她表示这些孤儿院对儿童造成无法弥补的伤害，并助长了人口贩运，推动澳大利亚和英国政府在这方面发挥领导作用。
范·杜尔现在呼吁停止孤儿院的存在，她表示这些孤儿院对儿童造成无法弥补的伤害，并助长了人口贩运，推动澳大利亚和英国政府在这方面发挥领导作用。
Trafficking survivor Joseph Mwuara, 20, told Trust Conference how an orphanage owner near his home village in Kenya took him from his grandmother, promising to educate him.
20 岁的贩运幸存者约瑟夫·姆瓦拉在信任大会上讲述了他如何被肯尼亚家乡附近一位孤儿院院长从祖母那里带走，院长承诺会给他提供教育。
20 岁的贩运幸存者约瑟夫·姆瓦拉在信任大会上讲述了他如何被肯尼亚家乡附近一位孤儿院院长从祖母那里带走，院长承诺会给他提供教育。
"It was terrible. We had to do a lot of work to get food. If we failed we were denied food as punishment," he said.
“那段经历很可怕。我们必须做大量工作才能获得食物。如果失败了，就会被惩罚不给食物，”他说。
“那段经历很可怕。我们必须做大量工作才能获得食物。如果失败了，就会被惩罚不给食物，”他说。
When people visited the orphanage with donations the children were made to entertain them, but the gifts they brought for the children were sold.
当人们带着捐赠品来孤儿院时，孩子们被迫为他们表演娱乐，但他们带给孩子们的礼物却被卖掉了。
当人们带着捐赠品来孤儿院时，孩子们被迫为他们表演娱乐，但他们带给孩子们的礼物却被卖掉了。
Mwuara said the children were forced to milk the orphanage owner's cows, clean the sheds and till surrounding farmland.
姆瓦拉说，孩子们被迫挤孤儿院主人的奶牛，打扫牛棚，耕种周围的农田。
姆瓦拉说，孩子们被迫挤孤儿院主人的奶牛，打扫牛棚，耕种周围的农田。
"They used a lot of physical violence. They beat one boy and broke his leg," added Mwuara, who now raises awareness about orphanage trafficking and mentors children leaving care.
“他们使用了大量的身体暴力。他们打伤了一个男孩，打断了他的腿，”现在致力于提高对孤儿院贩卖问题认识并指导离开照护孩子的姆瓦拉补充道。
“他们使用了大量的身体暴力。他们打伤了一个男孩，打断了他的腿，”现在致力于提高对孤儿院贩卖问题认识并指导离开照护孩子的姆瓦拉补充道。
"Everybody at the orphanage had a family. We needed love."
“孤儿院里的每个人都有家庭。我们需要的是爱。”
“孤儿院里的每个人都有家庭。我们需要的是爱。”
The U.S. State Department first identified orphan trafficking as a form of modern slavery in a 2017 report.
美国国务院在 2017 年的一份报告中首次将孤儿贩卖认定为现代奴隶制的一种形式。
美国国务院在 2017 年的一份报告中首次将孤儿贩卖认定为现代奴隶制的一种形式。
It said the industry was fueled by demand from tourists to visit or volunteer in orphanages, often for a fee or donation.
报告指出，这一行业的兴起是由于游客为了参观或在孤儿院做志愿者而产生的需求，通常需要支付费用或捐款。
报告指出，这一行业的兴起是由于游客为了参观或在孤儿院做志愿者而产生的需求，通常需要支付费用或捐款。
Many orphanages are set up in tourist spots. Some make children perform shows, send them out to beg, or force them into labor or sexual exploitation, it said. A lack of screening of volunteers places children at risk of sexual abuse.
许多孤儿院设立在旅游景点。有些孤儿院让孩子们表演节目，派他们出去乞讨，或强迫他们劳动或遭受性剥削。缺乏对志愿者的筛查使儿童面临性虐待的风险。
许多孤儿院设立在旅游景点。有些孤儿院让孩子们表演节目，派他们出去乞讨，或强迫他们劳动或遭受性剥削。缺乏对志愿者的筛查使儿童面临性虐待的风险。
The constant rotation of volunteers also creates serious attachment problems, which impact their relationships as adults.
志愿者的不断更替也导致严重的依恋问题，影响他们成年后的社交关系。
志愿者的不断更替也导致严重的依恋问题，影响他们成年后的社交关系。
Experts say even well-run orphanages are detrimental to children's psychological, cognitive and physical development.
专家表示，即使是管理良好的孤儿院，也会对儿童的心理、认知和身体发展产生不利影响。
专家表示，即使是管理良好的孤儿院，也会对儿童的心理、认知和身体发展产生不利影响。
Snezana Vuckovic, 24, who grew up in orphanages in Serbia, said she was raped by a teacher, bullied and beaten.
24 岁的斯涅扎娜·武科维奇（Snezana Vuckovic）在塞尔维亚的孤儿院长大，她说自己曾被一名教师强奸，还遭受欺凌和殴打。
24 岁的斯涅扎娜·武科维奇（Snezana Vuckovic）在塞尔维亚的孤儿院长大，她说自己曾被一名教师强奸，还遭受欺凌和殴打。
"We were hit. We were really tortured," she told the Thomson Reuters Foundation at the conference. "I still wake up in the night crying and shaking. I push people away from me."
她在会议上告诉汤森路透基金会：“我们被打，我们真的受到了折磨。我仍然会在夜里哭泣和颤抖地醒来。我会推开身边的人。”
她在会议上告诉汤森路透基金会：“我们被打，我们真的受到了折磨。我仍然会在夜里哭泣和颤抖地醒来。我会推开身边的人。”
Forget Me Not and Lumos want to redirect funding from orphanages into family and community-based care for children.
“勿忘我”和“露莫斯”希望将资金从孤儿院转向以家庭和社区为基础的儿童照护。
“勿忘我”和“露莫斯”希望将资金从孤儿院转向以家庭和社区为基础的儿童照护。
Australia, which is due to introduce a Modern Slavery Act this month, is the first country to recognize orphanage trafficking as a form of modern slavery and will put pressure on travel companies to end orphanage tourism.
澳大利亚将于本月推出现代奴隶制法案，成为首个将孤儿院贩运认定为现代奴隶制形式的国家，并将施压旅游公司停止孤儿院旅游。
澳大利亚将于本月推出现代奴隶制法案，成为首个将孤儿院贩运认定为现代奴隶制形式的国家，并将施压旅游公司停止孤儿院旅游。
Van Doore said she is also in talks with British officials.
范多尔表示，她也正在与英国官员进行谈判。
范多尔表示，她也正在与英国官员进行谈判。
"If people knew the harm they caused by funding, volunteering and visiting orphanages it would have a real impact. We need to get that message out," she said.
“如果人们知道他们通过资助、志愿服务和参观孤儿院所造成的伤害，情况将会有真正的改变。我们需要传达这个信息，”她说。
“如果人们知道他们通过资助、志愿服务和参观孤儿院所造成的伤害，情况将会有真正的改变。我们需要传达这个信息，”她说。
Reporting by Emma Batha @emmabatha; Editing by Belinda Goldsmith. Please credit the Thomson Reuters Foundation, the charitable arm of Thomson Reuters, that covers humanitarian news, women's and LGBT+ rights, human trafficking, property rights, and climate change. Visit <a href="http://news.trust.org">news.trust.org</a>
报道：Emma Batha @emmabatha；编辑：Belinda Goldsmith。请注明汤森路透基金会署名，该基金会是汤森路透的慈善机构，报道人道主义新闻、女性和 LGBT+权利、人口贩运、财产权利及气候变化。访问 <a href="http://news.trust.org">news.trust.org</a>
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