Educational Equity and Social Transformation: The Effects of School District Housing Policy in Nanjing
教育公平与社会转型：南京学区住房政策的影响
Abstract
抽象
This article examines the impact of Nanjing's school district housing policy on social life, focusing on its multidimensional effects on educational equity, social class, urbanization, and community culture. The study aims to reveal how the policy affects family life, social structure and urban development by linking quality educational resources to housing in a specific area. Through literature analysis, the study finds that the school district housing policy not only exacerbates educational inequality, but also promotes the overconcentration of social resources, particularly in terms of higher housing prices and increased educational anxiety. In addition, this policy promotes changes in the business environment and affects the class structure of the surrounding neighborhoods, especially the cultural reproduction of the middle class. The article’s conclusions emphasize that while the school district housing policy has optimized the allocation of educational resources in the short term, in the long term it has exacerbated social inequality and cultural homogeneity, and that policymaking should focus on educational equity and social mobility to avoid exacerbating social divisions.
本文研究了南京市学区住房政策对社会生活的影响，重点关注其对教育公平、社会阶层、城市化和社区文化的多维影响。该研究旨在通过将优质教育资源与特定地区的住房联系起来，揭示该政策如何影响家庭生活、社会结构和城市发展。通过文献分析，研究发现学区住房政策不仅加剧了教育不平等，还促进了社会资源的过度集中，特别是在房价上涨和教育焦虑加剧方面。此外，这项政策促进了商业环境的变化，并影响了周围社区的阶级结构，尤其是中产阶级的文化再生产。文章的结论强调，虽然学区住房政策在短期内优化了教育资源的分配，但从长期来看，它加剧了社会不平等和文化同质性，政策制定应侧重于教育公平和社会流动性，以避免加剧社会分化。
Introduction
介绍
Education shapes individuals’ knowledge and values while profoundly influencing regional social life. In modern society, the distribution of educational resources has become a key measure of social equity and a focal point of resource competition. Nanjing, known for its educational tradition and quality resources, exemplifies this issue through its school district housing policy, which has emerged as a pressing social concern amidst urbanization and unequal resource distribution.
教育塑造个人的知识和价值观，同时深刻影响着地区的社会生活。在现代社会，教育资源的分配已成为衡量社会公平的关键指标和资源竞争的焦点。南京以其教育传统和优质资源而闻名，其学区住房政策体现了这个问题，在城市化和资源分配不平等的情况下，该政策已成为一个紧迫的社会问题。
This policy ties access to prestigious schools to housing in specific zones, turning school-zoned properties into “admission tickets.” In Nanjing, parents’ pursuit of quality education for their children often leads to purchasing or renting school-zoned housing, driving demand and inflating prices. This phenomenon reflects society’s desire for educational resources while significantly impacting families, lifestyles, and urban social structures.
这项政策将名校的入学与特定区域的住房联系起来，将学区房产变成“入场券”。在南京，父母追求为孩子提供优质教育，往往导致购买或租用学校分区的住房，从而推高需求和抬高价格。这种现象反映了社会对教育资源的渴望，同时对家庭、生活方式和城市社会结构产生了重大影响。
Research shows that school district housing extends beyond education, intensifying social challenges. High housing costs exacerbate educational inequality, favoring wealthy families and sidelining low-income groups. The policy reshapes community resources, concentrating industries like tutoring and retail while altering neighborhood dynamics. It also transforms urban spatial structures, reinforcing middle-class cultural reproduction while marginalizing indigenous and low-income residents.
研究表明，学区住房不仅限于教育，加剧了社会挑战。高昂的住房成本加剧了教育不平等，有利于富裕家庭，使低收入群体被边缘化。该政策重塑了社区资源，集中了辅导和零售等行业，同时改变了社区动态。它还改变了城市空间结构，加强了中产阶级的文化再生产，同时使土著和低收入居民被边缘化。
This trend influences family lifestyles and philosophies, amplifying parental anxiety and sacrifices around children’s education. Additionally, it drives urban expansion, with new or upgraded schools fostering suburban development.
这种趋势影响了家庭的生活方式和哲学，放大了父母对孩子教育的焦虑和牺牲。此外，它还推动了城市扩张，新建或升级的学校促进了郊区发展。
Focusing on Nanjing, this study explores how school district housing affects lifestyles, resource distribution, and urban structures. By analyzing literature and field data, it aims to highlight the policy’s multidimensional impact on social equity, community culture, and urbanization, offering insights for resource optimization and policy reform.
本研究以南京为重点，探讨了学区住房如何影响生活方式、资源分配和城市结构。通过分析文献和实地数据，它旨在突出该政策对社会公平、社区文化和城市化的多维影响，为资源优化和政策改革提供见解。
Literature Review
文献综述
Important insights into how education shapes social life have been offered by a number of experts in the development of pedagogy and sociology, the most important of which are Bourdieu’s theory of social reproduction and the theory of cultural capital.
教育学和社会学发展方面的许多专家对教育如何塑造社会生活提出了重要的见解，其中最重要的是布迪厄的社会再生产理论和文化资本理论。
Of these two theories, Pierre Bourdieu (Bourdieu & Passeron, 1977), emphasized the study of how educational institutions contribute to the reproduction of social inequality. He argues that the education system not only transmits knowledge, but also plays a crucial role in reinforcing existing social hierarchies by privileging the cultural capital of dominant social groups. Educational policies that fail to address gaps in cultural capital (e.g. access to resources, networks and values) perpetuate class divisions. At the same time, educational policies that favor certain forms of cultural capital (e.g., formal language, cultural references) at the expense of others can marginalize specific social groups. This theory helps to explain how educational policies indirectly uphold dominant cultural norms and affect people’s opportunities and social mobility.
在这两个理论中，皮埃尔·布迪厄（Bourdieu & Passeron，1977年）强调了对教育机构如何导致社会不平等再现的研究。他认为，教育系统不仅传播知识，而且通过赋予主导社会群体的文化资本特权，在加强现有的社会等级制度方面发挥着至关重要的作用。未能解决文化资本差距（例如获得资源、网络和价值观）的教育政策会使阶级分化长期存在。与此同时，偏爱某些形式的文化资本（如正式语言、文化参考）而牺牲其他形式的文化资本的教育政策可能会使特定的社会群体边缘化。该理论有助于解释教育政策如何间接维护主流文化规范并影响人们的机会和社会流动性。
In addition, James Coleman (Coleman, 1988) has developed the theory of social capital, which recognizes that social networks and relationships are valuable resources that can be used for individual and collective success. In the field of education, social capital refers to the relationships that students and families have in their communities and schools. Educational policies that promote or restrict access to social capital can affect an individual’s chances of success. Unequal access to social capital affects students’ academic achievement, career opportunities, and social mobility.
此外，詹姆斯·科尔曼 （Coleman， 1988） 发展了社会资本理论，该理论认识到社交网络和关系是可用于个人和集体成功的宝贵资源。在教育领域，社会资本是指学生和家庭在社区和学校中建立的关系。促进或限制获得社会资本的教育政策会影响个人成功的机会。获得社会资本的不平等会影响学生的学业成绩、职业机会和社会流动性。
These theories contribute to the understanding of how educational policies affect social life by shaping individual opportunities, reinforcing or challenging social hierarchies, and constructing collective identities. Policies that address educational inequities and promote inclusion and empowerment of marginalized groups contribute to a more just and equitable society.
这些理论有助于理解教育政策如何通过塑造个人机会、加强或挑战社会等级制度以及构建集体身份来影响社会生活。解决教育不平等问题并促进边缘化群体的包容和赋权的政策有助于建设一个更加公正和公平的社会。
Owing to the subject of the study, other main references are from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and most of which are written in Chinese, mainly master’s and doctoral dissertations on the subject of housing policy in school districts.
由于研究的主题，其他主要参考文献来自中国知网 （CNKI），其中大部分是用中文撰写的，主要是关于学区住房政策主题的硕士和博士论文。
Among them, Liu Dan’s “Study on the Dynamics of Middle Classification in School Districts of Nanjing’s Main Urban Areas and Its Socio-Spatial Effects” (2015) focuses on the dynamics of middle-classification in school districts of Nanjing’s main urban areas and its impact on the socio-spatial structure. Focusing on Nanjing, a city with fierce competition for educational resources, the article reveals the interactive relationship between the school district housing market, the distribution of educational resources and the reorganization of social classes by analyzing the aggregation trend of the middle class within school districts.
其中，刘丹的《南京市主城区学区中等分类动态及其社会空间效应研究》（2015 年）重点研究了南京市主城区学区中等分类的动态及其对社会空间结构的影响。文章聚焦教育资源竞争激烈的南京，通过分析学区内中产阶级的聚集趋势，揭示了学区住房市场、教育资源分配和社会阶层重组之间的互动关系。
Jiang Qinhang’s “Study on School Choice Mentality and Class Differences among Parents of Elementary and Middle School Students” (2022) concentrates on the correlation between primary and middle school parents’ mentality in choosing school districts and their social classes, analyzing how parents, faced with the scarcity of high-quality educational resources, strive for better educational opportunities for their children through their choice of schools, and how such behaviors reflect and exacerbate the differences among social classes.
江勤航的《中小学生家长择校心态与阶级差异研究》（2022）集中探讨了中小学生家长选择学区的心态与其社会阶层的相关性，分析了家长在面对优质教育资源稀缺的情况下，如何通过择校为孩子争取更好的教育机会， 以及这种行为如何反映和加剧社会阶层之间的差异。
Mi Chenkai’s “Study on Spatial Use Differences and Planning Responses in Compulsory Education School Districts” (2022) investigates the spatial distribution of educational resources and the differences in their use efficiency in school districts at the compulsory education stage, and explores how to respond to these problems through planning means and the impact of these phenomena on educational equity, social development and urban spatial layout.
米晨楷的《义务教育学区空间利用差异与规划应对研究》（2022）考察了义务教育阶段学区教育资源的空间分布及其利用效率的差异，探讨了如何通过规划手段应对这些问题以及这些现象对教育公平的影响， 社会发展与城市空间布局。
Fan Lili’s “Analysis and Research on the Current Situation of Beijing’s ‘School District Housing’” (2018) focuses on the current situation of Beijing’s “school district housing” phenomenon, and analyzes in depth the reasons for the emergence of “school district housing”. It analyzes in depth the reasons for the emergence of “school district housing”, the operation mode of the market and its impact on society, education and urban development.
范丽丽的《北京市'学区住房'现状分析研究》（2018）聚焦北京市“学区住房”现象的现状，深入分析了“学区住房”出现的原因。它深入分析了“学区住房”出现的原因、市场的运作模式及其对社会、教育和城市发展的影响。
Zhang Li’s “Exploring the Reasons of Educational Anxiety of China’s Middle Class” (2021) analyzes the anxiety of China’s middle class in children’s education, and explores its deep-rooted reasons and social background. The article reveals the social and psychological mechanisms behind educational anxiety by studying the social orientation, cultural values and educational environment of the middle class.
张莉的《探寻中国中产阶级教育焦虑的原因》（2021）分析了中国中产阶级在儿童教育方面的焦虑，探讨了其深层次的原因和社会背景。文章通过研究中产阶级的社会取向、文化价值观和教育环境，揭示了教育焦虑背后的社会和心理机制。
Xiao Lin’s “On the Right to Fair Education in School District Delineation” (2018) examines the impact of school district delineation policy on education fairness, analyzes the problems in the current school district system, and how to achieve fairness in the distribution of education resources through policy optimization. Focusing on the compulsory education stage, the article pays attention to the impact of school district demarcation on the access to education of different social classes, and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions to safeguard the right to fair education.
肖林的《论学区划定中的公平教育权》（2018 年）考察了学区划定政策对教育公平性的影响，分析了当前学区制度中存在的问题，以及如何通过政策优化实现教育资源分配的公平性。文章着眼于义务教育阶段，关注学区划分对不同社会阶层受教育机会的影响，并提出了维护公平教育权的对策和建议。
The above are the main references and their main points of view related to the research topic of this paper. These studies indicate that the school district housing policy not only affects the distribution of educational resources, but also plays an important role in exacerbating social class differences and forming a new social spatial structure and cultural atmosphere. Simultaneously, the phenomenon of school-zoned housing has also triggered parents’ educational anxiety and has made the phenomenon a heated issue in the discussion of society and educational equity. Overall, these studies provide a multifaceted perspective for understanding the complex social effects of the school district housing policy, and contribute to further thinking about how to promote educational equity and social mobility through policy reform.
以上是与本文研究主题相关的主要参考文献及其主要观点。这些研究表明，学区住房政策不仅影响教育资源的分配，而且在加剧社会阶层差异、形成新的社会空间结构和文化氛围方面发挥着重要作用。同时，学区住房现象也引发了家长的教育焦虑，使这一现象成为社会和教育公平讨论的热点问题。总体而言，这些研究为理解学区住房政策的复杂社会影响提供了一个多方面的视角，并有助于进一步思考如何通过政策改革促进教育公平和社会流动性。
Methods
方法
Because of geographical constraints, I could not conduct the field research in Nanjing, so my research methodology includes combining existing theoretical works and others’ research papers, summarizing and refining the existing literature, and integrating them to draw a comprehensive analysis on the impacts of the school district housing policy on the social life of the local community in Nanjing. In the field of Chinese scientific research, the most authoritative academic papers come from CNKI, so I searched CNKI with the keyword of “school district housing”, and in order to ensure the quality of the papers, I prioritized master’s and doctoral dissertations in the search results for reference reading. To achieve a comprehensive analysis, I selected papers not only from the fields of education and sociology, but also from the disciplines of psychology, economics, law, urban planning and so on. After completing the literature collection, I excerpted and extracted the main arguments of these monographs and papers, compared the similarities and differences among different papers, and finally summarized the main conclusions of the existing research literature on how school districts affect social life in Nanjing.
由于地理限制，我无法在南京进行田野调研，因此我的研究方法包括将现有的理论著作和他人的研究论文相结合，对现有的文献进行总结和提炼，并将它们整合起来，对学区住房政策对南京当地社区社会生活的影响进行综合分析。在中国科研领域，最权威的学术论文都来自于CNKI，所以我用“学区住房”这个关键词搜索了CNKI，为了保证论文的质量，我在搜索结果中优先选择了硕士和博士论文进行参考阅读。为了实现全面的分析，我不仅从教育和社会学领域选择了论文，还从心理学、经济学、法学、城市规划等学科中选择了论文。在完成文献收集后，我摘录和提取了这些专著和论文的主要论点，比较了不同论文之间的异同，最后总结了现有研究文献中关于学区如何影响南京社会生活的主要结论。
Findings
发现
By organizing and analyzing the content of the above literature, the impact of the school district housing policy on the local community life in Nanjing can be summarized as follows:
通过对上述文献内容进行整理和分析，可以总结出学区住房政策对南京当地社区生活的影响如下：
1. Exacerbating Educational Inequity
1. 加剧教育不平等
The school district housing policy binds high-quality educational resources to specific geographic locations, making properties in these areas a kind of “admission ticket”. Less well-off families have difficulty accessing these districts and are thus unable to enjoy quality education resources. This phenomenon exacerbates educational inequality and creates a stratified education system, making it difficult for children from low-income families to enjoy equal educational opportunities. Ultimately, this imbalance in the distribution of resources widens the educational gap between different social classes and affects the overall educational equity of society.
学区住房政策将优质教育资源与特定地理位置绑定，使这些地区的房产成为一种“入场券”。较不富裕的家庭难以进入这些地区，因此无法享受优质的教育资源。这种现象加剧了教育不平等，造成了分层教育体系，使低收入家庭的孩子难以享受平等的教育机会。最终，这种资源分配的不平衡扩大了不同社会阶层之间的教育差距，并影响了社会的整体教育公平。
2. Uneven distribution of social resources
2. 社会资源分配不均
The implementation of the school district housing policy has led to a substantial rise in demand for properties near high-quality school districts, further pushing up housing prices. This not only puts a financial burden on the residents of these areas, but also promotes an over-concentration of resources. In contrast, resources in some non-quality school district areas have been neglected, even causing further deterioration of educational resources in these areas. This phenomenon has led to a greater fragmentation of social resources in the city. Not only educational resources, but even other social services (e.g., healthcare and public facilities) tend to be unevenly distributed, resulting in an aggravation of the disparity between the rich and the poor.
学区住房政策的实施导致对优质学区附近房产的需求大幅增加，进一步推高了房价。这不仅给这些地区的居民带来了经济负担，而且促进了资源的过度集中。相比之下，一些非优质学区的资源被忽视，甚至导致这些地区的教育资源进一步恶化。这种现象导致了城市中社会资源的更大碎片化。不仅是教育资源，其他社会服务（医疗保健和公共设施等）也往往分布不均，导致贫富差距加剧。
3. Aggravating parents’ anxiety about education
3. 加剧父母对教育的焦虑
In the face of fierce competition in school districts, many parents have to resort to various means, including purchasing school district housing at high prices, in order for their children to receive a better education. This phenomenon has intensified the educational anxiety of parents, who not only have to face enormous financial pressure, but also have to bear the psychological burden brought about by social competition. Parents often invest a significant amount of time and energy in their children’s education, which has become a source of anxiety and stress in family life, even affecting family relationships and parents’ mental health.
面对学区的激烈竞争，许多家长不得不采取各种手段，包括高价购买学区住房，以便让孩子接受更好的教育。这种现象加剧了家长的教育焦虑，他们不仅要面对巨大的经济压力，还要承担社会竞争带来的心理负担。父母往往在孩子的教育上投入了大量的时间和精力，这已成为家庭生活中焦虑和压力的来源，甚至影响家庭关系和父母的心理健康。
4. Shaping the neighbouring businesses (intermediaries, tutorial institutions, stationery stores, printing stores)
4. 塑造邻近企业（中介、补习机构、文具店、印刷店）
Commercial businesses around school districts are also affected. Stores such as intermediaries, tutorial organizations, stationery stores and print stores have grown rapidly due to the demand for school-zone housing. The soaring prices of school-zoned housing have contributed to the prosperity of the real estate agency industry in the vicinity. Meanwhile, parents’ concern about their children’s performance has prompted the emergence of tutorial institutions, stationery stores and other related businesses. While the emergence of these businesses has provided employment opportunities and economic vitality, it also reflects the over-commercialization of educational resources and socio-economic activities, bringing about changes in social values.
学区周围的商业企业也受到影响。由于对学区住房的需求，中介、补习机构、文具店和印刷店等商店迅速发展。学校分区住房价格飙升，促进了附近房地产代理行业的繁荣。与此同时，家长对孩子表现的关注促使补习机构、文具店和其他相关企业的出现。这些企业的出现虽然提供了就业机会和经济活力，但也反映了教育资源和社会经济活动的过度商业化，带来了社会价值观的变化。
5. Adjustment of community class structure - cultural reproduction of the middle class, youth and adults
5. 社区阶级结构的调整 - 中产阶级、青年和成人的文化再生产
The school district housing policy has increased the social class gap in urban Nanjing. Real estate in high-quality school districts has become a “shortcut” for the middle class to access quality education resources, causing more middle-class families to concentrate in these districts. This phenomenon not only changes the class structure of these neighborhoods, but also promotes the cultural reproduction of the middle class - children’s education has become the main way to improve the social status of families. In addition, with the influx of young families (especially the young-adult group), the labor force structure, lifestyle, and cultural atmosphere of these areas have also undergone significant changes, promoting the stratification and cultural homogenization of the communities.
学区住房政策加剧了南京市区的社会阶层差距。优质学区的楼盘成为中产阶级获得优质教育资源的“捷径”，导致更多的中产阶级家庭集中在这些学区。这种现象不仅改变了这些社区的阶级结构，也促进了中产阶级的文化再生产——子女教育成为提高家庭社会地位的主要途径。此外，随着年轻家庭（尤其是青年群体）的涌入，这些地区的劳动力结构、生活方式和文化氛围也发生了重大变化，促进了社区的分层和文化同质化。
6. Impact of the surrounding human environment
6. 周围人类环境的影响
The school district housing policy has also had a far-reaching influence on the surrounding human environment. School district housing areas often become concentrations of the middle class, and the cultural atmosphere in these areas tends to be more homogeneous, emphasizing academic achievement and family status. The competition and pressure for education in the daily lives of parents and children may affect the construction of interpersonal relationships and the social cohesion of the community. At the same time, with the concentration of educational resources and the restructuring of community hierarchies, cultural diversity in the region may gradually decline, and traditional community cultures are marginalized.
学区住房政策也对周围的人文环境产生了深远的影响。学区住宅区往往成为中产阶级的集中地，这些地区的文化氛围往往更加同质化，强调学术成就和家庭地位。父母和孩子日常生活中对教育的竞争和压力，可能会影响人际关系的构建和社会凝聚力。同时，随着教育资源的集中和社区等级制度的重构，该地区的文化多样性可能会逐渐下降，传统的社区文化被边缘化。
7. Promoting urbanization and expansion
7. 促进城镇化和扩张
The school district housing policy has not only changed the social structure of Nanjing’s main urban areas, but also promoted the expansion of urbanization. As the demand for school-zoned housing increases, areas around the city are gradually being developed into new hotspots for school-zoned housing, promoting the development of peripheral areas of the city. This urbanization expansion has on the one hand promoted infrastructure construction and economic development, but it has also brought about environmental resource pressure and population density problems. In addition, the advancement of urbanization may lead to the relocation of some aborigines and changes in their lifestyles, further aggravating the urban-rural gap.
学区住房政策不仅改变了南京市主城区的社会结构，也促进了城镇化进程的扩大。随着对学区住房需求的增加，城市周边地区正逐渐发展成为学区住房的新热点，促进了城市外围地区的发展。这种城市化扩张一方面促进了基础设施建设和经济发展，但也带来了环境资源压力和人口密度问题。此外，城市化进程的推进可能导致部分原住民迁移和生活方式的改变，进一步加剧城乡差距。
Summary
总结
Nanjing’s school district housing policy has profusely affected the city’s social structure, educational equity, business environment and community atmosphere. As a social phenomenon, school district housing is not only directly related to the distribution of educational resources, but also closely associated with social class, urbanization process, economic activities and cultural environment. Although it promotes the optimal allocation of educational resources in the short term, in the long term, it also brings about social inequality, cultural homogenization and family anxiety, highlighting the problem of equity in the distribution of educational resources.
南京的学区住房政策极大地影响了该市的社会结构、教育公平、商业环境和社区氛围。学区住房作为一种社会现象，不仅与教育资源的分配直接相关，而且与社会阶层、城市化进程、经济活动和文化环境密切相关。虽然它在短期内促进了教育资源的优化配置，但从长期来看，它也带来了社会不平等、文化同质化和家庭焦虑，凸显了教育资源分配的公平问题。
Conclusion
结论
This article has explored the multifaceted impact of the Nanjing school district housing policy on community life, revealing the far-reaching effects of the policy in terms of educational resource allocation, social class structure, business environment and humanistic atmosphere. The study shows that while the school district housing policy promotes the concentration of high-quality educational resources in the short term, in the long term it exacerbates educational inequality, leads to the solidification of social classes, and increases parents’ educational anxiety. In addition, this policy has shaped changes in surrounding businesses and promoted urbanization, but it has also brought about uneven distribution of resources and homogenization of the human environment.
本文探讨了南京学区住房政策对社区生活的多方面影响，揭示了该政策在教育资源配置、社会阶层结构、商业环境和人文氛围等方面的深远影响。研究表明，学区住房政策虽然在短期内促进了优质教育资源的集中，但从长期来看，它加剧了教育不平等，导致社会阶层固化，并增加了家长的教育焦虑。此外，这项政策塑造了周边企业的变化，促进了城市化，但也带来了资源分配不均和人类环境的同质化。
The importance of these findings lies in the fact that they reveal the social and cultural effects behind the education policy and provide an important perspective for us to understand the unequal distribution of educational resources. Through these findings, it can be more acutely realized that mere concentration of resources may bring about a series of social problems. Therefore, future policymaking should pay more attention to educational equity and social class mobility, and consider how to avoid exacerbating social division and cultural homogenization by optimizing the school district housing policy, as well as alleviating parents’ educational anxiety and promoting a more just and inclusive educational environment. These findings have key implications for governments, educational institutions, and all sectors of society in achieving educational equity and improving the quality of life in urban communities.
这些发现的重要性在于，它们揭示了教育政策背后的社会和文化影响，并为我们理解教育资源分配不均提供了一个重要的视角。通过这些发现，我们可以更敏锐地认识到，仅仅是资源的集中可能会带来一系列的社会问题。因此，未来的政策制定应更加关注教育公平和社会阶层流动，并考虑如何通过优化学区住房政策来避免加剧社会分化和文化同质化，以及缓解家长的教育焦虑，促进更加公正和包容的教育环境。这些发现对政府、教育机构和社会各界在实现教育公平和提高城市社区生活质量方面具有重要意义。
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