第五章:现代主义 1920s(Modernism:Imagism/New Criticism/The Jazz Age/Lost Generation/Southern Renaissance) 第五章:现代主义 1920 年代(现代主义:意象派/新批评/爵士时代/迷失的一代/南方文艺复兴)
第六章:自然主义 1930s(Naturalism)
第七章:美国戏剧 American Drama(Expressionism) 第七章:美国戏剧 American Drama(表现主义)
第八章:战后诗歌/小说 Literature after WWII(Postwar Poetry:The Confessional School/The Beat Generation/The New York School/The Black Mountain Poets;Postwar Novel:Magic Realism;parody;black humor;parody;Literature of Absurd;anti-war novel; science fiction) 第八章:战后诗歌/小说 文学战后(战后诗歌:忏悔派/垮掉的一代/纽约学派/黑山诗人;战后小说:魔幻现实主义;仿作;黑色幽默;仿作;荒诞文学;反战小说;科幻小说)
The North American literature began with the settlement of the English puritans.The first settlers wrote about their voyage to the new land about adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops,about dealing with Indians.They wrote in diaries and in journals.They wrote letters and contracts and government charters and religious and political statements. They wrote about the land that stretched before them-unimaginable and immense,with rich dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.It stirred the imagination to great heights.All seemed possible through hard-work and faith.All these experiences gave birth to the Puritan values:hard work,shrift,piety and sobriety.American literature is in good measure a literary expression of the pious idealism of the American puritan values. 北美文学始于英国清教徒的定居。最初的定居者写下了他们前往新大陆的航程,适应陌生气候和作物,处理与印第安人的关系。他们写日记和日志,写信件、合同、政府宪章以及宗教和政治声明。他们描写眼前那片辽阔无垠、想象不到的土地——茂密的森林、深蓝的湖泊和肥沃的土壤。这激发了极大的想象力。通过勤劳和信仰,一切似乎皆有可能。所有这些经历孕育了清教徒的价值观:勤奋、忏悔、虔诚和节制。美国文学在很大程度上是美国清教徒价值观虔诚信仰的文学表达
Essentially,American literature during this period reflected the beginnings of a struggle for definition and meaning which still,in varying degrees,characterizes the American national character.One may see the struggle of the individual for expression,the belief in a future,the fight for civil rights,the constraints of factors(in this case religion and the severity of nature)sometimes beyond one's control,and the different,almost contradictory reasons for coming.Some for material and business advantage;others for religious freedom,still others for a religious life but an independent,politically democratic one.These impulses have,in a large sense,set the tone for the country and have reverberated throughout American history and literature,from Plymouth Rock to the recent election of the United States presidency.These original impulses found expression in the diaries,journals,poems and sermons of the day.Examine the ir authors and the works themselves will give substance to these. 本质上,这一时期的美国文学反映了对定义和意义的初步探索,这种探索在不同程度上仍然是美国民族性格的特征之一。人们可以看到个体为表达自我而进行的斗争,对未来的信念,为民权而战,以及有时超出个人控制的因素(在此指宗教和严酷的自然环境)所带来的限制,还有不同且几乎矛盾的移民动机。有些人为了物质和商业利益;有些人为了宗教自由;还有些人为了过一种宗教生活,但同时追求独立和政治民主。这些冲动在很大程度上奠定了国家的基调,并在美国历史和文学中产生了回响,从普利茅斯岩石到最近的美国总统选举。这些最初的冲动通过当时的日记、日志、诗歌和布道得以表达。研究这些作者及其作品,将使这些内容更加具体和有实质意义
The writing style of this period is fresh,simple and direct;the rhetoric is plain and honest,with a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.All this has left an obvious imprint on American writing.The best writers of this period include Cotton Mather,Jonathan Edwards and Anne Bradstreet. 这一时期的写作风格清新、简洁而直接;修辞朴实诚恳,带有一种常可追溯到圣经直接影响的高贵气质。这一切在美国文学中留下了明显的印记。该时期最杰出的作家包括科顿·马瑟、乔纳森·爱德华兹和安妮·布拉德斯特里特。
Another main characteristic of this period is that the literary works(not only the political pamphlets but also novels, poems,play,etc.)include less puritan elements compared with those works of colonial American period.A new,more rational approach to life was appearing,begun by movements in Europe due to scientific discoveries.The emphasis began to shift from one's duties toward God to rights,from in-born evil to in-born good.Europe,in a sense(and particularly England),was seen as a greater evil than one's soul.This was by no means a rejection of God;more,it was an appreciation of what God made. 这一时期的另一个主要特征是文学作品(不仅是政治小册子,还有小说、诗歌、戏剧等)相比殖民时期的作品,包含的清教徒元素较少。一种新的、更理性的生活态度开始出现,这一变化源于欧洲因科学发现而兴起的运动。重点开始从对上帝的义务转向权利,从天生的罪恶转向天生的善良。从某种意义上说(尤其是英国),欧洲被视为比自身灵魂更大的邪恶。这绝非对上帝的否定;更确切地说,是对上帝所创造之物的赞赏。
From then on,American literature appeared more similarities with the European literature.At the same time,American literature of this period began to be nationalized with the nation struggling for existence. 从此以后,美国文学与欧洲文学表现出更多的相似性。与此同时,随着国家为生存而奋斗,这一时期的美国文学开始具有民族化特征
Thomas Paine,Franklin and Freneau are the representatives of American revolutionary literature. 托马斯·潘恩、富兰克林和弗雷诺是美国革命文学的代表。
The political events of the Revolution are of great concern because the literature of the time was largely political.Some of it is familiar to us.The Declaration of Independence(1776),one easily notes,is a highly effective piece of prose.The writers of this period show great enthusiasm on the political events.Many political pamphlets appeared.So patriot is one of the main themes of this period,for example,Thomas Paine was one of continual,unswerving fight for the rights of man.He wrote a number of works of such a revolutionary and inflammatory character.His Common Sense and American Crisis are among the greatest ones. 革命时期的政治事件备受关注,因为当时的文学大多具有政治性质。其中一些作品我们很熟悉。1776 年的《独立宣言》显然是一篇极具感染力的散文。这一时期的作家对政治事件表现出极大的热情。许多政治小册子纷纷出现。爱国主义是这一时期的主要主题之一,例如,托马斯·潘恩是为人权进行持续不懈斗争的人物。他写了许多具有革命性和煽动性的作品。他的《常识》和《美国危机》是其中最伟大的作品。
地位:One of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America;One of the founders of the colony of Jamestown,
Virginia;The first writer of American literature
地位:One of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America;One of the founders of the colony of Jamestown,
Virginia;The first writer of American literature| 地位:One of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America;One of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, |
| :--- |
| Virginia;The first writer of American literature |
Whiters wrote for relgions zeal
"地位:One of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America;One of the founders of the colony of Jamestown,
Virginia;The first writer of American literature"| Whiters wrote for relgions zeal |
| :--- |
| |
| 地位:One of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America;One of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, <br> Virginia;The first writer of American literature |
观点:America was a promise virgin land;In his narrative,Pocahontas is an Indian Princess who saved him.
作品:A Description of New England
观点:America was a promise virgin land;In his narrative,Pocahontas is an Indian Princess who saved him.
作品:A Description of New England| 观点:America was a promise virgin land;In his narrative,Pocahontas is an Indian Princess who saved him. |
| :--- |
| 作品:A Description of New England |
地位:Came America on the Mayflower;The first governor of the Plymouth Plantation
作品:Of Plymouth Plantation-about the history of the colony
地位:Came America on the Mayflower;The first governor of the Plymouth Plantation
作品:Of Plymouth Plantation-about the history of the colony| 地位:Came America on the Mayflower;The first governor of the Plymouth Plantation |
| :--- |
| 作品:Of Plymouth Plantation-about the history of the colony |
地位:The first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Plantation;Had a sense of mission and religious fever
作品:Of Plymouth Plantation-about the history of the colony;A Model of Christian Charity-reflects his religious zeal
地位:The first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Plantation;Had a sense of mission and religious fever
作品:Of Plymouth Plantation-about the history of the colony;A Model of Christian Charity-reflects his religious zeal| 地位:The first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Plantation;Had a sense of mission and religious fever |
| :--- |
| 作品:Of Plymouth Plantation-about the history of the colony;A Model of Christian Charity-reflects his religious zeal |
地位:An important female Puritan Poet;She had been called"the Tenth Muse"
作品内容:The constitutions and ages of man,the seasons of the year,the chief empires of the ancient world(常耀信)
作品:always about her meditation of religious spirit
Collections of poetry:Contemplations
Loving poems:To My Dear and Loving Husband;In Reference to Her Children
The Struggle between spiritual and material:The Flesh and the Spirit;Upon the Burning of Our House
地位:An important female Puritan Poet;She had been called"the Tenth Muse"
作品内容:The constitutions and ages of man,the seasons of the year,the chief empires of the ancient world(常耀信)
作品:always about her meditation of religious spirit
Collections of poetry:Contemplations
Loving poems:To My Dear and Loving Husband;In Reference to Her Children
The Struggle between spiritual and material:The Flesh and the Spirit;Upon the Burning of Our House| 地位:An important female Puritan Poet;She had been called"the Tenth Muse" |
| :--- |
| 作品内容:The constitutions and ages of man,the seasons of the year,the chief empires of the ancient world(常耀信) |
| 作品:always about her meditation of religious spirit |
| Collections of poetry:Contemplations |
| Loving poems:To My Dear and Loving Husband;In Reference to Her Children |
| The Struggle between spiritual and material:The Flesh and the Spirit;Upon the Burning of Our House |
地位:A meditative poet and a Puritan poet;Came nearest to the English baroque poets;
作品:
Huswifery-Saw religious significance in a simple daily incident like a housewife spinning
Upon a Spider Catching a Fly-The poet sees the spider as a symbol of Hell.It is obvious that Taylor has faith in God who can save the erring,or sinful humankind from the evil designs of Hell.
地位:A meditative poet and a Puritan poet;Came nearest to the English baroque poets;
作品:
Huswifery-Saw religious significance in a simple daily incident like a housewife spinning
Upon a Spider Catching a Fly-The poet sees the spider as a symbol of Hell.It is obvious that Taylor has faith in God who can save the erring,or sinful humankind from the evil designs of Hell.| 地位:A meditative poet and a Puritan poet;Came nearest to the English baroque poets; |
| :--- |
| 作品: |
| Huswifery-Saw religious significance in a simple daily incident like a housewife spinning |
| Upon a Spider Catching a Fly-The poet sees the spider as a symbol of Hell.It is obvious that Taylor has faith in God who can save the erring,or sinful humankind from the evil designs of Hell. |
地位:One of the greatest Puritan dissenters;The first rebel against the divine church order in the wilderness;John Cotton banished Roger to Rhode Island
作品:The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience-Call for democratic government and spiritual freedom
地位:One of the greatest Puritan dissenters;The first rebel against the divine church order in the wilderness;John Cotton banished Roger to Rhode Island
作品:The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience-Call for democratic government and spiritual freedom| 地位:One of the greatest Puritan dissenters;The first rebel against the divine church order in the wilderness;John Cotton banished Roger to Rhode Island |
| :--- |
| 作品:The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience-Call for democratic government and spiritual freedom |
John Woolman 约翰·伍尔曼
地位:出身于贵格会家庭;为所有人的权利和废除奴隶制领导斗争 作品:《日记》——记录他的精神体验
地位:Comes from a Quaker family;lead for the rights of all men and or the abolition of the slavery system
作品:Journal—A recording of his spiritual experiences
地位:Comes from a Quaker family;lead for the rights of all men and or the abolition of the slavery system
作品:Journal—A recording of his spiritual experiences| 地位:Comes from a Quaker family;lead for the rights of all men and or the abolition of the slavery system |
| :--- |
| 作品:Journal—A recording of his spiritual experiences |
地位:An English-American author,pamphleteer and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States;Has been called"a stay-maker by trade,a journalist by profession,and a propagandist by inclination"
作品:
Common Sense-"Government,even in its best state,is but a necessary evil;in its worst state an intolerable one"-Signed simply"By an Englishman"to urge the colonies to declare independence;Paine became the most articulate spokesman of the American Revolution.
American Crisis-"These are the times that try men's souls"-A collection of 16 pamphlets signed"Common Sense"which published at the darkest moment of the revolution and dealt directly with the military engagements to inspire the Continental Army
The Rights of Man-An answer to Burke's Recent Reflections on the French Revolution,which not only championed Rousseau's doctrines of freedom,but also suggested the overthrow of the British monarchy.Paine was indicted for treason and was forced to seek refuge in France.
The Age of Reason-A deistic treatise advocating a rationalistic view of religion.
Agrarian Justice-His last important treatise
地位:An English-American author,pamphleteer and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States;Has been called"a stay-maker by trade,a journalist by profession,and a propagandist by inclination"
作品:
Common Sense-"Government,even in its best state,is but a necessary evil;in its worst state an intolerable one"-Signed simply"By an Englishman"to urge the colonies to declare independence;Paine became the most articulate spokesman of the American Revolution.
American Crisis-"These are the times that try men's souls"-A collection of 16 pamphlets signed"Common Sense"which published at the darkest moment of the revolution and dealt directly with the military engagements to inspire the Continental Army
The Rights of Man-An answer to Burke's Recent Reflections on the French Revolution,which not only championed Rousseau's doctrines of freedom,but also suggested the overthrow of the British monarchy.Paine was indicted for treason and was forced to seek refuge in France.
The Age of Reason-A deistic treatise advocating a rationalistic view of religion.
Agrarian Justice-His last important treatise| 地位:An English-American author,pamphleteer and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States;Has been called"a stay-maker by trade,a journalist by profession,and a propagandist by inclination" |
| :--- |
| 作品: |
| Common Sense-"Government,even in its best state,is but a necessary evil;in its worst state an intolerable one"-Signed simply"By an Englishman"to urge the colonies to declare independence;Paine became the most articulate spokesman of the American Revolution. |
| American Crisis-"These are the times that try men's souls"-A collection of 16 pamphlets signed"Common Sense"which published at the darkest moment of the revolution and dealt directly with the military engagements to inspire the Continental Army |
| The Rights of Man-An answer to Burke's Recent Reflections on the French Revolution,which not only championed Rousseau's doctrines of freedom,but also suggested the overthrow of the British monarchy.Paine was indicted for treason and was forced to seek refuge in France. |
| The Age of Reason-A deistic treatise advocating a rationalistic view of religion. |
| Agrarian Justice-His last important treatise |
"观点:America was a promise virgin land;In his narrative,Pocahontas is an Indian Princess who saved him.
作品:A Description of New England"
William Bradford
"地位:Came America on the Mayflower;The first governor of the Plymouth Plantation
作品:Of Plymouth Plantation-about the history of the colony"
John Winthrop
"地位:The first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Plantation;Had a sense of mission and religious fever
作品:Of Plymouth Plantation-about the history of the colony;A Model of Christian Charity-reflects his religious zeal"
Anne Bradstreet
"地位:An important female Puritan Poet;She had been called"the Tenth Muse"
作品内容:The constitutions and ages of man,the seasons of the year,the chief empires of the ancient world(常耀信)
作品:always about her meditation of religious spirit
Collections of poetry:Contemplations
Loving poems:To My Dear and Loving Husband;In Reference to Her Children
The Struggle between spiritual and material:The Flesh and the Spirit;Upon the Burning of Our House"
Edward Taylor
"地位:A meditative poet and a Puritan poet;Came nearest to the English baroque poets;
作品:
Huswifery-Saw religious significance in a simple daily incident like a housewife spinning
Upon a Spider Catching a Fly-The poet sees the spider as a symbol of Hell.It is obvious that Taylor has faith in God who can save the erring,or sinful humankind from the evil designs of Hell."
Writers wrote for independence
Roger Williams
"地位:One of the greatest Puritan dissenters;The first rebel against the divine church order in the wilderness;John Cotton banished Roger to Rhode Island
作品:The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience-Call for democratic government and spiritual freedom"
John Woolman
"地位:Comes from a Quaker family;lead for the rights of all men and or the abolition of the slavery system
作品:Journal—A recording of his spiritual experiences"
Thomas Paine
"地位:An English-American author,pamphleteer and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States;Has been called"a stay-maker by trade,a journalist by profession,and a propagandist by inclination"
作品:
Common Sense-"Government,even in its best state,is but a necessary evil;in its worst state an intolerable one"-Signed simply"By an Englishman"to urge the colonies to declare independence;Paine became the most articulate spokesman of the American Revolution.
American Crisis-"These are the times that try men's souls"-A collection of 16 pamphlets signed"Common Sense"which published at the darkest moment of the revolution and dealt directly with the military engagements to inspire the Continental Army
The Rights of Man-An answer to Burke's Recent Reflections on the French Revolution,which not only championed Rousseau's doctrines of freedom,but also suggested the overthrow of the British monarchy.Paine was indicted for treason and was forced to seek refuge in France.
The Age of Reason-A deistic treatise advocating a rationalistic view of religion.
Agrarian Justice-His last important treatise"
| 观点:America was a promise virgin land;In his narrative,Pocahontas is an Indian Princess who saved him. <br> 作品:A Description of New England |
| :--- |
| William Bradford |
| 地位:Came America on the Mayflower;The first governor of the Plymouth Plantation <br> 作品:Of Plymouth Plantation-about the history of the colony |
| John Winthrop |
| 地位:The first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Plantation;Had a sense of mission and religious fever <br> 作品:Of Plymouth Plantation-about the history of the colony;A Model of Christian Charity-reflects his religious zeal |
| Anne Bradstreet |
| 地位:An important female Puritan Poet;She had been called"the Tenth Muse" <br> 作品内容:The constitutions and ages of man,the seasons of the year,the chief empires of the ancient world(常耀信) <br> 作品:always about her meditation of religious spirit <br> Collections of poetry:Contemplations <br> Loving poems:To My Dear and Loving Husband;In Reference to Her Children <br> The Struggle between spiritual and material:The Flesh and the Spirit;Upon the Burning of Our House |
| Edward Taylor |
| 地位:A meditative poet and a Puritan poet;Came nearest to the English baroque poets; <br> 作品: <br> Huswifery-Saw religious significance in a simple daily incident like a housewife spinning <br> Upon a Spider Catching a Fly-The poet sees the spider as a symbol of Hell.It is obvious that Taylor has faith in God who can save the erring,or sinful humankind from the evil designs of Hell. |
| Writers wrote for independence |
| Roger Williams |
| 地位:One of the greatest Puritan dissenters;The first rebel against the divine church order in the wilderness;John Cotton banished Roger to Rhode Island <br> 作品:The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience-Call for democratic government and spiritual freedom |
| John Woolman |
| 地位:Comes from a Quaker family;lead for the rights of all men and or the abolition of the slavery system <br> 作品:Journal—A recording of his spiritual experiences |
| Thomas Paine |
| 地位:An English-American author,pamphleteer and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States;Has been called"a stay-maker by trade,a journalist by profession,and a propagandist by inclination" <br> 作品: <br> Common Sense-"Government,even in its best state,is but a necessary evil;in its worst state an intolerable one"-Signed simply"By an Englishman"to urge the colonies to declare independence;Paine became the most articulate spokesman of the American Revolution. <br> American Crisis-"These are the times that try men's souls"-A collection of 16 pamphlets signed"Common Sense"which published at the darkest moment of the revolution and dealt directly with the military engagements to inspire the Continental Army <br> The Rights of Man-An answer to Burke's Recent Reflections on the French Revolution,which not only championed Rousseau's doctrines of freedom,but also suggested the overthrow of the British monarchy.Paine was indicted for treason and was forced to seek refuge in France. <br> The Age of Reason-A deistic treatise advocating a rationalistic view of religion. <br> Agrarian Justice-His last important treatise |
| |
地位:A most notable representative of dawning nationalism in American literature;Almost alone of his generation,he managed to peer through the pervasive atmosphere of imitativeness;He sees life directly,and appreciate the natural scenes on the new land and the native Indian civilization
作品:
The Indian Burying Ground
The Wild Honey Suckle
The Dying Indian:Tomo Chequi
地位:A most notable representative of dawning nationalism in American literature;Almost alone of his generation,he managed to peer through the pervasive atmosphere of imitativeness;He sees life directly,and appreciate the natural scenes on the new land and the native Indian civilization
作品:
The Indian Burying Ground
The Wild Honey Suckle
The Dying Indian:Tomo Chequi| 地位:A most notable representative of dawning nationalism in American literature;Almost alone of his generation,he managed to peer through the pervasive atmosphere of imitativeness;He sees life directly,and appreciate the natural scenes on the new land and the native Indian civilization |
| :--- |
| 作品: |
| The Indian Burying Ground |
| The Wild Honey Suckle |
| The Dying Indian:Tomo Chequi |
Charles Brockden Brown 查尔斯·布罗克登·布朗
作品:Wieland-The first American novel 作品:《威兰德》——第一部美国小说
"地位:A most notable representative of dawning nationalism in American literature;Almost alone of his generation,he managed to peer through the pervasive atmosphere of imitativeness;He sees life directly,and appreciate the natural scenes on the new land and the native Indian civilization
作品:
The Indian Burying Ground
The Wild Honey Suckle
The Dying Indian:Tomo Chequi"
Charles Brockden Brown
作品:Wieland-The first American novel| 地位:A most notable representative of dawning nationalism in American literature;Almost alone of his generation,he managed to peer through the pervasive atmosphere of imitativeness;He sees life directly,and appreciate the natural scenes on the new land and the native Indian civilization <br> 作品: <br> The Indian Burying Ground <br> The Wild Honey Suckle <br> The Dying Indian:Tomo Chequi |
| :--- |
| Charles Brockden Brown |
| 作品:Wieland-The first American novel |
文学流派特点介绍:
历史背景:The colonization of the North America 历史背景:北美的殖民化
时间:In the early part of the 17th century 时间:17 世纪初期
地点:North American continent 地点:北美大陆
人物:Puritans—founding father of the American 人物:清教徒——美国的奠基人
起因:
For English government:a means of alleviating of its own problems 对于英国政府来说:缓解自身问题的一种手段
For Puritans:quest of an ideal of their own/escape religious persecution 对于清教徒:追求他们自己的理想/逃避宗教迫害
思想:Puritanism(2013 北语 2018 北二外)
定义:A religious and political movement that developed in England about the middle of the 16th century and later spread its influence into the New England colonies in America.Puritanism was a logical aftermath of the Renaissance,the Reformation,the establishment of the Church of England,and the growth of Presbyterianism(长老会) 定义:一种宗教和政治运动,约在 16 世纪中叶在英格兰发展起来,后来其影响扩展到美洲的新英格兰殖民地。清教主义是文艺复兴、宗教改革、英格兰教会的建立以及长老会(Presbyterianism)发展的必然结果。
教义:Calvinism:predestination,original sin\sin ,total depravity,limited atonement 教义:加尔文主义:预定论、原罪、全然败坏、有限救赎
目的:Re-establish a commonwealth based on the teaching of the Bible-the church should be restored to the purity of the first-century Church as established by Jesus Christ Himself. 目的:重新建立一个基于圣经教义的共和国——教会应恢复到由耶稣基督亲自建立的第一世纪教会的纯洁状态
人群:They are practical idealists,or we can call them doctrinaire opportunists. 人群:他们是务实的理想主义者,或者我们可以称他们为教条主义的机会主义者。
文学:Literature is in good measure a literary expression of the pious idealism of the American Puritan bequest. 文学:文学在很大程度上是美国清教徒遗产中虔诚信仰理想主义的文学表达。
文学特点:
主题:Puritanism;always about religious themes 主题:清教主义;总是围绕宗教主题
体裁:Personal/humble origins:diaries,histories,journals,letters,commonplace books,travel books,sermons 体裁:个人/卑微的起源:日记、历史、日志、信件、随笔集、旅行书籍、布道稿
特点:Imitated and transplanted European literature 特点:模仿并移植欧洲文学
素材:Based on a Biblical myth—the Garden of Eden 素材:基于圣经神话——伊甸园
态度:Optimistic,practical and idealistic 态度:乐观、务实且理想主义
手法:Symbolism is very common 手法:象征主义非常常见
文风:Simple,direct,fresh 文风:简单、直接、新鲜
简答题表述参考:(标下划线的词句为关键词汇)
What is the importance of Puritanism in America?(2017 西外) 清教主义在美国的重要性是什么?(2017 西外)
Puritanism 的定义:Originally,Puritanism refers to a movement that arose within the Church of England in the latter part of the 16th century.It sought to purify,or reform the Church and establish a middle course between Roman Catholicism and the ideas of the Protestant reformers.Those who advocated Puritanism were called Puritans. 清教主义的定义:最初,清教主义指的是 16 世纪后期在英格兰教会内部兴起的一个运动。它旨在净化或改革教会,寻求在罗马天主教和新教改革者思想之间找到一条中间道路。倡导清教主义的人被称为清教徒。
Puritanism 在美国:Early in the 17th century Puritanism reached North America with English Puritans who were usually referred to as the English Pilgrims.In 1620 they founded Plymouth Colony.Afterwards more Puritans emigrated,and they built more colonies.The Puritans brought strong religious beliefs to bear in all colonies north of Virginia.During the whole 清教主义在美国:17 世纪初,清教主义随英国清教徒传入北美,这些人通常被称为英国朝圣者。1620 年,他们建立了普利茅斯殖民地。随后更多清教徒移民,建立了更多殖民地。清教徒将强烈的宗教信仰带入了弗吉尼亚以北的所有殖民地。在整个..
colonial period Puritanism had direct impact on both religious thought and cultural patterns in America. 殖民时期的清教主义直接影响了美国的宗教思想和文化模式。
在宗教上:American Puritanism is one of the earliest religion in America and its basic ideas constructed the mainstream of American religion.Generally speaking,key puritan beliefs and values include: 在宗教上:美国清教主义是美国最早的宗教之一,其基本思想构成了美国宗教的主流。一般来说,清教徒的主要信仰和价值观包括:
A.Godly people were sober,hardworking,and responsible.English society had been corrupted by foreign influences and by disorder and needed to be purified. A.敬虔的人应当严肃、勤奋且有责任感。英国社会已被外来影响和混乱腐蚀,需要被净化。
B.Catholicism had undermined the relationship between God and the individual B.天主教削弱了上帝与个人之间的关系
C.Election \&predestination-God chooses who is saved and who is damned.No one can earn salvation through works.Yet the saints are responsible for their actions. C.选举与预定论——上帝选择谁得救,谁被定罪。没有人能通过行为获得救赎。然而,圣徒们对自己的行为负责。
D.The congregation of saints chooses its members,hires and fires its ministers,and recognizes no other religious authority. D.圣徒会选举其成员,聘用和解雇其牧师,不承认其他宗教权威。
E.Worship should be plain,lack mystery,and be focused on God.No stained glass,instrumental music,or art. E.崇拜应简朴,缺乏神秘感,且专注于上帝。不使用彩色玻璃、器乐或艺术。
F.Much value of education F.教育具有很高的价值
G.Intolerance:error must be opposed and driven out G.不容忍:错误必须被反对并驱逐
在文化上:Puritanism lays foundation for American Individualism 在文化上:清教主义为美国个人主义奠定基础
Following Martin Luther's tenets,Puritans formed their own church,chose their own priest,and eliminated the hierarchical system in church.As a result,Christians were freed from severe Roman Catholic rules;church became a free organization of Christians,and salvation was a personal spiritual pursuit.In this sense,personal values were stressed,and one's soul became more free and independent.Moreover,"predestination"in Puritanism strengthened Puritans'self-awareness to perfect oneself.Puritans believes that their religious purity and salvation could be achieved through self-discipline, self-improvement and their hard work.Therefore,Puritans'strong self-awareness paved the way for the development of individualism in colonial America,and later becoming one of the most important values of American people. 遵循马丁·路德的教义,清教徒建立了自己的教会,选择自己的牧师,消除了教会中的等级制度。因此,基督徒摆脱了严苛的罗马天主教规条;教会成为基督徒的自由组织,救赎成为个人的精神追求。从这个意义上说,个人价值被强调,人的灵魂变得更加自由和独立。此外,清教主义中的“预定论”加强了清教徒完善自我的自我意识。清教徒相信,通过自律、自我提升和勤奋工作,可以实现宗教纯洁和救赎。因此,清教徒强烈的自我意识为殖民地美国个人主义的发展铺平了道路,后来成为美国人最重要的价值观之一。
在政治上:American democracy was developed from American Puritanism. 在政治上:美国民主起源于美国清教主义
In fact,Mayflower Compact of 1620 led to the birth of early American democracy.It attempted to establish a temporary government until a more official one could be drawn up in England that would give them the right to self-govern themselves in New England.Afterwards the"popular sovereignty"concept began spreading among other colonies.The Puritan belief that communities were formed by covenants produced America's first democratic institution,the town meeting.At the town meeting every church member had the right to speak,and decisions were made by majority rule. 事实上,1620 年的五月花号契约促成了早期美国民主的诞生。它试图建立一个临时政府,直到英国制定出更正式的政府,赋予他们在新英格兰自治的权利。此后,“人民主权”的概念开始在其他殖民地传播。清教徒认为社区是通过契约形成的,这产生了美国第一个民主机构——镇会议。在镇会议上,每个教会成员都有发言权,决策由多数规则决定。
在观念上:Puritanism shaped the Americans'national character:acquiring wealth through hard work and thrift. 在观念上:清教主义塑造了美国人的民族性格:通过勤劳和节俭获取财富。
American Puritans linked material wealth with God's favor.They believed that hard work was the way to please God. Created more wealth through one's work and thrift could guarantee the God's elect.The doctrine of predestination kept all Puritans constantly working to do good in this life in order to be chosen for the next eternal life. 美国清教徒将物质财富与上帝的恩宠联系在一起。他们相信勤劳是取悦上帝的方式。通过个人的劳动和节俭创造更多财富,可以保证成为上帝的选民。预定论教义使所有清教徒不断努力在今生行善,以便被选中进入来世的永恒生命
Many Americans,relying on themselves,have been out of poverty and become rich and won respect from the whole society. By the eve of the Civil War,the value of acquiring wealth through hard work and thrift had stimulated fast development of American capitalism.This value also played a key role during the Reconstruction after the war and the period of Western Expansion.Now it is part of American national character. 许多美国人依靠自己,摆脱了贫困,变得富有,并赢得了整个社会的尊重。到了内战前夕,通过勤劳和节俭获得财富的价值观刺激了美国资本主义的快速发展。这种价值观在战后重建时期和西部扩张时期也发挥了关键作用。现在,它已成为美国民族性格的一部分。
在文学上:In literature,Puritanism always plays the vital themes of American literature. 在文学上:在文学中,清教主义始终是美国文学的重要主题。
Most of the poets in early Puritan American literature were religious poets.Their works are mostly about their religious life. For example,the conflicts between spirit and desire,the meditation of religious life,and the consideration about their family life is the main themes of Anne Bradstreet's poems.During the Period of romanticism,most of the works of the romantic novelist Hawthorne were set in the Puritan society.His works are the reflection of the spirit of American Puritanism. 早期清教徒美国文学中的大多数诗人都是宗教诗人。他们的作品大多关于他们的宗教生活。例如,精神与欲望的冲突、宗教生活的沉思以及对家庭生活的思考是安妮·布拉德斯特里特诗歌的主要主题。在浪漫主义时期,浪漫主义小说家霍桑的大部分作品都设定在清教徒社会中。他的作品反映了美国清教主义的精神。
(如果只考 Puritanism 在文学上的影响的话,大家主要论述要集中在文本分析)
选段及选段分析:(标下划线的词句为识别标志)
1.Huswifery by Edward Taylor 1.爱德华·泰勒的《家务诗》
Make me,O Lord,thy Spining Wheele compleate. 主啊,求你使我成为你完整的纺车。
Thy Holy Worde my Distaff make for mee. 求你用你的圣言为我做纺锤。
Make mine Affections thy Swift Flyers neate 使我的情感成为你灵巧的梭子,
And make my Soule thy holy Spoole to bee. 使我的灵魂成为你圣洁的线轴
My Conversation make to be thy Reele 我的对话成为你的纺车
And reele the yarn thereon spun of thy Wheele. 并在其上纺织你车轮上纺出的纱线。
Make me thy Loome then,knit therein this Twine: 那就让我成为你的织机,将这股细线编织其中:
And make thy Holy Spirit,Lord,winde quills: 并让你的圣灵,主啊,吹奏风笛:
Then weave the Web thyselfe.The yarn is fine. 那么你自己来织这张网吧。线很细腻。
Thine Ordinances make my Fulling Mills. 你的法令成了我的碾布厂。
Then dy the same in Heavenly Colours Choice, 然后用天上的精选颜色染色,
All pinkt with Varnisht Flowers of Paradise. 全部涂上天堂花朵的光泽
Then cloath therewith mine Understanding,Will, 然后用它来装饰我的理解、意志,
Affections,Judgment,Conscience,Memory 情感、判断、良知、记忆,
My Words,and Actions,that their shine may fill 我的言语和行为,使它们的光辉充满
My wayes with glory and thee glorify. 我的道路,荣耀你并荣耀我自己
Then mine apparell shall display before yee 那么我的衣裳将展现在你面前
That I am Cloathd in Holy robes for glory. 表明我身披圣洁的荣耀之袍。
分析: ✓\checkmark Structure:"Huswifery"is a three-stanza poem,and each stanza is comprised of six lines apiece.The rhyme scheme of each of those stanzas is ABABCC .This means that lines 1 and 3 rhyme with each other,lines 2 and 4 rhyme with each other,and the final two lines rhyme with each other. ✓\checkmark 结构:《家务诗》是一首三节诗,每节由六行组成。每节的押韵模式是 ABABCC。这意味着第 1 行和第 3 行押韵,第 2 行和第 4 行押韵,最后两行也相互押韵。 ✓\checkmark Form:The poem is written in iambic pentameter.That is a very common rhythm and meter for poetry.What this means is that for each line in the poem,the syllables alternate in an unstressed/stressed pattern.An unstressed/stressed unit is the iambic foot.Each line of the poem contains five of those feet,and that is why the poem is pentameter. ✓\checkmark 形式:这首诗采用抑扬格五步格写成。这是一种非常常见的诗歌节奏和韵律。意思是诗中每行的音节交替出现轻重音。一个轻重音单位称为抑扬格音步。每行包含五个这样的音步,因此这首诗是五步格 ✓\checkmark Narrator:This poem has an unnamed narrator,but it is probably safe to assume that the narrator is Taylor himself.It's a religious poem,and Taylor was a trained minister.The first line of the poem should alert readers to the idea that the narrator is addressing God,and that turns the poem into a very beautiful prayer. ✓\checkmark 叙述者:这首诗有一个未具名的叙述者,但可以合理地假设叙述者就是泰勒本人。这是一首宗教诗,而泰勒是一位受过训练的牧师。诗的第一句应提醒读者,叙述者正在向上帝祈祷,这使得整首诗成为一篇非常美丽的祷告。 ✓\checkmark Content:The narrator is requesting that God transform him into something useful that will help glorify God and do some of God's work on Earth.The specific request appears in the third stanza.The speaker would like to be clothed with God-honoring virtues;however,the speaker is willing to be a part of the cloth making process.That is why he specifically asks God to make him into a spinning wheel and loom.Those are machines that transform raw fibers into thread and eventually make the thread into cloth to be used for clothing. ✓\checkmark 内容:叙述者请求上帝将他变成有用的东西,以帮助荣耀上帝并在地上完成上帝的一些工作。具体的请求出现在第三节。说话者希望被赋予荣耀上帝的美德;然而,说话者也愿意成为织布过程的一部分。这就是为什么他特别请求上帝将他变成纺车和织机。这些机器能将原始纤维转变成线,最终将线织成布料,用于制作衣服。
2.Upon a Spider Catching a Fly by Edward Taylor 2.爱德华·泰勒《论蜘蛛捕捉苍蝇》
This Frey seems thus to us. 这首弗雷诗对我们来说似乎如此
Hells Spider gets 地狱蜘蛛获得
His intrails spuna to whip Cords thus 他的内脏被纺成鞭索
And wove to nets 并编织成网
And sets. 并安置
To tangle Adams race 纠缠亚当斯的种族
In's stratigems 在他们的策略中
To their Destructions,spoil'd,made base 为了他们的毁灭,被破坏,变得卑劣
By venom things, 被毒物所害,
Damn'd Sins. 该死的罪孽。
拓展:Design by Robert Frost 拓展:设计者 罗伯特·弗罗斯特
I found a dimpled spider,fat and white, 我发现一只胖乎乎、白白的凹陷蜘蛛,
On a white heal-all,holding up a moth 在一朵白色的千屈菜上,托着一只飞蛾
Like a white piece of rigid satin cloth- 像一块白色的硬缎布-
Assorted characters of death and blight 各种死亡与枯萎的符号
Mixed ready to begin the morning right, 混合在一起,准备开始美好的一天,
Like the ingredients of a witches'broth- 就像女巫汤的配料-
A snow-drop spider,a flower like a froth, 一只雪花蛛,一朵如泡沫般的花,
And dead wings carried like a paper kite. 还有像纸风筝般被携带的死翅膀。
What had that flower to do with being white, 那朵花与洁白有什么关系,
The wayside blue and innocent heal-all? 路边那蓝色无辜的万能草?
What brought the kindred spider to that height, 是什么引来了那只亲缘蜘蛛到那个高度,
Then steered the white moth thither in the night? 然后在夜晚引导那只白蛾飞向那里?
What but design of darkness to appall? 除了黑暗的阴谋来使人惊恐之外还有什么?
If design govern in a thing so small. 如果设计能支配如此微小的事物
(以上两首诗因为都涉及了宗教主题和蜘蛛意象,所以经常作为对比题出现)
第二章:美国革命时期 Revolution and Reason
注:American puritanism is a two-faced tradition of religious idealism(Jonathan Edwards)and level-headed common sense (Benjamin Franklin).(常)美国请教主义在启蒙时期有两个发展方向:一方面向宗教方面发展,代表人物是爱德华兹,另一方面影响现实生活,变成美国人务实的创业精神,代表人物是富兰克林。
主要作家作品:
地 位:A preacher theologian;The first modern American and the country's last medieval man;leader of The Great
Awakening
思想:
-Calvinist ideas-Believes in the regeneration of man and encourages people to enjoy the sweetness of"convention";
-The Great Awakening:(the First Great Awakening or Evangelical Revival)
The Great Awakening refers to a number of periods of religious revival in American Christian history.Historians and theologians identify three or four waves of increased religious enthusiasm occurring between the early 18th century and the late 20th century.Each of these"Great Awakenings"was characterized by widespread revivals led by evangelical(福音会的)Protestant ministers,a sharp increase of interest in religion,a profound sense of conviction and redemption on the part of those affected,an increase in evangelical church membership,and the formation of new religious movements and denominations.宗教大觉醒运动指的是三到四次旨在恢复早期美国殖民时期的宗教纯洁的复古浪潮,最重要的就是爱德华兹领导的第一次浪潮。
-He was influenced by Locke/Newton(均为哲学家)
-"God who is Himself the source of all being,the substance of all life,created the world out of Himself by diffusing Himself into time and space.He made the world by an extension of Himself,by taking upon Himself the forms of stones and trees and men".(常 31)
作品:
The Freedom of the Will
The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended
The Nature of True Virtue
A Divine and Supernatural Light,Immediately Imparted to the Soul by the Spirit of God
A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God in the Conversion of Many Hundred Souls in Northampton
The Freedom of the Will
Famous sermons:
"The Justice of God in the Damnation of Sinners"
"The Manner of Seeking Salvation"
"Pressing into the Kingdom of God"
"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"
地 位:A preacher theologian;The first modern American and the country's last medieval man;leader of The Great
Awakening
思想:
-Calvinist ideas-Believes in the regeneration of man and encourages people to enjoy the sweetness of"convention";
-The Great Awakening:(the First Great Awakening or Evangelical Revival)
The Great Awakening refers to a number of periods of religious revival in American Christian history.Historians and theologians identify three or four waves of increased religious enthusiasm occurring between the early 18th century and the late 20th century.Each of these"Great Awakenings"was characterized by widespread revivals led by evangelical(福音会的)Protestant ministers,a sharp increase of interest in religion,a profound sense of conviction and redemption on the part of those affected,an increase in evangelical church membership,and the formation of new religious movements and denominations.宗教大觉醒运动指的是三到四次旨在恢复早期美国殖民时期的宗教纯洁的复古浪潮,最重要的就是爱德华兹领导的第一次浪潮。
-He was influenced by Locke/Newton(均为哲学家)
-"God who is Himself the source of all being,the substance of all life,created the world out of Himself by diffusing Himself into time and space.He made the world by an extension of Himself,by taking upon Himself the forms of stones and trees and men".(常 31)
作品:
The Freedom of the Will
The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended
The Nature of True Virtue
A Divine and Supernatural Light,Immediately Imparted to the Soul by the Spirit of God
A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God in the Conversion of Many Hundred Souls in Northampton
The Freedom of the Will
Famous sermons:
"The Justice of God in the Damnation of Sinners"
"The Manner of Seeking Salvation"
"Pressing into the Kingdom of God"
"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"| 地 位:A preacher theologian;The first modern American and the country's last medieval man;leader of The Great |
| :--- |
| Awakening |
| 思想: |
| -Calvinist ideas-Believes in the regeneration of man and encourages people to enjoy the sweetness of"convention"; |
| -The Great Awakening:(the First Great Awakening or Evangelical Revival) |
| The Great Awakening refers to a number of periods of religious revival in American Christian history.Historians and theologians identify three or four waves of increased religious enthusiasm occurring between the early 18th century and the late 20th century.Each of these"Great Awakenings"was characterized by widespread revivals led by evangelical(福音会的)Protestant ministers,a sharp increase of interest in religion,a profound sense of conviction and redemption on the part of those affected,an increase in evangelical church membership,and the formation of new religious movements and denominations.宗教大觉醒运动指的是三到四次旨在恢复早期美国殖民时期的宗教纯洁的复古浪潮,最重要的就是爱德华兹领导的第一次浪潮。 |
| -He was influenced by Locke/Newton(均为哲学家) |
| -"God who is Himself the source of all being,the substance of all life,created the world out of Himself by diffusing Himself into time and space.He made the world by an extension of Himself,by taking upon Himself the forms of stones and trees and men".(常 31) |
| 作品: |
| The Freedom of the Will |
| The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended |
| The Nature of True Virtue |
| A Divine and Supernatural Light,Immediately Imparted to the Soul by the Spirit of God |
| A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God in the Conversion of Many Hundred Souls in Northampton |
| The Freedom of the Will |
| Famous sermons: |
| "The Justice of God in the Damnation of Sinners" |
| "The Manner of Seeking Salvation" |
| "Pressing into the Kingdom of God" |
| "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" |
Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林
地位:发明家,报纸编辑;费城学院与大学(宾夕法尼亚大学前身)首任校长;创立了 Junto 俱乐部(一个讨论当时问题和相互提升的讨论小组);被称为“多面手”;美国梦的代表人物;美国开国元勋之一;美国启蒙运动的重要人物;签署了美国宪法和独立宣言
作品:独立宣言——主要撰稿人之一
自传——他的杰作;美国文学中该体裁的开创之作
地位:An inventor,newspaper editor;The first president of Academy and College of Philadelphia(The University of Pennsylvania 宾夕法尼亚大学前身);Founded the Junto Club(a discussion group for issues of the day and for mutual improvement);Has been called"Jack of all trades";A representative of American Dream;One of the Founding Fathers of the United States;A major figure in the American Enlightenment;Signed Constitution of the United States and Declaration of Independence
作品:
Declaration of Independence-One of major writers
Autobiography-his masterpiece;the first of its genre in American literature
地位:An inventor,newspaper editor;The first president of Academy and College of Philadelphia(The University of Pennsylvania 宾夕法尼亚大学前身);Founded the Junto Club(a discussion group for issues of the day and for mutual improvement);Has been called"Jack of all trades";A representative of American Dream;One of the Founding Fathers of the United States;A major figure in the American Enlightenment;Signed Constitution of the United States and Declaration of Independence
作品:
Declaration of Independence-One of major writers
Autobiography-his masterpiece;the first of its genre in American literature| 地位:An inventor,newspaper editor;The first president of Academy and College of Philadelphia(The University of Pennsylvania 宾夕法尼亚大学前身);Founded the Junto Club(a discussion group for issues of the day and for mutual improvement);Has been called"Jack of all trades";A representative of American Dream;One of the Founding Fathers of the United States;A major figure in the American Enlightenment;Signed Constitution of the United States and Declaration of Independence |
| :--- |
| 作品: |
| Declaration of Independence-One of major writers |
| Autobiography-his masterpiece;the first of its genre in American literature |
Jonathan Edwards
"地 位:A preacher theologian;The first modern American and the country's last medieval man;leader of The Great
Awakening
思想:
-Calvinist ideas-Believes in the regeneration of man and encourages people to enjoy the sweetness of"convention";
-The Great Awakening:(the First Great Awakening or Evangelical Revival)
The Great Awakening refers to a number of periods of religious revival in American Christian history.Historians and theologians identify three or four waves of increased religious enthusiasm occurring between the early 18th century and the late 20th century.Each of these"Great Awakenings"was characterized by widespread revivals led by evangelical(福音会的)Protestant ministers,a sharp increase of interest in religion,a profound sense of conviction and redemption on the part of those affected,an increase in evangelical church membership,and the formation of new religious movements and denominations.宗教大觉醒运动指的是三到四次旨在恢复早期美国殖民时期的宗教纯洁的复古浪潮,最重要的就是爱德华兹领导的第一次浪潮。
-He was influenced by Locke/Newton(均为哲学家)
-"God who is Himself the source of all being,the substance of all life,created the world out of Himself by diffusing Himself into time and space.He made the world by an extension of Himself,by taking upon Himself the forms of stones and trees and men".(常 31)
作品:
The Freedom of the Will
The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended
The Nature of True Virtue
A Divine and Supernatural Light,Immediately Imparted to the Soul by the Spirit of God
A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God in the Conversion of Many Hundred Souls in Northampton
The Freedom of the Will
Famous sermons:
"The Justice of God in the Damnation of Sinners"
"The Manner of Seeking Salvation"
"Pressing into the Kingdom of God"
"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God""
Benjamin Franklin
"地位:An inventor,newspaper editor;The first president of Academy and College of Philadelphia(The University of Pennsylvania 宾夕法尼亚大学前身);Founded the Junto Club(a discussion group for issues of the day and for mutual improvement);Has been called"Jack of all trades";A representative of American Dream;One of the Founding Fathers of the United States;A major figure in the American Enlightenment;Signed Constitution of the United States and Declaration of Independence
作品:
Declaration of Independence-One of major writers
Autobiography-his masterpiece;the first of its genre in American literature"| Jonathan Edwards |
| :--- |
| 地 位:A preacher theologian;The first modern American and the country's last medieval man;leader of The Great <br> Awakening <br> 思想: <br> -Calvinist ideas-Believes in the regeneration of man and encourages people to enjoy the sweetness of"convention"; <br> -The Great Awakening:(the First Great Awakening or Evangelical Revival) <br> The Great Awakening refers to a number of periods of religious revival in American Christian history.Historians and theologians identify three or four waves of increased religious enthusiasm occurring between the early 18th century and the late 20th century.Each of these"Great Awakenings"was characterized by widespread revivals led by evangelical(福音会的)Protestant ministers,a sharp increase of interest in religion,a profound sense of conviction and redemption on the part of those affected,an increase in evangelical church membership,and the formation of new religious movements and denominations.宗教大觉醒运动指的是三到四次旨在恢复早期美国殖民时期的宗教纯洁的复古浪潮,最重要的就是爱德华兹领导的第一次浪潮。 <br> -He was influenced by Locke/Newton(均为哲学家) <br> -"God who is Himself the source of all being,the substance of all life,created the world out of Himself by diffusing Himself into time and space.He made the world by an extension of Himself,by taking upon Himself the forms of stones and trees and men".(常 31) <br> 作品: <br> The Freedom of the Will <br> The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended <br> The Nature of True Virtue <br> A Divine and Supernatural Light,Immediately Imparted to the Soul by the Spirit of God <br> A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God in the Conversion of Many Hundred Souls in Northampton <br> The Freedom of the Will <br> Famous sermons: <br> "The Justice of God in the Damnation of Sinners" <br> "The Manner of Seeking Salvation" <br> "Pressing into the Kingdom of God" <br> "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" |
| Benjamin Franklin |
| 地位:An inventor,newspaper editor;The first president of Academy and College of Philadelphia(The University of Pennsylvania 宾夕法尼亚大学前身);Founded the Junto Club(a discussion group for issues of the day and for mutual improvement);Has been called"Jack of all trades";A representative of American Dream;One of the Founding Fathers of the United States;A major figure in the American Enlightenment;Signed Constitution of the United States and Declaration of Independence <br> 作品: <br> Declaration of Independence-One of major writers <br> Autobiography-his masterpiece;the first of its genre in American literature |
Poor Richard's Almanac-Famous for its extensive use of wordplay,and some of the witty phrases coined in the work survive in the contemporary American vernacular
Autobiography 贡献(论述题考点):
✓\checkmark 美国梦:He presents the realization of the American dream and in this book he illustrates the process of his realization of American Dream
✓\checkmark 文学:Autobiography is the first of its kind in American literature;
✓\checkmark 精神:Puritanism—Self-examination and self-improvement;He put forward 13 virtues for self-cultivation in this book; Enlightenment-Order;moderation;a man trying to be of value to mankind;
American Dream-Individualism;hard work and wise management
✓\checkmark 文风:simplicity,directness,concision
Poor Richard's Almanac-Famous for its extensive use of wordplay,and some of the witty phrases coined in the work survive in the contemporary American vernacular
Autobiography 贡献(论述题考点):
✓ 美国梦:He presents the realization of the American dream and in this book he illustrates the process of his realization of American Dream
✓ 文学:Autobiography is the first of its kind in American literature;
✓ 精神:Puritanism—Self-examination and self-improvement;He put forward 13 virtues for self-cultivation in this book; Enlightenment-Order;moderation;a man trying to be of value to mankind;
American Dream-Individualism;hard work and wise management
✓ 文风:simplicity,directness,concision| Poor Richard's Almanac-Famous for its extensive use of wordplay,and some of the witty phrases coined in the work survive in the contemporary American vernacular |
| :--- |
| Autobiography 贡献(论述题考点): |
| $\checkmark$ 美国梦:He presents the realization of the American dream and in this book he illustrates the process of his realization of American Dream |
| $\checkmark$ 文学:Autobiography is the first of its kind in American literature; |
| $\checkmark$ 精神:Puritanism—Self-examination and self-improvement;He put forward 13 virtues for self-cultivation in this book; Enlightenment-Order;moderation;a man trying to be of value to mankind; |
| American Dream-Individualism;hard work and wise management |
| $\checkmark$ 文风:simplicity,directness,concision |
地位:the third president of the United States;the second vice president of the United States;One of the Founding Fathers of the United States
作品:
Notes on the State of Virginia-The only full-length book of Thomas Jefferson
Declaration of Independence-One of major writers
地位:the third president of the United States;the second vice president of the United States;One of the Founding Fathers of the United States
作品:
Notes on the State of Virginia-The only full-length book of Thomas Jefferson
Declaration of Independence-One of major writers| 地位:the third president of the United States;the second vice president of the United States;One of the Founding Fathers of the United States |
| :--- |
| 作品: |
| Notes on the State of Virginia-The only full-length book of Thomas Jefferson |
| Declaration of Independence-One of major writers |
Crevecoeur(Michel-Guillaume-Saint-Jean de Crèvecoeur,also called Hector Saint John de Crèvecoeur or(especially in America)J.Hector St.John) 克雷沃库尔(Michel-Guillaume-Saint-Jean de Crèvecoeur,也称 Hector Saint John de Crèvecoeur,或(尤其在美国)J. Hector St. John)
地位:一位法裔美国作家和法国移民
作品:《来自美国农民的信》
D 概述了新移民经历的各个阶段,分析了新大陆的宗教问题,描述了南塔基特捕鲸者的生活,揭示了许多关于印第安人和革命战争的恐怖,并展现了殖民地农民的形象;
D 向外界解释了美国,强调美国人的自给自足、自力更生、自我创造;
-他认识到美国梦的虚幻本质
地位:a French-American writer and a French settler
作品:Letters From an American Farmer
D Outlined the steps through which new immigrants passed,analyze the religious problems of the New World,describe the life of the whalers of Nantucket,reveal much about the Indians and the horrors of the Revolution,and present the colonial farmer;
D Explained America to the outside world with the emphasis on American's self-sufficient,self-reliant,self-made;
-He realized the illusory nature of American Dream
地位:a French-American writer and a French settler
作品:Letters From an American Farmer
D Outlined the steps through which new immigrants passed,analyze the religious problems of the New World,describe the life of the whalers of Nantucket,reveal much about the Indians and the horrors of the Revolution,and present the colonial farmer;
D Explained America to the outside world with the emphasis on American's self-sufficient,self-reliant,self-made;
-He realized the illusory nature of American Dream| 地位:a French-American writer and a French settler |
| :--- |
| 作品:Letters From an American Farmer |
| D Outlined the steps through which new immigrants passed,analyze the religious problems of the New World,describe the life of the whalers of Nantucket,reveal much about the Indians and the horrors of the Revolution,and present the colonial farmer; |
| D Explained America to the outside world with the emphasis on American's self-sufficient,self-reliant,self-made; |
| -He realized the illusory nature of American Dream |
"Poor Richard's Almanac-Famous for its extensive use of wordplay,and some of the witty phrases coined in the work survive in the contemporary American vernacular
Autobiography 贡献(论述题考点):
✓ 美国梦:He presents the realization of the American dream and in this book he illustrates the process of his realization of American Dream
✓ 文学:Autobiography is the first of its kind in American literature;
✓ 精神:Puritanism—Self-examination and self-improvement;He put forward 13 virtues for self-cultivation in this book; Enlightenment-Order;moderation;a man trying to be of value to mankind;
American Dream-Individualism;hard work and wise management
✓ 文风:simplicity,directness,concision"
Thomas Jefferson
"地位:the third president of the United States;the second vice president of the United States;One of the Founding Fathers of the United States
作品:
Notes on the State of Virginia-The only full-length book of Thomas Jefferson
Declaration of Independence-One of major writers"
Crevecoeur(Michel-Guillaume-Saint-Jean de Crèvecoeur,also called Hector Saint John de Crèvecoeur or(especially in America)J.Hector St.John)
"地位:a French-American writer and a French settler
作品:Letters From an American Farmer
D Outlined the steps through which new immigrants passed,analyze the religious problems of the New World,describe the life of the whalers of Nantucket,reveal much about the Indians and the horrors of the Revolution,and present the colonial farmer;
D Explained America to the outside world with the emphasis on American's self-sufficient,self-reliant,self-made;
-He realized the illusory nature of American Dream"| Poor Richard's Almanac-Famous for its extensive use of wordplay,and some of the witty phrases coined in the work survive in the contemporary American vernacular <br> Autobiography 贡献(论述题考点): <br> $\checkmark$ 美国梦:He presents the realization of the American dream and in this book he illustrates the process of his realization of American Dream <br> $\checkmark$ 文学:Autobiography is the first of its kind in American literature; <br> $\checkmark$ 精神:Puritanism—Self-examination and self-improvement;He put forward 13 virtues for self-cultivation in this book; Enlightenment-Order;moderation;a man trying to be of value to mankind; <br> American Dream-Individualism;hard work and wise management <br> $\checkmark$ 文风:simplicity,directness,concision |
| :--- |
| Thomas Jefferson |
| 地位:the third president of the United States;the second vice president of the United States;One of the Founding Fathers of the United States <br> 作品: <br> Notes on the State of Virginia-The only full-length book of Thomas Jefferson <br> Declaration of Independence-One of major writers |
| Crevecoeur(Michel-Guillaume-Saint-Jean de Crèvecoeur,also called Hector Saint John de Crèvecoeur or(especially in America)J.Hector St.John) |
| 地位:a French-American writer and a French settler <br> 作品:Letters From an American Farmer <br> D Outlined the steps through which new immigrants passed,analyze the religious problems of the New World,describe the life of the whalers of Nantucket,reveal much about the Indians and the horrors of the Revolution,and present the colonial farmer; <br> D Explained America to the outside world with the emphasis on American's self-sufficient,self-reliant,self-made; <br> -He realized the illusory nature of American Dream |
文学流派特点介绍:
历史背景:American Revolutionary War 历史背景:美国独立战争
时间:April 19,1775-September 3, 1783 时间:1775 年 4 月 19 日-1783 年 9 月 3 日
导火索:Boston Tea Party(波士顿倾茶事件)
开始标志:"shot heard round the world"in the Battles of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts(莱克星顿枪声) 开始标志:马萨诸塞州莱克星顿和康科德战役中的“震惊世界的枪声”
结果: 13 of Great Britain's North American colonies won political independence and went on to form the United States of America;the publication of Declaration of Independence 结果:英国在北美的 13 个殖民地赢得了政治独立,随后组成了美利坚合众国;《独立宣言》的发表
Enlightenment: 启蒙运动:
思想来源:The American Enlightenment was influenced by the 17th-century European Enlightenment and its own native American philosophy 思想来源:美国启蒙运动受到了 17 世纪欧洲启蒙运动及其本土美国哲学的影响
目的:"Life,Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness" 目的:“生命、自由及追求幸福”
结果:The Enlightenment applied scientific reasoning to politics,science,and religion.It promoted religious tolerance and restored literature,arts,and music as important disciplines worthy of study in colleges. 结果:启蒙运动将科学推理应用于政治、科学和宗教。它促进了宗教宽容,恢复了文学、艺术和音乐作为值得在大学中学习的重要学科。
举例:Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography is the representative of the spirit of American Enlightenment. 举例:本杰明·富兰克林的《自传》是美国启蒙精神的代表作。
Revolution: 革命:
思想来源:the American Revolutionary War 思想来源:美国独立战争
目的:the independence of America 目的:美国的独立
举例:Thomas Paine's Common Sense is the famous one. 举例:托马斯·潘恩的《常识》是著名的例子。
简答题表述参考:
1.Theme of Common Sense 1.《常识》的主题
Common Sense presented the American colonists with an argument for freedom from British rule at a time when the question of independence was still undecided.Paine wrote and reasoned in a style that common people understood;forgoing the philosophy and Latin references used by Enlightenment era writers,Paine structured Common Sense like a sermon and relied on Biblical references to make his case to the people.He connected independence with common dissenting Protestant beliefs as a means to present a distinctly American political identity. 《常识》在美国殖民者中提出了摆脱英国统治、争取自由的论点,那时独立的问题尚未确定。潘恩以普通人能够理解的风格写作和论证;他摒弃了启蒙时代作家常用的哲学和拉丁文引用,将《常识》结构得像一篇布道,并依靠圣经引用向民众陈述他的观点。他将独立与普通的非国教新教信仰联系起来,以此展示一种独特的美国政治身份。
2.Why Common Sense has been called the most incendiary and popular pamphlet? 2.为什么《常识》被称为最煽动性和最受欢迎的小册子?
There were mainly two reasons: 主要有两个原因:
For one,while the average Colonist was more educated than their European counterpart,European and Colonial elites agreed that common people had no place in government or political debates.By aiming for a popular audience,and writing in a straightforward and simple way,Paine made political ideas tangible for a common audience.This brought average Americans into political debate,creating a whole new political language.Paine's new style of political writing avoided using complex Latin phrases,instead opting for a more direct,concise style that helped make the information accessible to all. 首先,虽然普通殖民者的教育水平普遍高于欧洲同胞,欧洲和殖民地的精英们都认为普通百姓无权参与政府或政治辩论。通过面向大众读者,并以直白简洁的方式写作,潘恩使政治理念变得具体可感,便于普通人理解。这使得普通美国人参与到政治辩论中,创造了一种全新的政治语言。潘恩的新型政治写作风格避免使用复杂的拉丁短语,而是选择更直接、简明的表达方式,帮助所有人都能获取信息。
The second reason involves the way the vast majority of people felt about the idea of independence from British rule. Except for a few radical thinkers,the people of the colonies were"up on the fence"about freedom.Individuals were in conflict with themselves.Common Sense was an unequivocal call for independence,and many Americans wavering between reconciliation with and independence from Britain were won over to separation by Paine's powerful polemic against monarchy. 第二个原因涉及绝大多数人对摆脱英国统治、争取独立这一想法的态度。除了少数激进思想家外,殖民地人民对自由的态度是“犹豫不决”的。个人内心存在矛盾。《常识》是对独立的明确呼吁,许多在与英国和解与独立之间摇摆不定的美国人,被潘恩针对君主制的有力论述所说服,转而支持分离。
3.Paine's arguments against British rule in his Common Sense: 3. 潘恩在《常识》中反对英国统治的论点:
✓\checkmark It was absurd for an island to rule a continent. ✓\checkmark 一个岛屿统治一个大陆是荒谬的 ✓\checkmark America was not a"British nation";it was composed of influences and peoples from all of Europe. ✓\checkmark 美国不是一个“英国国家”;它由来自整个欧洲的各种影响和民族组成。 ✓\checkmark Even if Britain were the"mother country"of America,that made her actions all the more horrendous,for no mother would harm her children so brutally. ✓\checkmark 即使英国是美国的“母国”,这也使她的行为更加可怕,因为没有母亲会如此残忍地伤害自己的孩子。 ✓\checkmark Being a part of Britain would drag America into unnecessary European wars,and keep it from the international commerce at which America excelled. ✓\checkmark 成为英国的一部分会将美国拖入不必要的欧洲战争,并阻碍其在国际贸易中的优势。 ✓\checkmark The New World was discovered shortly before the Reformation.The Puritans believed that God wanted to give them a safe haven from the persecution of British rule. ✓\checkmark 新大陆是在宗教改革前不久被发现的。清教徒相信上帝想给他们一个免受英国统治迫害的安全避风港 ✓\checkmark Britain ruled the colonies for its own benefit,and did not consider the best interests of the colonists in governing them. ✓\checkmark 英国统治殖民地是为了自身利益,在治理殖民地时并未考虑殖民者的最大利益。
4.Historical significance and social significance:(2013 人大) 4.历史意义和社会意义:(2013 人大)
Historical aspect: 历史方面:
1.He puts forward the early model of the structure of government with concise remarks on the English constitution.Paine considered that the relationship between government and society should be in a state of natural liberty 1.他提出了政府结构的早期模型,并对英国宪法作了简明的评论。潘恩认为政府与社会的关系应处于自然自由的状态
2.He argues that all men are created equal and therefore the distinction between kings and citizen is false one.He argues that everyone should be treated a false one.He argues that everyone should be treated equally. 2.他主张人人生而平等,因此国王与公民之间的区别是虚假的。他主张每个人都应被平等对待。
Social aspect: 社会方面:
1.Common Sense attracted the British monarchy and added fuel to the fire which was soon to bring the colossus of its colonial rule down in flames. 1.《常识》激怒了英国君主,加剧了即将使其殖民统治巨人轰然倒塌的火势。
2.Paine declared that the crisis with which the North American colonies were then faced could only solved by an appeal to man's instinct and common sense and impulse of conscience. 2.潘恩宣称,当时北美殖民地所面临的危机只能通过诉诸人的本能、常识和良知的冲动来解决
5.American literature of early period is sometimes neither"American"nor"literature".Do you agree and why? 5.早期的美国文学有时既不“美国”,也不“文学”。你同意吗?为什么?
I agree with it. 我同意。
Most colonial literature imitates the form and technique of the mother country.Diaries,histories,journals,letters, commonplace books,travel books,sermons,in short,personal literature in its various forms,occupied a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.Like most colonial literature,English literary traditions were faithfully imitated and transplanted by early New England poets,though the religious passion and frequent biblical references,as well as the new setting,give New England writing a special identity.In content these early writings served either God or colonial expansion.That is why we can say American literature of early period could be commented as neither"American"nor "literature". 大多数殖民地文学模仿宗主国的形式和技巧。日记、历史、期刊、信件、随笔集、旅行书、布道词,简言之,各种形式的个人文学,在早期殖民地时期的文学中占据了重要地位。像大多数殖民地文学一样,早期新英格兰诗人忠实地模仿并移植了英国文学传统,尽管宗教热情和频繁的圣经引用,以及新的环境,使新英格兰的作品具有特殊的身份。在内容上,这些早期作品要么服务于上帝,要么服务于殖民扩张。这就是为什么我们可以说早期的美国文学既不“美国”,也不“文学”。
6.What is the significance of American Puritanism in American literature? 6.美国清教主义在美国文学中有什么意义?
The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of the Puritans.They carried with them to America a code of values,a philosophy of life,and a point of view,which,in time,took root in the New World and became what that is popularly known as American Puritanism.It was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American literature.It has become,to some extent,so much a state of mind,rather than a set of tenets,so much a part of national culture atmosphere that the Americans breathe,that we may state with a degree of safety that, without some understanding of Puritanism,there can be no real understanding of American culture and literature. 最早成为美国建国先驱的定居者中,有相当多是清教徒。他们带着一套价值观、一种生活哲学和一种观点来到美国,这些在时间的推移中在新大陆扎根,形成了人们普遍所知的美国清教主义。它是美国文学中最持久的塑造力量之一。在某种程度上,它已不仅仅是一套教义,而更像是一种心态,成为美国民族文化氛围的一部分,贯穿于美国人的生活中。因此,我们可以较为肯定地说,没有对清教主义的某种理解,就无法真正理解美国文化和文学
The American Puritans were idealists,believing that the Church should be restored to the"Purity".They believed that they were God's chosen people enjoying His blessings on this earth as in heaven.The puritans dreamed of living under a perfect order and worked with indomitable courage and confident hope toward building a new Garden of Eden in America. Fired with such a sense of mission,the Puritans looked at even the worst of life in the face of American literature.The optimistic Puritan has exerted a great influence on American literature. 美国清教徒是理想主义者,认为教会应恢复“纯洁”。他们相信自己是上帝选中的子民,享受着上帝在地上如同在天堂般的祝福。清教徒梦想生活在一个完美的秩序之下,并以不屈不挠的勇气和充满信心的希望,致力于在美洲建立一个新的伊甸园。怀着这样的使命感,清教徒即使面对生活中最艰难的时刻,也以乐观的态度看待美国文学。乐观的清教徒对美国文学产生了巨大影响。
The American Puritan's metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.Puritan doctrine and literary practice contributed to no small extent to the development of an indigenous symbolism.With regard to technique,one naturally thinks of the simplicity,which characterizes the Puritan style of writing.The style is fresh,simple and direct;the rhetoric is plain and honest,without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.Thus American Puritanism has been,by and large,a healthy legacy to the Americans. 美国清教徒的隐喻感知方式主要促成了一种独特的美国文学象征主义的诞生。清教徒的教义和文学实践在本土象征主义的发展中起到了不小的作用。谈及技巧,人们自然会想到清教徒写作风格的简洁。其风格清新、简洁、直接;修辞朴实诚恳,没有一丝高贵之感,这往往可追溯到圣经的直接影响。因此,总的来说,美国清教主义对美国人来说是一笔健康的遗产
7.What are the features and influences of American Puritanism? 7.美国清教主义的特征和影响是什么?
(1)The features of American Puritanism are the doctrine of predestination,original sin,total depravity,and limited atonement. (1)美国清教主义的特征包括预定论、原罪、全然败坏和有限救赎的教义。
(2)American literature is based on the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden.The pioneering Puritans lived in the hard conditions but still dreamed to build up an ideal country for their own.Because of thus religious passion,Americans can never stop going while facing the most fierce enemies or environment. (2)美国文学以《圣经》中伊甸园的神话为基础。开拓者清教徒生活在艰苦的环境中,但仍梦想为自己建立一个理想的国度。正是由于这种宗教热情,美国人在面对最严酷的敌人或环境时,永不止步。
(3)The American puritans'metaphorical mode of perception deeply influence the literature stylistic method symbolism. (3)美国清教徒的隐喻感知方式深刻影响了文学风格方法中的象征主义
(4)American Puritanism cultivated the American style of writing.It was usually a clear,direct and simple way. (4)美国清教主义培养了美国的写作风格。它通常是一种清晰、直接且简洁的方式。
8.What are the characteristics of the colonial American literature? 8.殖民地时期的美国文学有哪些特点?
(1)The colonial American literature did not inherit the tradition of American Indian's literature but rather followed the conventions of European literature especially British literature. (1)殖民地时期的美国文学没有继承美洲印第安人的文学传统,而是遵循了欧洲文学,特别是英国文学的惯例。
(2)Due to the harsh environment of the new world and the poor education of early residents in America,American literature developed very slowly.At first,it was some personal diaries,church sermons,traveling notes and so on.The content was more or less about the description of the pilgrims to the new world and their struggle to adapt to the environment. (2)由于新大陆环境恶劣以及早期居民教育水平低下,美国文学发展非常缓慢。起初,它主要是一些个人日记、教会布道、旅行笔记等。内容或多或少涉及朝圣者对新大陆的描述以及他们适应环境的挣扎
(3)As mentioned to the form of literature at that time,American literature followed the way of British and did not have their (3)正如当时文学形式所提到的,美国文学遵循了英国的道路,没有自己的特色
own styles. 自己的风格
9.What is the American Enlightenment? 9.什么是美国启蒙运动?
(1)At the end of the 17^("th ")17{ }^{\text {th }} century,a completely new view of universe was introduced into America. (1)在 17^("th ")17{ }^{\text {th }} 世纪末,一个全新的宇宙观被引入美国
(2)Because of the publishing of Newton's book about the laws of motion and the idea of universe gravitation,it influenced the thinking people that the world is guided by laws and rather than by God.People started to study the order of the world. (2)由于牛顿关于运动定律和宇宙引力的著作的出版,它影响了人们的思想,使人们认为世界是由规律而非上帝所支配。人们开始研究世界的秩序。
(3)So in the 18^("th ")18^{\text {th }} century America enjoyed a period of enlightenment just like his peer Europe. (3)因此,在 18^("th ")18^{\text {th }} 世纪,美国像同期的欧洲一样,享受了一段启蒙时期。
10.Make a short comment upon the Puritan influence on American literature. 10.简要评论清教徒对美国文学的影响
A dominant factor in American literature,American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.The American Puritans believe that the Church should be restored to the "purity"of the first century Church as established by Jesus Christ Himself.It is a critical commonplace now that American literature is based on a myth,that is,the Bible myth of the Garden of Eden.The Puritans dreams of living under a perfect order and worked with indomitable courage and confident hope toward building a new Garden of Eden in America,where man could at long last live the way he should.Fired with such a sense of mission,the Puritans looked even the worst of life in the face with a tremendous amount of optimism.All this went,in due time,into the making of American literature.For example,Emerson saw the Americans as Adam himself reborn,standing simple and sincere before the world.Whitman felt rapturous at the sight of the Americans burstling wit activity as the children of Adam restored to their lost paradise.Henry James talked,especially in his early career,about the innocence and simplicity of his Americans. 作为美国文学的主导因素,美国清教主义是塑造美国思想和美国文学最持久的影响之一。美国清教徒相信教会应恢复到由耶稣基督亲自建立的第一世纪教会的“纯洁”状态。现在一个普遍的观点是,美国文学基于一个神话,即圣经中伊甸园的神话。清教徒梦想生活在一个完美的秩序之下,并以不屈不挠的勇气和坚定的希望努力在美国建立一个新的伊甸园,在那里人类终于可以按照应有的方式生活。怀着这样的使命感,清教徒即使面对生活中最糟糕的情况,也充满了巨大的乐观精神。所有这些,最终都融入了美国文学的形成之中。例如,爱默生将美国人视为亚当的再生,站在世界面前,纯朴而真诚。惠特曼看到美国人忙碌的景象,感到欣喜若狂,认为他们是亚当的子孙,重返失落的天堂。亨利·詹姆斯,尤其是在其早期职业生涯中,谈论过他的美国人的纯真和简单
The American Puritans accepted the doctrine of predestination,original sin and total depravity,and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God.Puritan style varied enormously.Whatever the style or genre,certain themes remained constant.Life was seen as a test;failure led to eternal damnation and hellfire,and success to heavenly bliss.This world was an arena of contant battle between the forces of God and the forces of Satan,a formidable enemy with many disguises.As the Puritans condemned the images and incense of the Roman church,so in literature they distrusted the highly colored.A plain style was commended,without unnecessary ornament and without allusions that might pass over the heads of the unlettered. 美国清教徒接受预定论、原罪和全然败坏的教义,以及通过上帝特别恩典的注入实现有限的救赎。清教徒的文风变化极大。无论风格或体裁如何,某些主题始终不变。生活被视为一次考验;失败导致永远的诅咒和地狱之火,成功则通向天堂的幸福。这个世界是上帝的力量与撒旦的力量之间不断斗争的舞台,撒旦是一个拥有多种伪装的强大敌人。正如清教徒谴责罗马教会的圣像和香火,在文学上他们也不信任过于华丽的表达。推崇朴素的文风,不加不必要的装饰,也不使用可能超出文盲理解范围的典故
Nor is this all.The American Puritans'metaphorical mode of perception was briefly instrumental in calling into being a literacy symbolism which is distinctly American.To the pious Puritan the physical,phenomenal world is nothing but a symbol of God.To them,the world was instinct with meaning by reason of God's Salient acts.Physical life was simutaneously spiritual;every passage of life,enmeshed in the vast context of God's plan,possessed a delegated meanig. The world was,in a world,one of multiple significance.In recording ordinary events to reveal their spiritual meaning, Puritan authors commonly cited the Bible,chapter and verse. 这还不是全部。美国清教徒的隐喻感知方式曾短暂地促成了一种具有鲜明美国特色的识字象征体系的诞生。对于虔诚的清教徒来说,物质的、现象的世界不过是上帝的象征。对他们而言,世界因上帝显著的作为而充满意义。物质生活同时也是精神生活;生命的每一个阶段都被纳入上帝宏大计划的广阔背景中,拥有被赋予的意义。这个世界,是一个多重意义的世界。在记录日常事件以揭示其精神意义时,清教徒作家通常会引用圣经的章节和经文。
11.Analyze The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. 11.分析《本杰明·富兰克林自传》。
The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin is a record of a man who has established himself in fame and wealth though born from a family of poverty and obscurity.The book,written at different times,is divided into four parts. 《本杰明·富兰克林自传》记录了一个出身贫寒默默无闻家庭却最终成名致富的人的经历。这本书在不同时间写成,分为四个部分
Franklin presents us in the book a Puritan world where stresses are laid on industry,frugality and prudence.Franklin himself is the representative of a self-made man.His colorful career confirms the belief that man is endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness. 富兰克林在书中向我们展示了一个清教徒世界,强调勤劳、节俭和谨慎。富兰克林本人是一个白手起家的代表。他多彩的经历证实了这样一种信念:人类被上帝赋予了某些不可剥夺的权利,即自由权和追求幸福的权利。
The Autobiography is also a book of self-examination and self-improvement,following the typical style of Puritanism in its simplicity,directness.Reading the book,we can not but be impressed by the plainness of its style,the homeliness of imagery,the simplicity of diction,syntax and expression. 《自传》也是一本自我审视和自我完善的书,遵循清教徒简洁、直接的典型风格。读这本书,我们不禁被其朴实的文风、质朴的意象、简单的措辞、句法和表达所打动。
12.Describe the contributions of Benjamin Franklin to America. 12.描述本杰明·富兰克林对美国的贡献。
Benjamin Franklin was a politician,scientist,businessman,educator and literature man.He made great contributions in many field of American society. 本杰明·富兰克林是政治家、科学家、商人、教育家和文学家。他在美国社会的许多领域做出了巨大贡献
(1)He was the founder of Pennsylvania hospital and an academy which turned to be the university of Pennsylvania. (1)他是宾夕法尼亚医院和一所后来发展成为宾夕法尼亚大学的学院的创始人。
(2)He was a great scientist,who had done some leading research in the electricity. (2)他是一位伟大的科学家,在电学领域做过一些领先的研究。
(3)He was a master of literature.Poor Richard's Almanac and The Autobiography were his most anthologized works in the American literature history. (3)他是文学大师。《穷理查年鉴》和《自传》是他在美国文学史上最常被选入选集的作品。
(4)At last he had done great contributions to the independence of America and became one of the founding fathers of the United States. (4)最终,他为美国独立做出了巨大贡献,成为美国开国元勋之一
13.What is the significance of Benjamin Franklin's The Autobiography? 13.本杰明·富兰克林的《自传》有什么意义?
The Autobiography was Benjamin Franklin's masterpiece,which had great impact on American literature history. 《自传》是本杰明·富兰克林的杰作,对美国文学史产生了重大影响。
(1)Firstly from his content,it is probably the first kind of autobiography in American literature history.It describes a poor man striving to be a well-cultivated and respectful man in his life.From then on people will think that they could write a book about his own life and make it useful to others. (1)首先从内容上看,它可能是美国文学史上第一种自传体作品。它描述了一个贫穷的人努力成为一个有教养且受人尊敬的人的一生。从此以后,人们会认为他们也可以写一本关于自己生活的书,并使其对他人有用。
(2)And the The Autobiography is filled with the style of Puritanism.In this book,readers could obviously feel the writer's sense of self-retrospection and self-analysis.And all these are the characteristics of Puritans.It taught people how to be self-cultivated,how to be self-reliant and how to serve the God well. (2)《自传》充满了清教徒主义的风格。在这本书中,读者可以明显感受到作者的自我反省和自我分析的意识,而这些都是清教徒的特征。它教导人们如何修身养性,如何自立自强,以及如何更好地侍奉上帝
(3)Due to the influence of the time,The Autobiography also was shadowed by the movement of Enlightment.Among his virtues listed in his book,the order was one of them.And order is the most important notion in the period of Enlightenment. (3)由于时代的影响,《自传》也受到了启蒙运动的影响。在他书中列出的美德中,秩序是其中之一。而秩序是启蒙时期最重要的观念。
选段及选段分析:(标下划线的词句为识别标志)
1.American Crisis by Thomas Paine 1.托马斯·潘恩的《美国危机》
These are the times that try men's souls:The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will,in this crisis,shrink from the service of their country;but he that stands it now,deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. 这是考验人们灵魂的时刻:夏日士兵和阳光爱国者,在这场危机中,会退缩于为国家服务;但现在坚持下来的人,值得男人和女人的爱戴与感谢。
Tyranny,like hell,is not easily conquered;yet we have this consolation with us,that the harder the conflict,the more glorious the triumph. 暴政如同地狱,不易被征服;然而我们有这样的安慰:冲突越激烈,胜利就越辉煌
What we obtain too cheap,we esteem too lightly:it is dearness only that gives everything its value.Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods;and it would be strange indeed if so celestial an article as freedom should not be highly rated. 我们所获得的太便宜,就会被我们轻视:正是昂贵才赋予一切事物价值。上天知道如何为其商品定出合适的价格;如果像自由这样神圣的东西不被高度评价,那真是奇怪极了。
分析:The American Crisis displayed Paine's strong Deist beliefs,inciting the folks with suggestions that the British are trying to assume powers that only God should have.Paine sees the British political and military maneuvers in America as "impious,for so unlimited a power can belong only to God."Paine states that he believes God supports the American cause. Paine takes great lengths to state that Americans do not lack force,but"a proper application of that force".But Paine maintains a positive view overall,hoping that this American crisis can be quickly resolved by saying that"for though the flame of liberty may sometimes cease to shine,the coal can never expire." 分析:《美国危机》展现了潘恩强烈的自然神论信仰,激励民众认为英国人试图夺取只有上帝才应拥有的权力。潘恩认为英国在美国的政治和军事行动是“不敬神的,因为如此无限的权力只能属于上帝。”潘恩表示他相信上帝支持美国的事业。潘恩极力说明美国人并不缺乏力量,而是“对力量的恰当运用”。但潘恩总体持积极态度,希望这场美国危机能迅速解决,他说“虽然自由的火焰有时可能熄灭,但余烬永远不会消亡。”
第三章:浪漫主义 Romanticism
American Romantic period stretches from the end of the 18^("th ")18{ }^{\text {th }} centure through the outbreak of the Civil War.It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass.Being a period of the great flowering of American literature,it is also called"the American Renaissance". 美国浪漫主义时期从 18^("th ")18{ }^{\text {th }} 世纪末一直延续到内战爆发。它始于华盛顿·欧文的《素描簿》的出版,终于惠特曼的《草叶集》。作为美国文学大繁荣的时期,它也被称为“美国文艺复兴”。
The development of the American society nurtured"the literature of a great nation."As the nation grew in size and ambition,people began to long for owning their literature.Many writers made efforts to attract notice abroad,and their books drew attention and praise from important foreign figures.Although English literary models were still admired,the American writers soon turned to the American scene and civilization,and found their materials in the culture and history, the lore and landscape of their native land.Irving,Cooper,Bryant,and Poe all found audiences in foreign lands.Much of the interest was in reading about exotic to most Europeans.But the American writers were praised by critics as well as by plain readers,and observers saw this recognition as a sign of the maturing of American culture. 美国社会的发展孕育了“伟大民族的文学”。随着国家规模和抱负的增长,人们开始渴望拥有属于自己的文学。许多作家努力吸引国外的关注,他们的作品赢得了重要外国人物的关注和赞誉。尽管英语文学范式仍然受到推崇,美国作家很快转向美国的场景和文明,从本土的文化、历史、传说和风景中寻找素材。欧文、库珀、布莱恩特和坡都在国外找到了读者。许多兴趣来自于对大多数欧洲人来说异国情调的阅读。但美国作家不仅受到评论家的赞扬,也受到普通读者的喜爱,观察者将这种认可视为美国文化成熟的标志
New England Transcendentalism was a main literary stream in romantic period and also the summit of American Romanticism.The major features of New England Transcendentalism can be summarized as follow:first,the Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit,or the Oversoul,as the most important thing in the universe.Secondly,the Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.Thirdly,the Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.New England Transcendentalism inspired a whole new generation of famous authors such as Emerson,Hawthorne,Melville,Whitman and Dickinson.Without its impetus American might have been deprived of one of its most prolific literary periods in its history. 新英格兰超验主义是浪漫主义时期的主要文学流派,也是美国浪漫主义的巅峰。新英格兰超验主义的主要特征可以总结如下:首先,超验主义者强调精神,或称为“至上灵魂”,认为这是宇宙中最重要的存在。其次,超验主义者强调个体的重要性。第三,超验主义者对自然提出了新的认识,认为自然是精神或上帝的象征。新英格兰超验主义激励了一整代著名作家,如爱默生、霍桑、梅尔维尔、惠特曼和狄金森。若无其推动,美国可能会失去其历史上最为多产的文学时期之一
There emerged a great host of men of letters during this period,among whom the better-known are poets such as William Cullen Bryant,Henry Wordsworth Longfellow,James Russel Lowell,John Greenleaf Whitter,Edgar Ellen Poe,and, especially,Walt Whitman,whose Leaves of Grass established him as the most popular American poet of the 19^("th ")19^{\text {th }} century. The fiction of the American Romantic period is an original and diverse body of work.It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe,from the frontier adventures of James Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville,from the psychological romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding Davis. 这一时期涌现出大量文学家,其中较为知名的诗人有威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特、亨利·沃兹沃斯·朗费罗、詹姆斯·拉塞尔·洛威尔、约翰·格林利夫·惠特尔、埃德加·爱伦·坡,尤其是沃尔特·惠特曼,他的《草叶集》使他成为 19 世纪最受欢迎的美国诗人。美国浪漫主义时期的小说是一部原创且多样化的作品集。它涵盖了华盛顿·欧文的滑稽寓言、埃德加·爱伦·坡的哥特式故事、詹姆斯·库珀的边疆冒险、赫尔曼·梅尔维尔的叙事探险、纳撒尼尔·霍桑的心理浪漫以及丽贝卡·哈丁·戴维斯的社会现实主义。
主要作家作品:
Rip Van Winkle-A short story 《瑞普·范·温克尔》——一篇短篇小说
起源:a short story based on German folk tales. 起源:一篇基于德国民间故事的短篇小说
背景:The story begins about five or six years before the American Revolution and ends twenty years later.The action takes place in a village in eastern New York,near the Hudson River and the Catskill Mountains.The river was named after Englishman Henry Hudson,who explored it in 1609.The Catskill Mountains were named after Kaaterskill,the Dutch word for a local stream,Wildcat Creek.The Catskills contain many other streams,as well as lakes,waterfalls, and gorges. 背景:故事开始于美国独立战争前五六年,结束于二十年后。故事发生在纽约东部一个靠近哈德逊河和卡茨基尔山脉的村庄。哈德逊河以 1609 年探险该河的英国人亨利·哈德逊命名。卡茨基尔山脉的名字来源于荷兰语“Kaaterskill”,意为当地一条小溪——野猫溪。卡茨基尔山脉中有许多溪流、湖泊、瀑布和峡谷。
人物:Rip Van Winkle
-Rip is a simple,good-natured and hen-pecked man; -Rip 是一个单纯、性格温和且被妻子唠叨的男人;
-RIP means"rest in peace",which indicates the peaceful nature of Rip Van Winkle -RIP 意为“安息”,这表明了 Rip Van Winkle 的平和本性
-The character shows the conservative point of view of the writer -这个人物展现了作者的保守观点
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow-A short story;a story about the social change in America,especially American democracy起源:based on a German folktale,set in the Dutch culture of Post-Revolutionary War in New York State.The original folktale was recorded by Karl Musäus. 《沉睡谷传奇》-一篇短篇小说;讲述美国社会变迁的故事,特别是美国民主的起源:基于一个德国民间故事,背景设定在美国独立战争后纽约州的荷兰文化中。原始民间故事由卡尔·穆萨乌斯记录。
人物 Ichabod Crane: 人物 伊卡博德·克兰:
-A Yankee schoolteacher with the personalities of small shrewdness,simple credulity,self-assertiveness and cowardice; -一个扬基学童,性格中带有小聪明、单纯轻信、自我主张和胆小;
-A New Englander and a city slicker; -一个新英格兰人和一个城里滑头;
-A sycophantic,lean,lanky,and extremely superstitious schoolteacher -一个谄媚、瘦长、瘦高且极度迷信的教师
文中描写:
"The cognomen of Crane was not inapplicable to his person.He was tall,but exceedingly lank,with narrow shoulders,long arms and legs,hands that dangled a mile out of his sleeves,feet that might have served for shovels, and his whole frame most loosely hung together".(2006 北语) “克兰这个姓氏用在他身上并不不合适。他个子高,但非常瘦长,肩膀窄,手臂和腿都很长,手从袖子里垂出来有一英里那么长,脚大得可以当铲子用,整个身体松松垮垮地挂着。”(2006 北语)
"In this by-place of nature there abode,in a remote period of American history,that is to say,some thirty years since, a worthy wight of the name of Ichabod Crane,who sojourned,or,as he expressed it,'tarried,'in Sleepy Hollow,for the purpose of instructing the children of the vicinity". “在这个自然的偏僻之地,居住着一位名叫伊卡博德·克兰的可敬之人,时间是在美国历史的一个遥远时期,也就是说,大约三十年前,他在睡谷‘逗留’,用他的话说,是‘停留’,目的是教导附近的孩子们。”
"His head was small,and flat at top,with huge ears,with large green glassy eyes,and a long snipe nose,so that it looked like a weather-cock perched upon his spindle neck to tell which way the wind blew." “他的头很小,顶部扁平,长着一对大耳朵,一双大而绿的玻璃眼睛,还有一只长长的鹬嘴鼻子,看起来就像一只风向标,栖息在他细长的脖子上,告诉人风向。”
人物 Brom Bones:
-A Huck Finn-type of country bumpkin; -一个哈克·费恩式的乡下土包子;
-He is rough,vigorous,boisterous,but inwardly very good; -他粗犷、有活力、喧闹,但内心非常善良; >> He represents a frontier type. >> 他代表了一种边疆类型。
文中描写:
"When school hours were over,he was even the companion and playmate of the larger boys;and on holiday afternoon would convey some of the smaller one's home,who happened to have pretty sisters,or good housewives for mothers, noted for the comforts of the cupboard." “放学后,他甚至是大孩子们的伙伴和玩伴;假日的下午,他会送一些较小的孩子回家,这些孩子恰好有漂亮的姐姐,或者有贤惠的母亲,以橱柜里的丰盛食物闻名。”
"Indeed,it behooved him to keep on good terms with his pupils.The revenue arising from his school was small,and would have been scarcely sufficient to furnish him with daily bread,for he was a huge feeder,and,though lank,had the dilating powers of an anaconda;but to help out his maintenance,he was,according to country custom in those parts,boarded and lodged at the houses of the farmers whose children he instructed." “事实上,他必须与学生们保持良好关系。他的学校收入微薄,几乎不足以养活他自己,因为他食量惊人,虽然身材瘦长,却有着蟒蛇般的扩张能力;但为了补贴生活费,根据当地乡村的习俗,他住在那些农民家中,这些农民的孩子由他教导,他在他们家中吃住。”
The Life of Oliver Goldsmith-A biography 《奥利弗·戈德史密斯传》——一部传记
The Life of George Washington-A biography 乔治·华盛顿传记
风格:Beautiful,Imitative,Highly skillful 风格:优美,模仿性强,技艺高超 ✓\checkmark Avoids moralizing as much as possible; ✓\checkmark 尽可能避免说教; ✓\checkmark Be good at enveloping his stories in an atmosphere; ✓\checkmark 擅长将他的故事包裹在一种氛围中; ✓\checkmark Humor is one of his outstanding writing features; ✓\checkmark 幽默是他杰出的写作特点之一; ✓\checkmark Finished/polished and musical language; ✓\checkmark 完成/润色且富有音乐感的语言;
贡献: ✓\checkmark 体裁:Washington Irving initiated the Native American literature and introduced the familiar essay from Europe to America. ✓\checkmark 体裁:华盛顿·欧文开创了美国本土文学,并将欧洲熟悉的散文引入美国。 ✓\checkmark 文风:Irving was the forefather of the"Irving style",which became very influential to later American writers and was very instrumental in improving American literature to be mature. ✓\checkmark 文风:欧文是“欧文风格”的开创者,这种风格对后来的美国作家影响深远,并对美国文学的成熟起到了重要作用 ✓\checkmark 流派:From the eighteenth century to the nineteenth century,Washington Irving's works reflect the American literature's transformation from rationalism to romantic. ✓\checkmark 流派:从十八世纪到十九世纪,华盛顿·欧文的作品反映了美国文学从理性主义向浪漫主义的转变。
1.Make a short summary about Washington Irving's masterpiece"Rip Van Winkle" 1.简要总结华盛顿·欧文的代表作《瑞普·范·温克尔》
The story is a tale remembered mostly for Rip's 20-year sleep,set against the background of the inevitably changing America.It is also considered a model of perfect English in American literature and in the English language as well. 这个故事主要以瑞普沉睡了 20 年为记忆点,背景是不可避免变化的美国。它也被认为是美国文学乃至英语语言中完美英语的典范
Rip,an indolent,good-natured Dutch-American,lives with his shrewish wife in a village on the Hudson during the years before the Revolution.One day,while hunting in the Catskills with his dog Wolf,he meets a dwarflike stranger dressed in the ancient Dutch fashion.He helps him to carry a keg,and with him joins a party silently playing a game of ninepins.After drinking of the liquor they provide,Rip falls into a sleep which lasts 20 years,during which the Revolutionary War takes place.He awakes as an old man and returns to his home village that has greatly altered.Upon entering the village,he is greeted by his old fog that dies of the excitement and then learns that his wife has long been dead. Rip is almost forgotten but he goes to live with his daughter,now the mother of a family,and is soon befriended with his generosity and cheerfulness. 瑞普是一个懒散、性格温和的荷兰裔美国人,和他那个泼辣的妻子住在革命前夕哈德逊河畔的一个村庄里。一天,他带着他的狗沃尔夫在卡茨基尔山狩猎时,遇到一个穿着古老荷兰服饰、矮小如侏儒的陌生人。他帮那人搬运一个小桶,随后和他一起加入了一群默默玩九柱戏的人。喝了他们提供的酒后,瑞普陷入了长达 20 年的沉睡,这期间正值革命战争爆发。他醒来时已是老人,回到了大变样的故乡村庄。进入村庄时,他的老狗因激动而死,随后他得知妻子早已去世。瑞普几乎被人遗忘,但他搬去和女儿同住,女儿现已为人母,他很快以慷慨和开朗赢得了大家的友谊。
2.Analyze The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 2.分析《沉睡谷传奇》
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow is a short story depicting the clumsy,ungainly schoolmaster scared away by his rival who,making use of a legend of headless horseman throwing his head at his opponent,disguises himself as a ghost,and the memorable character of Ichabod Crane with his mixture of shrewdness,credulity,self-assertiveness and cowardice. 《睡谷传奇》是一篇短篇小说,描绘了一个笨拙、笨拙的教师被他的对手吓跑的故事。对手利用一个无头骑士向对手投掷头颅的传说,伪装成鬼魂,以及那个令人难忘的角色伊卡博德·克兰,他既机智又轻信,自我主张强烈却又胆小。
Irving's skill in the creation of archetypes impresses the readers.In Ichabod Crane,we find an interloper,a somewhat destructive force.When he is driven away from where he does not belong,the village could maintain permanently good and happy.However,Brom is typically the type of character as Huck Finn,being rough,energetic,boisterous,but good in nature.Therefore,the rivalry in love between Ichabod and Brom,actually represents two ethical worlds. 欧文在原型创造上的技巧给读者留下深刻印象。在伊卡博德·克兰身上,我们看到一个闯入者,一个有些破坏性的力量。当他被赶出他不属于的地方时,村庄才能永久保持美好和幸福。然而,布罗姆典型地是哈克·芬恩那种性格,粗犷、充满活力、喧闹,但本性善良。因此,伊卡博德和布罗姆之间的爱情竞争,实际上代表了两种道德世界。
The short story,placed among the best of American short stories,best presents Irving's style.The association between regional and psychological movement of a character and the emotional touch in almost every line of the story,all these make his story unforgettable. 这篇被列为美国最佳短篇小说之一的短篇小说,最好地展现了欧文的风格。故事中几乎每一行都体现了人物的地域和心理运动以及情感触动,这一切使他的故事令人难忘。
3.What is the significance of Washington Orving in American literature? 3.华盛顿·欧文在美国文学中的意义是什么?
Washington Irving makes great contributions to American literature. 华盛顿·欧文对美国文学做出了巨大贡献。
(1)Firstly he is the first American writer to gain international fame because of his imaginative literature.At that time many Americans think that the rising of Irving in the international literature world marks the independence of the America literature.It is not exaggerated to say that Irving is the father of American literature. (1)首先,他是第一位因其富有想象力的文学作品而获得国际声誉的美国作家。当时,许多美国人认为欧文在国际文学界的崛起标志着美国文学的独立。说欧文是美国文学之父并不夸张。
(2)Secondly he starts the genre of short story in American with the publishing of The Sketch Book,The later short story writers like Hawthorn and Poe definitely gain some merits from him.Many of subjects in his stories are very romantic,such as the supernatural,the Gothic style and the beautiful old days. (2)其次,他通过出版《素描集》开创了美国短篇小说的体裁。后来的短篇小说作家如霍桑和坡无疑从他那里获得了一些优点。他故事中的许多主题都非常浪漫,比如超自然现象、哥特式风格和美好的旧时光。
James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀
地位:the first one to write about American Westward Movement(Helped introduce the"western"tradition into American 地位:第一个写美国西进运动的人(帮助将“西部”传统引入美国)
literature);created a myth about the formative period of the American nation;Father of American Novels;His works reflect the antithesis between nature and modern civilization;He_\underline{\mathrm{He}} was the first border writer;The first writer of sea novels; 文学);创造了关于美国国家形成时期的神话;美国小说之父;他的作品反映了自然与现代文明的对立; He_\underline{\mathrm{He}} 是第一位边境作家;第一位海洋小说作家;
He created some enduring themes in American literature: 他创造了一些美国文学中经久不衰的主题:
-man \&society,freedom \&law; -人类与社会,自由与法律;
-social progress \&natural world; -社会进步与自然世界;
-to destroy or to build -毁灭还是建设
作品:
The Spy-Won the first fame for him;About the American Revolutionary War;The second novel of Cooper 《间谍》-为他赢得了最初的声誉;关于美国独立战争;库珀的第二部小说
Leatherstocking Tales-A series of five novels about the process of American quest for an ideal community;It is the first true romance of the frontier in American literature;Includes:The Deerslayer,The Last of the Mohicans,The Pathfinder, The Pioneers(It is the first romance of the frontier in American Literature,the first story of Leatherstocking Tales),The Prairie 皮革存货传奇——一系列关于美国追求理想社区过程的五部小说;它是美国文学中第一部真正的边疆浪漫小说;包括:《猎鹿人》、《最后的莫希干人》、《探路者》、《开拓者》(它是美国文学中第一部边疆浪漫小说,也是皮革存货传奇的第一部故事)、《大草原》
人物 Natty Bumppo(2013 人大)
-A warrior,frontier,ideal American; -一位战士,边疆人物,理想的美国人;
-His experience reflects the struggle between civilization and wilderness -他的经历反映了文明与荒野之间的斗争
-The protagonist of James Fenimore Cooper's the Leatherstocking Tales. -詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀《皮革存货传奇》的主角
别名:Hawkeye,Leatherstocking,The Pathfinder,the trapper,Deerslayer(填空考点) 别名:鹰眼,皮革存货者,探路者,捕兽者,猎鹿者(填空考点)
思想:idea of brotherhood of man and of nature and freedom 思想:人与自然及自由的博爱理念
代表:He represents the ideal American,living in a virtuous and free life to him and to Cooper.He is a veritable embodiment of human virtues like Innocence,simplicity,honesty and sense of good and evil. 代表:他代表理想的美国人,过着对他和库珀来说都是美德与自由的生活。他是真正体现人类美德的化身,如纯真、朴素、诚实以及善恶观念。
作品特点:
情节:He is good at making plots. 情节:他擅长策划情节
神话:All his novels are full of myths. 神话:他所有的小说都充满了神话。
前沿:The fact that he had never been to the frontier and among the Indians and yet could write five huge epic books about them is an eloquent proof of the richness of his imagination. 前沿:他从未去过边疆,也未曾与印第安人接触,却能写出五部关于他们的庞大史诗,这充分证明了他丰富的想象力。
印第安:He created the first Indians to appear in American fiction and probably the first group of noble savages. 印第安:他创造了美国小说中首次出现的印第安人形象,可能也是首批高贵野蛮人的群体。
西进运动:He hit upon the native subject of frontier and wilderness,and helped to introduce the"Western"tradition into American literature 西进运动:他抓住了边疆与荒野这一本土题材,帮助将“西部”传统引入美国文学
-缺陷:His writing is powerful yet clumsy.He is good at inventing plots.His style is dreadful,his characterization wooden and lacking in probability,and his language,his use of dialect,is not authentic -缺陷:他的写作有力但笨拙。他擅长构思情节。他的文风糟糕,人物刻画呆板且缺乏可信性,他的语言和方言使用也不地道。
What is the contribution of James Fennimore Cooper to the American literature? 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀对美国文学的贡献是什么?
(1)James Fennimore Cooper turns his eyes on the frontier-pushing movement in the west,which effectively shows the American national experience of frontier mevement in the west. (1)詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀关注西部的边疆推进运动,有效地展现了美国西部边疆运动的民族经历。
(2)His great book"Leatherstoking Tales"settles on the vast of west,which not only depicts the majestic scenery in the west but also the adventures of the frontier settlers. (2)他的伟大著作《皮袜子故事》以广袤的西部为背景,不仅描绘了西部壮丽的景色,还展现了边疆定居者的冒险经历
(3)Thus Cooper helps to bring the"Western"into the American literature,and then on the vast land,gorgenus landscape, the hard lives of the frontier settlers become an irreplaceable element in the American nation's literature and because of all that western thing,American differs from the other nations. (3)因此,库珀帮助将“西部”引入美国文学,在这片广袤的土地上,壮丽的景观和边疆定居者的艰难生活成为美国民族文学中不可替代的元素。正因为所有这些西部元素,美国才有别于其他国家。
Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生
地位:A spokesman of New England Transcendentalism;The founder of the Dial(日晷);May be a pantheist作品: 地位:新英格兰超验主义的代言人;《日晷》(The Dial)的创始人;可能是泛神论者
作品:
Nature-the Bible of New England 《自然》——新英格兰的圣经
The American Scholar-Regarded as America's Declaration of Intellectual Independence in which embodied a new nation's desire and struggle to assert its own identity in its formative period 《美国学者》——被视为美国的知识独立宣言,体现了新生国家在其形成时期渴望并努力确立自身身份的愿望和斗争
思想根源:
-破:Rejected Calvinist tenets(total depravity,unconditional election,limited atonement,God's irresistible grace,the perseverance of the saints) -破:拒绝加尔文主义教义(全然败坏、无条件拣选、有限救赎、上帝不可抗拒的恩典、圣徒的坚忍)
立:Embraced the liberal Christianity of Unitarianism 立:接受一元论的自由基督教
主张:Transcendentalism 主张:超验主义
Oversoul-"the transparent eyeball","the Grand Mind" 超灵-“透明的眼球”,“伟大的心灵”
Nature-"The Universal Being";Nature is the purest thing and has moral influence on human being 自然-“普遍存在”;自然是最纯净的事物,对人类具有道德影响
Individualism-"Make Thyself!""Trust Thyself!" 个人主义-“成就你自己!”“相信你自己!”
Emerson is generally known as an essayist.What is the style of his process? 爱默生通常被认为是一位散文家。他的写作风格是什么?
A.Emerson's essays often have a casual style,for most of them were derived from his journals or lectures. A.爱默生的散文常常采用随意的风格,因为大多数散文源自他的日记或讲稿。
B.They are usually characterized by a series of short,declarative sentences,which are not quite logically connected but will flower out into illustrative statements of truth and thoughts.Emerson's philosophical discussion is sometimes difficult to understand but he uses comparisons and metaphors to make the general idea of his work clearly expressed. B.它们通常以一系列简短的陈述句为特征,这些句子之间逻辑联系不强,但会展开成阐述真理和思想的说明性语句。爱默生的哲学讨论有时难以理解,但他通过比较和隐喻使其作品的总体思想表达得清晰明了。
C.Well-read in the classics of Western European literature,Emerson often employed these literary sources to make and enrich his own points but never let them take the full reins of his discussion. C.爱默生博览西欧文学经典,常借用这些文学资源来阐述和丰富自己的观点,但从不让它们完全主导他的论述。
D.In general,Emerson was showing to the world a distinctive American style,as he called for in The American Scholar in 1837. D.总体而言,爱默生向世界展示了一种独特的美国风格,正如他在 1837 年的《美国学者》中所呼吁的那样。
Ralph Waldo Emerson's influence on the literature and intellectual thought of America. 拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生对美国文学和思想的影响。
(1)Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)was an American essayist,philosopher,poet,and leader of the Transcendentalist movement in the early 19^("th ")19{ }^{\text {th }} century. (1)拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生(1803-1882)是美国的散文家、哲学家、诗人,也是 19 世纪初超验主义运动的领导者。
(2)Essays are more important works of Emerson,which convey the best of his philosophical arguments and transcendental pursuits,such as Nature published in 1836,considered as a manifesto for Transcendentalism,and The American Scholar in 1837,considered to be America's"Intercultural Declaration of Independence". (2)散文是爱默生更为重要的作品,传达了他哲学论点和超验追求的精髓,如 1836 年发表的《自然》,被视为超验主义的宣言,以及 1837 年的《美国学者》,被认为是美国的“跨文化独立宣言”。
(3)Emerson's Transcendentalism is actually a philosophical school which absorbs some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Romanticism,which its focus on the intuitive knowledge of human beings to grasp the absolute in the universe and the divinity of man. (3)爱默生的超验主义实际上是一种哲学流派,吸收了美国清教徒主义和欧洲浪漫主义的一些思想关切,重点关注人类直觉知识以把握宇宙中的绝对和人的神性
Basically,Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as"the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively,or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the sense."Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, "Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind."Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that"nature is ennobling"and"the individual is divine and,therefore,self-reliant." 基本上,超验主义在哲学上被定义为“人在直觉上认识真理的能力,或获得超越感官范围的知识的能力。”爱默生曾在一次演讲中宣称:“最终,唯一神圣的就是你自己心灵的完整性。”伴随超验主义的其他概念包括“自然是高尚的”和“个体是神圣的,因此应自力更生。”
(4)Emerson's philosophy had inspired a lot of writers such as Thoreau,Whitman and Dickinson. (4)爱默生的哲学启发了许多作家,如梭罗、惠特曼和狄金森
Emerson and Transcendentalism(中央民族大学考研真题)
New England Transcendentalism is the summit of American Romanticism.Nature by Ralph Waldo Emerson is the Bible of New England Transcendentalism,making a tremendous impact on intellectual life of America.The major features of New England Transcendentalism can be summarized as follows:First,the Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul,as the most important thing in the universe.Secondly,the Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.To them the individual was the most important element of society.Thirdly,the Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the spirit or God.New England Transcendentalism was the product of a combination of foreign influences and the American Puritan tradition.It was,in actuality,Romanticism om the Puritan soil. 新英格兰超验主义是美国浪漫主义的巅峰。拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生的《自然》是新英格兰超验主义的圣经,对美国的知识生活产生了巨大影响。新英格兰超验主义的主要特征可以总结如下:首先,超验主义者强调精神,或称为“至上灵魂”,是宇宙中最重要的存在。其次,超验主义者强调个体的重要性。对他们来说,个体是社会中最重要的元素。第三,超验主义者提供了一种对自然的新认识,将自然视为精神或上帝的象征。新英格兰超验主义是外来影响与美国清教传统结合的产物。实际上,它是在清教土壤上的浪漫主义。
Ralph Waldo Emerson is a leading person of New England Transcendentalism,"the father of American Essay".His 拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生是新英格兰超验主义的领军人物,被誉为“美国散文之父”。他的
philosophical ideas:a)firm belief in the transcendance of the Oversoul;b)the individual as the most important(the infinitude of man);c)Nature is the emblematic of God,mediating between man and God.All these ideas can be seen in nature.His aesthetics:1)Poet is no ordinary person,who is a philosopher,a complete,eternal man to see into the depth of infinite time;2)The poetry and true art should ennoble.It should serve as a moral purification and a passage toward organic unity and higher reality;3)The argument of the poet should decide the form of poem;4)The poet should use symbols which are universal things;5)American writers should celebrate America which was a long poem itself. 哲学思想:a)坚信超灵的超越性;b)个体是最重要的(人的无限性);c)自然是上帝的象征,作为人与上帝之间的媒介。所有这些思想都可以在自然中看到。他的美学:1)诗人不是普通人,而是哲学家,是一个完整的、永恒的人,能够洞察无限时间的深度;2)诗歌和真正的艺术应当高尚化。它应作为道德净化和通向有机统一及更高现实的通道;3)诗人的论点应决定诗的形式;4)诗人应使用普遍的象征;5)美国作家应歌颂美国,这本身就是一首长诗。
Emerson's influence on American literature and culture cannot be exaggerated.His call for an independent culture in both Nature and"The American Scholar"played a very important part in the intellectual history of the nation.In fact,"The American Scholar"has been regarded as"America's Declaration of Intellectual Independence". 爱默生对美国文学和文化的影响不可夸大。他在《自然》和《美国学者》中呼吁独立文化,在国家的知识史上发挥了非常重要的作用。事实上,《美国学者》被视为“美国的知识独立宣言”。
Henry David Thoreau 亨利·戴维·梭罗
地位:He is a close friend of Emerson;An active Transcendentalist;A prophet of individualism in American literature作品: 地位:他是爱默生的密友;积极的超验主义者;美国文学中个人主义的先知。作品:
Walden-criticized the materialism America;It's a record of reflection on his solitary a manual for self-reliance,simple living and self-sufficiency 《瓦尔登湖》——批判了美国的物质主义;这是他对孤独生活的反思记录,是一本关于自力更生、简朴生活和自给自足的手册
A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Riverson 《康科德与梅里马克河上的一周》
Civil Disobedience-criticized the unjust laws of society 《公民不服从》——批判社会的不公正法律
I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately,to front only the essential facts of life,and see if I could not learn what it had to teach,and not,when I came to die,discover that I had not lived. 我进了树林,因为我希望有意识地生活,只面对生活的本质事实,看看是否能学到它要教给我的东西,而不是在临死时发现自己从未真正活过
These words are from Thoreau's chapter"Where I Lived,and What I Lived For."The first part of this title is a practical concern about a place of residence,while the second part is a deeply philosophical concern about the meaning of life. Thoreau combines the practical and the philosophical in his Walden project,and thus the phrase"the essential facts of life" can refer both to material necessities like food and shelter and also to the core of human existence.The double aspect of Walden,its treatment of hard facts as well as philosophical questions,is also evident in his mention of Thoreau to die understanding that"I had not lived."But taken philosophically,life means not just biological functioning but also inner fulfillment.The experimentalism of Thoreau's endeavor is expressed in his frank acknowledgment that he is testing out an idea,rather than proving a foregone conclusion.Finally,the obscure mystical side of Thoreau-which makes him often appear more of a visionary than a philosopher-is evident in his famous phrase"to live deliberately."On a literal level,he wishes to choose his path of life independently and thoughtfully,subject to his own deliberation and no one else's.But on a higher level,the phrase is mystical and haunting,since of course nobody ever chooses to live or deliberately seeks to exist. As elsewhere in the work.Thoreau here forces us to contemplate the transcendent meaning of human life even while we think he is simply referring to a cabin in the woods. 这些话出自梭罗的章节《我住在哪里,以及我为何而活》。标题的第一部分是关于居住地的实际关切,而第二部分则是关于生命意义的深刻哲学关怀。梭罗在他的《瓦尔登湖》项目中将实用与哲学结合起来,因此“生活的基本事实”这一短语既可以指食物和住所等物质必需品,也可以指人类存在的核心。《瓦尔登湖》的双重面向,即对硬事实和哲学问题的处理,也体现在他提到梭罗临终时的理解:“我还没有真正活过。”但从哲学角度看,生命不仅意味着生物学上的功能,还意味着内心的满足。梭罗努力的实验性体现在他坦率承认自己是在试验一个想法,而不是证明一个既定结论。最后,梭罗那神秘晦涩的一面——这使他常常看起来更像是一个有远见的人而非哲学家——体现在他著名的短语“有意识地生活”中。从字面上看,他希望独立且深思熟虑地选择自己的人生道路,遵循自己的思考而非他人的意志。但在… 在更高的层面上,这句话充满了神秘和萦绕心头的意味,因为当然没有人会选择生活或刻意寻求存在。正如作品中其他地方一样,梭罗在这里迫使我们思考人类生命的超越意义,即使我们认为他仅仅是在指一间林中的小屋。
Dank Romanticism 黑暗浪漫主义
Nathaniel Hawthorne 内森尼尔·霍桑
地位:An American Romantic novelist(Dark);A symbolic novelist;The pioneer of the American psychoanalytic novel;His works are regarded as the"Romance of the soul";His father John Hathorne has joined in Salem witchcraft trails of 1692 (塞勒姆驱巫案件);Born in the city of Salem,Massachusetts 地位:美国浪漫主义小说家(黑暗派);象征主义小说家;美国精神分析小说的先驱;其作品被视为“灵魂的浪漫”;其父亲约翰·霍桑曾参与 1692 年塞勒姆驱巫案件;出生于马萨诸塞州塞勒姆市
朋友:The poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow;Franklin Pierce who became the 14th President of The United States小说: 朋友:诗人亨利·沃兹沃斯·朗费罗;成为美国第 14 任总统的富兰克林·皮尔斯
Fanshawe-His first novel 《范肖》——他的第一部小说
The Scarlet Letter-His famous and first symbolic novel 《红字》——他著名的第一部象征主义小说
背景:The setting of The Scarlet Letter is Boston in the 1640s.Persecuted in England,the Puritans came to North America to form their own communities.Life in the Colonies was harsh,but it gave the Puritans the opportunity to 背景:《红字》的背景设定在 1640 年代的波士顿。清教徒在英格兰受到迫害,来到北美建立自己的社区。殖民地的生活艰苦,但也给了清教徒机会去..
form a society based on their religious ideals.Puritans sought the freedom to live by their beliefs.However,the Puritan leaders did not tolerate religious beliefs that differed from their own.Sinners were publicly and harshly punished as an example to others.The laws of the church were the laws of the state.All things are controlled beforehand by the will of God.And there is no personal freedom. 根据他们的宗教理想建立一个社会。清教徒寻求按照自己的信仰生活的自由。然而,清教徒的领导者不容忍与他们信仰不同的宗教观点。罪人会被公开且严厉地惩罚,以此作为对他人的警示。教会的法律就是国家的法律。一切事物都由上帝的意志预先掌控。个人没有自由。
主题: >> Puritanism-The conflict between desire and religious passion; >> 清教主义——欲望与宗教热情之间的冲突; >> Bildungsroman-The growth of a woman; >> 成长小说——一个女性的成长; >> The struggle between individual and society; >> 个人与社会之间的斗争; >> Love and avenge >> 爱与复仇
The House of the Seven Gables-"God will give him blood to drink" 七角楼——“上帝将赐他饮血”
The Blithe Dale Romance 快乐谷的浪漫故事
The Marble Faun:Or,The Romance of Monte Beni 大理石野人:或,蒙特贝尼的浪漫
短篇故事集:
Twice-Told Tales 《二度讲述的故事》
Mosses from an Old Manse 《老宅苔藓》
The Snow-Image,and Other Twice-Told Tales 《雪像及其他二度讲述的故事》
短篇故事:Young Goodman Brown 短篇故事:《年轻的古德曼·布朗》
观点:
Black Version of human nature/blackness in Hawthorne(见简答题表述部分) 霍桑作品中的人性黑暗面/黑暗性(见简答题表述部分)
Romance 传奇理论—Prose fiction that is conceived in terms of fanciful and idealistic,rather than in terms of observation and faithful description of fact.Hawthorne states that a novel"is presumed to aim at every minute fidelity,not merely to the possible,but to the probable and ordinary course of man's experience."while a romance must keep to"the truth of human heart-has fairly a right to present that truth under circumstances...he may so manage his atmospherically medium as to bring out or mellow the lights and deepen and enrich the shadows of the picture." 传奇理论——以幻想和理想化为出发点的散文小说,而非基于观察和对事实的忠实描述。霍桑指出,小说“被认为应当追求每一个细节的忠实,不仅仅是可能的,而是人类经验中可能且普通的过程。”而传奇则必须坚持“人心的真理——有权在特定环境下呈现这一真理……作者可以通过营造氛围的手法,突出或柔化画面的光影,深化和丰富画面的阴影。”
-Concerned with"internal truths"or"truths of the human heart" ——关注“内在真理”或“人心的真理”
-Use of imagination rather than realistic representations -使用想象力而非现实主义的表现手法
-Embellishes relationship between human and nature -美化人与自然的关系
Hawthorne VS.Emerson 区别: 霍桑 VS.爱默生 区别:
联系: >> They are both the representative writers in the period of transcendentalist,and they are neighbors and friends who lived in New England(Concord)in the 19th century.(They have the same time background,the similar living environment,and they were affected by the same religious culture) >> 他们都是超验主义时期的代表作家,19 世纪生活在新英格兰(康科德)的邻居和朋友。(他们有相同的时代背景,相似的生活环境,并且受到相同宗教文化的影响)
-Their creation was closely related to the philosophical in in time-transcendentalism -他们的创作与当时的哲学思潮——先验主义密切相关 >> Self-examination,self-reliance are reflected in their works. >> 自我反省、自力更生在他们的作品中有所体现。 >> Symbolism is their major way to observe the outside and inside world >> 象征主义是他们观察内外世界的主要方式
差异:
Whether human nature is good or evil(Optimism vs.Pessimism):乐观与悲观 人性是善还是恶(乐观与悲观):乐观与悲观 ✓\checkmark Emerson was positive,he believed that all things are connected to God and,therefore,all things are divine.In his opinion,people have an ugly side of evil,and also have a good side of goodness.It is inevitable that the Good and evil exist side by side.It stressed the power of intuition,believing that people could learn things both from the outside world by means of the five senses and from the inner world by intuition. ✓\checkmark 爱默生是积极的,他相信万物与上帝相连,因此万物都是神圣的。在他看来,人们有邪恶的丑陋一面,也有善良的美好一面。善与恶并存是不可避免的。他强调直觉的力量,认为人们既可以通过五官从外部世界学习,也可以通过直觉从内心世界学习。 ✓\checkmark But on the other hand,Hawthorne was negative,he thinks that the evil exists in everywhere and everybody. ✓\checkmark 但另一方面,霍桑是消极的,他认为邪恶无处不在,存在于每个人身上。
Nature:对自然的态度 ✓\checkmark Emerson:He took nature as symbolic of spirit of God.All things in nature were symbols of the spiritual,of God's presence.Nature was alive,filled with God's overwhelming presence.Everything in the universe was viewed as an ✓\checkmark 爱默生:他将自然视为上帝精神的象征。自然中的万物都是精神的象征,是上帝存在的体现。自然是有生命的,充满了上帝强烈的存在感。宇宙中的一切都被视为神圣精神的表现。
expression of the divine spirit.Behind physical objects was a universal soul.Nature was God's enlightenment towards human beings.Therefore,it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on human mind. 物质对象背后有一个普遍的灵魂。自然是上帝对人类的启示。因此,自然能够对人类心灵产生健康和恢复性的影响 ✓\checkmark Hawthorne:he doubted that we can understand the nature and denied the progress of science and technology and the ability of human to conquer the nature. ✓\checkmark 霍桑:他怀疑我们能否理解自然的本质,否认科学技术的进步以及人类征服自然的能力。
Transcendentalism(霍桑受到了超验主义的影响,但没有完全接受超验主义的全部理论) ✓\checkmark 接受:Nathaniel Hawthorne was one of the most outstanding Romanticists in the nineteenth century.His creation was closely related to the philosophical in his time-transcendentalism.On one hand,as displayed in some of his works the idea of self-examination,self-reliance,breaking the theological disciplines like the theory of destiny,and the widely used technique symbolism embodied to some extent to the connotation of transcendentalism; ✓\checkmark 接受:纳撒尼尔·霍桑是十九世纪最杰出的浪漫主义者之一。他的创作与当时的哲学——超验主义密切相关。一方面,正如他的一些作品所展示的,自我审视、自力更生、打破诸如宿命论等神学教条,以及广泛使用的象征主义技巧,在某种程度上体现了超验主义的内涵; ✓\checkmark 反思:On the other hand,Hawthorne was not a transcendentalist and did not wholly embrace transcendentalism.He had quite opposite opinion with the transcendentalists over whether human nature is good or evil and had different views on way of communication between human and God.Even on self-reliance,Hawthorne was not as thorough as the transcendentalists. ✓\checkmark 反思:另一方面,霍桑并非超验主义者,也未完全接受超验主义。他与超验主义者在人的本性是善还是恶的问题上持截然相反的观点,并且对人与上帝之间的交流方式有不同看法。即使在自力更生方面,霍桑也不像超验主义者那样彻底 ✓\checkmark 总结:However,Hawthorne had a great deal to do with transcendentalism.Identify with transcendentalism showed the impact of transcendentalism,while criticism meant opposite stand against transcendentalism.In this way,we can conclude that Hawthorne was influenced by transcendentalism:he identified and accepted some ideas of transcendentalism,and at the same time negated and opposed others. ✓\checkmark 总结:然而,霍桑与超验主义有很大关系。认同超验主义表明了超验主义的影响,而批评则意味着对超验主义持相反立场。由此,我们可以得出结论,霍桑受到了超验主义的影响:他认同并接受了超验主义的一些观点,同时也否定和反对其他观点。
写作特点:(2014兰大)
背景:Much of Hawthorne's work is set in colonial New England,and many of his short stories have been read as moral allegories influenced by his Puritan background. 背景:霍桑的大部分作品背景设定在殖民地时期的新英格兰,他的许多短篇小说被解读为受其清教徒背景影响的道德寓言
主题:All of his works show a sense of sin _\underline{\sin } and evil(or sin and punishment)from psychological conflict(or tension) between head(intellect)and heart(emotion).He inherited the Puritan tradition of moral earnestness,and he was deeply concerned with the concepts of original sin\sin and guilt and the claims of law and conscience.Hawthorne rejected what he saw as the Transcendentalists'transparent optimism about the potentialities of human nature.Instead he looked more deeply and perhaps more honestly into life,finding in it much suffering and conflict but also finding the redeeming power of love.There is no Romantic escape in his works,but rather a firm and resolute scrutiny of the psychological and moral facts of the human condition. 主题:他所有的作品都表现出一种 sin _\underline{\sin } 与邪恶(或罪与罚)的感觉,这种感觉源于理智(头脑)与情感(心灵)之间的心理冲突(或紧张)。他继承了清教徒的道德严肃传统,深切关注原罪 sin\sin 和罪恶感以及法律与良心的要求。霍桑拒绝了他所认为的超验主义者对人性潜能的透明乐观态度。相反,他更深入、更诚实地审视生活,发现其中充满了痛苦和冲突,但也发现了爱的救赎力量。他的作品中没有浪漫主义的逃避,反而是对人类状况的心理和道德事实的坚定而果断的审视。
手法:The use of Symbolism/Allegory(Supernatural mixed with the actual) 手法:象征主义/寓言的运用(超自然与现实的混合)
His fictional characters'actions and dilemmas fairly obviously express larger generalizations about the problems of human existence.But with Hawthorne this leads not to unconvincing pasteboard figures with explanatory labels attached but to a somber,concentrated emotional involvement with his characters that has the power,the gravity,and the inevitability of true tragedy.His use of symbolism in The Scarlet Letter is particularly effective,and the scarlet letter itself takes on a wider significance and application that is out of all proportion to its literal character as a scrap of cloth. 他的虚构人物的行为和困境显然表达了关于人类存在问题的更广泛概括。但在霍桑那里,这并没有导致那些带有解释性标签的不可信的纸板人物,而是引向一种对他人物的沉重、集中的情感投入,这种投入具有真正悲剧的力量、庄重和必然性。他在《红字》中对象征主义的运用尤为有效,而那枚红字本身则获得了超出其作为一块布片的字面意义的更广泛的意义和应用。
Herman Melville 赫尔曼·梅尔维尔
地位:Representative of the American Renaissance period;A friend of Nathaniel Hawthorne;American's Shakespeare;作品: 地位:美国文艺复兴时期的代表人物;内森尼尔·霍桑的朋友;美国的莎士比亚;作品:
Typee 《泰比》
Omoo 欧穆
Mardi 马尔迪
Redburn 雷德本
White-Jacket;or,The World in a Man-of-War 白夹克;或,军舰上的世界
Moby-Dick 白鲸
Pierre 皮埃尔
Billy Budd 比利·巴德
与 Hawthorne 与霍桑
-Meeting Hawthorne in the summer of 1850 -1850 年夏天与霍桑会面
-Influenced by Hawthorne's black vision and his use of symbolism -受霍桑黑暗视角及其象征主义手法的影响
-Revising Moby Dick -修订《白鲸》
-They all represented a position of tragic humanism in their time -他们都代表了当时一种悲剧人文主义的立场
创作阶段:
Earlier Works 早期作品
-drawing upon his sea experiences -借鉴他的海上经历
-black and white -黑白
Later Works 后期作品
-Reconciliation between man and God -人与上帝的和解
-living by the rules of this world -遵循这个世界的规则生活
Moby Dick(2013 人大 2005 首师)
地位:
-His best work and masterpiece -他最好的作品和杰作
-The first American prose epic -第一部美国散文史诗
-An encyclopedia of everything(航海 navigation,捕鲸 whaling,个人主义 individualism,浪漫主义 Romanticism) -一部关于一切的百科全书(航海 navigation,捕鲸 whaling,个人主义 individualism,浪漫主义 Romanticism)
-A Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting against overwhelming odds in an indifferent and hostile universe主题: -一部莎士比亚式的悲剧,讲述人在一个冷漠且充满敌意的宇宙中与压倒性困难抗争的故事主题:
>Search for truth--The story deals with the human pursuit of truth and the meaning of existence. >对真理的追寻--故事讲述了人类对真理和存在意义的追求
-Conflict between Good and Evil -善与恶之间的冲突
-Conflict between Man and Nature. -人与自然之间的冲突。
-Isolation between man and man;man and nature;man and society. -人与人之间的孤立;人与自然之间的孤立;人与社会之间的孤立。
-Solipsism 唯我论/individualism 个人主义
评价:
D.H.Lawrence:"He records also,almost beyond pain or pleasure,the extreme transitions of the isolated,far-driven soul, the soul which is now alone,without any real human contact" D.H.劳伦斯:“他几乎超越了痛苦或快乐,记录了孤独、被驱逐的灵魂的极端转变,这种灵魂现在孤独无依,没有任何真正的人际接触。”
Hawthorne:"He will never rest until he gets hold of a definite belief.It is strange how he persists...He can neither believe, nor be comfortable in his disbelief;and he is too honest and courageous not to try to do one or the other...He has a very high and noble nature." 霍桑:“他永远不会安息,直到他获得一个明确的信念。这很奇怪,他是如何坚持的……他既不能相信,也不能在不信中感到安慰;而且他太诚实和勇敢,不会不去尝试做其中之一……他有着非常高尚和崇高的本性。”
How is symbolism reflected in Moby Dick,the first American prose epic by Herman Melville? 象征主义如何体现在赫尔曼·梅尔维尔的第一部美国散文史诗《白鲸》中?
Moby Dick is a novel overflown with symbols.The white whale is one of the best-known symbols in American literature.What it represents depends entirely on who is noticing.To Starbuck,Moby Dick is just another whale,except that he is more dangerous.Early in the novel,Starbuck challenges Ahab's motives for altering the ship's mission,from accumulating oil to killing the white whale.To some,the white whale is a myth.To others,he is immortal.However,to Ahab,he sees the inscrutable power as evil.He wants to kill the whale in order to reach the force.Ahab seems to want to be a God.Another symbol is Queequeg's coffin:the symbolism of the coffin changes as the novel proceeds.Initially, itrepresents the coming death.It then represents ongoing life when it becomes Queequeg's sea chest after he decides not to die.At the end of the story,the coffin serves as an ark and saves Ishmael's life. 《白鲸》是一部充满象征意义的小说。白鲸是美国文学中最著名的象征之一。它代表什么,完全取决于观察者。对 Starbuck 来说,白鲸不过是另一只鲸鱼,只是更危险一些。在小说早期,Starbuck 质疑 Ahab 改变船只使命的动机——从采集鲸油转为猎杀白鲸。对一些人来说,白鲸是一个神话。对另一些人来说,它是不朽的。然而,对 Ahab 来说,他视这股难以理解的力量为邪恶。他想杀死白鲸以接触这股力量。Ahab 似乎想成为神。另一个象征是 Queequeg 的棺材:随着小说的发展,棺材的象征意义也在变化。最初,它代表即将到来的死亡。后来,当 Queequeg 决定不死时,它变成了他的海上箱子,象征着持续的生命。在故事的结尾,棺材成为方舟,救了 Ishmael 的命。
"The white whale represents the evil.At the same time,it is like a wall,concealing the unknown and mysterious things behind."(北语 2021 年真题) “白鲸代表邪恶。同时,它像一道墙,隐藏着背后的未知和神秘。”(北语 2021 年真题)
(1)The statement is uttered by who? (1)这句话是谁说的?
(2)Analyze the character.Do you agree with his views and state the reason. (2)分析这个人物。你是否同意他的观点,并说明理由。
(3)Illustrate two works involving the same topic as the above.Integrate with life. (3)举例说明两部涉及上述主题的作品,并结合生活进行阐述。
(1)The statement is uttered by Ahab,captain of the whaling ship Pequod,for revenge on Moby Dick,the giant white whale that on the ship's previous voyage bit off Ahab's leg at the knee. (1)这句话是由捕鲸船“皮夸德号”的船长亚哈说的,他为了报复“白鲸”莫比·迪克——这只巨大的白鲸在船只上一次航行中咬断了亚哈的膝盖腿
(2)Ahab is a brooding,proud,solitary figure who has been in colleges as well as among the cannibals,deathly angry that the monster Moby Dick has eaten his leg.He resolves to revenge and kill the whale.He leaves home and family and even renounces his humanity to achieve this goal. (2)亚哈是一个沉思、骄傲、孤独的人物,他曾在大学里也曾在食人族中生活过,对怪物白鲸莫比·迪克吃掉他的腿感到极度愤怒。他决心复仇,杀死这头鲸鱼。他离开了家和家人,甚至放弃了他的人性来实现这个目标。
I agree with part of his views that behind the white whale are the inscrutable and mysterious things but I do not think the white whale is evil just because it is unfathomable.Moby Dick can be regarded as an embodiment of nature, representing an inscrutable,mysterious power,but not a wicked one.The conflict between Ahab and Moby Dick can be interpreted as the conflict between man and nature.Man has never conquered nature despite the attempts and efforts he made.Starbuck apparently understood what the whale stands for and tries to persuade Ahab not to take revenge on a dumb brute.Ahab and other seamen may harpoon the whale,but they cannot harvest it.Eventually,Moby Dick kills Ahab and sinks the Pequod,dragging almost all the crew to their watery death. 我同意他部分观点,即白鲸背后隐藏着难以理解和神秘的事物,但我不认为白鲸因为难以捉摸就一定是邪恶的。莫比·迪克可以被看作是自然的化身,代表着一种难以理解、神秘的力量,但并非邪恶的力量。亚哈与莫比·迪克之间的冲突可以被解读为人与自然的冲突。尽管人类做出了各种尝试和努力,但从未征服过自然。斯塔巴克显然理解鲸鱼所代表的意义,试图劝说亚哈不要向这只无知的野兽复仇。亚哈和其他水手或许能用鱼叉刺伤鲸鱼,但他们无法捕获它。最终,莫比·迪克杀死了亚哈,击沉了小皮夸德号,几乎将所有船员拖入水中丧生
(3)Ahab admits that he is not just hunting Moby Dick,but"whatever lies behind"the whale,perhaps the incomprehensible and unconquerable nature.Many literary works deal with the struggle between man and the natural world. The Old Man and the Sea,for instance,is a novel about an old Cuban fisherman Santiago and his battle with a great marlin. For 84 days Santiago does not catch a single fish despite his excellent fishing skill.He goes far out into the sea and hooks a giant marlin.A desperate struggle ensues in which Santiago manages to kill the fish and tie it to his boat,only to find that on the way home he has to fight a more desperate struggle with some dangerous giant sharks,which eat up the marlin,leaving only a skeleton.The old man brings it home and goes to bed to dream,almost dead with exhaustion.Stephen Crane,in his short story"The Open Boat",makes clear that nature is ultimately indifferent to the plight of man,possessing no consciousness that we can understand.As the stranded men progress through the story,the reality of nature's lack of concern for them becomes increasingly clear.The narrator highlights this development by changing the way he describes the sea. Early in the story,the sea snarls,hisses,and bucks like a bronco;later,it merely"paces to and fro,"no longer an actor in the men's drama.In reality,the sea does not change at all;only the men's perception of the sea changes.The unaltered activity of the gulls,clouds,and tides illustrates that nature does not behave any differently in light of the men's struggle to survive. (3)亚哈承认他不仅仅是在追捕白鲸莫比·迪克,更是在追寻“隐藏在”鲸鱼背后的东西,也许是那不可理解且不可征服的自然本质。许多文学作品都涉及人与自然世界之间的斗争。例如,《老人与海》是一部关于古巴老渔夫圣地亚哥与一条大马林鱼搏斗的小说。尽管圣地亚哥钓鱼技术高超,但他连续 84 天一无所获。他远航出海,钓上一条巨大的马林鱼。随后展开了一场激烈的搏斗,圣地亚哥最终杀死了鱼并将其绑在船上,然而在返航途中,他不得不与一些危险的巨型鲨鱼展开更为绝望的斗争,鲨鱼将马林鱼吃得只剩骨架。老人带着骨架回家,疲惫不堪地上床做梦。斯蒂芬·克兰在他的短篇小说《开船》中明确指出,自然最终对人的困境漠不关心,没有我们能理解的意识。随着被困者故事的推进,自然对他们漠不关心的现实愈发明显。叙述者通过改变描述大海的方式来突出这一发展。故事早期,.. 故事中,大海咆哮、嘶嘶作响,像一匹野马乱蹦;后来,它只是“来回踱步”,不再是男人们戏剧中的演员。实际上,大海根本没有变化;只有男人们对大海的感知发生了变化。海鸥、云朵和潮汐不变的活动表明,自然界并不会因为人类的生存斗争而有所不同。
Nature has been mysterious and unconquerable,and we human beings have paid high prices to learn lessons.Disasters like shipwrecks,earthquakes,plagues cause pains and remind us of being in harmony with the environment. 大自然一直神秘且不可征服,我们人类为此付出了高昂的代价来吸取教训。船难、地震、瘟疫等灾难带来痛苦,也提醒我们要与环境和谐相处。
Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡
地位:One of the most controversial writers;A short-story writer,a poet,a critic,and an editor;Pioneer of Science Fiction; 地位:最具争议的作家之一;短篇小说作家、诗人、评论家和编辑;科幻小说的先驱;
Father of the Detective Story;Master of macabre;Forerunner of horror fiction,psychoanalytic criticism and symbolism; America's first great literary critic and theoretician; 侦探小说之父;恐怖怪诞大师;恐怖小说、精神分析批评和象征主义的先驱;美国首位伟大的文学批评家和理论家;
诗歌:
To Helen 致海伦
The Raven-Made Poe a household name 《乌鸦》——使坡家喻户晓
Annabel Lee 《安娜贝尔·李》
The City in the Sea 海中的城市
短篇小说:
The Fall of the House of Usher-masterpiece 厄舍府的崩塌——杰作
The Tell-Teke Heart 告密心
The Murders in the Rue Morgue-Ratiocination(He founded the concept of deductive reasoning) 莫格街谋杀案——推理(他创立了演绎推理的概念)
The Purloined Letter 被窃的信件
文学理论:
The Poetic Principle 诗的原则
The Philosophy of Composition 创作哲学
Walt Whitman(2013 人大) 沃尔特·惠特曼(2013 人大)
地位:The real poet of America;An American poet,essayist,and humanist;He represents a part of the transition between Transcendentalism and Realism;Father of the free verse 地位:美国真正的诗人;美国诗人、散文家和人文主义者;他代表了超验主义与现实主义之间的过渡;自由诗之父
诗集:Leaves of Grass—A collection of poetry(2005首师) 诗集:《草叶集》——一部诗歌集(2005 首诗)
诗歌:
"Song of Myself" 《我歌唱自己》
"The Poet" 《诗人》
"When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" 《当丁香花最后在门前盛开》
"O Captain,My Captain."-Eulogizes Lincoln's monumental contributions and express the poet's mourning for Lincoln's death with the background of victory of the Civil War. 《哦,船长,我的船长。》——颂扬林肯的伟大贡献,并在内战胜利的背景下表达诗人对林肯逝世的哀悼。
"I Hear America Singing" 《我听见美国在歌唱》
"There was a Child Went Forth" 《有个孩子走了出来》
"Out of Cradle Endlessly Rocking" 《摇篮外无尽摇晃》
"Two Riverlets" 《两条小河》
"Drum Traps" 《鼓陷阱》
主题: ✓\checkmark 美国主题:His poetry is filled with optimistic expectation and enthusiasm about new things and new epoch. ✓\checkmark 美国主题:他的诗歌充满了对新事物和新时代的乐观期待与热情 ✓\checkmark Whitman believed that poetry could play a vital part in the process of creating a new nation.It could enable Americans to celebrate their release from the Old World and the colonial rule.And it could also help them understand their new status and to define themselves in the new world of possibilities.Hence,the abundance of themes in his poetry voices freshness. ✓\checkmark 惠特曼认为诗歌可以在创造新国家的过程中发挥重要作用。它能够使美国人庆祝他们摆脱旧世界和殖民统治的解放。同时,它也能帮助他们理解自己的新身份,并在充满可能性的新世界中定义自我。因此,他诗歌中丰富的主题展现出一种新鲜感。 ✓\checkmark 阶级属性:He shows concern for the whole hard-working people and the burgeoning life of cities.To Whitman,the fast growth of industry and wealth in cities indicated a lively future of the nation,despite the crowded,noisy,and squalid conditions and the slackness in morality. ✓\checkmark 阶级属性:他关心整个辛勤劳动的人民和城市中蓬勃发展的生活。对惠特曼来说,尽管城市拥挤、嘈杂、肮脏,道德松懈,但工业和财富的快速增长预示着国家充满活力的未来。 ✓\checkmark 美国精神:Individualism—He advocates the realization of the individual value.Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass sing of the"en-masse"and the self as well. ✓\checkmark 美国精神:个人主义——他主张实现个人价值。《草叶集》中的大多数诗歌既歌颂集体,也歌颂自我。 ✓\checkmark 美国梦:Pursuit of love and happiness is approved of repeatedly and affectionately in his lines.Sexual love,a rather taboo topic of the time,is displayed candidly as something adorable.The individual person and his desires must be respected. ✓\checkmark 美国梦:在他的诗句中,追求爱情和幸福被反复且深情地认可。性之爱,这一当时颇为禁忌的话题,被坦率地展现为可爱的事物。个人及其欲望必须受到尊重 ✓\checkmark 政治:Some of Whitman's poems are politically committed.Before and during the Civil War,Whitman expressed much mourning for the sufferings of the young lives in the battlefield and showed a determination to carry on the fighting dauntlessly until the final victory,as in poems like"Cavalry Crossing a Ford."Later,he wrote down a great many poems to air his sorrow over the death of Lincoln,and one of the famous is"When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd". ✓\checkmark 政治:惠特曼的一些诗歌具有政治色彩。在内战前及内战期间,惠特曼表达了对战场上年轻生命受苦的深切哀悼,并表现出无畏坚持战斗直至最终胜利的决心,如《骑兵渡河》等诗。后来,他写了许多诗篇来表达对林肯逝世的悲痛,其中著名的有《当丁香最后在门前盛开时》。
风格语言:To dramatize the nature of these new poetical feelings,Whitman employed brand-new means in his poetry, which would first be discerned in his style and language. 风格语言:为了表现这些新的诗歌情感的本质,惠特曼在诗歌中采用了全新的手法,这首先体现在他的风格和语言上。 ✓\checkmark Whitman's poetic style is marked,first of all,by the use of the poetic"l."Whitman becomes all those people in his poems and yet still remains"Wait Whitman",hence a discovery of the self in the other with such an identification.In such a manner,Whitman invites his readers to participate in the process of sympathetic identification. ✓\checkmark 惠特曼的诗歌风格首先以诗歌中的“我”的使用为标志。惠特曼在诗中成为所有这些人物,同时仍然是“惠特曼本人”,从而实现了在他者中发现自我的认同。通过这种方式,惠特曼邀请读者参与到同情认同的过程中 ✓\checkmark Whitman is also radically innovative in terms of the form of his poetry.He adopted"free verse,"that is,poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme,A looser and more open-ended syntactical structure is frequently favored.Lines and sentences of different lengths are left lying side by side just as things are,undisturbed and separate.There are few compound sentences to draw objects and experiences into a system of hierarchy.Whitman was the first American to use free verse extensively.By means of"free verse,"Whitman turned the poem into an open field,an area of vital possibility where the reader can allow his own imagination to play. ✓\checkmark 惠特曼在诗歌形式上也具有彻底的创新性。他采用了“自由诗”,即没有固定节拍或规律押韵的诗歌,常常偏好一种更松散、更开放式的句法结构。不同长度的诗行和句子并列摆放,保持原样,彼此独立且不受干扰。很少有复合句将事物和体验纳入一个层级体系。惠特曼是第一位广泛使用自由诗的美国诗人。通过“自由诗”,惠特曼将诗歌变成了一个开放的领域,一个充满活力的可能性空间,读者可以在其中自由发挥自己的想象力。 ✓\checkmark Whitman is conversational and casual,in the fluid,expansive,and unstructured style of talking.However,there is a strong sense of the poems being rhythmical.The reader can feel the rhythm of Whitman's thought and cadences of his feeling.Parallelism and phonetic recurrence at the beginning of the lines also contribute to the musicality of his poems. ✓\checkmark 惠特曼的风格对话式且随意,流畅、宽广且无结构的谈话风格。然而,诗歌中强烈的节奏感依然存在。读者可以感受到惠特曼思想的节奏和情感的韵律。诗行开头的排比和语音重复也增强了他诗歌的音乐性 ✓\checkmark Whitman's language is contrary to the rhetoric of traditional poetry,Whitman's is relatively simple and even rather crude.Most of the pictures he painted with words are honest,undistorted images of different aspects of America of the day.The particularity about these images is that they are unconventional in the way they break down the social division based on religion,gender,class,and race.One of the most often-used methods in Whitman's poems is to make colors and images fleet past the mind's eye of the reader.Another characteristic in Whitman's language is his strong tendency use oral English.Whitman's vocabulary is amazing.He would use powerful,colorful well as rarely used words,words of foreign origin and sometimes even wrong words. ✓\checkmark 惠特曼的语言与传统诗歌的修辞相反,惠特曼的语言相对简单,甚至有些粗糙。他用文字描绘的大多数画面都是诚实、未加扭曲的当时美国不同方面的形象。这些形象的特殊之处在于它们以非传统的方式打破了基于宗教、性别、阶级和种族的社会分层。惠特曼诗歌中最常用的方法之一是让色彩和图像在读者的心眼中迅速掠过。惠特曼语言的另一个特点是他强烈倾向于使用口语英语。惠特曼的词汇量令人惊叹。他会使用强有力、色彩丰富的词汇,以及罕见的词汇、外来词,有时甚至是错误的词。
Leaves of Grass 介绍: 《草叶集》介绍:
Walt Whitman is a poet with a strong sense of mission,having devoted all his life to the creation of the"single"poem, Leaves of Grass. 沃尔特·惠特曼是一位具有强烈使命感的诗人,他毕生致力于创作“单一”诗篇《草叶集》 ✓\checkmark The title:It is significant that Whitman entitled his book Leaves of Grass.He said that where there is earth,where there is water,there is grass.Grass the most common thing with the greatest vitality,is an image of the poet himself,a symbol of the then rising American nation and an embodiment of his ideals about democracy and freedom. ✓\checkmark 书名:惠特曼将他的书命名为《草叶集》具有重要意义。他说,只要有土地,有水,就有草。草是最常见且生命力最强的事物,是诗人本人的形象,是当时新兴的美国民族的象征,也是他关于民主与自由理想的体现。 ✓\checkmark Theme:In this giant work,openness,freedom,and above all,individualism(the belief that the rights and freedom of individual people are most important)are all that concerned him.Whitman brings the hard-working farmers and laborers into American literature,attack the slavery system and racial discrimination.In this book he also extols nature,democracy,labor and creation,and sings of man's dignity and equality,and of the brightest future of mankind.Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass sing of the"en-masse"and the self as well. ✓\checkmark 主题:在这部巨著中,开放、自由,尤其是个人主义(即个人权利和自由最为重要的信念)是他关注的核心。惠特曼将辛勤劳作的农民和工人带入美国文学,抨击奴隶制和种族歧视。在这本书中,他还赞美自然、民主、劳动与创造,歌颂人的尊严和平等,以及人类最光明的未来。《草叶集》中的大多数诗歌既歌唱“群体”,也歌唱自我 ✓\checkmark The poet's essential purpose:His aim was nothing less than to express some new poetical feelings and to initiate a poetic tradition in which difference should be recognized.The genuine participation of a poet in a common cultural effort was,according to Whitman,to behave as a supreme individualist;however,the poet's essential purpose was to identify his ego with the world,and more specifically with the democratic"en-masse"of America, which is established in the opening lines of Song of Myself. ✓\checkmark 诗人的根本目的:他的目标不仅仅是表达一些新的诗意感受,更是要开创一种承认差异的诗歌传统。根据惠特曼的观点,诗人真正参与共同文化事业的方式,是作为一个至高无上的个体主义者行事;然而,诗人的根本目的在于将自我与世界认同起来,更具体地说,是与美国的民主“大众”认同,这一点在《我歌唱自己》的开头几句中得以确立。
Song of Myself 介绍: 《我歌唱自己》介绍:
The two principal beliefs embodied in this poem/In this poem Whitman sets forth two principal beliefs: 这首诗体现的两个主要信念/在这首诗中,惠特曼提出了两个主要信念:
The theory of universality,which is illustrated by lengthy catalogues of people and things,the belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value.He extols whole universe and the world.He is thinking of the self as a powerful and sensitive instrument for receiving and expressing.He moves from himself to you to others to all humanity all together about him. 普遍性理论,通过对人物和事物的长篇列举来说明,信仰所有存在在价值上的独特性和平等性。他赞美整个宇宙和世界。他将自我视为一个强大而敏感的接收和表达工具。他从自己出发,转向你,再到他人,最终到他周围的全人类
Emily Dickinson(2012 人大) 艾米莉·狄金森(2012 人大)
作品:
"The Soul selects her own Society" “灵魂选择她自己的社群”
"My life closed twice before its close" “我的生命在终结前已两度闭合”
"Because I could not stop for Death" “因为我无法为死亡停留”
"I heard a fly buzz when I died" “我死时听见一只苍蝇嗡嗡叫”
"Mine-by the Right of the White Election" “属于我——凭借白色选举的权利”
"Wild Nights-Wild Nights" “狂野的夜——狂野的夜”
"Death is a Dialogue between" “死亡是一场对话”
"I died for Beauty-but was scarce" “我为美而死——但几乎未曾”
(1)What is the theme of the poem?(5 points) (1)这首诗的主题是什么?(5 分)
(2)Analyze the poetic devices.(10 points) (2)分析诗中的修辞手法。(10 分)
(3)The original poem involves a dash,but after Dickinson died,the dash has been deleted in order to adapt traditional poem publication.Which version do you prefer and why?(10 points) (3)原诗中有一个破折号,但在狄金森去世后,为了适应传统诗歌的出版,这个破折号被删除了。你更喜欢哪个版本?为什么?(10 分)
(北语2021年真题)
(1)"The Soul selects her own Society"is one of Emily Dickinson's'soul'poems in which she explores inner needs and self-reliance.In the poem,the speaker justifies her decision to lead a mostly solitary life.The speaker argues that the soul naturally rejects the outside world in favor of her own inner circle.In doing so,the speaker champions individuality and self-reliance in a society that often values neither of these qualities. (1)《灵魂选择她自己的社群》是艾米莉·狄金森的“灵魂”诗之一,她在诗中探讨了内心需求和自立。在这首诗中,叙述者为自己选择过大多孤独生活的决定辩护。叙述者认为灵魂自然会拒绝外部世界,偏爱她自己的内心圈子。通过这样做,叙述者在一个常常不重视这两种品质的社会中,倡导了个性和自立
(2)In the poem,Dickinson makes use of several literary devices such as caesura,alliteration,personification,and metaphor.Caesura is a formal device that is seen in almost every line of this piece.Dickinson's dashes,which are an integral part of her writing style,divide the lines of verse up.For example,line one of the third stanza reads:"I've known her-from an ample nation".Alliteration is a form of repetition that is concerned with the use and reuse of the same consonant sound at the beginning of multiple words.For example,"Soul"and"Society"in line one.Dickinson capitalizes "Soul"personifying it.This indicates that the speaker does not have conscious control over the"Soul."It is as if the"Soul" makes choices of its own will.The"Soul"decides instead of the mind.Even if the speaker is missing out on great people, like an"Emperor,"it is too late to open the door.The speaker uses an extended metaphor comparing the soul to a house. More specifically,the soul seems to have a house,with doors,a gate,and a doormat;but the soul also seems to be that house,with the power both to let people into her inner world,and to keep them out.This house metaphor,in turn,reflects the way the speaker perceives of the soul:as something closed off and self-contained,with the capacity to shut out unwelcome guests.The idea of the soul being/having a house also evokes the symbolic comfort and intimacy of the home. (2)在这首诗中,狄金森运用了多种文学手法,如停顿、头韵、拟人和隐喻。停顿是一种形式手法,几乎出现在这首诗的每一行中。狄金森的破折号是她写作风格的重要组成部分,用来划分诗句。例如,第三节第一行写道:“我认识她——来自一个广阔的国度”。头韵是一种重复形式,关注多个单词开头相同辅音音素的使用和重复。例如,第一行中的“Soul”和“Society”。狄金森将“Soul”大写,赋予其拟人化特征。这表明说话者对“灵魂”没有有意识的控制。仿佛“灵魂”按照自己的意愿做出选择。“灵魂”代替理智做决定。即使说话者错过了伟大的人物,比如“皇帝”,也为时已晚,无法打开门。说话者使用了一个延伸隐喻,将灵魂比作一座房子。更具体地说,灵魂似乎拥有一座房子,有门、门廊和门垫;但灵魂同时也似乎就是那座房子,既有权力让人进入她的内心世界,也有权力将他们拒之门外。这个房子隐喻,反过来,反映了说话者的方式 灵魂被视为:一种封闭且自足的存在,能够拒绝不受欢迎的访客。灵魂拥有/是一个房子的想法,也唤起了家的象征性安慰和亲密感。
(3)Emily Dickinson was a strikingly inventive poet,and her work stands out from that of her mid-19th-century contemporaries.Her innovative use of dash,however,was not always welcomed:Dickinson's early editors aggressively reshaped her poetry to make it more palatable to the public.I prefer the original one with a dash which can interrupt flow and create dramatic pauses.Dickinson's characteristic use of seemingly out-of-place dashes helps set the somber mood of the poem.Also,Dickinson helped form unique American characteristics in poetic creation.American literature then strived to get rid of the influence from its European counterparts and being criticized to be an imitator.Dickinson's use of dash, which promoted freedom,the individuality and innovation shows native American spirit.Besides,I uphold a view that the poet should have the freedom to deliver poetry from restrictions of traditional patterns and show ideas freely. (3)艾米莉·狄金森是一位极具创造力的诗人,她的作品在 19 世纪中叶的同时代诗人中独树一帜。然而,她对破折号的创新使用并不总是受到欢迎:狄金森的早期编辑们积极改写她的诗歌,使其更易被公众接受。我更喜欢带有破折号的原版,因为破折号可以打断节奏,制造戏剧性的停顿。狄金森那种看似不合时宜的破折号使用,有助于营造诗歌的沉郁氛围。此外,狄金森帮助形成了美国诗歌创作中独特的美国特质。美国文学随后努力摆脱欧洲文学的影响,避免被批评为模仿者。狄金森对破折号的使用,体现了自由、个性和创新,展现了土生土长的美国精神。此外,我坚持认为诗人应有自由,不受传统模式的限制,自由表达思想。
对比:
Emily Dickinson(1830-1886) 艾米莉·狄金森(1830-1886)
Walt Whitman(1819-1892) 沃尔特·惠特曼(1819-1892)
相同
Same living background( 19^("th ")19{ }^{\text {th }} century);both use free verse and simple colloquial language;both poets of American spirit 相同的生活背景( 19^("th ")19{ }^{\text {th }} 世纪);都使用自由诗体和简单的口语语言;都是美国精神的诗人
不同
生
活
生
活| 生 |
| :--- |
| 活 |
Lived a private life solitude from 26 years old.She read about the war in newspapers and letters. 从 26 岁起过着隐居的私人生活。她通过报纸和信件了解战争情况
Whitman had empirical experience of the war after visiting his soldier brother. 惠特曼在探望他的士兵兄弟后,亲身经历了战争。
读
者
读
者| 读 |
| :--- |
| 者 |
An introverted person who wrote privately,never expecting anyone to read her poems. 一个内向的人,私下写作,从未指望有人会读她的诗。
An extroverted person who wrote for an audience and sought the attention of the public. 一个外向的人,为观众写作,寻求公众的关注。
名
誉
名
誉| 名 |
| :--- |
| 誉 |
Dickinson was largely unknown when she died.In her hometown she was an outsider because she never married.Her writing is often emotional but not sensual.She probably died a virgin. 狄金森去世时几乎无人知晓。在她的家乡,她是个局外人,因为她从未结婚。她的作品常带有情感色彩,但不性感。她很可能是处女身故
Whitman was famous during his lifetime.A sensual man and poet,Whitman was a controversial figure because he spoke of topics that society found uncomfortable.He viewed sex as a natural part of existence. 惠特曼在他生前就已闻名。作为一个感官丰富的男人和诗人,惠特曼是一个有争议的人物,因为他谈论了社会觉得不舒服的话题。他将性视为存在的自然部分。
主题
Meditates on death and immortality.The range of her poems'themes is narrow and always about internal reflections.Generally speaking,her one poem only can have one main theme. 沉思死亡与永生。她诗歌的主题范围狭窄,总是关于内心的反思。一般来说,她的一首诗只能有一个主要主题。
Poet of equality and democracy the range of themes is wide and there are always several different themes in one poem. 作为平等与民主的诗人,主题范围广泛,一首诗中总会有几个不同的主题。
评价
We can think of Dickinson as a lonely woman, almost afraid to leave her bedroom. 我们可以把狄金森看作一个孤独的女人,几乎害怕离开她的卧室
Whitman can be viewed as the antithesis of Dickinson.He was a confident public figure who liked the company of"common"people. 惠特曼可以被看作是狄金森的对立面。他是一个自信的公众人物,喜欢与“普通”人交往。
技
巧
技
巧| 技 |
| :--- |
| 巧 |
Famous for her short sentences and her special musical cadence in her poems. 以其简短的句子和诗中特有的音乐韵律而闻名。
Famous for his long sentences 以其长句著称。
Emily Dickinson(1830-1886) Walt Whitman(1819-1892)
相同 Same living background( 19^("th ") century);both use free verse and simple colloquial language;both poets of American spirit
不同 "生
活" Lived a private life solitude from 26 years old.She read about the war in newspapers and letters. Whitman had empirical experience of the war after visiting his soldier brother.
"读
者" An introverted person who wrote privately,never expecting anyone to read her poems. An extroverted person who wrote for an audience and sought the attention of the public.
"名
誉" Dickinson was largely unknown when she died.In her hometown she was an outsider because she never married.Her writing is often emotional but not sensual.She probably died a virgin. Whitman was famous during his lifetime.A sensual man and poet,Whitman was a controversial figure because he spoke of topics that society found uncomfortable.He viewed sex as a natural part of existence.
主题 Meditates on death and immortality.The range of her poems'themes is narrow and always about internal reflections.Generally speaking,her one poem only can have one main theme. Poet of equality and democracy the range of themes is wide and there are always several different themes in one poem.
评价 We can think of Dickinson as a lonely woman, almost afraid to leave her bedroom. Whitman can be viewed as the antithesis of Dickinson.He was a confident public figure who liked the company of"common"people.
"技
巧" Famous for her short sentences and her special musical cadence in her poems. Famous for his long sentences| | | Emily Dickinson(1830-1886) | Walt Whitman(1819-1892) |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| 相同 | | Same living background( $19{ }^{\text {th }}$ century);both use free verse and simple colloquial language;both poets of American spirit | |
| 不同 | 生 <br> 活 | Lived a private life solitude from 26 years old.She read about the war in newspapers and letters. | Whitman had empirical experience of the war after visiting his soldier brother. |
| | 读 <br> 者 | An introverted person who wrote privately,never expecting anyone to read her poems. | An extroverted person who wrote for an audience and sought the attention of the public. |
| | 名 <br> 誉 | Dickinson was largely unknown when she died.In her hometown she was an outsider because she never married.Her writing is often emotional but not sensual.She probably died a virgin. | Whitman was famous during his lifetime.A sensual man and poet,Whitman was a controversial figure because he spoke of topics that society found uncomfortable.He viewed sex as a natural part of existence. |
| | 主题 | Meditates on death and immortality.The range of her poems'themes is narrow and always about internal reflections.Generally speaking,her one poem only can have one main theme. | Poet of equality and democracy the range of themes is wide and there are always several different themes in one poem. |
| | 评价 | We can think of Dickinson as a lonely woman, almost afraid to leave her bedroom. | Whitman can be viewed as the antithesis of Dickinson.He was a confident public figure who liked the company of"common"people. |
| | 技 <br> 巧 | Famous for her short sentences and her special musical cadence in her poems. | Famous for his long sentences |
文学流派特点介绍:
American Romanticism(2012/2006 北语) 美国浪漫主义(2012/2006 北语)
定义:The American Romanticism,one of the most important period in the history of American Literature,stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. 定义:美国浪漫主义是美国文学史上最重要的时期之一,时间跨度从 18 世纪末到内战爆发。
时间:(文学上)
It started with the publication of Washington Irving's"Sketch Book"and ended with Walt Whitman's"Leaves of Grass".背景: 它始于华盛顿·欧文《素描簿》的出版,终于沃尔特·惠特曼《草叶集》的问世。背景: ✓\checkmark Historically,westward expression in colonial American ✓\checkmark 历史上,殖民地时期美国的西部扩张 ✓\checkmark Economically,an industrial transformation ✓\checkmark 经济上,工业转型 ✓\checkmark Politically,democracy,equality--idealism ✓\checkmark 政治上,民主,平等——理想主义
新特点: ✓\checkmark In essence the expression of"a new experience"and contained"an alien quality"-"spirit of the place"radically new.浪漫主义文学表达来到新大陆的"新体验" ✓\checkmark 本质上是“新体验”的表达,包含“异质特性”——“地方精神”彻底新颖。浪漫主义文学表达了来到新大陆的“新体验” ✓\checkmark Puritanism:moralizing 受清教主义影响,浪漫主义文学也有说教倾向 ✓\checkmark Desire for an escape from society and a return to nature 批判机械化工业化社会,向往大自然 ✓\checkmark 渴望逃离社会,回归自然。批判机械化工业化社会,向往大自然 ✓\checkmark Growth of national consciousness — local dialects 逐渐增长的民族主义,方言逐渐形成并应用在文学中 ✓\checkmark Transformation 这是美国的形成时期,自然也是文学的形成时期
New England Transcendentalism(主要是艾默生的观点)(2008 北语 2012 北交 2017/2019 西外)
定义:Transcendentalism is literature,philosophical,and cultural movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to 1860. 定义:超验主义是一种文学、哲学和文化运动,大约在 1836 年至 1860 年间在新英格兰兴盛。
地位:It is the summit of American Romanticism. 地位:它是美国浪漫主义的巅峰。
官方定义:"T,is idealism,idealism as appears in 1842.""Whatever belongs to the class oriented intuitive thought". 官方定义:“它是理想主义,1842 年出现的理想主义。”“凡属于以直觉思维为导向的类别。”
理论来源: ✓\checkmark Romantic literature of Europe ✓\checkmark 欧洲的浪漫主义文学 ✓\checkmark Idealism philosophy of Germany and France,Neo-Platonism ✓\checkmark 德国和法国的理想主义哲学,新柏拉图主义 ✓\checkmark American Puritanism-self-reliance,self-culture ✓\checkmark 美国清教主义——自力更生,自我修养 ✓\checkmark Oriental Mysticism ✓\checkmark 东方神秘主义
性质:Never a rigorously systematic philosophy./loose group 性质:从未成为严格系统的哲学/松散的群体
反对:Materialistic-oriented life 反对:物质主义导向的生活
组织形式: ✓\checkmark The Transcendentalist Club-informal club ✓\checkmark 超验主义者俱乐部-非正式俱乐部 ✓\checkmark The Dial-journal;made their voice heard ✓\checkmark 《Dial》-期刊;让他们的声音被听见
主要理论:(2015/2016 人大)
Oversoul:One the one hand,Oversoul is the title of one of Emerson's essay.And on the other hand,the idea of the Oversoul is that every individual is eternally connected with every other living thing in the universe.With the Oversoul we are all connected to nature and each other.It contains and unites all souls and acts as the animating force behind them.It outlines his belief in a God who lives in everyone and we can communicate with him without a church. 超灵:一方面,超灵是爱默生一篇散文的标题。另一方面,超灵的理念是每个个体永远与宇宙中所有其他生命相连。通过超灵,我们都与自然和彼此相连。它包含并统一所有灵魂,是它们背后的生命力。它阐述了他对上帝的信仰——上帝存在于每个人之中,我们可以无需教堂与他沟通。
The concept of Oversoul shows that he placed emphasis on spirit as the most important thing in the world.The Oversoul was an all-pervading power for goodness,omnipresent,and it existed in nature and man alike and constituted the chief element of the universe.It represented a new way of looking at the world.It was a reaction to the 18th-century Newtonian concept of the universe,and a reaction against the direction that a mechanized,capitalist American was taking.(materialism) (2016 北二外) 超灵的概念表明他强调精神是世界上最重要的东西。超灵是一种无处不在的善的力量,存在于自然和人类之中,是宇宙的主要元素。它代表了一种看待世界的新方式。它是对 18 世纪牛顿宇宙观的反应,也是对机械化、资本主义美国所走方向的反抗。(物质主义)(2016 北二外)
Individual:He stressed the importance of individual.The individual was the most important element of the Society.As the Regeneration of society could only come about through the regeneration of individual,his perfection,his self-culture,and self-improvement,and not the frenzied effort to get rich,should become the first concern of his life.The ideal type of man was the self-reliant individual.The individual soul communed with the oversoul and was therefore divine.It presented a new way of looking at man.It was a reaction against the Calvinist concept and the process of dehumanization that came in the wake of developing capitalism.By trying to reassert the importance of the individual,they emphasized the significance of men regaining their lost personality. 个体:他强调个体的重要性。个体是社会中最重要的元素。由于社会的再生只能通过个体的再生来实现,他的完善、自我修养和自我提升,而非疯狂地追求财富,应成为他生命中的首要关注点。理想的人格类型是自立的个体。个体的灵魂与超灵魂相通,因此是神圣的。这为人类提供了一种新的视角。这是对加尔文主义观念及随资本主义发展而来的非人化过程的反应。通过试图重新强调个体的重要性,他们强调了人们重新获得失去个性的意义
Nature:Transcendentalism offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.Nature was,to them,not purely matter,it was alive,filled with God's overwhelming presence.It was the garment of the Oversoul.Therefore it could exercise a Health and restorative influence on the human mind."Go Back to nature,sink yourself back into its influence, and you'll become spiritually whole again"things in nature tended to become symbolic,and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual.This turn added to the tradition if literary symbolism in American literature. 自然:超验主义提供了一种全新的自然观,将自然视为精神或上帝的象征。对他们来说,自然不仅仅是物质,它是有生命的,充满了上帝强烈的存在感。自然是“大灵魂”的外衣。因此,自然能够对人类心灵产生健康和恢复的影响。“回归自然,沉浸于它的影响之中,你将再次获得精神的完整。”自然中的事物往往变成象征,物质世界是精神世界的象征。这一转变丰富了美国文学中象征主义的传统。
其他拓展:In 1836,Emerson's essay Nature was published.The essay states that nature is the experience of solitude.If one wants to be alone,all they have to do is look at the stars,which are inaccessible and create a feeling of respect.They are so beautiful and mysterious. 其他拓展:1836 年,爱默生的散文《自然》发表。文章指出,自然是孤独的体验。如果一个人想要独处,只需仰望星空,那些遥不可及的星星会激发敬畏之情。它们如此美丽而神秘。 ✓\checkmark Nature has the elements of wisdom,happiness,and simplicity.It helps us forget our worries. ✓\checkmark 自然蕴含智慧、幸福与纯朴。它帮助我们忘却烦恼。 ✓\checkmark Nature is meant for man,and man for nature ✓\checkmark 自然是为人类而存在,人类也是为自然而存在 ✓\checkmark Man needs to recognize the spirit of nature.Nature helps one to build up their own spirituality.In nature,we find ourselves.Through nature,we are all one. ✓\checkmark 人需要认识自然的精神。自然帮助人们建立自己的灵性。在自然中,我们找到自我。通过自然,我们都是一体的。 ✓\checkmark City life,away from nature,is artificial.It holds one back from achieving their full potential. ✓\checkmark 城市生活,远离自然,是人为的。它阻碍人们发挥全部潜力。
简答题表述参考:(标下划线的词句为关键词汇)
1.What does Uncle Tom's Cabin symbolize? 1.《汤姆叔叔的小屋》象征着什么?
Near the end of the book,after George Shelby frees his slaves,he tells them that,when they look at Uncle Tom's cabin,they 在书的结尾附近,乔治·谢尔比解放了他的奴隶后,他告诉他们,当他们看到汤姆叔叔的小屋时,他们…
should remember their freedom and dedicate themselves to leading a Christian life like Uncle Tom's.The sight of Uncle Tom's cabin on George Shelby s property serves as a persistent reminder to him of the sufferings Tom experienced as a slave.The cabin also becomes a metaphor for Uncle Tom's willingness to be beaten and even killed rather than harm or betray his fellow slaves-his willingness to suffer and die rather than go against Christian values of love and loyalty.The image of the cabin thus neatly encapsulates the main themes of the book,signifying both the destructive power of slavery and the ability of Christian love to overcome it. 人们应当铭记他们的自由,并致力于过像汤姆叔叔那样的基督徒生活。乔治·谢尔比财产上的汤姆叔叔的小屋景象不断提醒着他汤姆作为奴隶所经历的苦难。小屋也成为了汤姆叔叔宁愿被打甚至被杀,也不愿伤害或背叛同胞奴隶的隐喻——他宁愿受苦甚至牺牲生命,也不违背基督教关于爱与忠诚的价值观。小屋的形象因此恰如其分地概括了这本书的主要主题,象征着奴隶制的破坏力量以及基督教之爱克服这一切的能力。
2.Please comment on The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne.Your discussion should include the writer's basic background,the main characters,the theme and primary writing features,and the significance of this work.(2008 北语)(注:这是一道综合题,以下几道题都可以作为表述的材料。注意,当碰到这样的题目时,题中问的每一个问题都要回答到,而且要分段落,不能全篇只有一段。在每段的开头应当有主题句)
The themes of The Scarlet Letter.(2020 川大) 《红字》的主题。(2020 川大)
a.Sin,Knowledge,and the Human Condition a.罪恶、知识与人类境况
Sin and knowledge are linked in the Judeo-Christian tradition.The Bible begins with the story of Adam and Eve,who were expelled from the Garden of Eden for eating from the tree of knowledge of good and evil.As a result of their knowledge,Adam and Eve are made aware of their humanness,that which separates them from the divine and from other creatures.Once expelled from the Garden of Eden,they are forced to toil and to procreate-two"labors"that seem to define the human condition.The experience of Hester and Dimmesdale recalls the story of Adam and Eve because,in both cases, sin results in expulsion and suffering.But it also results in knowledge-specifically,in knowledge of what it means to be human.For Hester,the scarlet letter functions as"her passport into regions where other women dared not tread",leading her to"speculate"about her society and herself more"boldly"than anyone else in New England.As for Dimmesdale,the "burden"of his sin gives him"sympathies so intimate with the sinful brotherhood of man-kind,so that his heart vibrates in unison with theirs."His eloquent and powerful sermons"derive from this sense of empathy.Hester and Dimmesdale contemplate their own sinfulness on a daily basis and try to reconcile it with their lived experiences.The Puritan elders,on the other hand,insist on seeing earthly experience as merely an obstacle on the path to heaven.Thus,they view sin\sin as a threat to the community that should be punished and suppressed.Their answer to Hester's sin\sin is to ostracize her.Yet, Puritan society is stagnant,while Hester and Dimmesdale s experience shows that a state of sinfulness can lead to personal growth,sympathy,and understanding of others.Paradoxically,these qualities are shown to be incompatible with a state of purity. 罪与知识在犹太-基督教传统中是相互关联的。圣经以亚当和夏娃的故事开篇,他们因食用了善恶知识树上的果实而被逐出伊甸园。由于他们获得了知识,亚当和夏娃意识到了自己的凡人身份,这种身份将他们与神性及其他生物区分开来。一旦被逐出伊甸园,他们被迫劳作和繁衍——这两种“劳作”似乎定义了人类的处境。海斯特和迪姆斯代尔的经历让人联想到亚当和夏娃的故事,因为在两种情况下,罪都导致了驱逐和痛苦。但罪也带来了知识——具体来说,是对作为人的意义的认识。对于海斯特来说,猩红字成为了“她进入其他女性不敢涉足之地的通行证”,使她比新英格兰的任何人都更“大胆”地“思考”她的社会和她自己。至于迪姆斯代尔,他罪的“负担”赋予了他“与人类罪恶兄弟情谊的深切同情,使他的心与他们同频共振。”他那雄辩而有力的布道正源于这种共情。海斯特和迪姆斯代尔反思他们自身的罪恶感时,.. 他们每天都在努力调和这些观念与他们的生活经历。另一方面,清教徒长老坚持认为尘世的经历只是通往天堂道路上的障碍。因此,他们将 sin\sin 视为对社区的威胁,应该受到惩罚和压制。他们对海丝特的 sin\sin 的回应是将她排斥在外。然而,清教徒社会停滞不前,而海丝特和迪姆斯代尔的经历表明,罪恶状态可以带来个人成长、同情心和对他人的理解。矛盾的是,这些品质被证明与纯洁状态不相容。
b.The Nature of Evil b.邪恶的本质
The characters in the novel frequently debate the identity of the"Black Man",the embodiment of evil.Over the course of the novel,the"Black Man"is associated with Dimmesdale,Chillingworth,and Mistress Hibbins,and little Pearl is thought by some to be the Devil's child.The characters also try to root out the causes of evil:did Chillingworth's selfishness in marrying Hester force her to the"evil"she committed in Dimmesdale's arms?Is Hester and Dimmesdale's deed responsible for Chillingworth's transformation into a malevolent being?This confusion over the nature and causes of evil reveals the problems with the Puritan conception of sin\sin .The book argues that true evil arises from the close relationship between hate and love.As the narrator points out in the novel's concluding chapter,both emotions depend upon"a high degree of intimacy and heart-knowledge;each renders one individual dependent upon another."Evil is not found in Hester and Dimmesdale's lovemaking,nor even in the cruel ignorance of the Puritan fathers.Evil,in its most poisonous form,is found in the carefully plot-ted and precisely aimed revenge of Chillingworth,whose love has been perverted.Perhaps Pearl is not entirely wrong when she thinks Dimmesdale is the"Black Man,"because her father,too,has perverted his love. Dimmesdale,who should love Pearl,will not even publicly acknowledge her.His cruel denial of love to his own child may be seen as further perpetrating evil. 小说中的人物经常讨论“黑暗之人”的身份,即邪恶的化身。在小说的发展过程中,“黑暗之人”与迪姆斯代尔、奇林沃斯和希宾斯夫人联系在一起,有些人认为小珍珠是魔鬼的孩子。人物们也试图找出邪恶的根源:奇林沃斯自私地娶了海丝特,是否迫使她在迪姆斯代尔怀中犯下了“罪恶”?海丝特和迪姆斯代尔的行为是否导致了奇林沃斯变成了一个恶意的存在?对邪恶的本质和原因的混淆揭示了清教徒对 sin\sin 概念存在的问题。书中论证了真正的邪恶源于仇恨与爱的密切关系。正如叙述者在小说结尾章节中指出的,这两种情感都依赖于“高度的亲密和心灵的了解;每一种都使一个人依赖于另一个人。”邪恶不在于海斯特和迪姆斯代尔的爱情行为,甚至不在于清教徒长老们的残酷无知。邪恶,在其最毒害的形式中,存在于奇林沃斯精心策划且精准瞄准的复仇中,他的爱已被扭曲。或许珍珠并非完全错误地认为迪姆斯代尔是“黑暗之人”,因为她的父亲同样扭曲了他的爱。迪姆斯代尔本应爱珍珠,却连公开承认她都不愿意。他对自己孩子的残酷否认爱,可能被视为进一步加剧了邪恶。
c.Identity and Society(这段也可以用来回答"为什么 Hester 不选择离开?")
After Hester is publicly shamed and forced by the people of Boston to wear a badge of humiliation,her unwillingness to 在海斯特被公开羞辱并被波士顿人民强迫佩戴耻辱标记后,她的不情愿..
leave the town may seem puzzling.She is not physically imprisoned and leaving the Massachusetts Bay Colony would allow her to remove the scarlet letter and resume a normal life.Surprisingly,Hester reacts with dismay when Chillingworth tells her that the town fathers are considering letting her remove the letter.Hester's behavior is premised on her desire to determine her own identity rather than to allow others to determine it for her.To her,running away or removing the letter would be an acknowledgment of society's power over her:she would be admitting that the letter A is a mark of shame and something from which she desires to escape.Instead,Hester stays,refiguring the scarlet letter as a symbol of her own experiences and character.Her past sin is a part of who she is;to pretend that it never happened would mean denying a part of herself.Thus,Hester very determinedly integrates her sin into her life. 离开小镇看似令人费解。她并未被身体囚禁,离开马萨诸塞湾殖民地可以让她摘掉红字,恢复正常生活。令人惊讶的是,当奇灵沃斯告诉她镇上的长老们正在考虑允许她摘掉红字时,海丝特却表现出沮丧。海丝特的行为基于她希望自己决定身份,而不是让别人为她决定。对她来说,逃跑或摘掉红字意味着承认社会对她的控制:她将承认字母 A 是耻辱的标记,是她想要逃避的东西。相反,海丝特选择留下,将红字重新定义为她自身经历和性格的象征。她过去的罪过是她身份的一部分;假装它从未发生过,就等于否认了自己的一部分。因此,海丝特坚定地将她的罪过融入了她的生活
Dimmesdale also struggles against a socially determined identity.As the community's minister,he is more symbol than human being.Except for Chillingworth,those around the minister willfully ignore his obvious anguish,misinterpreting it as holiness.Unfortunately,Dimmesdale never fully recognizes the truth of what Hester has learned:that individuality and strength are gained by quiet self-assertion and by a reconfiguration,not a rejection,of one's assigned identity. 丁梅斯代尔也在与社会所决定的身份作斗争。作为社区的牧师,他更多的是象征而非一个真实的人。除了奇灵沃斯,牧师周围的人都故意忽视他明显的痛苦,误解为圣洁。不幸的是,丁梅斯代尔从未完全认识到海丝特所领悟的真理:个性和力量是通过安静的自我主张以及对所赋予身份的重新构建,而非拒绝,来获得的。
3.Analyze the character of Hester in The Scarlet Letter.(这道问题也可以借用"红字的含义"来答) 3.分析《红字》中海丝特的性格。(这道问题也可以借用“红字的含义”来回答)
Although The Scarlet Letter is about Hester Prynne,the book is not so much a consideration of her innate character as it is an examination of the forces that shape her and the transformations those forces effect.We know very little about Hester prior to her affair with Dimmesdale and her resultant public shaming.We read that she married Chillingworth although she did not love him,but we never fully understand why.The early chapters of the book suggest that,prior to her marriage,Hester was a strong-willed and impetuous young woman-she remembers her parents as loving guides who frequently had to restrain her incautious behavior.The fact that she has an affair also suggests that she once had a passion-ate nature. 虽然《红字》讲述的是海丝特·普林的故事,但这本书并非主要探讨她的天性,而是审视塑造她的各种力量以及这些力量带来的变化。我们对海丝特在与丁梅斯代尔的婚外情及随之而来的公开羞辱之前知之甚少。书中提到她嫁给了奇林沃斯,尽管她并不爱他,但我们从未完全理解原因。书的前几章暗示,在结婚之前,海丝特是一个意志坚强且冲动的年轻女子——她记得父母是慈爱的引导者,经常不得不约束她鲁莽的行为。她有婚外情这一事实也表明她曾经拥有一颗充满激情的心
But it is what happens after Hester's affair that makes her into the woman with whom the reader is familiar.Shamed and alienated from the rest of the community,Hester becomes contemplative.She speculates on human nature,social organization,and larger moral questions.Hester's tribulations also lead her to be stoic and a freethinker.Although the narrator pretends to disapprove of Hester's independent philosophizing,his tone indicates that he secretly admires her independence and her ideas. 但正是海丝特婚外情之后发生的事情,使她成为读者所熟悉的那个女人。被羞辱并被社区其他人疏远,海丝特变得沉思起来。她开始思考人性、社会组织以及更广泛的道德问题。海丝特的磨难也使她变得坚忍且思想自由。尽管叙述者假装不赞同海丝特独立的哲学思考,但他的语气表明他暗中钦佩她的独立性和她的思想
Hester also becomes a kind of compassionate maternal figure as a result of her experiences.Hester moderates her tendency to be rash,for she knows that such behavior could cause her to lose her daughter,Pearl.Hester is also maternal with respect to society:she cares for the poor and brings them food and clothing.By the novel's end,Hester has become a feminist mother figure to the women of the community.The shame attached to her scarlet letter is long gone.Women recognize that her punishment stemmed in part from the town fathers'sexism,and they come to Hester seeking shelter from the sexist forces under which they themselves suffer.Throughout The Scarlet Letter,Hester is portrayed as an intelligent, capable,but not necessarily extraordinary woman.It is the extraordinary circumstances shaping her that make her such an important figure. 海丝特因她的经历也成为了一种富有同情心的母性形象。海丝特克制了自己冲动的倾向,因为她知道这种行为可能会让她失去女儿珀尔。海丝特对社会也表现出母性关怀:她照顾穷人,给他们送去食物和衣物。到了小说结尾,海丝特已经成为社区女性的女权主义母亲形象。她身上的红字所带来的羞耻感早已消失。女性们认识到她的惩罚部分源于镇上长者的性别歧视,她们纷纷来找海丝特,寻求庇护,逃避自己所遭受的性别歧视力量。在《红字》中,海丝特被描绘成一个聪明、有能力,但不一定非凡的女性。正是塑造她的非凡环境,使她成为如此重要的人物。 qquad\qquad
4.Symbol"A"in The Scarlet Letter:(2011 人大) 4.《红字》中的象征“A”:(2011 人大)
地位: ✓\checkmark A central symbol;a key to the whole novel ✓\checkmark 一个核心象征;是理解整部小说的关键 ✓\checkmark It shows growth in the character and the community in which they live对不同人有不同含义: ✓\checkmark 它展示了人物及其所生活社区的成长,对不同人有不同的含义:
For Hester: 对于海丝特:
✓\checkmark A for Adultery(A token of her sin):At the beginning of the novel,Hester was discovered to have committed adultery and was punished to wear a scarlet letter A made of cloth at her bosom and the letter symbolized her sin- "adultery". ✓\checkmark A 代表通奸(她罪行的标记):小说开头,海丝特因通奸被发现,受到惩罚,必须在胸前佩戴一块由布制成的猩红字母 A,这个字母象征着她的罪行——“通奸”。 ✓\checkmark A for Able:Then when Hester became gradually accepted by the community through her honesty and hard work,the ✓\checkmark A 代表能干:随着海丝特通过诚实和勤劳逐渐被社区接受,%%
meaning of letter A slowly changes into"Able"because of Hester's charitable work and her intelligence in the community. 字母 A 的含义因海斯特在社区中的慈善工作和智慧而逐渐变成了“能干”。 ✓\checkmark A for Angel(a symbol of her virtue):At the end of the novel,she continued to try her best to help the poor and the sick although she was actually trapped in poverty too.Gradually,people begin to regard Hester as an industrious kind-hearted and able woman.Therefore,the symbol has evolved to represent the high virtues Hester-"angel(or angelic)"(以上三点是必答点) ✓\checkmark A 代表天使(象征她的美德):在小说结尾,尽管海斯特实际上也陷入了贫困,她仍然尽力帮助穷人和病人。渐渐地,人们开始把海斯特看作一个勤劳、善良且能干的女人。因此,这个符号演变成代表海斯特的崇高美德——“天使(或天使般的)”(以上三点为必答点)
补充: ✓\checkmark A for Alone or Alienation(a description of her living state):For Hester,the"A"is not only a symbol only adultery,but also a symbol of alienation,which described her living condition in the puritanism community. She is an outcast from civil society and the citizen,and even when she appeared in the town,people often sneered at her in public.The familiar scene in the novel is that preachers would stop in the street and gave her sermons. ✓\checkmark A 代表孤独或疏离(描述她的生活状态):对于海斯特来说,“A”不仅是通奸的象征,也是疏离的象征,描述了她在清教徒社区中的生活状况。她是公民社会和市民的弃儿,即使她出现在镇上,人们也常常在公开场合嘲笑她。小说中常见的场景是传教士会在街上拦住她并对她讲道。 ✓\checkmark For Adam:There is a reason to agree with the critical observation that A may represent Adamic,or prehistoric,an archetypal vice suggestive of"original sin",as we have no means of getting to know when Hester and the priest sinned against the Seventy Commandment. ✓\checkmark 代表亚当:有理由同意批评观点认为 A 可能代表亚当的,或史前的,一种典型的恶习,暗示“原罪”,因为我们无法得知海斯特和牧师何时违背了七十条诫命 ✓\checkmark For Arthur(a suggestion of the identity of Pearl's father):In Hester's eyes,the scarlet letter A also can represent her lover and also her daughter's blood father-Arthur Dimmesdale.Therefore,the A can be regarded as the badge of the ardent love between Hester and Dimmesdale. ✓\checkmark 对于亚瑟(暗示珍珠父亲的身份):在海丝特眼中,猩红字母 A 也可以代表她的情人,同时也是她女儿的亲生父亲——亚瑟·丁梅斯代尔。因此,A 可以被视为海丝特与丁梅斯代尔之间炽热爱情的象征。
For Dimmesdale:The"A"is a piercing reminder of his concealed sin.It also represents Dimmesdale's Agony and Ambition. 对于丁梅斯代尔:“A”是对他隐藏罪行的尖锐提醒。它也代表了丁梅斯代尔的痛苦与野心。
For Chillingworth:It is a symbol of Avenger,or his avenge. 对于奇灵沃斯:它是复仇者的象征,或代表他的复仇。
For Pearl:The green letter A woven by Pearl signifies her Aspiration of new life 对于珍珠:珍珠编织的绿色字母 A 象征她对新生命的渴望
For Puritans:It means Ancient,and Authority 对清教徒来说:它意味着古老和权威
For Readers or for critics:American 对读者或评论家来说:美国的
简洁版: ✓\checkmark To the puritans it is a symbol of just punishment. ✓\checkmark 对清教徒来说,它是公正惩罚的象征。 ✓\checkmark To Hester,a device of unjust humiliation. ✓\checkmark 对海丝特来说,是不公正羞辱的工具 ✓\checkmark To Dimmesdale,a piercing reminder of his guilt. ✓\checkmark 对丁梅斯代尔来说,是对他罪恶感的尖锐提醒。 ✓\checkmark To Chillingworth,a spur to the quest of revenge to Dimmesdale,a bright and mysterious curiosity. ✓\checkmark 对奇灵沃斯来说,是激励他对丁梅斯代尔展开复仇的鞭策;对丁梅斯代尔来说,是一个明亮而神秘的好奇之物。
5.Other Symbols in The Scarlet Letter 5.《红字》中的其他象征
✓\checkmark The Prison:A symbol of the Harshness of the Puritan society ✓\checkmark 监狱:象征清教徒社会的严酷 ✓\checkmark The Scaffold:A symbol of redemption and judgment;A symbol of the transition of main characters'life ✓\checkmark 绞刑架:救赎与审判的象征;主角人生转折的象征 ✓\checkmark The rosebush or the rose growing at the door of the prison:The passion of Hester in her heart ✓\checkmark 监狱门口的玫瑰丛或玫瑰:海丝特内心的热情 ✓\checkmark The Forest:The paganism or something supernatural—wizard;The symbol of nature ✓\checkmark 森林:异教或某种超自然力量——巫师;自然的象征
6.Characters in The Scarlet Letter: 6.《红字》中的人物:
Hester Prynne:-Virgin Mary/Exposed sin 海斯特·普林:-圣母玛利亚/暴露的罪恶 ✓\checkmark Beautiful,has strong will and endurance ✓\checkmark 美丽,意志坚强且有耐力 ✓\checkmark An ideal woman:A symbol of strength and independence. ✓\checkmark 理想女性:力量与独立的象征。 ✓\checkmark Her growth is the woman's growth. ✓\checkmark 她的成长就是女性的成长
Hester: 海斯特:
Hester sounds like Hestier(a virgin goddess),Zeus's sister in Greek mythology,who is a beautiful Goddess.This gives the sense that Hester is a beautiful,spirited and proud woman.At the beginning of the story,she walks to the scaffold from the prison,with her head holding high and without shedding a tear in full public view.Hawthorne describes her as both a sinner and saint.Hester's strength of character in public is in fact her way of steeling herself against her inner wound 海斯特的名字听起来像希腊神话中宙斯的妹妹、处女女神赫斯提亚(Hestier),她是一位美丽的女神。这让人感觉海斯特是一个美丽、充满活力且骄傲的女性。故事一开始,她从监狱走向刑台,昂首挺胸,毫无泪水,完全公开地面对众人。霍桑将她描绘成既是罪人又是圣人。海斯特在公众面前展现出的坚强性格,实际上是她抵御内心创伤的方式,
inflicted by her infamy and scourged by the scarlet letter. 这种创伤源于她的恶名和猩红字的鞭笞。
Furthermore,Hester Prynne,like Anne Hutchinson who was mentioned in the first chapter,is a woman of strength and independence.We can see it from her refusal to reveal the child's father,which leads her to suffer the public humiliation, even though at that time she has the chances to escape punishment and shame;and from her rearing her child Pearl alone and doing the charity work willingly for the community that sneers her.She silently endures the humiliations given by the people she serves. 此外,海斯特·普林就像第一章中提到的安妮·哈钦森一样,是一个坚强且独立的女性。我们可以从她拒绝透露孩子父亲的身份看出这一点,这使她遭受了公众的羞辱,尽管当时她有机会逃避惩罚和耻辱;也可以从她独自抚养女儿珀尔,并自愿为嘲笑她的社区做慈善工作中看出。她默默忍受着那些她所服务的人们给予的羞辱
Hastier: 哈斯蒂尔: ✓\checkmark Her marriage to Chillingworth is hasty. ✓\checkmark 她与奇灵沃斯的婚姻是仓促的。 ✓\checkmark Her love with Dimmesdale is hasty. ✓\checkmark 她与迪姆斯代尔的爱情是仓促的。 ✓\checkmark Her joy with Dimmesdale the priest is hasty. ✓\checkmark 她与迪姆斯代尔神父的快乐是仓促的
Prynne: 普林: ✓\checkmark Prurient(desire for physical love),which is considered as the root of sin and crime. ✓\checkmark 好色(对肉体之爱的渴望),被视为罪恶和犯罪的根源。 ✓\checkmark Prune(purity or get rid of),which foreshadows Hester's self-save from the sin or crime. ✓\checkmark 修剪(纯洁或去除),预示着海丝特自我拯救于罪恶或犯罪。 ✓quad\checkmark \quad Pry(probe into),probe into the human nature(sin). ✓quad\checkmark \quad 探查(探究),探查人性(罪恶)
Roger Chillingworth:A true sinner:A revenger-heartless and merciless-image of intellectual 罗杰·奇灵沃斯:一个真正的罪人:一个复仇者——无情且冷酷——知识分子的形象
His name means chilly,which means he is a merciless,coldhearted avenger.Being a man already in decay and misshapen from his birth hour,he marries Hester just want to light a household fire in his lonely and chilly heart.He is a bookworm and shows no love to his young wife.Chillingworth also means that the avenger's life is worthless.His misshapen body reflects or symbolizes the evil in his soul,which builds as the novel progresses. 他的名字意为寒冷,意味着他是一个无情、冷酷的复仇者。作为一个从出生时就已衰败且畸形的人,他娶了海丝特,只是想在他孤独寒冷的心中点燃一把家庭的火焰。他是个书呆子,对年轻的妻子毫无爱意。奇灵沃斯的名字也意味着复仇者的生命毫无价值。他畸形的身体反映或象征着他灵魂中的邪恶,这种邪恶随着小说的发展而不断积累。
Arthur Dimmesdale:Weak,coward,deceptive,hypocrisy-A concealed sin 亚瑟·丁梅斯代尔:软弱、懦弱、欺骗、虚伪——一个隐藏的罪恶
He is a hidden sinner or adulterer.Dim means dark and weakness,and dale means valley,so the dim dale is actually a symbol of the"dim-interior"of a clergyman.It symbolizes the minister's dim interior world of his love and the shadow of sin and guilt of his mind,as well as his struggle between desire and religious passion. 他是一个隐藏的罪人或通奸者。Dim 意为黑暗和软弱,dale 意为山谷,所以 dim dale 实际上象征着牧师“昏暗的内心”。它象征着牧师内心昏暗的爱、罪恶和内疚的阴影,以及他在欲望与宗教激情之间的挣扎
Pearl:Angel—The human symbol of the sin\sin(2017 中传) 珍珠:天使—— sin\sin 的人类象征(2017 中传) ✓\checkmark Treasure-the treasure to her mother ✓\checkmark 宝藏——她母亲的宝藏 ✓\checkmark Comes out of an ugly shell but is beautiful ✓\checkmark 从丑陋的外壳中诞生,但却美丽 ✓\checkmark Comes out of a torturing process ✓\checkmark 经历折磨的过程后诞生 ✓\checkmark Symbol or her mother's sin,love and passion and the morality of the community. ✓\checkmark 象征着她母亲的罪孽、爱与激情以及社区的道德。
7.Is Hester Prynne a feminist? 7.海丝特·普林妮是女权主义者吗?
In the time period when The Scarlet Letter takes place,there was no such thing as a feminist in the modern sense,yet Hester's character combines traditional ideas of feminine behavior with a free-thinking and rebellious perspective that can be seen as kind of precursor to later feminist philosophy.When the reader first sees her,Hester is described as a beautiful new mother who resembles the Virgin Mary.The Virgin Mary is the ultimate symbol of female piety,but she is also,like Hester,a woman who conceived a child out of wedlock.Hester has similarly defied convention,but in her case the implication is that she has engaged in sex for pleasure,not just procreation.She further defies her community by refusing to name the baby's father.Since the authorities of her society are all men,this refusal is the one kind of power Hester can assert.The authorities can punish her,but they cannot force her to reveal her secret.In claiming the one form of power available to her-the power to keep a secret-Hester displays a feminist agency over her own life. 在《红字》所处的时代,并不存在现代意义上的女权主义者,但海丝特的性格融合了传统的女性行为观念与一种自由思想和反叛的视角,这可以被视为后来的女权哲学的某种先驱。当读者第一次看到她时,海丝特被描述为一位美丽的新母亲,形象类似圣母玛利亚。圣母玛利亚是女性虔诚的终极象征,但她也像海丝特一样,是一位未婚先孕的女性。海丝特同样违背了传统,但在她的情况下,暗示她是为了享乐而非仅仅为了生育而发生性关系。她进一步藐视她的社区,拒绝透露孩子父亲的身份。由于她所处社会的权威全是男性,这种拒绝成为海丝特能够主张的唯一权力。权威可以惩罚她,但不能强迫她揭示秘密。通过主张她唯一拥有的权力——保守秘密的权力,海丝特展现了对自己生活的女权主义能动性
Hester's reaction to her punishment might seem the model of feminine obedience,but in fact contains an element of rebellion and radicalism in her self-sufficiency and determination to keep her child.She is a devoted mother and her skilled needlework aligns her with a traditional female occupation that was viewed as appropriate and respectable.But her status as a single working mother,completely responsible for the well-being of her daughter but also free to raise Pearl however she likes,makes Hester a model of female self-reliance.Similarly,her seclusion and independence allow her to question ideas 海斯特对惩罚的反应看似女性顺从的典范,但实际上她在自给自足和坚决抚养孩子的态度中包含了一种反抗和激进的元素。她是一位尽职的母亲,她娴熟的针线活使她与传统的女性职业相联系,这种职业被视为合适且受人尊敬的。但作为一名单亲工作母亲,她完全负责女儿的福祉,同时又可以自由地以自己的方式抚养珀尔,这使得海斯特成为女性自立的典范。同样,她的隐居和独立使她能够质疑大多数人视为理所当然的观念:
that most people take for granted:"The scarlet letter was her passport into regions which other women dared not tread."She comes to see that many of the expectations and ideas that govern how people behave actually serve no purpose other than to create social control.In particular,Hester realizes that women are treated unfairly and often live unhappy lives as a result: "The very nature of the opposite sex...is to be essentially modified,before woman can be allowed to assume what seems a fair and suitable position." “猩红字是她进入其他女性不敢涉足领域的通行证。”她开始意识到,许多支配人们行为的期望和观念实际上除了制造社会控制之外毫无意义。特别是,海斯特意识到女性受到不公平对待,常因此过着不幸福的生活:“异性的本质……必须被根本改变,女性才能被允许承担看似公平且合适的位置。”
Hester expresses feminist tendencies when she asks Dimmesdale to leave New England and begin a new life with her and Pearl,but her eventual return to her community proves an ultimately more fitting statement of independence and personal liberation.While talking to Dimmesdale,Hester tears off the scarlet letter and takes off her cap to let her hair down,symbolizing her rejection of society's attempts to control her.While the scarlet letter is a punishment designed specifically for her,any respectable woman of the era would have worn a cap,so Hester is rejecting all of the ways that women are subjected to patriarchal control:"Her sex,her youth,and the whole richness of her beauty came back."Yet despite this rebellious behavior,the novel ends with Hester voluntarily returning to New England,and continuing wearing the scarlet letter.This hardly seems like a feminist act of rebellion.But in wearing the letter out of choice,not obligation, Hester actually continues her feminist self-determination.As she goes on to support other women who are struggling in the community,she extends her personal liberation to others suffering under the patriarchy.In living the life she chooses,Hester embodies powerful ideas about female agency and equality. 海斯特表现出女性主义倾向,当她请求迪姆斯代尔离开新英格兰,与她和珀尔开始新生活时,但她最终回归社区的行为证明了这是一种更合适的独立和个人解放的表达。在与迪姆斯代尔交谈时,海斯特撕掉了红字,摘下帽子,让头发披散,象征着她对社会试图控制她的拒绝。虽然红字是专门为她设计的惩罚,但那个时代任何体面的女性都会戴帽子,因此海斯特实际上是在拒绝所有使女性受制于父权制的方式:“她的性别、她的青春以及她美丽的全部丰盈都回来了。”然而,尽管有这种反叛行为,小说结尾时海斯特自愿回到新英格兰,并继续佩戴红字。这看起来并不像是女性主义的反抗行为。但通过出于自愿而非义务佩戴红字,海斯特实际上继续保持她的女性主义自我决定权。当她继续支持社区中挣扎的其他女性时,她将个人解放扩展到了那些在父权制下受苦的人们。通过过自己选择的生活,海斯特 体现了关于女性能动性和平等的强烈理念。
8.What is the purpose of"The Custom-House"? 8.《海关大楼》的目的是什么?
The long introductory chapter titled"The Custom-House"explains why and how the novel was written by acknowledging that a real-life discovery was the seed of the tale.The narrator discovers a cloth embroidered with a scarlet "A"along with a manuscript written by an earlier employee of the Custom-House.The narrator also describes a lot about his place of work,his job,his society,and himself,all of which contrast with the story he writes after he loses his job.This introductory chapter establishes the narrator's voice,style,and tone,and roots his"romance"in what appears to be autobiographical fact. 题为《海关大楼》的长篇引言章节解释了小说为何以及如何被写成,承认现实生活中的一次发现是故事的种子。叙述者发现了一块绣有猩红色“A”的布料,以及一份由海关大楼早期员工所写的手稿。叙述者还详细描述了他的工作场所、他的工作、他的社会以及他自己,这些都与他失业后所写的故事形成对比。这个引言章节确立了叙述者的声音、风格和语调,并将他的“浪漫故事”根植于看似自传性的事实中。
9.Introduction to Young Goodman Brown 9.《年轻的古德曼·布朗》导读
背景:Brown lives in a 17th century Puritan society,specifically Salem,Massachusetts.Therefore,one can make several inferences of Goodman Brown's character based simply on one's predisposition to the standard of living marking this age. Salem was a theocracy in which the Christian moral law,as interpreted by the Puritan settlers of the town,was supreme. "Young Goodman Brown"takes place around the time of the Salem Witch Trials,held in the spring and autumn of 1692. During these infamous trials,twenty innocent women and men were found guilty of witchcraft and executed.情节: 背景:布朗生活在 17 世纪的清教徒社会,具体来说是在马萨诸塞州的塞勒姆。因此,仅凭对这一时代生活标准的先入之见,就可以对古德曼·布朗的性格做出若干推断。塞勒姆是一个神权政治的社会,基督教的道德律法由该镇的清教徒定居者所解释并至高无上。《年轻的古德曼·布朗》发生在 1692 年春秋两季的塞勒姆女巫审判时期。在这场臭名昭著的审判中,二十名无辜的男女被判定为巫术罪并被处死。情节:
One evening near sunset Goodman Brown,a man who has been married only three months,prepares to leave his home in Salem,Massachusetts,and his pretty young bride,Faith,to go into the forest and spend the night on some mission that he will not disclose other than to say that it must be performed between sunset and sunrise.Although Faith has strong forebodings about his journey and pleads with him to postpone it,Brown is adamant and sets off. 一天傍晚临近日落时分,古德曼·布朗——一位结婚仅三个月的男子——准备离开他在马萨诸塞州塞勒姆的家和他那美丽年轻的新婚妻子费思,前往森林中度过一夜,执行一项他不愿透露的任务,只说这项任务必须在日落到日出之间完成。尽管费思对他的旅程有强烈的不祥预感并恳求他推迟,布朗却坚持己见,踏上了旅程。
Brown leaves the village and enters the dark,gloomy,and probably haunted forest.He has not gone far before he meets the Devil.He makes an effort to return to Salem.It is at best an attempt,though the Devil does not try to detain him,Brown continues walking with him deeper into the forest. 布朗离开村庄,进入了那片黑暗、阴沉、很可能闹鬼的森林。他还没走多远,就遇到了魔鬼。他试图返回塞勒姆。虽然这充其量只是一次尝试,魔鬼并没有试图留住他,布朗还是继续跟着魔鬼走进森林更深处。
As they go,the Devil shocks Goodman Brown by telling him that his ancestors were religious bigots,cruel exploiters, and practitioners of the black art-in short,servants of the Devil.Further,the young man is told that the very pillars of New England society,church,and state are witches and collaborators with the Devil.Indeed,he sees his childhood Sunday School teacher,now a witch,and overhears the voices of his minister and a deacon of his church as they ride past conversing about the diabolical communion service to which both they and he are going. 一路上,魔鬼告诉古德曼·布朗,他的祖先是宗教狂热分子、残酷的剥削者和黑魔法的实践者——简而言之,是魔鬼的仆人,这让布朗震惊不已。更进一步,年轻人被告知,新英格兰社会的支柱——教会和政府——都是女巫和魔鬼的同谋。事实上,他看到了自己童年时的主日学老师,如今已成了女巫,还偷听到他的牧师和教会执事骑马经过时谈论着他们即将参加的魔鬼圣餐仪式。
Young Goodman Brown attempts to pray but stops when a cloud suddenly darkens the sky.A babel of voices seems to 年轻的古德曼·布朗试图祈祷,但当一片乌云突然遮蔽天空时,他便停了下来。一阵嘈杂的声音似乎在…
issue from the cloud,many recognizable to Young Goodman Brown as belonging to godly persons,among them his wife. After the cloud has passed,a pink ribbon such as Faith wears in her cap flutters to the ground.Upon seeing it,Young Goodman Brown is plunged into despair and hastens toward the witches'assembly.Once there,he is confronted with a congregation made up of the wicked and those whom Young Goodman Brown had always assumed to be righteous.As he is led to the altar to be received into this fellowship of the lost,he is joined by Faith. 从云中出现了许多人物,许多被年轻的古德曼·布朗认出是虔诚之人,其中就有他的妻子。云散去后,一条粉红色的丝带飘落到地上,那正是信仰(Faith)戴在帽子上的丝带。看到它后,年轻的古德曼·布朗陷入绝望,急忙赶往女巫集会。到达那里后,他面对的是一群由恶人和那些他一直认为是正直之人组成的会众。当他被带到祭坛前,准备被接纳进这群迷失者的团体时,信仰也加入了他。
The climax of the story comes just before they receive the sacrament of baptism:Young Goodman Brown cries to his wife to look heavenward and save herself.In the next moment he finds himself alone. 故事的高潮出现在他们接受洗礼圣餐之前:年轻的古德曼·布朗呼喊妻子仰望天堂,拯救自己。下一刻,他发现自己孤身一人。
The denouement of the plot comes quickly.Returning the next morning to Salem,Young Goodman Brown is a changed man.He now doubts that anyone is good,his wife,his neighbors,the officials of church and state-and he remains in this state of cynicism until he dies. 情节的结局迅速到来。第二天早晨回到塞勒姆,年轻的古德曼·布朗已是一个改变了的人。他开始怀疑任何人是否善良——他的妻子、邻居、教会和国家的官员——他一直保持这种愤世嫉俗的状态直到去世。
10.Characters in Young Goodman Brown 10.《年轻的古德曼·布朗》中的人物
Goodman Brown(Round character) 古德曼·布朗(圆形人物)
Goodman Brown shows both innocence and corruptibility as he vacillates between believing in the inherent goodness of the people around him and believing that the devil has taken over the minds of all the people he loves. 古德曼·布朗表现出既纯真又易受腐蚀的特质,他在相信周围人天生善良和相信魔鬼已经控制了他所爱之人的思想之间摇摆不定。
At the beginning of the story,Goodman Brown believes in the goodness of his father and grandfather,until the old man, likely the devil,tells him that he knew them both.Goodman Brown believes in the Christian nature of Goody Cloyse,the minister,and Deacon Gookin,until the devil shows him that Goody Cloyse is a witch and the other two are his followers. Finally,he believes that Faith is pure and good,until the devil reveals at the ceremony that Faith,too,is corruptible.This vacillation reveals Goodman Brown's lack of true religion-his belief is easy to shake-as well as of the good and evil sides of human nature. 故事开始时,古德曼·布朗相信他的父亲和祖父是善良的,直到那个老人(很可能是魔鬼)告诉他自己认识他们俩。古德曼·布朗相信古迪·克洛伊斯、牧师和执事古金的基督徒本性,直到魔鬼向他展示古迪·克洛伊斯是女巫,另外两人是魔鬼的追随者。最后,他相信费斯是纯洁善良的,直到魔鬼在仪式上揭示费斯也会腐化。这种摇摆不定揭示了古德曼·布朗缺乏真正的宗教信仰——他的信念容易动摇——以及人性中善与恶的两面性。
Faith(Flat character) 费斯(扁平人物)
Faith represents the stability of the home and the domestic sphere in the Puritan worldview.Faith,as her name suggests, appears to be the most pure-hearted person in the story and serves as a stand-in of sorts for all religious feeling.Goodman Brown clings to her when he questions the goodness of the people around him,assuring himself that if Faith remains godly, then his own faith is worth fighting temptation to maintain. 信仰代表了清教徒世界观中家庭和家庭领域的稳定。正如她的名字所暗示的那样,信仰似乎是故事中最纯洁的人,某种程度上代表了所有的宗教情感。当古德曼·布朗质疑周围人的善良时,他紧紧依靠她,确信只要信仰保持虔诚,那么他自己的信念就值得为抵抗诱惑而奋斗。
11.Themes in Young Goodman Brown 11.《年轻的古德曼·布朗》中的主题
-How the Puritans'strict moral code and overemphasis on the sinfulness of humankind foster undue suspicion and distrust. -清教徒严格的道德规范和对人类罪恶性的过度强调如何助长了不必要的怀疑和不信任。
-The realization that evil can infect people who seem upright. -意识到邪恶可以感染看似正直的人
-One man's virtue is another man's sin,and vice versa. -一个人的美德是另一个人的罪恶,反之亦然。
12.Symbols in Young Goodman Brown 12.《年轻的古德曼·布朗》中的象征
Sunset:As we know,the story happened at sunset with the development at night.Sunset is the starting point of night which signifies evil and arises people's fear of unknown.The author chooses such a time for the purpose of building up horrific atmosphere and what's more,of demonstrating the dark side of the nature of human beings. 日落:正如我们所知,故事发生在日落时分,发展在夜晚。日落是夜晚的起点,象征着邪恶,并引发人们对未知的恐惧。作者选择这样的时间,目的是营造恐怖的氛围,更重要的是,展示人性黑暗的一面。
Pink Ribbons:According to Bible,red represents evil while white represents holiness.And the color of ribbons is pink-between red and white.So the pink ribbons represent two sides of Faith-purity and kindness as a wife and evil as one who joined in such a ritual,but also represent Brown's religious belief. 粉色丝带:根据《圣经》,红色代表邪恶,白色代表神圣。而丝带的颜色是粉色——介于红色和白色之间。因此,粉色丝带象征信仰的两面——作为妻子的纯洁和善良,以及作为参与这种仪式者的邪恶,同时也代表布朗的宗教信仰
Faith:This name is repeated throughout the whole story.At the beginning of the story,Brown put his head back,after crossing the threshold,to exchange a parting kiss with his young wife.And Faith,as the wife was aptly named...Faith who wore such a cap tried to detain her husband,which also meant Brown tried to temporally abnegate his religious belief to leave for the evil party.And when he entered the forest and met the companion,he said"Faith kept me back a while."Faith is comprehended in two ways:the recently married wife Faith begrudgingly let him join the ritual.Brown's religious belief 信仰:这个名字在整个故事中反复出现。故事一开始,布朗越过门槛后,仰头与他年轻的妻子交换了一个告别之吻。而妻子恰如其名,叫做信仰……戴着那顶帽子的信仰试图挽留她的丈夫,这也意味着布朗试图暂时放弃他的宗教信仰,去参加那个邪恶的聚会。当他进入森林遇到同伴时,他说:“信仰让我耽搁了一会儿。”信仰有两层含义:新婚妻子信仰不情愿地让他参加仪式;布朗的宗教信仰
made him hesitated before his departure. 使他在出发前犹豫了
Forest:The forest symbolizes the dark evil force,which indicates man's fearful nature towards the mysterious and the unknown. 森林:森林象征着黑暗的邪恶力量,代表了人类对神秘和未知的恐惧本性
13.Moby Dick is often considered as an epic.In what ways does the work fit the category of epic? 13.《白鲸》常被认为是一部史诗。这部作品在哪些方面符合史诗的范畴?
An epic is a long narrative which presents characters of high position in a series of adventures of high significance. Usually the epic is unified around a central figure of heroic stature,and generally it deals with actions of great importance to a nation or people.Moby Dick is clearly a long tale of adventures which are profoundly meaningful,for they make us feel deeply the dangers of pride and hatred,and they bring forth much of the inexplicable mystery of life.Ahab is a character of gigantic proportions,even though we may shudder at him even as we admire(and perhaps pity)him.Symbolically,the actions are important on a national level,for the story can be read as an allegory of the risks involved in trying to subjugate nature to the will of man-a danger quite obvious to Americans in a century in which the annihilation of humanity has become a possibility. 史诗是一种长篇叙事作品,描绘地位崇高的人物经历一系列重大意义的冒险。通常,史诗围绕一个具有英雄气概的中心人物统一展开,通常涉及对一个国家或民族极为重要的行动。《白鲸》显然是一部关于冒险的长篇故事,这些冒险具有深刻的意义,因为它们让我们深切感受到骄傲与仇恨的危险,并揭示了生命中许多难以解释的神秘。亚哈是一个巨大的角色,尽管我们可能在敬佩(或许还有同情)他的同时对他感到战栗。从象征意义上讲,这些行动在国家层面上具有重要性,因为这个故事可以被解读为试图将自然驯服于人类意志的风险的寓言——这一危险对美国人来说尤为明显,因为在一个人类灭绝成为可能的世纪里,这种风险尤为突出。
Besides the general considerations,however,there are specific ways in which Moby Dick seems epical: 除了上述一般性考虑外,《白鲸》在具体方面也表现出史诗的特征:
a.It uses a long journey(journeys,especially sea voyages,are standard in epics); a.它使用了长途旅行(旅行,尤其是海上航行,是史诗中的标准元素);
b.It uses elevated language frequently,especially at moments of high passion; b.它经常使用高雅的语言,尤其是在激情高涨的时刻;
c.There are a series of battles,which remind one of the single combats of ancient epics; c.有一系列战斗,让人联想到古代史诗中的单人决斗;
d.Omens and,apparently,God s intervention function significantly in the novel as in the epic; d.预兆和显然的神的干预在小说中起着重要作用,就像在史诗中一样;
e.A sense of a pervasive influence of fate in life reminds us of some epics.Other parallels can easily be drawn, although we may be tempted into some comparisons that are strained. e.对命运在生活中无处不在的影响的感觉让我们想起一些史诗。其他相似之处也很容易找到,尽管我们可能会被诱导做出一些牵强的比较。
14.What kind of narrative technique does Melville use? 14.梅尔维尔使用了什么样的叙事技巧?
Actually,Melville employs not one technique,but several.Most important,of course,is Ishmael,the first-person narrator of the book.But even this primary narrative device is complex;Ishmael seems to be more than one person-or at least more than one viewpoint.There is the older,wiser Ishmael who tells the story,and the younger Ishmael who experiences its events.There is also the Ishmael who is more or less involved in,or observing,the action,and then there is the philosophic Ishmael who examines all this experience and tries to understand its meaning in the ultimate scheme of things.We see other techniques used: 实际上,梅尔维尔采用的不是一种技巧,而是多种技巧。当然,最重要的是以第一人称叙述的伊什梅尔。但即使是这个主要的叙述手法也很复杂;伊什梅尔似乎不止一个人——或者至少不止一个视角。有讲述故事的年长而睿智的伊什梅尔,也有经历事件的年轻伊什梅尔。还有或多或少参与或观察行动的伊什梅尔,以及那个哲学性的伊什梅尔,他审视所有这些经历,试图理解其在终极意义上的含义。我们还看到使用了其他技巧:
a.The dramatic method,and stage directions; a.戏剧手法和舞台指示;
b.The dramatic monologue,interior or psychological monologue; b.戏剧独白,内心或心理独白;
c.The catalogue,as in"Cetelogy"; c.目录式写法,如《鲸类学》;
d.The device of the"story-within-a-story"; d.“故事中故事”的手法;
e.The"omniscient author"technique-several times we get information which Ishmael could not possibly give us,and at other times the tone of the narrative indefinitely not Ishmael's.Further variation in the novel is achieved by occasional flashbacks and reminiscences. e.“全知作者”技巧——我们多次获得伊什梅尔不可能提供的信息,叙述的语气在其他时候也明显不是伊什梅尔的。小说的进一步变化通过偶尔的闪回和回忆实现。
(除此之外,还可以答象征 symbolism 手法) qquad\qquad
15.How does Melville's method of characterization help him to develop his themes? 15.梅尔维尔的人物刻画方法如何帮助他发展主题?
Melville s characters,with the possible exception of Ahab,are not developed from within,but in terms of their relationship to others or to external forces.Ahab is a character with many facets,but the others seem to be one-sided,with their function that of contrasting with each other or with some aspect of Ahab.Therefore Starbuck becomes an embodiment of the well-meaning but indecisive man of faith,contrasting with Ahab s driving hate and skepticism.Stubb's refusal to think and his happy-go-lucky temperament contrast with Ahab s and Starbuck's intellectual seriousness,as Flask's materialistic stupidity contrast with all the others.Just as important,these four characters all react very differently to Moby Dick,to nature,and to life in general-keeping us aware that the novel is not only about Ahab,but about the ways men 梅尔维尔的人物,除了可能的例外——亚哈,不是从内心发展出来的,而是通过他们与他人或外部力量的关系来表现的。亚哈是一个多面的角色,但其他人物似乎是单方面的,他们的功能是与彼此或与亚哈的某些方面形成对比。因此,斯塔布克成为一个善意但优柔寡断的信仰者的化身,与亚哈那种驱动的仇恨和怀疑形成对比。斯塔布克拒绝思考和他那无忧无虑的性格与亚哈和斯塔布克的理智严肃形成对比,而弗拉斯克的物质主义愚蠢则与其他所有人形成对比。同样重要的是,这四个角色对《白鲸》、对自然以及对生活的反应都非常不同——让我们意识到这部小说不仅仅是关于亚哈的,更是关于人们的各种方式
confront the world they live in as well. 也要直面他们所生活的世界
The other characters function in much the same manner.Queequeg is marvelously impressive-we admire his skill,his bravery,and his selflessness-but we never really come to know him as a person, He is there for what he does and what he is,not for who he is.Tashtego and Daggoo are merely savage-they represent an attitude toward life,and are far less complete as people than Queequeg.The carpenter and blacksmith are likewise merely types,with no real life of their own. The Manxman mouths important oracular sayings,but has no personality.Fedallah is evil,but he is simply an ugly presence,not a human being.Pip,of course,is a fuller character. 其他角色的功能大致相同。奎克格令人惊叹——我们钦佩他的技能、勇气和无私——但我们从未真正了解他的个性。他的存在是为了他的所作所为和他的身份,而不是为了他是谁。塔什特戈和达古只是野蛮人——他们代表一种生活态度,作为人物远不如奎克格完整。木匠和铁匠同样只是类型,没有真正的生命力。曼克斯人说着重要的神谕话语,但没有个性。费达拉是邪恶的,但他只是一个丑陋的存在,而非一个真正的人。皮普当然是一个更丰满的角色。
To say all this is not to attack Melville's characterization-far from it.It is simply to point out that he is interested in reflecting various attitudes toward life,and does this-very successfully-through his characters.He has no desire to introduce us to each character in the fullness of his humanity,but rather,we might say,to the narrowness of his humanity. Ironically,the richest,ripest person in the whole novel is hardly a"character"at all-for it is Ishmael whom we come to know best of all,and who gives us most of himself. 说这些并不是在批评梅尔维尔的人物刻画——恰恰相反。只是指出他有兴趣反映各种生活态度,并且通过他的角色——非常成功地——做到了这一点。他并不想让我们全面了解每个角色的人性,而是可以说,展示他们人性的狭隘。具有讽刺意味的是,整部小说中最丰富、最成熟的人物几乎根本不算是“角色”——因为我们最了解的正是以实马利,他给予了我们最多的自我
16.What does Moby Dick represent?(2019 人大) 16.《白鲸》代表什么?(2019 人大)
Moby Dick possesses various symbolic meanings for various individuals. 《白鲸》对不同的人具有不同的象征意义。
To the Pequod's crew,the legendary White Whale is a concept onto which they can displace their anxieties about their dangerous and often very frightening jobs.Because they have no delusions about Moby Dick acting malevolently toward men or literally embodying evil,tales about the whale allow them to confront their fear,manage it,and continue to function. Ahab,on the other hand,believes that Moby Dick is a manifestation of all that is wrong with the world,and he feels that it is his destiny to eradicate this symbolic evil. 对小皮夸德号的船员来说,这只传说中的白鲸是一个可以让他们转移对危险且常常令人恐惧的工作的焦虑的概念。因为他们并不幻想白鲸会恶意对待人类或字面上代表邪恶,关于这只鲸鱼的故事使他们能够面对恐惧,控制恐惧,并继续工作。另一方面,亚哈认为白鲸是世界上一切错误的体现,他觉得消灭这个象征性的邪恶是他的命运。
Moby Dick also bears out interpretations not tied down to specific characters.In its inscrutable silence and mysterious habits,for example,the White Whale can be read as an allegorical representation of an unknowable God.As a profitable commodity,it fits into the scheme of white economic expansion and exploitation in the nineteenth century.As a part of the natural world,it represents the destruction of the environment by such hubristic expansion. 《白鲸》还承载着不依附于特定人物的解读。例如,在其难以理解的沉默和神秘的习性中,白鲸可以被解读为一个不可知的上帝的寓言象征。作为一种有利可图的商品,它符合十九世纪白人经济扩张和剥削的模式。作为自然界的一部分,它代表了这种傲慢扩张对环境的破坏
17.Symbols in Moby Dick: 17.《白鲸》中的象征:
Moby Dick(这个可以和上面那道做一个综合): ✓\checkmark To Ahab,the whale is either an evil creature itself or the agent of an evil force that controls the universe,or perhaps both ✓\checkmark 对于亚哈来说,鲸鱼要么是邪恶的生物本身,要么是控制宇宙的邪恶力量的代理人,或者两者兼而有之。 ✓\checkmark To Ishmael the whale is an astonishing force,an immense power,which defies rational explanation due to a sense of mystery it carries.It is beautiful but malignant at the same time.It also represents the tremendous organic vitality of the universe,for it has a life force that surges onward irresistibly,impervious to desires or wills of men. ✓\checkmark 对于以实玛利来说,鲸鱼是一种令人惊叹的力量,一种巨大的能量,由于它所带有的神秘感,理性无法解释。它既美丽又恶意。同时,它也代表了宇宙巨大的有机生命力,因为它拥有一种不可抗拒地向前涌动的生命力,不受人类欲望或意志的影响。 ✓\checkmark To readers,a symbol of the physical limits that life imposes on men.It may also be regarded as symbol of nature,or an instrument of God's vengeance upon evil man. ✓\checkmark 对于读者来说,是生命对人类施加的身体极限的象征。它也可以被视为自然的象征,或是上帝对邪恶人类的复仇工具
Voyage:Voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe,a spiritual exploration into man's deep reality and psychology. 航行:心灵的航行,追寻宇宙的真理与知识,是对人类深层现实和心理的精神探索。
Land:a symbol of safety 陆地:安全的象征
Sea:adventure and danger 海洋:冒险与危险
Pequod:the microcosm of human society 皮夸德号:人类社会的缩影
Ahab:self-reliant man,loneliness,suicidal individualism 亚哈:自力更生的人,孤独,带有自杀倾向的个人主义
Ishmael:escapist,wanderer,narrator 以实玛利:逃避现实者,流浪者,叙述者
18.What are the themes of Moby Dick? 18.《白鲸》的主题是什么?
a.The Limits of Knowledge:As Ishmael tries,in the opening pages of Moby Dick,to offer a simple collection of literary excerpts mentioning whales,he discovers that,throughout history,the whale has taken on an incredible multiplicity of a.知识的局限性:正如伊什梅尔在《白鲸》开篇试图提供一组简单的关于鲸鱼的文学摘录时所发现的那样,纵观历史,鲸鱼承载了令人难以置信的多重意义。
meanings.Over the course of the novel,he makes use of nearly every discipline known to man in his attempts to understand the essential nature of the whale.Each of these systems of knowledge,however,including art,taxonomy,and phrenology, fails to give an adequate account.The multiplicity of approaches that Ishmael takes,coupled with his compulsive need to assert his authority as a narrator and the frequent references to the limits of observation(men cannot see the depths of the ocean,for example),suggest that human knowledge is always limited and insufficient.When it comes to Moby Dick himself,this limitation takes on allegorical significance.The ways of Moby Dick,like those of the Christian God,are unknowable to man,and thus trying to interpret them,as Ahab does,is inevitably futile and often fatal. 在小说的过程中,他几乎运用了人类已知的所有学科,试图理解鲸鱼的本质。然而,这些知识体系,包括艺术、分类学和颅相学,都未能给出充分的解释。伊什梅尔采取的多种方法,加上他强迫性地确立自己作为叙述者的权威,以及频繁提及观察的局限性(例如人类无法看到海洋的深处),都暗示了人类知识始终有限且不足。至于白鲸本人,这种局限性具有寓言意义。白鲸的方式,正如基督教上帝的方式,对人类来说是不可知的,因此像亚哈那样试图解读它,注定是徒劳且常常致命的
b.The Deceptiveness of Fate:In addition to highlighting many portentous or foreshadowing events,Ishmael's narrative contains many references to fate,creating the impression that the Pequod's doom is inevitable.Many of the sailors believe in prophecies,and some even claim the ability to foretell the future.A number of things suggest,however,that characters are actually deluding themselves when they think that they see the work of fate and that fate either doesn't exist or is one of the many forces about which human beings can have no distinct knowledge.Ahab,for example,clearly exploits the sailors' belief in fate to manipulate them into thinking that the quest for Moby Dick is their common destiny.Moreover,the prophesies of Fedallah and others seem to be undercut in Chapter 99,when various individuals interpret the doubloon in different ways,demonstrating that humans project what they want to see when they try to interpret signs and portents. b.命运的欺骗性:除了突出许多预兆或伏笔事件外,伊什梅尔的叙述中还包含了许多关于命运的提及,营造出小白鲸号注定毁灭的印象。许多水手相信预言,有些甚至声称能够预知未来。然而,有许多迹象表明,当人物认为自己看到了命运的作用时,实际上是在自我欺骗,命运要么不存在,要么只是人类无法明确认识的众多力量之一。例如,亚哈明显利用水手们对命运的信仰,操纵他们认为追捕白鲸是他们共同的命运。此外,第 99 章中,费达拉和其他人的预言似乎被削弱,因为不同的人对金币的解读各不相同,显示出人们在试图解读征兆和预兆时,往往投射出自己想看到的东西
c.The Exploitative Nature of Whaling:At first glance,the Pequod seems like an island of equality and fellowship in the midst of a racist,hierarchically structured world.The ship's crew includes men from all corners of the globe and all races who seem to get along harmoniously.Ishmael is initially uneasy upon meeting Queequeg,but he quickly realizes that it is better to have a"sober cannibal than a drunken Christian"for a shipmate.Additionally,the conditions of work aboard the Pequod promote a certain kind of egalitarianism,since men are promoted and paid according to their skill.However,the work of whaling parallels the other exploitative activities-buffalo hunting,gold mining,unfair trade with indigenous peoples-that characterize American and European territorial expansion.Each of the Pequod s mates,who are white,is entirely dependent on a nonwhite harpooner,and nonwhites perform most of the dirty or dangerous jobs aboard the ship. Flask actually stands on Daggoo,his African harpooner,in order to beat the other mates to a prize whale.Ahab is depicted as walking over the black youth Pip,who listens to Ahab's pacing from below deck,and is thus reminded that his value as a slave is less than the value of a whale. c.捕鲸的剥削本质:乍一看,鹈鹕号似乎是在一个种族主义、等级森严的世界中平等与友爱的岛屿。船员来自世界各地、各种族,似乎和谐相处。伊什梅尔最初见到奎奎格时感到不安,但很快意识到“清醒的食人族胜过醉酒的基督徒”作为船友更好。此外,鹈鹕号上的工作条件促进了一种平等主义,因为人们根据技能获得晋升和报酬。然而,捕鲸工作与其他剥削性活动——如野牛狩猎、淘金、与土著人民的不公平贸易——类似,这些活动都是美国和欧洲领土扩张的特征。鹈鹕号上的每位白人副手完全依赖一位非白人鱼叉手,而非白人则承担船上大部分肮脏或危险的工作。弗拉斯克实际上踩在他的非洲鱼叉手达古身上,以便比其他副手更快地抢到奖赏鲸鱼。亚哈被描绘成踩着黑人少年皮普走过,皮普在船舱下听着亚哈的脚步声,从而被提醒他作为奴隶的价值是.. 价值还不及一头鲸鱼。
19.Analyze Ahab in Moby Dick. 19.分析《白鲸》中的亚哈。
Ahab,the Pequod's obsessed captain,represents both an ancient and a quintessentially modern type of hero.Like the heroes of Greek or Shakespearean tragedy,Ahab suffers from a single fatal flaw,one he shares with such legendary characters as Oedipus and Faust.His tremendous overconfidence,or hubris,leads him to defy common sense and believe that,like a god,he can enact his will and remain immune to the forces of nature.He considers Moby Dick the embodiment of evil in the world,and he pursues the White Whale monomaniac ally because he believes it is inescapable fate to destroy this evil.According to the critic M.H.Abrams,such a ragic hero"moves us to pity because,since he is not an evil man,his misfortune is greater than he deserves;but he moves us also to fear,because we recognize similar possibilities of error in our own lesser and fallible selves." 亚哈,捕鲸船“皮夸德号”上痴迷的船长,既代表了一种古老的英雄类型,也体现了典型的现代英雄形象。像希腊或莎士比亚悲剧中的英雄一样,亚哈有一个致命的缺陷,这一点他与俄狄浦斯和浮士德等传奇人物相同。他极度的自负,或称傲慢,使他违背常理,坚信自己如同神明一般,能够施展意志而不受自然力量的影响。他认为白鲸莫比·迪克是世间邪恶的化身,因而执着地追捕这头白鲸,坚信摧毁这邪恶是不可避免的命运。正如评论家 M·H·艾布拉姆斯所说,这样的悲剧英雄“令我们生出怜悯,因为他并非恶人,他的不幸超过了他应得的;但同时也令我们感到恐惧,因为我们在自己有限且易犯错的本性中看到了类似的可能性。”
Unlike the heroes of older tragic works,however,Ahab suffers from a fatal flaw that is not necessarily inborn but instead stems from damage,in his case both psychological and physical,inflicted by life in a harsh world.He is as much a victim as he is an aggressor,and the symbolic opposition that he constructs between himself and Moby Dick propels him toward what he considers a destined end. 然而,与早期悲剧作品中的英雄不同,亚哈的致命缺陷不一定是天生的,而是源于生活在严酷世界中所造成的伤害,在他的情况下,这种伤害既有心理上的也有身体上的。他既是受害者,也是侵略者,他在自己与白鲸之间构建的象征性对立推动他走向他认为的命中注定的结局
20.Gothic Novel(2005/2013 北语 2012/2015 人大)
定义:The Gothic novel,or"Gothic romance"flourished through the early nineteenth century is a story of terror and 定义:哥特小说,或称“哥特浪漫”,在十九世纪早期盛行,是一个关于恐怖和…
suspense,usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery of the Middle Ages. 悬念,通常设定在中世纪阴暗的古老城堡或修道院中
设定时间:Authors of such novels set their stories in the medieval period,地点:often in a gloomy castle,元素:and made plentiful use of ghosts,mysterious disappearances,and other sensational and supernatural occurrences;目的:Their principal aim was to evoke chilling terror by exploiting mystery,cruelty,and a variety of horrors. 设定时间:这类小说的作者将故事设定在中世纪时期,地点:通常是在阴森的城堡中,元素:大量使用幽灵、神秘失踪以及其他耸人听闻的超自然事件;目的:他们的主要目的是通过利用神秘、残酷和各种恐怖来唤起令人毛骨悚然的恐惧
另:In an extended sense,many novels that do not have a medievalized setting,but which share a comparably sinister, grotesque,or claustrophobic atmosphere have been classified as Gothic. 另:从广义上讲,许多没有中世纪背景但具有类似阴森、怪诞或幽闭氛围的小说也被归类为哥特小说。
主题:The persecution of a beautiful maiden by an obsessed and haggard villain is often the central story. 主题:一个美丽少女被痴迷且憔悴的恶棍迫害,常常是故事的核心情节。
人物:Stock characters:tyrant,villains,persecuted maiden,mad women,magicians,vampires,monsters,ghosts. 人物:典型角色:暴君、恶棍、受迫害的少女、疯女人、魔法师、吸血鬼、怪物、鬼魂。
反对:In rebellion against the increasing commercialism and rationalism,gothic novels open up the dark,irrational side of human nature to readers. 反对:作为对日益增长的商业化和理性主义的反抗,哥特小说向读者展示了人性中黑暗、非理性的一面
举例:
Real originator of Gothic novel was Horace Walpole,"The Castle of Otranto",the first of its kind. 哥特小说的真正创始人是霍勒斯·沃波尔,《奥特兰托城堡》是同类作品中的第一部。
Marry Shelley:Frankenstein-the first scientific horror novel 玛丽·雪莱:《弗兰肯斯坦》——第一部科学恐怖小说
Hawthorne,Poe-representative of American Gothic novels 霍桑、坡——美国哥特小说的代表人物
影响了:20th century surrealism literature movement 影响了:20 世纪超现实主义文学运动
21.Literary Theories of Allan Poe: 21.艾伦·坡的文学理论:
小说(短篇): ✓\checkmark Brevity:short enough to finish at one sitting to acquire(or as long as"The Fall") ✓\checkmark 简洁性:足够短,可以一次读完以获得(或与《陨落》一样长) ✓\checkmark Attractive first sentence:The first sentence ought to help to bring out the"single effect"of the story and desired effect on the reader ✓\checkmark 吸引人的第一句:第一句话应有助于突出故事的“单一效果”及对读者的预期影响 ✓\checkmark Abruptness of the last sentence:A tale should reveal some logical truth,and should end with the last sentence,leaving a sense of finality with the reader. ✓\checkmark 结尾句的突然性:故事应揭示某种逻辑真理,并以最后一句话结束,给读者留下终结感 ✓\checkmark Concise,devoid of tedious sentence:No word should be used-does not contribute to the"pre-established"design of the story. ✓\checkmark 简洁,避免冗长句子:不应使用任何不符合故事“预设”设计的词语。
诗歌:古典 + 浪漫 ✓\checkmark 简洁:poem should be short and concise,readable at one setting(or as long as"The Raven") ✓\checkmark 简洁:诗歌应简短凝练,能一次性读完(或与《乌鸦》长度相当) ✓\checkmark 基调:"thus melancholy is the most legitimate of all the poetic tones" ✓\checkmark 基调:“因此,忧郁是所有诗歌语调中最正当的” ✓\checkmark 内容:"the death of a beautiful woman is,unquestionably,the most poetic topic in the world" ✓\checkmark 内容:“美丽女性的死亡,无疑是世界上最具诗意的主题” ✓\checkmark 美学:Its chief aim is beauty,namely,to produce a feeling of beauty in the reader.Beauty aims at"an elevating excitement of the soul,"and"beauty of whatever kind,in its supreme development,invariably excites the sensitive soul to tears. ✓\checkmark 美学:其主要目标是美,即在读者心中产生美的感受。美旨在“激发灵魂的高尚兴奋”,并且“任何形式的美,在其极致发展时,总能激起敏感的灵魂流泪”。 ✓\checkmark 说教:Poe is opposed to"the heresy opposed the didactic",and calls for"pure"poetry.(浪漫主义倾向) ✓\checkmark 说教:坡反对“反对说教的异端”,并呼吁“纯粹”的诗歌。(浪漫主义倾向) ✓\checkmark 形式:He stressed the form of poetry,especially the beautiful and neat rhyme,he define poetry as"the rhythmical creation of beauty." ✓\checkmark 形式:他强调诗歌的形式,尤其是优美整洁的韵律,他将诗歌定义为“节奏感的美的创造”。
22.Analysis of The Raven(2020 北交) 22.《乌鸦》分析(2020 北交)
1)It took Poe four years to complete this poem.It was first published in 1845 and revised several times in later editions. 1)坡花了四年时间完成这首诗。它首次发表于 1845 年,后来几个版本中进行了多次修订。
2)Poe cited this poem as an example in The Philosophy of Composition to show how a poem should be composed.This poem corresponds to Poe's basic principles of poetry writing. 2)坡在《创作哲学》中引用了这首诗作为示例,展示诗歌应如何创作。这首诗符合坡的基本诗歌创作原则。
3)It is an elegy,expressing the sorrow or grief over somebody's sudden death. 3)这是一首挽歌,表达了对某人突然去世的悲痛或哀伤。
4)It is not long, 108 lines,readable at one sitting. 4)诗篇不长,共 108 行,可以一口气读完
5)The poetic theme is the lamentation over the death of a beautiful woman. 5)诗歌的主题是对一位美丽女子去世的哀叹。
6)The general tone of the poem is melancholy. 6)整首诗的基调是忧郁的。
7)It reads very rhythmical,with different varieties of rhymes. 7)朗读起来节奏感很强,带有多种不同的押韵形式。
8)The poem is composed of 18 six-line stanzas,the first five lines being trochaic octameter,and the sixth line a trochaic tetrameter. 8)这首诗由 18 节六行诗组成,前五行为八音步抑扬格,第六行为四音步抑扬格
9)The repetition of the sound at the end of different rhymes and the refrain(lines repeated at the end of stanzas or a poem for expressive effect),"nevermore",suggest mourning and grief. 9)不同韵尾和副歌(在诗节或整首诗的结尾重复的句子,用于表达效果)中重复出现的声音“nevermore”,暗示了哀悼和悲伤。
10)The rhyming scheme of the poem is abcbbba b c b b b 10)这首诗的押韵模式是 abcbbba b c b b b
23.Why does Whitman use free verse to write poetry?( 2012//2015//20162012 / 2015 / 2016 人大) 23.为什么惠特曼使用自由诗体来写诗?( 2012//2015//20162012 / 2015 / 2016 人大)
Free verse:refers to the poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.A looser and more open-ended syntactical structure is frequently favored.Lines and sentences of different lengths are left lying side by side,just as things are, undisturbed and separate.It attempts to avoids any predetermined verse structure.It uses the cadences of natural speech. American poet Walt Whitman is the precursor to use free verse.His poetry is a catalog of American and British thought pervading with democracy,openness,freedom,and individualism.Free verse is the best form for Whitman to express his ideas of freedom,individualism,democracy. 自由诗:指没有固定节拍或规律押韵模式的诗歌。通常采用更松散、更开放的句法结构。不同长度的诗行和句子并列存在,就像事物本身一样,未被打扰且各自独立。它试图避免任何预设的诗歌结构,采用自然语言的韵律。美国诗人沃尔特·惠特曼是使用自由诗的先驱。他的诗歌是美国和英国思想的目录,充满了民主、开放、自由和个人主义。自由诗是惠特曼表达自由、个人主义和民主思想的最佳形式
a)Free verse allows the poet to deliver poetry from the restrictions of formal. a)自由诗允许诗人摆脱形式的限制来创作诗歌。
Metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhythms of natural speech. 韵律模式,转而重现自然语言的自由节奏。
Whitman wrote lines of varying length and cadence,usually not rhymed.the 惠特曼写作的诗句长短和节奏各异,通常不押韵。
Emotional content or meaning of the work was expressed through its rhythm. 作品的情感内容或意义通过其节奏来表达
b)As a revolutionized American poet,Whitman always challenge the conventions of the day. b)作为一位革命性的美国诗人,惠特曼总是挑战当时的传统规范。
As an admirer of Emerson,Whitman responded to Emerson's call for a meter-making argument.He rejected traditions of poetic scansion and elected diction,improving the form of free verse.While adopting a widely ranging vocabulary, he was opening new possibilities for poetic expression. 作为爱默生的崇拜者,惠特曼回应了爱默生关于创造韵律的号召。他拒绝传统的诗歌格律和选词,改进了自由诗的形式。在采用广泛词汇的同时,他为诗歌表达开辟了新的可能性。
c)Whitman thought that the voice of democracy should not be haltered by traditional forms of verse. c)惠特曼认为民主的声音不应被传统诗歌形式所束缚。
He rebelled against regular meters,other standard poetic devices of sound-alliteration,assonance,balance and so on. To him,the poet did not know his idea until he used free verse style when we read his poems.They are just like a person telling us story freely and frequently.He organized the words as he liked to show his ideas freely. 他反抗固定的韵律和其他标准的声音手法——头韵、元音韵、平衡等。对他来说,诗人在使用自由诗体时才真正理解了自己的思想,当我们阅读他的诗歌时,它们就像一个人自由且频繁地讲述故事。他按照自己的喜好组织词语,自由地表达思想
24.Classification of works of Dickinson 24.狄金森作品的分类
Dickinson's poems are usually based on her experiences,her sorrows and joys.But within her little lyrics Dickinson addresses those issues that concern the whole human beings,which include religion,death,immorality,love,and nature. 狄金森的诗歌通常基于她的经历、她的悲伤与欢乐。但在她的小诗中,狄金森探讨了关乎全人类的问题,包括宗教、死亡、不朽、爱情和自然。
a)Her religious poems:she wrote about her doubt and belief about religious subjects While she desired salvation and immortality,she denied the orthodox view of paradise.Although she believed in God,she sometimes doubted His benevolence. a)她的宗教诗:她写到了自己对宗教主题的怀疑与信仰。虽然她渴望救赎和永生,但她否认正统的天堂观。尽管她相信上帝,有时却怀疑祂的仁慈。
b)Her poems concerning death and immortality:These poems are closely related to her religious poetry,ranging over the physical as well as the psychological and emotional aspects of death.She showed her ambiguous attitude towards death and immortality.She looked at death from the point of view of both the living and the dying.She even imagined her own death,the loss of her own body,and the journey of her soul to the unknown.Perhaps her greatest rendering of the moment of death is to be found in"Theard a Fly buzz-when I died-".A poem universally considered one of her masterpieces. b)她关于死亡与不朽的诗:这些诗与她的宗教诗密切相关,涵盖了死亡的物质、心理及情感层面。她表现出对死亡与不朽的矛盾态度。她从生者和临终者的角度审视死亡。她甚至想象自己的死亡、自己身体的消逝以及灵魂前往未知的旅程。或许她对死亡瞬间最精彩的描绘见于《我死时听见一只苍蝇嗡嗡响》,这首诗被普遍认为是她的杰作之一
c)Her love poems:Love is another subject Dickinson dwelt on. c)她的爱情诗:爱情是狄金森经常描写的另一个主题
One group of her love poems treats the suffering and frustration love can cause.These poems are clearly the reflection of her own unhappy experience,closely related to her deepest and most private feelings.Many of them are striking and original depictions of the longing for shared moments,the pain of separation,and the futility of finding happiness. The other group of love poems focuses on the physical aspect of desire,in which Dickinson dealt with,allegorically, the influence of the male authorities over the female,emphasizing the power of physical attraction and expressing a mixture offer and fascination for the mysterious magnetism between sexes.However,it is those poems dealing with 她的一组爱情诗描写了爱情带来的痛苦和挫折。这些诗显然反映了她自身的不幸经历,与她最深刻、最私密的感情密切相关。许多诗作生动而独特地描绘了对共享时光的渴望、分离的痛苦以及追求幸福的徒劳。另一组爱情诗则聚焦于欲望的肉体层面,狄金森通过寓言手法处理了男性权威对女性的影响,强调了肉体吸引力的力量,并表达了对两性之间神秘磁力的恐惧与迷恋的复杂情感。然而,正是那些处理..
marriage that have aroused critical attention first and showed Dickinson's confusion and doubt about the role of women in the 19th century America. 婚姻引起了批评界的关注,首先展示了狄金森对 19 世纪美国女性角色的困惑和怀疑
d)Her nature poems:More than 500 of her poems are about nature,in which her general skepticism about the relationship between man and nature is well expressed. d)她的自然诗:她的诗歌中有 500 多首是关于自然的,充分表达了她对人与自然关系的一般怀疑态度
On the one hand,she shared with her romantic and transcendental predecessors who believed that a mythical bond between man and nature existed,that nature revealed to man things about mankind and universe. 一方面,她与她的浪漫主义和超验主义前辈们有共同之处,这些前辈们相信人与自然之间存在一种神话般的联系,自然向人类揭示了关于人类自身和宇宙的事物。
On the other hand,she felt strongly about nature's inscrutability and indifference to the life and interests of human beings. 另一方面,她强烈感受到自然的难以理解和对人类生命及利益的冷漠。
However,Dickinson managed to write about nature in the affirmation of the sheer joy and the appreciation,unaffected by philosophical speculations.Her acute observations,her concern for precise details and her interest in nature are pervasive, from sketches of flowers,insects,birds,to the sunset,the fully detailed summer storms,and the change of seasons;from keen perception to witty analysis. 然而,狄金森设法以肯定纯粹的喜悦和欣赏的态度来书写自然,不受哲学思辨的影响。她敏锐的观察力、对精确细节的关注以及对自然的兴趣无处不在,从花卉、昆虫、鸟类的素描,到日落、详尽描绘的夏季风暴和季节的更替;从敏锐的感知到机智的分析。
25.Artistic features of Dickinson: 25.狄金森的艺术特征:
Her poetry is unique and unconventional in its own way. 她的诗歌以其独特和非传统的方式而著称。 ✓\checkmark Her poems have no titles,hence are always quoted by their first lines.In her poetry there is a particular stress pattern, in which dashes are used as a musical device to create cadence and capital letters as a means of emphasis. ✓\checkmark 她的诗歌没有标题,因此总是以首句来引用。在她的诗中,有一种特殊的重音模式,破折号被用作音乐手段来创造韵律,大写字母则用来强调。 ✓\checkmark Most of her poems borrow the repeated four lines,rhymed stanzas of traditional Christian hymns,with two lines of four-beat meter alternating with two lines of three-beat meter. ✓\checkmark 她的大多数诗歌借用了传统基督教赞美诗中反复出现的四行押韵诗节,采用两行四拍节奏与两行三拍节奏交替的形式。 ✓\checkmark A master of imagery that makes the spiritual materialize in surprising ways,Dickinson managed manifold variations within her simple form:She used imperfect rhymes,subtle breaks of rhythm,and idiosyncratic syntax and punctuation to create fascinating word puzzles,which have produced greatly divergent interpretations over the years. ✓\checkmark 作为一位形象大师,能够以令人惊讶的方式使精神层面具象化,狄金森在其简单的形式中实现了多种变化:她使用不完全押韵、微妙的节奏断裂,以及特有的句法和标点,创造出引人入胜的文字谜题,这些谜题多年来产生了极为不同的解读 ✓\checkmark Dickinson's irregular or sometimes inverted sentence structure also confuses readers.However,her poetic idiom is noted for its laconic brevity,directness and plainness. ✓\checkmark 狄金森不规则或有时倒装的句子结构也让读者感到困惑。然而,她的诗歌语言以简洁、直接和平实著称。 ✓\checkmark Her poems are usually short,rarely more than twenty lines,and many of the mare centered on a single image or symbol and focused on one subject matter. ✓\checkmark 她的诗通常很短,很少超过二十行,许多诗歌围绕一个单一的意象或象征,集中于一个主题。 ✓\checkmark Due to her deliberate seclusion,her poems tend to be very personal and meditative.She frequently uses personae to render the tone more familiar to the reader,and personification to vivify some abstract ideas. ✓\checkmark 由于她刻意的隐居,她的诗歌往往非常个人化且富有沉思性。她经常使用人物形象使语气更亲切,并用拟人手法使一些抽象的观念生动起来。 ✓\checkmark Dickinson's poetry,despite its ostensible formal simplicity,is remarkable for its variety,subtlety and richness;and her limited private world has never confined the limitless power of her creativity and imagination. ✓\checkmark 尽管狄金森的诗歌表面上形式简单,但其多样性、微妙性和丰富性令人瞩目;她有限的私人世界从未限制她无限的创造力和想象力
选段及选段分析:(标下划线的词句为识别标志)
1.Harriet Beecher Stowe 1.哈丽雅特·比彻·斯托
"It was on his grave,my friends,that I resolved,before God,that I would never own another slave,while it is possible to free him;that nobody,through me,should ever run the risk of being parted from home and friends,and dying on a lonely plantation,as he died.So,when you rejoice in your freedom,think that you owe it to that good old soul,and pay it back in kindness to his wife and children.Think of your freedom,every time you see UNCLE TOM's CABIN;and let it be a memorial to put you all in mind to follow in his steps and be as honest and faithful and Christian as he was." “正是在他的坟墓上,我的朋友们,我在上帝面前立誓,我永远不会再拥有另一个奴隶,只要还有可能解放他;没有人会因为我而冒着被迫离开家园和亲人,在孤独的种植园上死去的风险,就像他那样死去。所以,当你们为自己的自由而欢欣鼓舞时,要记得这是欠那位善良老灵魂的,并以善意回报他的妻子和孩子。每当你看到《汤姆叔叔的小屋》时,就想想你的自由;让它成为一个纪念,提醒你们都要效仿他的脚步,像他一样诚实、忠诚和基督徒般善良。”
Uncle Tom's Cabin(2012/2016 人大) 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》(2012/2016 人大)
分析:
The speech explains the novel's title and establishes the image of Uncle Tom's cabin as the central metaphor of the novel. When George Shelby sees the house,he remembers that Uncle Tom was taken from it,separating him from his wife and 这段演讲解释了小说标题的含义,并确立了“汤姆叔叔的小屋”作为小说核心隐喻的形象。当乔治·谢尔比看到这座房子时,他想起了汤姆叔叔是从这里被带走的,这使他与妻子分离,
children and tearing apart his family.He therefore tells his former slaves to think of their freedom when they see the cabin and to resolve to lead lives of Christian piety,following Tom s example.In this way,the cabin becomes a metaphor for the destructive power of slavery,which can split apart a family and break a home.It also comes to stand for the redemptive power of Christianity and love-for Tom's enactment of these at his death motivated Shelby to set his slaves free.Thus the cabin comes to embody two of the novel s central themes,uniting the idea of slavery's vice and Christianity's redemption in a single image. 孩子们和撕裂他的家庭。因此,他告诉他的前奴隶们,当他们看到小屋时,要想到他们的自由,并决心过基督教虔诚的生活,效仿汤姆的榜样。这样,小屋就成为奴隶制破坏力量的隐喻,它可以拆散一个家庭,摧毁一个家园。它也象征着基督教和爱的救赎力量——汤姆在临终时的表现激励了谢尔比释放他的奴隶。因此,小屋体现了小说的两个核心主题,将奴隶制的罪恶和基督教的救赎理念融合在一个形象中。
2.Washington Irving 2.华盛顿·欧文
Times grew worse and worse with Rip Van Winkle as years of matrimony rolled on;a tart temper never mellows with age, and a sharp tongue is the only edge toll that grows Kenner by constant use. 随着婚姻年岁的流逝,瑞普·范·温克尔的日子越来越糟;尖刻的脾气随着年龄的增长从未变得温和,而尖锐的舌头是唯一通过不断使用而变得更加锋利的工具。
Rip Van Winkle 瑞普·范·温克尔
On walking,he found himself on the green knoll from whence he had first seen the old man of the glen.He rubbed his eyes; it was a bright sunny morning.The birds were hopping and twittering among the bushes,and the eagle was shelling aloft, and breasting the pure mountain breeze. 他走着走着,发现自己站在那座绿色的小丘上,正是他第一次看到峡谷中老人的地方。他揉了揉眼睛;这是一个阳光明媚的早晨。鸟儿在灌木丛中跳跃和啁啾,鹰在高空翱翔,迎着纯净的山风搏击长空。
Whose would be a man must be a nonconformist.He who would gather immortal palms must not be hindered by the name of goodness,but must explore if it be goodness.Nothing is an last sacred but the integrity of your own mind.Absolve you to yourself,and you shall have the suffrage of the world. 想成为真正的人,必须做一个不墨守成规的人。想要获得永恒的荣誉,不能被“善良”这个名字所阻碍,而必须探究这是否真的是善良。没有什么比你自己心灵的完整性更神圣。对自己坦诚,你就会获得全世界的支持
Self-reliance(2012 北语) 自力更生(2012 北语)
Our age is retrospective.It builds the sepulchers of the fathers.It writes biographies,histories,and criticism.The foregoing generations beheld God and nature face to face;we,through their eyes.Why should not we also enjoy an original relation to the universe? 我们的时代是回顾性的。它为先辈们建造坟墓。它撰写传记、历史和批评。前几代人曾亲眼目睹上帝和自然;而我们,则通过他们的眼睛。我们为什么不能也享有与宇宙的原始关系呢?
Nature(2010 北语) 自然(2010 北语)
Philosophically considered,the universe is composed of Nature and the Soul.Strictly speaking,therefore,all that is separate from us,all which Philosophy distinguishes as the NOT ME,that is,both nature and art,all other men and my own body, must be ranked under this name,NATURE.In enumerating the values of nature and casting up their sum,I shall use the word in both senses;-in its common and in its philosophical import.In inquiries as general as our present one,the inaccuracy is not material;no confusion of thought will occur.Nature,in its common sense,refers to essences unchanged by man;space,the air,the river,the leaf.Art is applied to the mixture of his will with the same things,as in a house,a canal,a statue,a picture.But his operations taken together are so insignificant,a little chipping,baking,patching,and washing,that in an impression as grand as that of the world on the human mind,they do not vary the result. 从哲学角度来看,宇宙由自然和灵魂组成。因此,严格来说,所有与我们分离的事物,哲学所区分的“非我”,即自然和艺术,所有其他人以及我自己的身体,都必须归入这个名称——自然。在列举自然的价值并计算其总和时,我将同时使用这个词的两种含义——既是其常见意义,也包括其哲学意义。在像我们现在这样一般性的探讨中,这种不精确并不重要;不会引起思维混乱。自然,在其常见意义上,指的是未被人类改变的本质;空间、空气、河流、树叶。艺术则指人类意志与这些事物的结合,如房屋、运河、雕像、画作。但人类的这些操作加起来微不足道,只是一些凿刻、烧制、修补和清洗,在世界对人类心灵产生的宏大印象中,并不会改变结果。
Nature 自然
To go into solitude,a man needs to retire as much from his chamber as from society.I am not solitary whilst I read and write,though nobody is with me.But if a man would be alone,let him look at the stars.(有名/常考) 要进入孤独,一个人需要从自己的房间和社会中同样地退隐。我在阅读和写作时并不孤独,尽管没有人陪伴我。但如果一个人想要独处,就让他仰望星空。(有名/常考)
Nature(2005北语 2007 兰大)
If the stars should appear one night in a thousand years,how would men believe and adore;and preserve for many generations the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown!But every night come out these preachers of beauty 如果星星每一千年才出现一夜,人们将如何相信和崇拜;并为许多代人保存那被显现的神之城的记忆!但每晚这些美的传道者都会出现
and light the universe with their admonishing smile.(有名/常考) 并以他们劝诫的微笑照亮宇宙。(有名/常考)
Nature 自然
To speak truly,few adult persons can see nature.Most persons do not see the sun.At least they have a very superficial seeing.The sun illuminates only the eye of the man but shines into the eye and the heart of the child. 说实话,很少有成年人能真正看到自然。大多数人看不到太阳。至少他们的观看非常肤浅。太阳只照亮人的眼睛,却照进孩子的眼睛和心灵
Nature 自然
Standing on the bare ground,my head bathed by the blithe air,and uplifted into infinite space,all mean egotism vanishes.I become a transparent eyeball.I am nothing.I see all.The currents of the Universal Being circulate through me;I am part or particle of God. 站在光秃的土地上,头顶沐浴在欢快的空气中,向着无限的空间仰望,所有卑微的自我消失了。我变成了一只透明的眼球。我什么都不是。我看见一切。宇宙存在的潮流在我体内流动;我是一部分,是上帝的一个粒子。
Nature 自然
Nature says,-he is my creature,and maugre all his impertinent grief's,he shall be glad about me.Not the sun or the summer alone,but every hour and season yields its tribute of delight;for every hour and change corresponds to and authorizes a different state of the mind,from breathless noon to grimmest midnight. 自然说——他是我的创造,尽管他有所有无礼的悲伤,他仍将因我而快乐。不仅仅是太阳或夏天,每一个时刻和季节都献上它的欢乐;因为每一个时刻和变化都对应并授权一种不同的心境,从屏息的正午到最阴沉的午夜
Standing on the bare ground,-my head bathed by the blithe air,and uplifted into infinite space,all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball;I am nothing;I see all;the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me;I am part or particle of God.The name of the nearest friend sounds then foreign and accidental:to be brothers,to be acquaintances, -master or servant,is then a trifle and a disturbance.I am the lover of uncontained and immortal beauty.In the wilderness, I find something dearer and more connate than in streets or villages.In the tranquil landscape,and especially in the distant line of the horizon,man beholds somewhat as beautiful as his own nature. 站在光秃秃的土地上——我的头被欢快的空气包围,向着无限的空间抬起,所有卑微的自我消失了。我变成了一个透明的眼球;我什么都不是;我看见一切;宇宙存在的潮流在我体内流动;我是上帝的一部分或一粒微尘。最近朋友的名字听起来那么陌生和偶然:成为兄弟,成为熟人——主人或仆人——此时都是微不足道的扰乱。我是无拘无束、不朽之美的爱慕者。在荒野中,我发现了比街道或村庄更亲切、更天生的东西。在宁静的风景中,尤其是在遥远的地平线上,人类看到的东西与他自身的本性一样美丽。
The greatest delight which the fields and woods minister,is the suggestion of an occult relation between man and the vegetable.I am not alone and unacknowledged.They nod to me,and I to them. 田野和树林带来的最大乐趣,是暗示了人类与植物之间一种神秘的联系。我并不孤单,也不被忽视。它们向我点头,我也向它们点头
For,nature is not always tricked in holiday attire,but the same scene which yesterday breathed perfume and glittered as for the frolic of the nymphs,is overspread with melancholy today.Nature always wears the colors of the spirit.To a man laboring under calamity,the heat of his own fire hath sadness in it.Then,there is a kind of contempt of the landscape felt by him who has just lost by death a dear friend.The sky is less grand as it shuts down over less worth in the population. 因为大自然并不总是穿着节日的盛装被欺骗,但昨天还散发着香气、闪耀着如同仙女嬉戏的同一场景,今天却笼罩着忧郁。大自然总是披着精神的色彩。对于一个遭受灾难的人来说,他自己火焰的热度中带着悲伤。然后,刚刚因死亡失去亲密朋友的人,会对风景产生一种轻蔑感。当天空在覆盖着较少有价值的人口时,它显得不那么壮丽。
Nature 大自然
4.Henry David Thoreau 4.亨利·戴维·梭罗
I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately,to front only the essential facts of life,and see if I could not learn what it had to teach,and not,when I came to die,discover that I had not lived. 我走进森林,因为我希望有意识地生活,只面对生活的本质事实,看看是否能学到它所要教的东西,而不是在临死时发现自己从未真正活过
Walden(2014/2016 年 人大真题 选段)
分析:
These words are from Thoreau's chapter"Where I Lived,and What I Lived For."The first part of this title is a practical concern about a place of residence,while the second part is a deeply philosophical concern about the meaning of life. Thoreau combines the practical and the philosophical in his Walden project,and thus the phrase"the essential facts of life" can refer both to material necessities like food and shelter and also to the core of human existence.The double aspect of Walden,its treatment of hard facts as well as philosophical questions,is also evident in his mention of living at the end. Taken factually and literally,it is of course impossible for Thoreau to die understanding that"I had not lived."But taken philosophically,life means not just biological functioning but also inner fulfillment.The experimentalism of Thoreau's endeavor is expressed in his frank acknowledgement that he is testing out an idea,rather than proving a foregone conclusion.Finally,the obscure mystical side of Thoreau-which makes him often appear more of a visionary than a philosopher-is evident in his famous phrase"to live deliberately."On a literal level,he wishes to choose his path of life independently and thoughtfully,subject to his own deliberation and no one else's.But on a higher level,the phrase is 这些话出自梭罗的章节《我住在哪里,以及我为何而活》。标题的第一部分是关于居住地的实际关切,而第二部分则是对生命意义的深刻哲学思考。梭罗在他的《瓦尔登湖》项目中将实用与哲学结合起来,因此“生活的基本事实”这一短语既可以指食物和住所等物质必需品,也可以指人类存在的核心。《瓦尔登湖》的双重面向,即对硬事实和哲学问题的处理,也体现在他提到“活在终点”这一说法中。从字面和事实角度看,梭罗当然不可能在死时意识到“我没有活过”。但从哲学角度看,生命不仅意味着生物学上的运作,还意味着内心的满足。梭罗努力的实验性体现在他坦率承认自己是在试验一个想法,而不是证明一个既定结论。最后,梭罗那神秘晦涩的一面——这使他常常看起来更像是一个有远见的人而非哲学家——在他著名的短语“有意识地生活”中显露无遗。从字面上讲,他希望选择自己的人生道路 独立且深思熟虑地,依据他自己的思考而非他人的意志行事。但在更高的层面上,这句话是
mystical and haunting,since of course nobody ever chooses to live or deliberately seeks to exist.As elsewhere in the work, Thoreau here forces us to contemplate the transcendent meaning of human life even while we think he is simply referring to a cabin in the woods. 神秘且令人难忘的,因为当然没有人会选择生活或刻意寻求存在。正如作品中其他地方一样,梭罗在这里迫使我们思考人类生命的超越意义,即使我们认为他仅仅是在指一间林中小屋。
In a speech from the early 1940s,the poet Ezra Pound dismissed Thoreau's project in less than twenty-five words.Pound viewed it as Thoreau's:First intellectual reaction to mere approach of industrialization:Thoreau tried to see how little he need bother about other humanity. 在 20 世纪 40 年代初的一次演讲中,诗人埃兹拉·庞德用不到二十五个字就否定了梭罗的计划。庞德认为这是梭罗对工业化初现的第一反应:梭罗试图看看自己能多大程度上不必关心其他人类。
Would you agree with Pound that the experiment Thoreau takes up at Walden Pond demonstrates his indifference to other humans?Why or why not? 你是否同意庞德的观点,即梭罗在瓦尔登湖进行的实验显示了他对其他人的冷漠?为什么或为什么不?
While Thoreau clearly voices some sharp criticism of civilized life and industrialization,Pound is wrong in claiming that Thoreau does not care about"other humanity"at all.Thoreau's retreat to Walden Pond is never framed as an attempt to flee humans,and he explicitly points out that he visits Concord several times a week,that he enjoys entertaining visitors in his shack,and that he has had more guests at the pond than ever before.His friendly chats with the Canadian woodcutter Alex Therien show his sociability,and his domestic management lectures to John Field and Field's family,though they may be undiplomatic,come from Thoreau's very committed desire to pull him out of poverty.He never shown any signs of indifference to humanity.On the contrary,his prophetic tone at the end of the work displays a huge moral investment in the fate of his fellow men. 虽然梭罗明确表达了对文明生活和工业化的一些尖锐批评,但庞德声称梭罗完全不关心“其他人类”是错误的。梭罗隐居瓦尔登湖从来不是试图逃避人类,他明确指出自己每周多次访问康科德,喜欢在小屋里招待访客,而且他在湖边接待的客人比以往任何时候都多。他与加拿大伐木工亚历克斯·特里恩的友好交谈显示了他的社交性,他对约翰·菲尔德及其家人的家务管理讲座,虽然可能不够圆滑,却出自梭罗极力想帮助他们摆脱贫困的真诚愿望。他从未表现出对人类的冷漠。相反,作品结尾处他那预言般的语气显示了他对同胞命运的巨大道德投入。
Our life is frittered away by detail.An honest man has hardly need to count more than his ten fingers,or in extreme cases he may add his ten toes,and lump the rest.Simplicity,simplicity,simplicity! 我们的生活被琐事消磨殆尽。一个诚实的人几乎不需要数超过自己的十根手指,或者在极端情况下,他可以加上十根脚趾,其他的统统归为一类。简单,简单,还是简单!
Walden(2013/2008 北语) 《瓦尔登湖》(2013/2008 北语)
When I wrote the following pages,or rather the bulk of them,I lived alone,in the woods,a mile from any neighbor,in a house which I had built myself,on the shore of Walden Pond,in Concord,Massachusetts,and earned my living by the labor of my hands only.I lived there two years and two months.At present I am a sojourner in civilized life again. 当我写下以下这些页,或者说大部分内容时,我独自一人生活在树林中,离最近的邻居有一英里远,住在一所我自己建造的房子里,位于马萨诸塞州康科德的瓦尔登湖畔,靠双手劳动谋生。我在那里生活了两年零两个月。现在我又成为文明社会中的一名过客。
Walden 瓦尔登湖
5.Walt Whitman 5.沃尔特·惠特曼
I celebrate myself,and sing myself, 我歌颂自己,也歌唱自己,
And what I assume you shall assume, 我所假设的,你也应假设,
For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. 因为属于我的每一个原子,同样也属于你。
Song of Myself(2013 人大 2018 北交) 《我歌唱我自己》(2013 人大 2018 北交)
I am the poet of the Body and I am the poet of the soul. 我是身体的诗人,也是灵魂的诗人
The pleasures of heaven are with me and the pains of hell are with me, 天堂的快乐与我同在,地狱的痛苦也与我同在,
The first I graft and increase upon myself,the latter I translate into new tongue. 前者我嫁接并在自己身上增添,后者我转化为新的语言。
I am the poet of the woman the same as the man 我是女人的诗人,也同样是男人的诗人。
And I say it is as great to be a woman as to be a man 我说,作为女人和作为男人一样伟大
And I say there is nothing greater than the mother of men 我说,没有什么比人类之母更伟大
Song of Myself(2013 北语) 《我歌唱自己》(2013 北语)
When lilacs last in the door-yard blood'd, 当丁香花最后在门前血色绽放,
And the great star early droop'd in the western sky in the night, 当那颗伟大的星星在夜晚的西天早早低垂,
I mourn'd-and yet shall mourn with ever-returning spring. 我曾哀悼——且将随每一次春回而哀悼。
O ever-returning spring!Trinity sure to me you bring; 哦,永远回归的春天!你为我带来确定的三位一体;
Lilac blooming perennial,and drooping star in the west, 多年生的丁香花盛开,西方垂落的星辰,
And thought of him I love. 以及我所爱的他的思念
When Lilacs Last in the Door-yard Bloom'd(2010 北语) 当丁香花最后在门前院子里盛开(2010 北语)
6.Herman Melville 6.赫尔曼·梅尔维尔
Whether fagged by the three days'running chase,and the resistance to his swimming in the knotted hamper he bore;or whether it was some latent deceitfulness and malice in him:whichever was true,the White Whale's way now began to abate,as it seemed,from the boat so rapidly nearing him once more;though indeed the whale's last start had not been so long a one as before.And still as Ahab glided over the waves the unpitying sharks accompanied him;and so pertinaciously stuck to the boat;and so continually bit at the plying oars that the blades became jagged and crunched,and left small splinters in the sea,at almost every dip. 无论是因为连续三天的追逐而疲惫不堪,还是因为他所背负的结实篮子中游泳时的抵抗;或者是他内心潜藏的某种欺骗性和恶意:无论哪种情况属实,白鲸的行动现在似乎开始减缓,因为船只再次迅速接近它;尽管实际上鲸鱼最后一次的冲刺并不像之前那么长。阿哈布滑过波浪时,无情的鲨鱼依然伴随左右;它们如此执着地紧贴着船只;不断咬噬着划桨,使桨叶变得锯齿状并发出嘎吱声,每次入水几乎都留下小碎片在海中。
Moby Dick 《白鲸》
"The whale,the whale!Up helm,up helm!Oh all ye sweet powers of air,now hug me close!Let not Starbuck die,if die he must,in a woman's fainting fit.Up helm.I say-ye fools,the jaw!The jaw!Is this the end of all my bursting prayers?All my lifelong fidelities?Ah,Ahab,Ahab,lo,thy work.Steady!Helmsman,steady.Nay,nay!Up helm again!He turns to meet us!Oh,his unappeasable brow drives on towards one,whose duty tells him he cannot depart.My God stand by me now!" “鲸鱼,鲸鱼!舵手,舵手!哦,所有甜美的空气之力,现在紧紧拥抱我!如果 Starbuck 必须死,别让他死在女人的昏厥中。舵手,我说——你们这些傻瓜,舵!舵!这是我所有爆发祈祷的终结吗?我一生的忠诚?啊,Ahab,Ahab,看啊,你的工作。稳住!舵手,稳住。不,不!再舵!他转身迎战我们!哦,他那不可平息的眉头驱使着他前进,面对一个职责告诉他不能离开的对手。我的上帝,现在站在我这边!”
Moby Dick 《白鲸》
And as for those who,previously hearing of the white whale,by chance caught sight of him;in the beginning of the thing they had every one of them,almost as boldly and fearlessly lowered for hum,as for any other whale of that species. 至于那些之前听说过白鲸,偶然见到他的;在事情开始时,他们几乎都像对待同类鲸鱼一样,大胆无畏地放下小艇去追捕他。
Moby Dick(2012、2008 北语) 《白鲸》(2012、2008 北语)
The Cape of Good Hope,and all the watery region round about there,is much like some noted four corners of a great highway,where you meet more travelers than in any other part. 好望角及其周围的水域,很像一条大路上著名的四岔路口,在那里你会遇到比其他任何地方都多的旅人。
It was not very long after speaking the Goney that another homeward-bound whale man,the Town-Ho,was encountered.She was manned almost wholly by Polynesians.In the short game that ensued she gave us strong new of Moby Dick. 不久,在与 Goney 交谈后,又遇到了一艘归航的捕鲸船——Town-Ho 号。船员几乎全是波利尼西亚人。在随后的短暂交锋中,她给了我们关于《白鲸》的重要消息。
But there was a more real life for Hester Prynne here,in New England,than in that unknown region where Pearl had found a home.Here had been her sin;here,her sorrow;and here was yet to be her penitence.She had returned,therefore, and resumed,-of her own free will,for not the sternest magistrate of that iron period would have imposed it,-resumed the symbol of which we have related so dark a tale.Never afterwards did it quit her bosom.But the scarlet letter ceased to be a stigma which attracted the world's scorn and bitterness,and became a type of something to be sorrowed over,and looked upon with awe,and yet with reverence,too. 但在这里,新英格兰,海斯特·普林有着比珍珠找到家的那个未知之地更真实的生活。她的罪恶曾发生在这里;她的悲伤也在这里;她的忏悔也将在这里完成。因此,她自愿返回,重新佩戴我们所述那段黑暗故事中的象征——这并非那个铁腕时代最严厉的法官所强加的。此后,她从未摘下那枚红字。但那红字不再是引来世人轻蔑与痛苦的耻辱标记,而成为一种令人悲悯、敬畏,甚至尊重的象征
Scarlet Letter 红字
分析:
This passage concludes the books examination of the theme of individual identity in the face of social judgments.After many years'absence,Hester has just returned to her former home.She resumes wearing the scarlet letter because her past is an important part of her identity;it is not something that should be erased or denied because someone else has decided it is shameful.What Hester undergoes is more akin to reconciliation than penitence.She creates a life in which the scarlet letter 这段文字总结了本书对个人身份在社会评判面前主题的探讨。经过多年的离开,海斯特刚刚回到了她的故乡。她重新戴上了红字,因为她的过去是她身份的重要组成部分;这不是因为别人认为它可耻就应该被抹去或否认的东西。海斯特经历的更像是和解,而非忏悔。她创造了一种生活,其中红字成为她身份的一部分
is a symbol of adversity overcome and of knowledge gained rather than a sign of failure or condemnation.She assumes control of her own identity,and in so doing she becomes an example for others.She is not,however,the example of sin that she was once intended to be.Rather,she is an example of redemption and self-empowerment. 是克服逆境和获得知识的象征,而非失败或谴责的标志。她掌控了自己的身份,因此成为他人的榜样。然而,她不再是曾经被设定为的罪恶典范。相反,她是救赎和自我赋权的典范
Here,there was the taint of deepest sin\sin in the most scared quality of human life,working such effort,that the world was only the darker for this woman's beauty and the more lost for the infant that she had borne. 这里,在人类生命中最神圣的品质中,弥漫着最深的 sin\sin 的污点,付出了如此的努力,以至于这个世界因这位女性的美丽而更加阴暗,也因她所生的婴儿而更加迷失
The Scarlet Letter(2014 北语) 红字(2014 北语)
When the young woman-the mother of this child-stood fully revealed before the crowd,it seemed to be her first impulse to clasp the infant closely to her bosom;not so much by an impulse of motherly affection,as that she might thereby conceal a certain token,which was wrought or fastened into her dress.In a moment,however,wisely judging that one token of her shame would but poorly serve to hide another,she took the baby on her arm,and with a burning blush,and yet a haughty smile,and a glance that would not be abashed,looked around at her townspeople and neighbors.On the breast of her gown,in fine red cloth,surrounded with an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold thread,appeared the letter A. 当这位年轻女子——这个孩子的母亲——完全出现在人群面前时,她似乎第一反应是将婴儿紧紧抱在怀里;这并非出于母爱的冲动,而是为了借此遮掩她衣服上缝制或固定的某个标记。然而,她很快明智地判断,遮掩一个耻辱的标记并不能掩盖另一个,于是她将婴儿抱在手臂上,脸上带着炽热的红晕,却又带着傲慢的微笑,目光坚定不屈,环视着她的镇民和邻居。在她礼服的胸前,用精细的红布绣成,周围装饰着复杂的刺绣和奇幻的金线花纹,显现出字母 A。
The Scarlet Letter(2011 北语) 红字(2011 北语)
Indeed,the same dark question often rose into her mind,with reference to the whole race of womanhood.Was existence worth accepting,even to the happiest among them?As concerned her own individual existence,she had long ago decided in the negative,and dismissed the point as settled.A tendency to speculation,though it may keep woman quiet,as it does man,yet makes her sad.She discerns,it may be,such a hopeless task before her.As a first step,the whole system of society is to be torn down and built up anew.Then,the very nature of the opposite sex,or its long hereditary habit,which has become like nature,is to be essentially modified,before woman can be allowed to assume what seems a fair and suitable position.Finally,all other difficulties being obviated,woman cannot take advantage of these preliminary reforms, until she herself shall have undergone a still mightier change;in which,perhaps,the ethereal essence,wherein she has her truest life,will be found to have evaporated.A woman never overcomes these problems by any exercise of thought.They are not to be solved,or only in one way.If her heart chance to come uppermost,they vanish.Thus,Hester Prynne,whose heart had lost its regular and healthy throb,wandered without a clue in the dark labyrinth of mind;now turned aside by an insurmountable precipice;now starting back from a deep chasm.There was wild and ghastly scenery all around her,and a home and comfort nowhere.At times,a fearful doubt strove to possess her soul,whether it were not better to send Pearl at once to Heaven,and go herself to such futurity as Eternal Justice should provide. 事实上,关于整个女性群体,她脑海中常常浮现出同样的黑暗疑问。即使是她们中最幸福的人,生命是否值得接受?关于她自身的个体存在,她早已否定了这一点,并认为此事已成定局。虽然推测的倾向可能使女人像男人一样保持沉默,但却使她感到悲伤。她或许察觉到,面前是一项无望的任务。作为第一步,整个社会体系必须被推翻并重新建立。然后,异性的本质,或其长期遗传的习惯,已如同自然一般,必须被根本改变,女人才能被允许承担看似公平且合适的地位。最后,排除所有其他困难后,女人仍无法利用这些初步改革,除非她自己经历一场更为强大的变革;在这场变革中,也许她拥有最真实生命的那种飘渺本质将被发现已然消散。女人从未通过任何思考来克服这些问题。这些问题无法被解决,或者只能以一种方式解决。如果她的内心恰巧占据上风,这些问题便会消失。因此,赫斯特·普林恩的心跳已失去规律和健康,她在心灵的黑暗迷宫中漫无目的地徘徊;时而被无法逾越的悬崖阻挡;时而从深渊前退缩。她周围是荒凉而恐怖的景象,却无家可归,无处安慰。有时,一种可怕的怀疑试图占据她的灵魂:是否不如立即送珍珠上天堂,而自己去接受永恒正义所安排的未来
The scarlet letter had not done its office. 猩红字并未发挥它的作用。
The Scarlet Letter(2020 北语)(注:细节可能不太准,但真题应该是这段)
(注: 2020 年北语真题应该是以下三问,因为不能确定划线部分是不是我在上文画的部分,因此贴一个选段分析,另外补充两个小说结尾的解释。
1.Explain the underline words with the focus of three steps. 1.用三个步骤重点解释划线词。
2.In what way can this passage reveal the growth of Hester Prynne?How does she grow in this novel? 2.这段话以何种方式揭示了海丝特·普林的成长?她在这部小说中是如何成长的?
3.Explain the ending of this novel.) 3.解释这部小说的结局
Analysis of this paragraph: 本段分析:
This paragraph is selected from Chapter 13 in The Scarlet Letter,which is the middle part of the novel.In this chapter, Four years have gone by,and Hester's position in the community has changed:She has been given credit for bearing her shame with courage,and her life has been one of purity since Pearl's birth.While Dimmesdale's sermons have become more humane and praised because of his suffering,Hester's position has risen because of her charity.Her scarlet A now stands for "Able."But this has come with a price:no friends,no passion,no love or affection.Through adversity,Hester has forged a 本段选自《红字》第 13 章,属于小说的中部。在这一章中,四年已经过去,海丝特在社区中的地位发生了变化:她因勇敢地承受耻辱而获得认可,自珍珠出生以来,她的生活一直纯洁。虽然丁梅斯代尔的布道因他的痛苦而变得更加有人情味并受到赞扬,海丝特的地位因她的慈善行为而提升。她那鲜红的“A”现在代表“能干”。但这也付出了代价:没有朋友,没有激情,没有爱或感情。通过逆境,海丝特在清教徒社会的边缘为自己开辟了一个新的位置。
new place for herself on the edge of Puritan society.In contrast,Dimmesdale's mental balance has suffered greatly.Now she must help the man who seems to be on"the verge of lunacy."In fact,she feels it has been an error on her part not to step forward before.So she resolves to speak with her husband. 相比之下,丁梅斯代尔的精神状态大受影响。现在她必须帮助那个似乎“濒临疯狂”的男人。事实上,她觉得自己之前没有挺身而出是一个错误。因此,她决定与她的丈夫交谈
This excerpt describes Hester's inner reflection.In this passage,Hyster ponders a question,namely"Was existence worth accepting,even to the happiest among them?"Hester believes that for women to live a meaningful and valuable life, they need three steps:First,the entire society must change.Extremely harsh Puritanism values are in violation of nature, and Hester is a typical victim.Secondly,men should also make changes.For example,the priest and the doctor failed to solve their own problems,let alone others.Finally,even if the first two difficulties are easily achieved,women themselves have to reflect and grow.Women must think more about their own problems and situations in order to grow up.Only mature women and mature men can enter the palace of marriage. 这段摘录描述了海丝特的内心反思。在这段文字中,海丝特思考了一个问题,即“即使是最幸福的人,存在是否值得接受?”海丝特认为,女性要过上有意义且有价值的生活,需要三个步骤:首先,整个社会必须改变。极端严苛的清教徒价值观违背了自然,而海丝特就是一个典型的受害者。其次,男性也应当做出改变。例如,牧师和医生未能解决他们自己的问题,更别说帮助他人了。最后,即使前两个困难轻易克服,女性自身也必须反思和成长。女性必须更多地思考自身的问题和处境,才能成长。只有成熟的女性和成熟的男性才能进入婚姻的殿堂。
(一个延伸问题,针对"The scarlet letter had not done its office.":What does the narrator mean by this statement?In what way has the scarlet letter failed?) (一个延伸问题,针对“红字并未发挥其作用。”:叙述者这句话是什么意思?红字在哪些方面失败了?)
The meaning of the ending of this novel: 这部小说结局的意义:
At the end of the novel,Dimmesdale makes a speech and exposes his chest to the community gathered around the scaffold,then dies.A short time later,Chillingworth also dies and leaves his fortune to Pearl;Pearl and Hester go abroad, but Hester returns alone years later to live out her days quietly in the New England community.The ending turns the story into a narrative of redemption,and one in which good triumphs over evil.Although the narrator says there was some debate about what,if anything,Dimmesdale revealed on his chest,the reader understands that Dimmesdale intended the act as a confession of his identity as Pearl's father.Dimmesdale believes that by finally confessing his secret,he has saved his soul: "Had either of these agonies been wanting,I had been lost forever!"He dies at peace.By inheriting Chillingworth's fortune, Pearl also redeems her tainted origins.She will not be haunted by her past,and most likely lives the happy life that Hester was denied.Finally,Chillingworth is defeated in his project of tormenting Dimmesdale:when he realizes Dimmesdale is voluntarily confessing,he laments,"Thou hast escaped me!" 小说结尾,Dimmesdale 发表演讲,向聚集在刑架周围的众人暴露胸膛,随后去世。不久之后,Chillingworth 也去世,将遗产留给了 Pearl;Pearl 和 Hester 出国,但多年后 Hester 独自返回,在新英格兰社区安静度过余生。结局将故事转变为救赎的叙述,善良战胜邪恶。虽然叙述者提到关于 Dimmesdale 胸膛上是否有任何显现存在一些争议,但读者明白 Dimmesdale 此举意在承认自己是 Pearl 的父亲。Dimmesdale 相信,通过最终坦白秘密,他拯救了自己的灵魂:“如果缺少了这两种痛苦,我将永远迷失!”他安详地去世。Pearl 继承了 Chillingworth 的遗产,也救赎了她受污染的出身。她不会被过去所困扰,很可能过上了 Hester 未能享有的幸福生活。最后,Chillingworth 在折磨 Dimmesdale 的计划中失败:当他意识到 Dimmesdale 是自愿忏悔时,他哀叹道:“你逃脱了我!”
However,while the ending does allow for redemption and peace,it is not,strictly speaking,a happy ending.Rather,the ending shows how individuals can learn from past mistakes,even if they also have to live with the consequences of those actions.Dimmesdale dies believing that his soul has been saved,but he does not get the chance to enjoy a life with Hester and Pearl.Hester is able to regain a sense of agency by voluntarily choosing to re-enter the community,and wearing the scarlet letter by choice rather than out of obligation.However,these decisions also show that she is defined by her past.The narrator reflects that Hester"recognized the impossibility that any mission of divine or mysterious truth should be confided to a woman stained with sin."The final image of the novel is a description of Hester's tombstone,emblazoned with the letter A.Even after her death,her identity will always be bound up with the fateful choice she made. 然而,虽然结局确实允许救赎与平静,但严格来说,这并不是一个幸福的结局。相反,结局展示了个人如何从过去的错误中学习,即使他们也必须承受这些行为的后果。Dimmesdale 死时相信自己的灵魂已得救,但他没有机会与 Hester 和 Pearl 共度生活。Hester 通过自愿选择重新融入社区,重新获得了行动的自主权,并且是出于自愿而非义务佩戴那枚猩红字。然而,这些决定也表明她仍被过去所定义。叙述者反思道,Hester“意识到任何神圣或神秘真理的使命都不可能托付给一个被罪恶玷污的女人。”小说的最后一幅画面是对 Hester 墓碑的描述,上面刻着字母 A。即使在她死后,她的身份也将永远与她所做的那个命运抉择紧密相连。
How does Hawthorne prove himself to be one of the best symbolists? 霍桑如何证明自己是最出色的象征主义者之一?
Hawthorne is a master of symbolism.Take The Scarlet Letter as an example:The letter"A"is full of symbolic meanings and becomes the focus of discussion.It can be interpreted as adultery,able,angle or Adam.When Hester comes back to New England,Nathaniel Hawthorne comments upon her return with this sentence:she"resumed the symbol of which we have related so dark a tale."The letter,as a"symbol",is thus the central subject of the book.The reader is thus invited to consider the whole story as a progressive uncovering of the"truth"of a symbol that constitutes one of the most enigmatic elements of American literature.His short stories such as"The Young Goodman Brown"and"The Minister's BlackVeil"also overflow with symbolism.In a word,symbolism is one of the artistic features of Hawthorne's writings. 霍桑是象征主义的大师。以《红字》为例:“A”字母充满象征意义,成为讨论的焦点。它可以被解释为通奸(adultery)、能干(able)、天使(angle)或亚当(Adam)。当海丝特回到新英格兰时,纳撒尼尔·霍桑用这句话评论她的归来:她“重新承担了我们所讲述的那个黑暗故事的象征”。因此,这个字母作为一个“象征”,是这本书的核心主题。读者因此被邀请将整个故事视为对一个象征“真相”的逐步揭示,而这个象征构成了美国文学中最神秘的元素之一。他的短篇小说如《年轻的古德曼·布朗》和《牧师的黑面纱》也充满了象征主义。总之,象征主义是霍桑作品的艺术特色之一。
What does the last sentence of the novel mean? 小说的最后一句话是什么意思?
The novel ends with a symbolic epitaph from Hester's grave,in the future.The last sentence reveals the words carved into her tombstone:"On a Field,Sable,the Letter A,Gules."These words evoke a visual symbol of the rich brown,or sable, 小说以海丝特墓碑上的象征性墓志铭结束,描绘了未来。最后一句话揭示了刻在她墓碑上的文字:“在黑色的底色上,红色的字母 A。”这些文字唤起了一个视觉象征,即深棕色,或称黑貂色,
earth upon which a red,or gules,letter"A"sits.The narrator also provides a conflicting image to the scene:The somber setting is relieved by"one ever glowing point of light"even though this light is"gloomier than the shadow."These images reflect and represent Hester's persecution,struggles,and resilient heart. 大地上坐落着一个红色,或称为鲜红色的字母“A”。叙述者还提供了一个与场景相矛盾的形象:阴沉的环境被“一点永远闪耀的光芒”所缓解,尽管这光芒“比阴影更为阴郁”。这些形象反映并代表了海丝特的迫害、挣扎和坚韧的心灵。
《红字》的最后一段:
So said Hester Prynne,and glanced her sad eyes downward at the scarlet letter.And,after many,many years,a new grave was delved,near an old and sunken one,in that burial-ground beside which King's Chapel has since been built.It was near that old and sunken grave,yet with a space between,as if the dust of the two sleepers had no right to mingle.Yet one tomb-stone served for both.All around,there were monuments carved with armorial bearings;and on this simple slab of slate-as the curious investigator may still discern,and per-plex himself with the purport-there appeared the semblance of an engraved escutcheon. 1 It bore a device,a herald's word-ing of which may serve for a motto and brief description of our now concluded legend;so somber is it,and relieved only by one ever-glowing point of light gloomier than the shadow:- "ON A FIELD,SABLE,THE LETTER A,GULES." 海丝特·普林如此说道,悲伤的目光低垂在那鲜红的字母上。许多年后,在一座古老而下陷的坟墓附近挖掘出一座新墓,就在那座坟场旁边,后来建起了国王教堂。新墓靠近那座古老而下陷的坟墓,但两者之间留有空隙,仿佛两位安眠者的尘土无权混合。然而,一块墓碑却供两者共用。四周环绕着刻有纹章的纪念碑;而在这块简单的板岩墓碑上——好奇的探访者至今仍可辨认,并为其含义感到困惑——显现出一个雕刻的盾徽的轮廓。它刻有一个标志,一句纹章学家的用语,可作为我们已结束的传奇的座右铭和简短描述;其意境如此阴郁,仅被一点永远闪耀的光芒所缓解,这光芒比阴影更为阴郁:——“在一片黑色的地面上,字母 A 为鲜红色。”
What does the last sentence of the novel mean? 小说的最后一句话是什么意思?
The novel ends with a symbolic epitaph from Hester's grave,in the future.The last sentence reveals the words carved into her tombstone:"On a Field,Sable,the Letter A,Gules."These words evoke a visual symbol of the rich brown,or sable, earth upon which a red letter"A"sits.The narrator also provides a conflicting image to the scene:The somber setting is relieved by"one ever glowing point of light"even though this light is"gloomier than the shadow."These images reflect and represent Hester's persecution,struggles,and resilient heart. 小说以未来赫斯特墓碑上的象征性墓志铭结束。最后一句揭示了刻在她墓碑上的文字:“在一片黑色的田野上,有一个红色的字母 A。”这些文字唤起了一个视觉符号:丰富的棕色或黑色土地上坐落着一个红色的“A”字。叙述者还为这一场景提供了一个矛盾的形象:阴沉的环境被“一点永远闪耀的光”所缓解,尽管这光“比阴影更阴郁”。这些形象反映并代表了赫斯特的迫害、挣扎和坚韧的心灵。
Young Goodman Brown came forth at sunset into the street an Salem village;but put his head back,after crossing the threshold,to exchange a parting kiss with his young wife.And Faith,as the wife was aptly naked,thrust her own pretty head into the street,letting the wind play with the pink ribbons of her cap while she called to Goodman Brown. 年轻的古德曼·布朗在日落时分走出塞勒姆村的街道;但在跨过门槛后,他回头与年轻的妻子交换了一个告别的吻。作为妻子的信仰,恰好赤裸着身体,将她那漂亮的头伸出街道,让风吹动她帽子上的粉色丝带,同时呼唤着古德曼·布朗。
Young Goodman Brown(2016 北语) 年轻的古德曼·布朗(2016 北语)
8.Emily Dickinson 8.艾米莉·狄金森
My life closed twice before its close; 我的生命在终结前已关闭两次;
It yet remains to see 仍有待观察
If immortality unveil 不朽是否会揭示
A third event to me, 对我来说,第三件事,
So huge,so hopeless to conceive 如此巨大,如此绝望难以想象
As these that twice fell. 就像那两次陨落。
Parting is all we know of heaven, 离别是我们所知的天堂,
And we all need of hell. 我们都需要地狱。
My Life Closed Twice Before Its Close 我生命的终结已两度来临
分析:
This is a poem on death.We see that Dickinson treats this subject quite often,but each time from a different perspective. The subject of death constantly troubles her because she has been living almost alone,away from friends,away from society.The last two lines of the poem show that Dickinson is agnostic about the afterworld.People go to another world after death,but no one returns to tell us what it is like.This increases our terror towards death. 这是一首关于死亡的诗。我们看到狄金森经常以不同的视角来处理这个主题。死亡这个主题不断困扰着她,因为她几乎独自生活,远离朋友,远离社会。诗的最后两句显示出狄金森对来世持不可知论态度。人死后会去另一个世界,但没有人回来告诉我们那是什么样子。这加深了我们对死亡的恐惧。
Because I could not stop for Death- 因为我无法为死亡停留——
He kindly stopped for me- 他好心地为我停下——
The Carriage held but just Ourselves- 马车里只有我们两人——
And Immortality. 还有永恒。
We slowly drove-He knew no haste 我们缓缓前行——他不知匆忙
And I had put away 我已经收起了
My labor and my leisure too, 我的劳作和闲暇,
For His Civility- 为了他的礼貌——
He passed the School,where Children strove 他经过了学校,孩子们在那里努力争斗
At Recess-in the Ring- 课间-在擂台上-
We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain- 我们经过了凝视的麦田-
We passed the Setting Sun- 我们经过了落日-
Or rather-He passed Us- 或者说-他经过了我们-
The Dews drew quivering and chill- 露珠颤抖着,寒意袭人-
For only Gossamer,my Gown- 只为那轻纱,我的长袍-
My Tippet-only Tulle- 我的披肩-仅是薄纱-
We paused before a House that seemed 我们停在一座看似的房子前
A Swelling of the Ground- 地面的隆起-
The Roof was scarcely visible- 屋顶几乎看不见-
The Cornice-in the Ground- 檐口-在地面上-
Since then-tis Centuries-and yet 从那时起-已经几个世纪-然而
Feels shorter than the Day 感觉比白天更短
I first surmised the Horses heads 我最初猜测马头
Were toward Eternity- 是朝向永恒——
Because I could not stop for Death-(2006 北语) 因为我无法为死亡停留——(2006 北语)
分析:
The poet is a representative poem on death.Here,the poet treats the subject of death light-heartedly.She has given up living on her own will and followed Death because she believed that Death is a necessary step towards eternity and immortality.The category which Dickinson carefully selects in the 3rd stanza"especially shows Dickinson s power to fuse, into a single order of perception,a heterogeneous series". 这首诗是关于死亡的代表作。在这里,诗人以轻松的态度对待死亡的主题。她自愿放弃生命,追随死亡,因为她相信死亡是通向永恒和不朽的必要步骤。第 3 节中狄金森精心选择的类别“特别展示了狄金森将异质系列融合为单一感知秩序的能力”。
In this poem Dickinson personifies death and immortality so as to make her message strongly felt."we"were riding in a hearse(or carriage),heading toward Eternity. 在这首诗中,狄金森将死亡和不朽拟人化,以使她的讯息更为强烈地传达。“我们”乘坐灵车(或马车),驶向永恒。 ✓\checkmark"he":death ✓\checkmark “他”:死亡 ✓\checkmark"carriage":hearse,carriage for carrying a coffin at a funeral ✓\checkmark “马车”:灵车,葬礼上用来运送棺材的马车 ✓\checkmark"The School","The Fields of Gazing Grain","The Setting Sun":symbolize three stages of one's life:youth,manhood and old age. ✓\checkmark “学校”、“凝视麦田的田野”、“落日”:象征一个人生命的三个阶段:青年、壮年和老年。 ✓\checkmark"gown":grave clothes ✓\checkmark “长袍”:丧服 ✓\checkmark"house":grave ✓\checkmark “房子”:坟墓
The poem begins with a leisurely image.At first,the protagonist feels totally at ease and the usually frightening death is described as if a familiar friend,gentle and polite.Continuingly,the poem is developed upon a basic metaphor that life is a journey.It was truly rather old a comparison,but Dickinson enriched it with her creativity and imagination:"School,where Children strove"-childhood;"Fields of Gazing Grain"-maturity;and"Setting Sun"-old age.Then"the Dews drew quivering and chill"makes the protagonist feel terribly cold,which may mean that they are getting nearer and nearer to the tomb.But at last,his companions,Immortality and Death,finally desert him and leave him alone to go toward Eternity. 这首诗以一个悠闲的意象开篇。起初,主人公感到完全自在,通常令人恐惧的死亡被描述成一个熟悉的朋友,温和而有礼貌。随后,诗歌围绕一个基本的隐喻展开——生命是一段旅程。这确实是一个相当古老的比喻,但狄金森用她的创造力和想象力丰富了它:“学校,孩子们努力学习”——童年;“凝视麦田的田野”——成熟期;“落日”——老年。接着“露水颤抖而寒冷”让主人公感到极度寒冷,这可能意味着他们正越来越接近坟墓。但最终,他的同伴——不朽与死亡,终于离开了他,独自一人走向永恒
I heard a Fly buzz-when I died- 我听见一只苍蝇嗡嗡叫——当我死去时——
The Stillness in the Room 房间里的寂静
Was like the Stillness in the Air- 就像空气中的寂静——
Between the Heaves of Storm- 在风暴的喘息之间——
I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died 我死时听见一只苍蝇嗡嗡叫
含义:
"The Eyes around had wrung them dry":relatives cried,no tears anymore. “周围的眼睛已哭干了泪水”:亲属们哭过,已无泪可流。
"the King":The God of death “国王”:死亡之神
"windows":the door to heaven “窗户”:通往天堂的门
"failed":her doubt of the existence of eternal heaven “失败”:她对永恒天堂存在的怀疑
"With Blue uncertain stumbling Buzz":the sight of the dying became dim and listening weak. “带着蓝色的不确定蹒跚嗡嗡声”:垂死者的视线变得模糊,听觉变得微弱。
主题:
The poem describes the deathbed scene of the persona.Like many of her contemporaries,Dickinson was fascinated with the experience of death.In particular,she wanted to know if their deaths revealed any information about the nature of the afterlife.In this poem,she imagines her own death,and the answer she provides for the deathbed scene is grim,as grim as anything she ever wrote. 这首诗描写了诗人临终的场景。像她的许多同时代人一样,狄金森对死亡的体验充满了兴趣。特别是,她想知道他们的死亡是否揭示了关于来世本质的任何信息。在这首诗中,她想象了自己的死亡,而她为临终场景提供的答案是阴郁的,和她写过的任何作品一样阴郁。
9.Edgar Allan Poe 9.埃德加·爱伦·坡
It was many and many a year ago, 许多许多年以前,
In a kingdom by the sea, 在海边的一个王国里,
That a maiden there lived whom you may know 住着一位少女,你或许认识她,
By the name of ANNABEL LEE; 名叫安娜贝尔·李;
And this maiden she lived with no other thought 这位少女心中只有一个念头
Than to love and be loved by me. 那就是爱我并被我爱。
Annabel Lee 《安娜贝尔·李》
the last poem Poe wrote,is an idealized account of his wife,Virginia Glemn,who died in 1847 这是坡写的最后一首诗,是他对妻子弗吉尼亚·格伦的理想化描述,她于 1847 年去世
分析:
The poem was the last poem of Edgar Allan Poe and published in the New York Tribune,two days after the death of the poet.This version includes the last changes in Poe's manuscript.For example,the very last line of the poem was originally "In her tomb by the sounding sea,"the revision of which was unfortunate in the view of many critics.The poem coincides with Poe s poetics.It is readable at one sitting,is about the death of a beautiful woman,is melancholy in the general tone, and is rhythmic.The loss of a beautiful and beloved lady is the recurrent theme of Poe.But the poet deals with the theme so perfectly in this poem that he finishes the poem by half the length of"The Raven",which Poe has often taken as an example to illustrate his art.Since Poe suggests that the repetition of the/o:/sound in"The Raven"implies grief and melancholy,we can assume that the repetition of the/i:/sound in this poem suggests a sign.The poem is regarded as"the culmination of Poe's lyric style". 这首诗是埃德加·爱伦·坡的最后一首诗,发表于诗人去世两天后的《纽约论坛报》。这个版本包含了坡手稿中的最后修改。例如,诗的最后一句原本是“在她的墓旁,海浪声响起”,这一修改在许多评论家看来是不幸的。这首诗与坡的诗学理念相符。它可以一气呵成地读完,主题是关于一位美丽女子的死亡,整体基调忧郁,并且富有节奏感。失去一位美丽且心爱的女士是坡反复出现的主题。但诗人在这首诗中对这一主题的处理如此完美,以至于他用不到《乌鸦》一半的篇幅就完成了这首诗,而坡常以《乌鸦》作为说明其艺术的范例。既然坡认为《乌鸦》中/o:/音的重复暗示了悲伤和忧郁,我们可以推测这首诗中/i:/音的重复也暗示了一种象征。这首诗被视为“坡抒情风格的巅峰”。 ✓\checkmark End rhyme:sea,lee,me,ago,know ✓\checkmark 尾韵:sea,lee,me,ago,know ✓\checkmark Alliteration:happy,heaven,demons,down ✓\checkmark 头韵:happy,heaven,demons,down ✓\checkmark Assonance:shut,up,life,bride ✓\checkmark 元音韵:shut,up,life,bride
Theme:Eternal love 主题:永恒的爱
The love between the narrator and Annabel Lee is so strong and beautiful and pure that even the seraphs,the highest order of angels in heaven,envy it.They attempt to kill this love by sending a chilling wind that kills Annabel Lee.However,the love remains alive eternal because the souls of the lovers remain united.The death of a beautiful woman is a common theme in Poe's writing. 叙述者与安娜贝尔·李之间的爱是如此强烈、美丽且纯洁,甚至连天上的最高阶天使——炽天使都对此心生嫉妒。他们试图通过送来一阵寒风来摧毁这份爱,这阵风夺去了安娜贝尔·李的生命。然而,这份爱依然永存,因为恋人们的灵魂始终相连。美丽女子的死亡是坡作品中的常见主题。
Word Choice 用词选择
Poe carefully chose the words of the poem to evoke a dreamland or fairytale atmosphere."It was many and many a year ago",for example,echoes the traditional fairytale opening of"once upon a time".The words"kingdom","maiden",and "child"then lead the reader into the never land,with"kingdom"suggesting chivalry and romance,"maiden"suggesting innocence,and"child"suggesting the wonderment of youth.Although he first uses"sepulcher"to refer to Annabel Lee's burial chamber,then repeats it in the seventh line of Stanza 6,he uses"tomb"in the last line of the poem to refer to her 坡精心挑选诗中的词汇,以营造梦境或童话般的氛围。例如,“It was many and many a year ago”(许多许多年前)呼应了传统童话开头“从前”的表达。词语“kingdom”(王国)、“maiden”(少女)和“child”(孩子)引导读者进入梦幻之地,其中“kingdom”暗示骑士精神和浪漫,“maiden”暗示纯真,“child”暗示青春的惊奇。虽然他最初用“sepulcher”(墓穴)指代安娜贝尔·李的安葬之地,并在第六节第七行重复使用,但在诗的最后一行则用“tomb”(坟墓)来称呼她
resting place."Tomb"has a more ominous connotation,suggesting finality.It also has a deathlier ring,like the cavernous toll of a funeral bell. 安息之地。“墓”带有更不祥的含义,暗示着终结。它也有一种更致命的感觉,像葬礼钟声的深沉回响。
Imagery-Darkness and Light: 意象——黑暗与光明:
Implied and explicit images of darkness and light occur throughout the poem.Poe implies that the kingdom by the sea is a bright,cheerful place where the sun shines on two young lovers,the narrator and Annabel Lee.Ironically,in another realm of dazzling light-heaven-the highest order of angels,the Seraphim,grow dark with envy of the young couple.Under cover of night,they send a cold wind that kills Annabel Lee:"The wind came out of the cloud by night,Chilling and killing my Annabel Lee."But the narrator says he remains in a realm of light,for his soul and the soul of Annabel Lee are one.In the last stanza,Poe emphasizes this point with light imagery 诗中贯穿着暗示和明示的黑暗与光明意象。坡暗示海边的王国是一个明亮、愉快的地方,阳光照耀着两位年轻恋人——叙述者和安娜贝尔·李。具有讽刺意味的是,在另一个光辉灿烂的领域——天堂——最高阶的天使,炽天使,因嫉妒这对年轻情侣而变得阴暗。在夜幕掩护下,他们送来一阵寒风,夺走了安娜贝尔·李的生命:“风从夜云中吹来,冰冷地杀死了我的安娜贝尔·李。”但叙述者说他仍处于光明的领域,因为他的灵魂与安娜贝尔·李的灵魂合为一体。在最后一节,坡用光明的意象强调了这一点。
Once upon a midnight dreary,while I pondered,weak and weary, 曾在一个阴郁的午夜,当我沉思时,虚弱而疲惫,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore- 在许多古怪而奇异的遗忘典籍中-
While I nodded,nearly napping,suddenly there came a tapping, 当我点头,几乎打盹时,突然传来敲击声,
As of someone gently rapping,rapping at chamber door. 仿佛有人轻轻敲打,敲打着房间的门。
The Raven(2010 北语) 《乌鸦》(2010 北语)
During the whole of a dull,dark,and soundless day in the autumn of the year,when the clouds hung oppressively low in the heavens,I had been passing alone,on horseback,through a singularly dreary tract of country;and at length found myself,as the shades of the evening drew on,within view of the melancholy House of Usher. 在那年秋天一个沉闷、阴暗且寂静无声的日子里,当乌云低垂,压得天空沉重时,我独自骑马穿过一片异常荒凉的土地;终于,当夜幕降临时,我看到了那座凄凉的厄舍府。
The Fall of the House of Usher(2015 西外) 《厄舍府的倒塌》(2015 西外)
第四章:现实主义 Realism
主要作家作品:
雷克斯·威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯
Reaiks
William Dean Howells
Reaiks
William Dean Howells| Reaiks |
| :--- |
| William Dean Howells |
地位:From a wealthy cultured family(One of the few authors in the American literary history who was not obliged to work for a living);His father is an eminent philosopher and reformer.His brother is a famous philosopher and psychologist; Many of his works were first serialized in the magazine The Atlantic Monthly;A great figure in the transatlantic culture; Founder of psychological realism;
The cultural influence of Europe on Henry James:(born in New York,U.S.-died in London,England)
✓\checkmark He developed a life-long friendship with William Dean Howells,who became his"moral police".In the Harvard Law School,he read French novelists and critics.He toured England,France and Italy,and met Flaubert and Turgenev
✓\checkmark He settled down in London in 1876.In 1915 he became a British citizen
创作阶段/作品:(注:创作阶段中的部分作品各个参考书不一样,请按照自己参考书上的为准)
a.International theme
The American
Daisy Miller(2020 北交 2014 中传)
Roderick Hudson
An International Episode
The Europeans
The Portrait of a Lady
Washington Square
Watch and Ward
b.Focused on inter-personal relationships-His novels was poorly received-Turned to play-writing in 1890,also failure-Returned to the novels with renewed vigor and a better knowledge of literary techniques
A Little Touring France
The Bostonians
The Princess Casamassima
The Reverberator
The Tragic Muse
Guy Domville
c.Novels and tales dealing with children and adolescence
The Turn of the Screw-a gothic novel;The supernatural plays a central role in this short story and,interestingly,while the ghosts we see here don't actually do anything,their effect is profound.James's story is horrifying not because of the supernatural elements themselves,but because of the effect they have on the minds of the living,breathing characters.
地位:From a wealthy cultured family(One of the few authors in the American literary history who was not obliged to work for a living);His father is an eminent philosopher and reformer.His brother is a famous philosopher and psychologist; Many of his works were first serialized in the magazine The Atlantic Monthly;A great figure in the transatlantic culture; Founder of psychological realism;
The cultural influence of Europe on Henry James:(born in New York,U.S.-died in London,England)
✓ He developed a life-long friendship with William Dean Howells,who became his"moral police".In the Harvard Law School,he read French novelists and critics.He toured England,France and Italy,and met Flaubert and Turgenev
✓ He settled down in London in 1876.In 1915 he became a British citizen
创作阶段/作品:(注:创作阶段中的部分作品各个参考书不一样,请按照自己参考书上的为准)
a.International theme
The American
Daisy Miller(2020 北交 2014 中传)
Roderick Hudson
An International Episode
The Europeans
The Portrait of a Lady
Washington Square
Watch and Ward
b.Focused on inter-personal relationships-His novels was poorly received-Turned to play-writing in 1890,also failure-Returned to the novels with renewed vigor and a better knowledge of literary techniques
A Little Touring France
The Bostonians
The Princess Casamassima
The Reverberator
The Tragic Muse
Guy Domville
c.Novels and tales dealing with children and adolescence
The Turn of the Screw-a gothic novel;The supernatural plays a central role in this short story and,interestingly,while the ghosts we see here don't actually do anything,their effect is profound.James's story is horrifying not because of the supernatural elements themselves,but because of the effect they have on the minds of the living,breathing characters.| 地位:From a wealthy cultured family(One of the few authors in the American literary history who was not obliged to work for a living);His father is an eminent philosopher and reformer.His brother is a famous philosopher and psychologist; Many of his works were first serialized in the magazine The Atlantic Monthly;A great figure in the transatlantic culture; Founder of psychological realism; |
| :--- |
| The cultural influence of Europe on Henry James:(born in New York,U.S.-died in London,England) |
| $\checkmark$ He developed a life-long friendship with William Dean Howells,who became his"moral police".In the Harvard Law School,he read French novelists and critics.He toured England,France and Italy,and met Flaubert and Turgenev |
| $\checkmark$ He settled down in London in 1876.In 1915 he became a British citizen |
| 创作阶段/作品:(注:创作阶段中的部分作品各个参考书不一样,请按照自己参考书上的为准) |
| a.International theme |
| The American |
| Daisy Miller(2020 北交 2014 中传) |
| Roderick Hudson |
| An International Episode |
| The Europeans |
| The Portrait of a Lady |
| Washington Square |
| Watch and Ward |
| b.Focused on inter-personal relationships-His novels was poorly received-Turned to play-writing in 1890,also failure-Returned to the novels with renewed vigor and a better knowledge of literary techniques |
| A Little Touring France |
| The Bostonians |
| The Princess Casamassima |
| The Reverberator |
| The Tragic Muse |
| Guy Domville |
| c.Novels and tales dealing with children and adolescence |
| The Turn of the Screw-a gothic novel;The supernatural plays a central role in this short story and,interestingly,while the ghosts we see here don't actually do anything,their effect is profound.James's story is horrifying not because of the supernatural elements themselves,but because of the effect they have on the minds of the living,breathing characters. |
"Reaiks
William Dean Howells"
Henry James(2013 人大)
"地位:From a wealthy cultured family(One of the few authors in the American literary history who was not obliged to work for a living);His father is an eminent philosopher and reformer.His brother is a famous philosopher and psychologist; Many of his works were first serialized in the magazine The Atlantic Monthly;A great figure in the transatlantic culture; Founder of psychological realism;
The cultural influence of Europe on Henry James:(born in New York,U.S.-died in London,England)
✓ He developed a life-long friendship with William Dean Howells,who became his"moral police".In the Harvard Law School,he read French novelists and critics.He toured England,France and Italy,and met Flaubert and Turgenev
✓ He settled down in London in 1876.In 1915 he became a British citizen
创作阶段/作品:(注:创作阶段中的部分作品各个参考书不一样,请按照自己参考书上的为准)
a.International theme
The American
Daisy Miller(2020 北交 2014 中传)
Roderick Hudson
An International Episode
The Europeans
The Portrait of a Lady
Washington Square
Watch and Ward
b.Focused on inter-personal relationships-His novels was poorly received-Turned to play-writing in 1890,also failure-Returned to the novels with renewed vigor and a better knowledge of literary techniques
A Little Touring France
The Bostonians
The Princess Casamassima
The Reverberator
The Tragic Muse
Guy Domville
c.Novels and tales dealing with children and adolescence
The Turn of the Screw-a gothic novel;The supernatural plays a central role in this short story and,interestingly,while the ghosts we see here don't actually do anything,their effect is profound.James's story is horrifying not because of the supernatural elements themselves,but because of the effect they have on the minds of the living,breathing characters."| |
| :--- |
| |
| Reaiks <br> William Dean Howells |
| Henry James(2013 人大) |
| 地位:From a wealthy cultured family(One of the few authors in the American literary history who was not obliged to work for a living);His father is an eminent philosopher and reformer.His brother is a famous philosopher and psychologist; Many of his works were first serialized in the magazine The Atlantic Monthly;A great figure in the transatlantic culture; Founder of psychological realism; <br> The cultural influence of Europe on Henry James:(born in New York,U.S.-died in London,England) <br> $\checkmark$ He developed a life-long friendship with William Dean Howells,who became his"moral police".In the Harvard Law School,he read French novelists and critics.He toured England,France and Italy,and met Flaubert and Turgenev <br> $\checkmark$ He settled down in London in 1876.In 1915 he became a British citizen <br> 创作阶段/作品:(注:创作阶段中的部分作品各个参考书不一样,请按照自己参考书上的为准) <br> a.International theme <br> The American <br> Daisy Miller(2020 北交 2014 中传) <br> Roderick Hudson <br> An International Episode <br> The Europeans <br> The Portrait of a Lady <br> Washington Square <br> Watch and Ward <br> b.Focused on inter-personal relationships-His novels was poorly received-Turned to play-writing in 1890,also failure-Returned to the novels with renewed vigor and a better knowledge of literary techniques <br> A Little Touring France <br> The Bostonians <br> The Princess Casamassima <br> The Reverberator <br> The Tragic Muse <br> Guy Domville <br> c.Novels and tales dealing with children and adolescence <br> The Turn of the Screw-a gothic novel;The supernatural plays a central role in this short story and,interestingly,while the ghosts we see here don't actually do anything,their effect is profound.James's story is horrifying not because of the supernatural elements themselves,but because of the effect they have on the minds of the living,breathing characters. |
Sure,the ghosts are scary...but even scarier are the things they drive the actual people to do and think. 当然,鬼魂很可怕……但更可怕的是它们驱使真实的人去做和去想的事情。
What Maisie Knew 梅西所知
The Ambassadors 大使们
The Wings of the Dove 鸽子的翅膀
The Golden Bowl 金碗
小说理论:He argued against rigid proscriptions on the novelist's choice of subject and method of treatment.He maintained that the widest possible freedom in content and approach would help ensure narrative fiction's continued vitality 小说理论:他反对对小说家选择题材和处理方法的严格规定。他主张在内容和表现手法上应有尽可能广泛的自由,这有助于确保叙事小说的持续生命力。 ✓\checkmark The aim of the novel is to present life ✓\checkmark 小说的目的是呈现生活 ✓\checkmark Art must be related to life ✓\checkmark 艺术必须与生活相关 ✓\checkmark The artist should write about anything that concerns him,even the ugly and the commonplace ✓\checkmark 艺术家应该写任何令他关心的事物,甚至是丑陋和平凡的东西 ✓\checkmark"The only reason for the existence of a novel is that it does attempt to represent life" ✓\checkmark “小说存在的唯一理由是它确实试图表现生活”
贡献: ✓\checkmark He not only bridged the 19th and 20th centuries but connected America and Europe. ✓\checkmark 他不仅架起了 19 世纪和 20 世纪的桥梁,还连接了美国和欧洲。 ✓\checkmark He contributed to literary creation and novel theory in English world. ✓\checkmark 他为英语世界的文学创作和小说理论做出了贡献 ✓\checkmark He opened a new era of modern novels ✓\checkmark 他开启了现代小说的新纪元 ✓\checkmark He helped perfect the art of writing. ✓\checkmark 他帮助完善了写作艺术。 ✓\checkmark He developed gradually from early evaluation in terms of stiff moral standards to inductive inquiry,flexibility, and a subtle perfection of aesthetic nuances. ✓\checkmark 他逐渐从以僵硬的道德标准进行的早期评价,发展到归纳式探究、灵活性以及对美学细微差别的巧妙完善。 ✓\checkmark He contributed to literary criticism(connecting art form with human values) ✓\checkmark 他为文学批评做出了贡献(将艺术形式与人类价值联系起来) ✓\checkmark Abandoning traditional ways of telling a story,but developing a new point of view,in which one character also serves as narrator of a story. ✓\checkmark 放弃传统的叙事方式,发展出一种新的视角,其中一个角色同时担任故事的叙述者。 ✓\checkmark Focusing his attention on philosophical and psychological meaning of the novel ✓\checkmark 将注意力集中在小说的哲学和心理意义上。
Mark Twain 马克·吐温
地位:A humorist and"a public moralist,popular entertainer,political philosopher,travel writer,and novelist";The "greatest humorist this country has produced";William Faulkner called him"the father of American literature";Howells: "sole,incomparable,the Lincoln of our literature."(My Mark Twain-a biography written by W.D.Howells);A Steamboat Pilot;"All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn,"Ernest Hemingway (Green Hills of Africa);His works are regarded as the Mirror of America;the leader of Local Colorism 地位:一位幽默作家和“公共道德家、流行娱乐家、政治哲学家、旅行作家及小说家”;“这个国家产生的最伟大的幽默作家”;威廉·福克纳称他为“美国文学之父”;霍威尔斯称其为“独一无二、无可比拟,是我们文学中的林肯。”(《我的马克·吐温》——W·D·霍威尔斯所著传记);一名汽船领航员;欧内斯特·海明威说:“所有现代美国文学都源自马克·吐温的一本书《哈克贝利·费恩》。”(《非洲的绿山》);他的作品被视为美国的镜子;地方色彩主义的领军人物
原名:Samuel Langhorne Clemens-His primary pen name came from his years working on Mississippi riverboats,where two fathoms,a depth indicating water safe for the passage of boat,was a measure on the sounding line.Twain is an archaic term for"two",as in"The veil of the temple was rent in twain."The river boatman's cry was"mark twain"or,more fully, "by the mark twain",meaning"according to the mark[on the line],[the depth is]two[fathoms]",that is,"The water is 12 feet( 3.7 m )deep and it is safe to pass."(笔名的来源要会解释) 原名:塞缪尔·兰格霍恩·克莱门斯——他的主要笔名来源于他在密西西比河轮船上的工作经历,“two fathoms”(两寻)是测量水深的单位,表示水深足以让船只安全通行。Twain 是“two”的古语,如“圣殿的帷幕裂为两半”。河船工人的喊声是“mark twain”,更完整的说法是“by the mark twain”,意思是“根据测线上的标记,水深为两寻”,即“水深 12 英尺(3.7 米),可以安全通行。”(笔名的来源需要会解释)
Different pen names before Mark Twain:Josh;Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass 马克·吐温之前的不同笔名:乔什;托马斯·杰斐逊·斯诺德格拉斯
虚构作品:
The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County-His first great success as a writer(2018 人大) 《加拉维拉斯县著名的跳蛙》——他作为作家的第一个重大成功(2018 人大)
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(2011 人大 2006 首师) 《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》(2011 人大 2006 首师)
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 汤姆·索亚历险记
The American Claimant 美国的主张者
Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court 亚瑟王宫中的康涅狄格佬
The Gilded Age:A Tale of Today-The A novel written by Charles Dudley Warner and Mark Twain;The novel gave the era its name:the period of U.S.history from the 1870s to about 1900 is now referred to as the Gilded Age. 镀金时代:今日故事——由查尔斯·达德利·华纳和马克·吐温合著的小说;这部小说为那个时代命名:美国历史上从 1870 年代到大约 1900 年的时期现在被称为镀金时代
Horse's Tale-A short novel 马的故事-一部短篇小说
Innocents Abroad 无知者海外行
Mysterious Stranger-A novella 神秘陌生人-一部中篇小说
Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc-A historical novel
Prince and The Pauper
Roughing It
非虚构作品:
Christian Science
Following the Equator
Goldsmiths Friend Abroad Again
Life on the Mississippi(2015 人大)-a memoir by Mark Twain of his days as a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi River before the American Civil War.It is also a travel book,recounting his trip up the Mississippi River from New Orleans to Saint Paul many years after the war.
Mark Twain and the locality in his works(中央民族大学真题)
Mark Twain,pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens,is a great literary artist and a great social critic in the history of the United States.He describes the lower class of American society and is famous for colloquial style and localism.
In his Crumbling Idols,Hamlin Garland defines local colorism as have such quality of texture and back ground that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native.The ultimate aim of the local colorists is,as Garland indicates,to create the illusion of an indigenous little world with qualities that tell it apart from the world outside.It as a trend first made its presence felt in the late 1860s and early seventies.Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions.They tended to idealize and glorify,but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life,such as Bret Harte's The Luck of Roaring Camp,Kate Chopin's The Awakening.
Mark Twain is a representative of the local colorism.He preferred to represent social life through portraits of local places which he knew best.Indeed,he started off as a teller of tall tales and a local colorist.He felt that a novelist must not try to generalize about a nation.He should write the soul of the people,the life of the people,the speech of the people,and not anywhere else can those be had,which clearly defined the place and function of local colorism,and foresaw the coming in sections of the great American novel to which he did his best to contribute his share.All of these can be proved in his works,such as Life on the Mississippi,The Adventures of Tom Sawyer,The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,etc.
Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc-A historical novel
Prince and The Pauper
Roughing It
非虚构作品:
Christian Science
Following the Equator
Goldsmiths Friend Abroad Again
Life on the Mississippi(2015 人大)-a memoir by Mark Twain of his days as a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi River before the American Civil War.It is also a travel book,recounting his trip up the Mississippi River from New Orleans to Saint Paul many years after the war.
Mark Twain and the locality in his works(中央民族大学真题)
Mark Twain,pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens,is a great literary artist and a great social critic in the history of the United States.He describes the lower class of American society and is famous for colloquial style and localism.
In his Crumbling Idols,Hamlin Garland defines local colorism as have such quality of texture and back ground that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native.The ultimate aim of the local colorists is,as Garland indicates,to create the illusion of an indigenous little world with qualities that tell it apart from the world outside.It as a trend first made its presence felt in the late 1860s and early seventies.Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions.They tended to idealize and glorify,but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life,such as Bret Harte's The Luck of Roaring Camp,Kate Chopin's The Awakening.
Mark Twain is a representative of the local colorism.He preferred to represent social life through portraits of local places which he knew best.Indeed,he started off as a teller of tall tales and a local colorist.He felt that a novelist must not try to generalize about a nation.He should write the soul of the people,the life of the people,the speech of the people,and not anywhere else can those be had,which clearly defined the place and function of local colorism,and foresaw the coming in sections of the great American novel to which he did his best to contribute his share.All of these can be proved in his works,such as Life on the Mississippi,The Adventures of Tom Sawyer,The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,etc.| Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc-A historical novel |
| :--- |
| Prince and The Pauper |
| Roughing It |
| 非虚构作品: |
| Christian Science |
| Following the Equator |
| Goldsmiths Friend Abroad Again |
| Life on the Mississippi(2015 人大)-a memoir by Mark Twain of his days as a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi River before the American Civil War.It is also a travel book,recounting his trip up the Mississippi River from New Orleans to Saint Paul many years after the war. |
| Mark Twain and the locality in his works(中央民族大学真题) |
| Mark Twain,pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens,is a great literary artist and a great social critic in the history of the United States.He describes the lower class of American society and is famous for colloquial style and localism. |
| In his Crumbling Idols,Hamlin Garland defines local colorism as have such quality of texture and back ground that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native.The ultimate aim of the local colorists is,as Garland indicates,to create the illusion of an indigenous little world with qualities that tell it apart from the world outside.It as a trend first made its presence felt in the late 1860s and early seventies.Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions.They tended to idealize and glorify,but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life,such as Bret Harte's The Luck of Roaring Camp,Kate Chopin's The Awakening. |
| Mark Twain is a representative of the local colorism.He preferred to represent social life through portraits of local places which he knew best.Indeed,he started off as a teller of tall tales and a local colorist.He felt that a novelist must not try to generalize about a nation.He should write the soul of the people,the life of the people,the speech of the people,and not anywhere else can those be had,which clearly defined the place and function of local colorism,and foresaw the coming in sections of the great American novel to which he did his best to contribute his share.All of these can be proved in his works,such as Life on the Mississippi,The Adventures of Tom Sawyer,The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,etc. |
O.Henry 欧·亨利
地位:William Sydney Porter(原名);美国短篇小说作家;以其出人意料的结局闻名;其所有作品均以纽约为背景
作品:The Gift of the Magi
内容:《麦琪的礼物》讲述了一对年轻夫妇吉姆和黛拉,他们经济拮据,却渴望为彼此购买圣诞礼物。在吉姆不知情的情况下,黛拉卖掉了她最珍贵的财产——她美丽的头发,以购买一条白金怀表链给吉姆;而在黛拉不知情的情况下,吉姆卖掉了他最珍贵的财产——他的怀表,以购买镶有宝石的发梳给黛拉。这一故事的基本设定在其写成后的一个世纪里被无数次复制、改编、戏仿和重新讲述。
The Cop and the Anthem
内容:《警察与圣歌》讲述了纽约市一名流浪汉索皮,他试图被捕,以便能在城市监狱里过冬,而不是在寒冷的冬夜露宿。尽管他尝试了小偷小摸、破坏公物、扰乱秩序以及与一名年轻妓女“调情”,索皮仍未能引起警方的注意。沮丧之际,他在一座教堂前停下脚步,一首管风琴圣歌激励他改过自新;讽刺的是,他却因流连街头被控,判处…… 三
地位:William Sydney Porter(原名);An American short story writer;Known for their surprise endings;All of his works are set in New York
作品:
The Gift of the Magi
内容:"The Gift of the Magi"is about a young couple,Jim and Della,who are short of money but desperately want to buy each other Christmas gifts.Unbeknownst to Jim,Della sells her most valuable possession,her beautiful hair,in order to buy a platinum fob chain for Jim's watch;while unbeknownst to Della,Jim sells his own most valuable possession,his watch,to buy jeweled combs for Della's hair.The essential premise of this story has been copied,reworked,parodied,and otherwise re-told countless times in the century since it was written.
The Cop and the Anthem
内容:"The Cop and the Anthem"about a New York City hobo named Soapy,who sets out to get arrested so that he can be a guest of the city jail instead of sleeping out in the cold winter.Despite efforts at petty theft,vandalism,disorderly conduct, and"flirting"with a young prostitute,Soapy fails to draw the attention of the police.Disconsolate,he pauses in front of a church,where an organ anthem inspires him to clean up his life;ironically,he is charged for loitering and sentenced to three
地位:William Sydney Porter(原名);An American short story writer;Known for their surprise endings;All of his works are set in New York
作品:
The Gift of the Magi
内容:"The Gift of the Magi"is about a young couple,Jim and Della,who are short of money but desperately want to buy each other Christmas gifts.Unbeknownst to Jim,Della sells her most valuable possession,her beautiful hair,in order to buy a platinum fob chain for Jim's watch;while unbeknownst to Della,Jim sells his own most valuable possession,his watch,to buy jeweled combs for Della's hair.The essential premise of this story has been copied,reworked,parodied,and otherwise re-told countless times in the century since it was written.
The Cop and the Anthem
内容:"The Cop and the Anthem"about a New York City hobo named Soapy,who sets out to get arrested so that he can be a guest of the city jail instead of sleeping out in the cold winter.Despite efforts at petty theft,vandalism,disorderly conduct, and"flirting"with a young prostitute,Soapy fails to draw the attention of the police.Disconsolate,he pauses in front of a church,where an organ anthem inspires him to clean up his life;ironically,he is charged for loitering and sentenced to three| 地位:William Sydney Porter(原名);An American short story writer;Known for their surprise endings;All of his works are set in New York |
| :--- |
| 作品: |
| The Gift of the Magi |
| 内容:"The Gift of the Magi"is about a young couple,Jim and Della,who are short of money but desperately want to buy each other Christmas gifts.Unbeknownst to Jim,Della sells her most valuable possession,her beautiful hair,in order to buy a platinum fob chain for Jim's watch;while unbeknownst to Della,Jim sells his own most valuable possession,his watch,to buy jeweled combs for Della's hair.The essential premise of this story has been copied,reworked,parodied,and otherwise re-told countless times in the century since it was written. |
| The Cop and the Anthem |
| 内容:"The Cop and the Anthem"about a New York City hobo named Soapy,who sets out to get arrested so that he can be a guest of the city jail instead of sleeping out in the cold winter.Despite efforts at petty theft,vandalism,disorderly conduct, and"flirting"with a young prostitute,Soapy fails to draw the attention of the police.Disconsolate,he pauses in front of a church,where an organ anthem inspires him to clean up his life;ironically,he is charged for loitering and sentenced to three |
"Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc-A historical novel
Prince and The Pauper
Roughing It
非虚构作品:
Christian Science
Following the Equator
Goldsmiths Friend Abroad Again
Life on the Mississippi(2015 人大)-a memoir by Mark Twain of his days as a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi River before the American Civil War.It is also a travel book,recounting his trip up the Mississippi River from New Orleans to Saint Paul many years after the war.
Mark Twain and the locality in his works(中央民族大学真题)
Mark Twain,pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens,is a great literary artist and a great social critic in the history of the United States.He describes the lower class of American society and is famous for colloquial style and localism.
In his Crumbling Idols,Hamlin Garland defines local colorism as have such quality of texture and back ground that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native.The ultimate aim of the local colorists is,as Garland indicates,to create the illusion of an indigenous little world with qualities that tell it apart from the world outside.It as a trend first made its presence felt in the late 1860s and early seventies.Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions.They tended to idealize and glorify,but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life,such as Bret Harte's The Luck of Roaring Camp,Kate Chopin's The Awakening.
Mark Twain is a representative of the local colorism.He preferred to represent social life through portraits of local places which he knew best.Indeed,he started off as a teller of tall tales and a local colorist.He felt that a novelist must not try to generalize about a nation.He should write the soul of the people,the life of the people,the speech of the people,and not anywhere else can those be had,which clearly defined the place and function of local colorism,and foresaw the coming in sections of the great American novel to which he did his best to contribute his share.All of these can be proved in his works,such as Life on the Mississippi,The Adventures of Tom Sawyer,The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,etc."
O.Henry
"地位:William Sydney Porter(原名);An American short story writer;Known for their surprise endings;All of his works are set in New York
作品:
The Gift of the Magi
内容:"The Gift of the Magi"is about a young couple,Jim and Della,who are short of money but desperately want to buy each other Christmas gifts.Unbeknownst to Jim,Della sells her most valuable possession,her beautiful hair,in order to buy a platinum fob chain for Jim's watch;while unbeknownst to Della,Jim sells his own most valuable possession,his watch,to buy jeweled combs for Della's hair.The essential premise of this story has been copied,reworked,parodied,and otherwise re-told countless times in the century since it was written.
The Cop and the Anthem
内容:"The Cop and the Anthem"about a New York City hobo named Soapy,who sets out to get arrested so that he can be a guest of the city jail instead of sleeping out in the cold winter.Despite efforts at petty theft,vandalism,disorderly conduct, and"flirting"with a young prostitute,Soapy fails to draw the attention of the police.Disconsolate,he pauses in front of a church,where an organ anthem inspires him to clean up his life;ironically,he is charged for loitering and sentenced to three" | Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc-A historical novel <br> Prince and The Pauper <br> Roughing It <br> 非虚构作品: <br> Christian Science <br> Following the Equator <br> Goldsmiths Friend Abroad Again <br> Life on the Mississippi(2015 人大)-a memoir by Mark Twain of his days as a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi River before the American Civil War.It is also a travel book,recounting his trip up the Mississippi River from New Orleans to Saint Paul many years after the war. <br> Mark Twain and the locality in his works(中央民族大学真题) <br> Mark Twain,pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens,is a great literary artist and a great social critic in the history of the United States.He describes the lower class of American society and is famous for colloquial style and localism. <br> In his Crumbling Idols,Hamlin Garland defines local colorism as have such quality of texture and back ground that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native.The ultimate aim of the local colorists is,as Garland indicates,to create the illusion of an indigenous little world with qualities that tell it apart from the world outside.It as a trend first made its presence felt in the late 1860s and early seventies.Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions.They tended to idealize and glorify,but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life,such as Bret Harte's The Luck of Roaring Camp,Kate Chopin's The Awakening. <br> Mark Twain is a representative of the local colorism.He preferred to represent social life through portraits of local places which he knew best.Indeed,he started off as a teller of tall tales and a local colorist.He felt that a novelist must not try to generalize about a nation.He should write the soul of the people,the life of the people,the speech of the people,and not anywhere else can those be had,which clearly defined the place and function of local colorism,and foresaw the coming in sections of the great American novel to which he did his best to contribute his share.All of these can be proved in his works,such as Life on the Mississippi,The Adventures of Tom Sawyer,The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,etc. | |
| :--- | :--- |
| O.Henry | |
| 地位:William Sydney Porter(原名);An American short story writer;Known for their surprise endings;All of his works are set in New York <br> 作品: <br> The Gift of the Magi <br> 内容:"The Gift of the Magi"is about a young couple,Jim and Della,who are short of money but desperately want to buy each other Christmas gifts.Unbeknownst to Jim,Della sells her most valuable possession,her beautiful hair,in order to buy a platinum fob chain for Jim's watch;while unbeknownst to Della,Jim sells his own most valuable possession,his watch,to buy jeweled combs for Della's hair.The essential premise of this story has been copied,reworked,parodied,and otherwise re-told countless times in the century since it was written. <br> The Cop and the Anthem <br> 内容:"The Cop and the Anthem"about a New York City hobo named Soapy,who sets out to get arrested so that he can be a guest of the city jail instead of sleeping out in the cold winter.Despite efforts at petty theft,vandalism,disorderly conduct, and"flirting"with a young prostitute,Soapy fails to draw the attention of the police.Disconsolate,he pauses in front of a church,where an organ anthem inspires him to clean up his life;ironically,he is charged for loitering and sentenced to three | |
months in prison. 三个月的监禁。
Jack London or John Griffith London 杰克·伦敦或约翰·格里菲斯·伦敦
地位:One of the first writers to become a worldwide celebrity and earn a large fortune from writing;Sailor,journalist,short story writer,essayist,gold prospector;Rags-to-riches life;A pioneer in the world of commercial magazine fiction and one of the first fiction writers to obtain worldwide celebrity and a large fortune from his fiction alone;died of a self-injected overdose morphine 地位:最早成为世界名人并通过写作赚取巨额财富的作家之一;水手、记者、短篇小说作家、散文家、淘金者;白手起家的生活;商业杂志小说领域的先驱,也是最早仅凭小说获得世界名声和巨额财富的小说家之一;死于自我注射过量吗啡
作品:
A Daughter of the Snows 雪地之女
The Call of the Wild 野性的呼唤
The Sea Wolf 海狼
White Fang 白牙
Martin Eden-A semi-autobiographical novel 马丁·伊登——一部半自传体小说
How I become a Socialist 我是如何成为社会主义者的
The War of the Classes 阶级战争
What Life Means to Me 生命对我意味着什么
Revolution 革命
150 short stories can be roughly divided into:"North Story","Pacific short story","Social problem novel"思想: 150 个短篇小说大致可以分为:“北方故事”、“太平洋短篇小说”、“社会问题小说”思想:
-Environmental determinism:The world shapes human beings in ways they are powerless to resist.He believes the theory of"survival of the fittest". -环境决定论:世界以人类无力抗拒的方式塑造人类。他相信“适者生存”理论
-The social Darwinism-a social system in which those individuals,species,or races with the best acquired characteristics would survive -社会达尔文主义-一种社会体系,其中那些拥有最佳获得性状的个体、物种或种族将得以生存
-The concept of the superman-People of the"Anglo-Saxon"or"Teutonic"races were superior to"colored"people -超人概念-“盎格鲁-撒克逊”或“日耳曼”种族的人优于“有色人种”
-简而言之:Jack London embraces the hopeful socialism of Marx on the one hand and the rather dark view of Nietzsche and Darwinism on the other.He believes the inevitable triumph of the strongest individuals. -简而言之:杰克·伦敦一方面拥抱马克思充满希望的社会主义,另一方面接受尼采和达尔文主义较为阴暗的观点。他相信最强个体的必然胜利。
-文学主题:His stories involve the primitive struggle of strong and weak individuals in the context of irresistible natural forces such as the wild sea or the arctic wastes. -文学主题:他的故事涉及强弱个体在不可抗拒的自然力量(如狂野的大海或北极荒原)背景下的原始斗争
The Call of the Wild 野性的呼唤
背景:Thousands of American people went to northwestern North America in what was called the Klondike gold rush 背景:成千上万的美国人前往北美西北部,参与被称为克朗代克淘金热的活动 ✓\checkmark Temperatures 20 degrees below zero ✓\checkmark 气温低至零下 20 度 ✓\checkmark Starvation and malnutrition(营养不良) ✓\checkmark 饥饿和营养不良 ✓\checkmark Long journeys on foot-later people started using dogs for long journeys ✓\checkmark 长途徒步旅行——后来人们开始使用狗进行长途旅行 ✓\checkmark Hundreds of pounds of supplies to transport ✓\checkmark 数百磅的物资需要运输
体裁:A bildungsroman;An adventure novel;An allegorical novel;A naturalistic novel 体裁:成长小说;冒险小说;寓言小说;自然主义小说
主题:Civilization vs.the Wild — The main conflict in The Call of the Wild is the struggle between civilization and the wild.The novel traces Buck's gradual transformation from a domesticated dog to a wild one.Buck has to learn to adapt to an entirely new way of life and code of conduct in order to survive.He must give up his life of leisure and his trusting nature.He learns"the law of the club and fang,"meaning that those who have the greatest physical strength are the rulers.The chain of command is comprised of men with clubs. 主题:文明与野性——《野性的呼唤》的主要冲突是文明与野性的斗争。小说描绘了巴克从一只被驯养的狗逐渐转变为野狗的过程。巴克必须学会适应全新的生活方式和行为准则以求生存。他必须放弃安逸的生活和信任的天性。他学会了“棍棒与獠牙的法则”,意味着拥有最大体力者为王。指挥链由持棍棒的人组成
特点:The Call of the Wild is an unusual book because it is told from the point of view of a dog.As Buck's primitive, animal nature becomes stronger,he feels a longing to live as a wild animal instead of as a domesticated one. 特点:《野性的呼唤》是一部不同寻常的书,因为它是从一只狗的视角讲述的。随着巴克原始的动物本性变得更加强烈,他渴望像野生动物一样生活,而不是作为一只被驯养的动物。
其他主题(可参考):Survival of the fittest,Survival through adaptation,The power of instinct,The laws of civilization and of wilderness,Loyalty,Companionship,Love and Friendship 其他主题(可参考):适者生存,通过适应生存,本能的力量,文明法则与荒野法则,忠诚,陪伴,爱与友谊
风格:Straightforward and easy to understand;Personification;At times hurried and raw. 风格:直白易懂;拟人手法;有时节奏急促且质朴。
Martin Eden 马丁·伊登
主题:A parable of a man who had to die"not because of his lack of faith in God,but because of his lack of faith in men." 主题:一个寓言,讲述一个人不得不死去,“不是因为他对上帝缺乏信仰,而是因为他对人类缺乏信仰。” ✓\checkmark American dream ✓\checkmark 美国梦 ✓\checkmark Social class-Social class and Eden's perceptions of it is a very important theme in the novel.Eden is a sailor from a working class background,who feels uncomfortable but inspired when he first meets the bourgeois Morse family.Spurred on by his love for Ruth Morse,he embarks on a program of self-education,with the aim of becoming a renowned writer and winning Ruth's hand in marriage.As his education progresses,Eden finds himself increasingly distanced from his background and surroundings.Eventually,when Eden finds that his education has far surpassed that of the bourgeoisie he looked up to,he finds himself more isolated than ever. ✓\checkmark 社会阶级——社会阶级以及伊登对其的看法是小说中的一个非常重要的主题。伊登是一个来自工人阶级背景的水手,当他第一次见到资产阶级的莫尔斯一家时,感到既不自在又受到启发。在对露丝·莫尔斯的爱激励下,他开始自我教育,目标是成为一名著名作家并赢得露丝的芳心。随着教育的进展,伊登发现自己与出身和周围环境的距离越来越远。最终,当伊登发现自己的教育远远超过了他曾仰慕的资产阶级时,他感到比以往任何时候都更加孤立。 ✓\checkmark Individualism vs.socialism ✓\checkmark 个人主义与社会主义 ✓\checkmark Love story ✓\checkmark 爱情故事 ✓\checkmark Hypocrisy and vanity ✓\checkmark 虚伪与虚荣 ✓\checkmark Hope and disillusionment ✓\checkmark 希望与幻灭
Biographical novel—The novel ends with Martin Eden committing suicide by drowning,a detail which undoubtedly contributed to what researcher calls the'biographical myth'that Jack London's own death was a suicide.While some readers believe there is some resemblance between Jack London and Martin Eden,an important difference between them is that Martin Eden rejects socialism(attacking it as'slave morality'),and relies on individualism. 传记小说——小说以马丁·伊登投水自杀结束,这一细节无疑助长了研究者所称的“传记神话”,即杰克·伦敦本人死于自杀。虽然一些读者认为杰克·伦敦与马丁·伊登有某种相似之处,但两者之间一个重要的区别是,马丁·伊登拒绝社会主义(将其称为“奴隶道德”进行攻击),而依赖个人主义
Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬·克莱恩
地位:A pioneer of American Naturalism;A pioneer in the field of modern poetry(Impressionism Poet/novelist;Precursors of Imagist poetry) 地位:美国自然主义的先驱;现代诗歌领域的先驱(印象派诗人/小说家;意象派诗歌的先驱)
小说:
The Red Badge of Courage 《勇气的红徽章》
Maggie:A Girl of the Streets George's Mother 《街头女孩玛吉》 《乔治的母亲》
The Third Violet 第三朵紫罗兰
Active Service 现役服务
短篇故事:
The Little Regiment:And Other Episodes from the American Civil War 小团:以及美国内战的其他片段
The Open Boat:And Other Tales of Adventure 开船:以及其他冒险故事
The Monster,and Other Stories 《怪物》及其他故事
Whilomville Stories 怀洛姆维尔故事
Wounds in the Rain:War Stories Great Battles of the World 雨中的伤痕:战争故事 世界大战役
The Open Boat 开船记
背景:Based on an actual incident from Stephen Crane's life in January 1897:While traveling to Cuba to work as a newspaper correspondent during the Cuban insurrection against Spain,Crane was stranded at sea for thirty hours after his ship,the Commodore,sank off the coast of Florida.Crane and three other men were forced to navigate their way to shore in a small boat.One of the men,Billy Higgins,drowned while trying to swim to shore.Unfortunately for Crane,the experience that gave him this story also took away his health.Following his experience at sea,Crane became vulnerable to the diseases that would eventually kill him. 背景:基于斯蒂芬·克莱恩 1897 年 1 月的真实事件:在古巴反抗西班牙的起义期间,克莱恩前往古巴担任新闻记者,他的船“指挥官号”在佛罗里达海岸沉没,导致他在海上漂流了三十个小时。克莱恩和另外三个人被迫乘坐一只小船航行到岸边。其中一人比利·希金斯在试图游向岸边时溺水身亡。不幸的是,这次经历不仅给克莱恩带来了故事素材,也夺去了他的健康。海上经历后,克莱恩变得易受疾病侵袭,最终导致他的死亡。
重要性:
-The story tells of the travails of four men shipwrecked at sea who must make their way to shore in a dinghy. -故事讲述了四名船只失事的男子在海上漂流,必须乘坐一只小艇前往岸边的艰难历程。
-Crane's realistic depiction of their life-threatening ordeal captures the sensations and emotions of struggle for survival against the forces of nature. -克莱恩对他们生死攸关的磨难的现实描写,生动捕捉了与自然力量抗争求生的感受和情感。
-Because of the work's philosophical speculations,it is often classified as a work of Naturalism,a literary offshoot of the Realist movement. -由于作品中包含哲学思考,它常被归类为自然主义作品,自然主义是现实主义运动的一个文学分支
-"The Open Boat'has proved an enduring classic that speaks to the timeless experience of suffering a close call with death.内容:(因为解释这部作品的参考书较少,所以加了一些介绍,真题中从来没有涉及过这部作品的同学可以忽略)
"The Open Boat"begins with a description of men aboard a small boat on a rough sea.They are four survivors of a shipwreck:the cook,overweight and sloppily dressed,who is bailing water out of the bottom of the boat;the oiler,a physically powerful man named Billie who is rowing with one oar;the unnamed correspondent,who is rowing with the other oar;and the captain,who lies injured in the bottom of the boat.Each man stares intently at the waves which threaten to swamp the boat. 《开船》一开始描写了几名男子在一艘小船上,海面波涛汹涌。他们是船难的四名幸存者:厨师,体型肥胖,衣着邋遢,正在舀出船底的积水;划桨工,比利,一个体格强壮的男子,正用一只桨划船;无名记者,正用另一只桨划船;以及受伤躺在船底的船长。每个人都紧盯着威胁要淹没小船的波浪。
Had the men been viewing their situation from a vantage point,they probably would have thought it glorious while the mountain-sized waves curled over them,and they faced the wall of water rushing at them.However,they are where they are and the view is terrifying,at best,and the captain tries to calm them,reminding them that they will,indeed,reach the shore. 如果这些人能从高处俯瞰他们的处境,看到山一般高的波浪翻滚而过,面对迎面而来的水墙,他们可能会觉得这景象壮观。然而,他们身处的地方,所见景象充满恐惧,船长试图安抚他们,提醒他们确实会到达岸边。
As though their situation is not trying enough,seagulls begin to dart in and out at them,aiming for the captain's head, in particular.The captain does his best to shoo them away with his good arm,and finally,they leave him alone,to the relief of all the men who thought them to be an ominous omen. 仿佛他们的处境还不够艰难,海鸥开始在他们周围穿梭,尤其瞄准船长的头部。船长用他健壮的手臂尽力驱赶它们,最终海鸥离开了他,这让所有人都松了口气,因为他们认为这些海鸥是不祥的预兆
The captain has command of a tiny,little boat,with a crew of three unlikely shipmates.Given their current circumstances,they have become the most loyal of friends.Even the correspondent,whose life is not of the sea and whose nature is normally more cynical,can feel the warm bond,and he marks it silently as the best experience he has ever had. 船长指挥着一艘小小的船,船上有三位看似不太可能成为伙伴的船员。鉴于他们目前的处境,他们已经成为最忠诚的朋友。即使是那位记者,他的生活并非海上生活,性格通常较为愤世嫉俗,也能感受到这份温暖的纽带,并默默地将其视为自己经历过的最美好体验。
The men try to effect a sail in order to have some help from the wind.They tie the captain's overcoat to an oar and hold in upright,and they see immediate results.This is very pleasing,especially to the men who have been rowing.Finally,each of the men catches a glimpse of land.The wind dies down and they are forced into rowing,once again. 这些人试图搭起一面帆,以便借助风力。他们把船长的外套绑在一只桨上并竖起来,立刻见到了效果。这让一直划桨的船员们非常高兴。最终,每个人都瞥见了陆地。风力减弱,他们不得不再次划桨。
The men can see a tiny house on shore,amid the dunes,and comment that it is odd no one sees them.The men do not know it,but there is no life-saving station even close to where they are.Their hopes are not at the bottom of the ocean,while they imagine someone on shore must surely have seen them and is not coming for reasons of cowardice or incompetence. 这些人能看到岸边沙丘中有一座小房子,并评论说奇怪的是没有人看到他们。这些人并不知道,附近根本没有救生站。他们的希望并未沉入海底,他们想象岸上肯定有人看见了他们,只是因为懦弱或无能而没有前来救援
The captain tells them they may as well head directly for the shore,because soon they will be too exhausted to swim,even if they do get close.The men keep their thoughts to themselves,but each wonder,if he is to be drowned,why has he come so close to shore. 船长告诉他们,不如直接朝岸边游去,因为很快他们就会累得无法游泳,即使游得很近也无济于事。男人们各自默默思考,但每个人都在想,如果注定要溺水,为什么会游得这么靠近岸边。
The men are about to spend one of the longest nights of their lives.There is no light.There is no other sound than the water,and it appears that there is no hope.They have no other company than that of a shark circling their small craft.The correspondent is the only one awake to hear the sounds of the shark's body bumping into the boat.The other men are asleep, and all he can do is watch for the blue glint of a fin and curse the sea.For the longest time,the shark swims the length of both sides of the boat,and the correspondent hears the sound of his powerful fin. 这些男人即将度过他们生命中最长的一个夜晚。没有光亮,除了水声外没有其他声音,看起来毫无希望。他们唯一的伴侣是一条在他们的小船周围盘旋的鲨鱼。通讯员是唯一醒着的人,听见鲨鱼的身体撞击船体的声音。其他人都睡着了,他只能注视着鲨鱼鳍的蓝色闪光,咒骂着大海。很长一段时间,鲨鱼沿着船的两侧游动,通讯员听见它强有力的鳍拍打声。
The men do not share their dire thoughts with each other,but think it would be awfully cruel of nature to let them die when they have worked so hard to stay alive.The correspondent thinks of a story he read once of a Legionnaire dying in Algiers. At the time,it meant nothing to him,but now,while he recalls it,it seems heart wrenching in its sadness and futility. 男人们没有把他们的绝望想法告诉彼此,但都觉得大自然如果让他们死去,那将是极其残酷的,因为他们已经拼命努力活着。通讯员想起曾经读过的一个故事,讲的是一个军团士兵在阿尔及尔去世。那时,这个故事对他毫无意义,但现在回想起来,却显得悲伤而无助,令人心碎
The correspondent spots a watch fire on the beach,and he keeps an eye on it until the captain tells him to take the boat a little further out to sea.The oiler replaces the correspondent on the rowing seat,and the correspondent drops into the soggy boat and falls asleep. 通讯员在海滩上发现了一个瞭望火堆,他一直盯着它看,直到船长告诉他把船划得离海岸远一点。机油工替换了通讯员的位置,坐上了划桨的位置,通讯员则跌进了湿漉漉的小船里,睡着了。
When the correspondent finally wakes,he realizes that the gray sky means that dawn is breaking.The correspondent sees some houses and a windmill on shore,but there is no sight of any people.The captain decides that since no help is in sight,they might as well make a break for it.It is their last chance.They turned the boat toward the shore. 当通讯员终于醒来时,他意识到灰蒙蒙的天空意味着黎明正在破晓。通讯员看到岸上有一些房屋和一座风车,但没有看到任何人。船长决定既然没有救援出现,他们不如趁机逃走。这是他们最后的机会。他们把船转向岸边。
The correspondent thinks that nature is not trying to be especially cruel,just indifferent.These men are nothing in the magnitude of all of nature,yet he still recounts his life in his mind and his code of right and wrong and how,if given another chance,he would make a better go of it. 通讯员认为大自然并不是故意残酷,只是冷漠。这些人在大自然的浩瀚中微不足道,但他仍在脑海中回顾自己的人生和是非观念,以及如果有机会重来,他会做得更好。
The captain interrupts his reverie by telling the men the boat will surely swamp. 船长打断了他的沉思,告诉大家船肯定会被淹没
主题 Nature vs.Civilization 主题 自然与文明
(1)Man's eternal struggle against nature"none of them knew the color of the sky":The survivors could not take their eyes off the waves,for to let their think of them guard down for a moment would mean certain death.They do not ask us think of them as heroes.They are simply doing what they need to in order to survive,and supporting one another in this effort. (1)人类与自然的永恒斗争 “他们中没有人知道天空的颜色”:幸存者无法将目光从波浪上移开,因为一旦他们放松警惕片刻,就意味着必死无疑。他们并不要求我们把他们看作英雄。他们只是做着为了生存所必须做的事,并在这过程中相互支持。
(2).The fragility of human existence (2)人类存在的脆弱性
(3)the struggle for survival (3)生存的斗争
(4)the power of community (4)社区的力量
象征:
The Boat:human life bobbing along among the universe's uncertainties;The boat is inconsequential and always in danger of capsizing,much as we as humans are inconsequential and frail in the context of the world around us;the boat is unprotected and thus"open"to suffering the unexpected turns of fortune that are unavoidable in life. 《船》:人类生命在宇宙的不确定性中漂浮;船微不足道,且总有倾覆的危险,就像我们作为人类在周围世界的背景下微不足道且脆弱;船没有保护,因此“开放”于不可避免的生活中意外的命运转折。
The Oiler's Death:the indifference of nature toward man;Because he is no more deserving of death than any other crew member,his death highlights the fact that nature is arbitrary in how it chooses its victims.The events surrounding the oiler's death also uncover the fact that the"subtle brotherhood of men"sensed by the crew is nothing more than a delusion. 《油工之死》:自然对人类的冷漠;因为他死去的理由并不比其他船员多,他的死突显了自然在选择牺牲者时的任意性。围绕油工之死的事件也揭示了船员们感受到的“微妙的人类兄弟情谊”不过是一种错觉。
The Poem:the correspondent's understanding of his own plight;his situation is like the soldier's and that it is nature that now regards his death as inconsequential.This understanding forces the correspondent to see the soldier's story as tragic because it is the only way to give his own life weight. 《诗》:通讯员对自身困境的理解;他的处境如同士兵,而现在是自然将他的死亡视为无关紧要。这种理解迫使通讯员将士兵的故事视为悲剧,因为这是赋予自己生命意义的唯一方式
The Cigars:The four wet cigars and four dry cigars serve as a complex symbol of hope for spiritual salvation and as the ultimate loss of that salvation. 雪茄:四支湿雪茄和四支干雪茄作为一个复杂的象征,代表着对精神救赎的希望以及最终失去这种救赎。
Maggie:A Girl of the Streets 玛吉:街头女孩
重要性:
the first work of American literary Naturalism; 美国文学自然主义的第一部作品;
a sympathetic study of an innocent and abused slum girl's descent into prostitution and her eventual suicide; 对一个天真无辜且受虐待的贫民窟女孩堕入卖淫并最终自杀的同情性描写;
It was considered so sexually frank and realistic,that the book had to be privately printed at first. 这本书被认为性描写非常坦率和现实,因此最初只能私下印刷。
主题:Naturalism;Fate and free will;Social class;Masculinity;Dream and hopes 主题:自然主义;命运与自由意志;社会阶级;男性气概;梦想与希望
The Red Badge of Courage 《勇气的红徽章》
地位:
Won international acclaim 获得国际赞誉
Civil War novel—without having any battle experience 一部内战小说——尽管作者没有任何战斗经验
one of the finest books of American literature;It was innovative stylistically as well as psychologically.Often described as a war novel,it focuses less on battle and more on the main character's psyche and his reactions and responses in a wartime situation. 美国文学中最优秀的书籍之一;它在风格和心理描写上都具有创新性。常被描述为战争小说,但它更少关注战斗,更多关注主人公的心理及其在战争环境中的反应和应对。
War:a plain slaughter-house.No honor no heroism;fear of death,cowardice,the natural instinct of man to run from danger风格:often described as naturalistic,realistic,impressionistic or a mixture of the three 战争:一个简单的屠宰场。没有荣誉,没有英雄主义;对死亡的恐惧,懦弱,人类逃避危险的本能。风格:常被描述为自然主义、现实主义、印象主义或三者的混合
Story:Henry Fleming's attempt to prove himself a worthy soldier by earning his"red badge of courage". 故事:亨利·弗莱明试图通过赢得他的“勇气红章”来证明自己是一个值得尊敬的士兵。
主题:Courage,Masculinity,Self-Preservation,The Universe's Disregard for Human Life The animal man in a cold, manipulating world runs through the whole book 主题:勇气、男子气概、自我保护、宇宙对人类生命的漠视。冷酷、操控世界中的动物人贯穿整本书。
写作风格:Naturalism,Realism,Impressionism;the use of color and chiaroscuro;Sentimentality.地位: 写作风格:自然主义、现实主义、印象主义;色彩和明暗对比的运用;感伤主义。地位:
Poetry:Crane's poetry,written in free verse without rhyme,is thought to have been a precursor to the Imagist movement Fiction:Stephen Crane's fiction is typically categorized as representative of Naturalism,Realism,Impressionism or a mixture of the three.Critic Sergio Perosa,for example,wrote in his essay"Stephen Crane fra naturalismo impressionismo" 诗歌:克兰的诗歌采用无韵自由诗形式,被认为是意象派运动的先驱。小说:斯蒂芬·克兰的小说通常被归类为自然主义、现实主义、印象主义或三者的混合体。例如,评论家塞尔吉奥·佩罗萨在其论文《斯蒂芬·克兰:自然主义与印象主义之间》中写道
that the work presents a"symbiosis"of Naturalistic ideals and Impressionistic methods. 该作品呈现了自然主义理想与印象主义方法的“共生”。
Frank Norris(Benjamin Franklin Norris) 弗兰克·诺里斯(本杰明·富兰克林·诺里斯)
地位:The first important naturalist writer in the United States; 地位:美国首位重要的自然主义作家;
作品:
McTeague-A textbook for naturalistic fiction;"the first full-bodied naturalistic American novel";"a consciously naturalistic manifesto" 《麦克特雷格》——一本自然主义小说教科书;“第一部完整体现自然主义的美国小说”;“一部有意识的自然主义宣言”
The Epic of the Wheat(a trilogy on the production,distribution,consumption of wheat): 《小麦史诗》(关于小麦的生产、分配、消费的三部曲):
The Octopus-his best work;a long and complex book based upon an actual clash in 1880 between farmers in the San Joaquin valley and the South Pacific Railroad;pictures with bold symbolism the raising of wheat in California and the struggle of the wheat growers there against a monopolistic railway corporation. 《章鱼》——他最好的作品;一本基于 1880 年圣华金谷农民与南太平洋铁路之间实际冲突的长篇复杂著作;以大胆的象征手法描绘了加利福尼亚小麦的种植及小麦种植者与垄断铁路公司的斗争。
The Pit-deals with wheat speculation on the Chicago Board of Trade 《赌局》——讲述芝加哥期货交易所的小麦投机
The Wolf-never written;was to have shown the American-grown wheat relieving a famine-stricken village in Europe. 《狼》——从未写成;原本打算展示美国种植的小麦如何缓解欧洲一个受饥荒困扰的村庄。
The Responsibilities of the Novelist-it includes essays that Norris published in literary reviews about the art of novel-writing 小说家的责任——包括诺里斯在文学评论中发表的关于小说写作艺术的文章。
Frank Norris on Naturalism 弗兰克·诺里斯论自然主义
✓\checkmark According to the novelist Frank Norris,Realism was the literature of the normal and the representative-"the smaller details of everyday life,things that are likely to happen between lunch and supper." ✓\checkmark 根据小说家弗兰克·诺里斯的说法,现实主义是关于正常和典型的文学——“日常生活中的小细节,午餐和晚餐之间可能发生的事情。”
✓\checkmark Romanticism,according to Norris,was concerned with"variations from the type of normal life",and in its desire to penetrate beneath the surface of experience and derive large generalizations on the nature of life.It explores"the unplumbed depths of the human heart,and the mystery of sex,and the problems of life,and the unsearched depth of the soul of man." ✓\checkmark 诺里斯认为,浪漫主义关注的是“偏离正常生活类型的变异”,并且渴望深入体验表面之下,从而对生命的本质得出广泛的概括。它探索“人类内心深处未被探测的深渊,性之奥秘,生命的问题,以及人类灵魂未被发掘的深度。”
✓\checkmark Naturalism abstracts the best from Realism and Romanticism-detailed accuracy and philosophical depth.Also important in Naturalism is the"choice of milieu." ✓\checkmark 自然主义汲取了现实主义和浪漫主义中最优秀的部分——细致的准确性和哲学深度。自然主义中另一个重要的方面是“环境的选择”。
✓\checkmark"That Zola's is not purely romantic as was Hugo's,lies chiefly in the choice of milieu." ✓\checkmark “佐拉的作品不像雨果的那样纯粹浪漫,主要体现在环境的选择上。”
"These great terrible dramas no longer happen among the personnel of a feudal and Renaissance nobility,those who are in the forefront of the marching world,but among the lower-almost the lowest-classes;those who are falling by the roadway.This is not romanticism---this drama of the people working itself out in blood and ordure.It is not realism.It is a school by itself,unique,somber,powerful beyond words.""It is naturalism." “这些伟大而可怕的戏剧不再发生在封建和文艺复兴时期的贵族阶层中,那些处于世界前沿的人们身上,而是在较低阶层——几乎是最低阶层的人们中发生;那些在路边倒下的人们身上。这不是浪漫主义——这是人民在血与污秽中自我展开的戏剧。这不是现实主义。它是一个独立的流派,独特、阴郁,力量无以言表。”“这就是自然主义。”
Theodore Dreiser 西奥多·德莱塞
地位:The greatest American literary naturalist; 地位:美国最伟大的文学自然主义者;
作品:
Sister Carrie-first novel;a landmark in American naturalistic fiction. 《嘉莉妹妹》-第一部小说;美国自然主义小说的里程碑
Jennie Gerhardt-second novel 珍妮·格哈特——第二部小说
The"Genius"--Frank in their treatment of sex and severe in their criticism of American society;as a result,they were frequently attacked and sometimes banned. 《天才》——弗兰克在性描写上的处理以及对美国社会的严厉批评;因此,他们经常受到攻击,有时甚至被禁。
An American Tragedy-his first commercial success 《美国悲剧》——他的第一部商业成功作品
Trilogy of Desire:The Financier,The Titan,The Stoic 欲望三部曲:《金融家》、《巨人》、《坚忍者》
观点:
✓\checkmark He embraced social Darwinism-survival of the fittest.He learned to regard man as merely an animal driven by greed and lust in a struggle for existence in which only the"fittest",the most ruthless,survive. ✓\checkmark 他接受了社会达尔文主义——适者生存。他开始将人类视为仅仅是被贪婪和欲望驱使的动物,在生存斗争中,只有“最适者”,即最无情者,才能存活下来
✓\checkmark Life is predatory,a"game"of the lecherous and heartless,a jungle struggle in which man,being"a waif and an interloper in Nature",a"wisp in the wind of social forces",is a mere pawn in the general scheme of things,with no power whatever to assert his will. ✓\checkmark 生活是掠夺性的,是一个“好色且无情者的游戏”,是一场丛林般的斗争,其中人类作为“自然中的弃儿和闯入者”,“社会力量风中的一缕轻烟”,只是整体格局中的一个棋子,完全没有能力主张自己的意志
✓\checkmark No one is ethically free;everything is determined by a complex of internal chemisms(heredity)and by the forces of ✓\checkmark 没有人在伦理上是自由的;一切都由复杂的内部机制(遗传)和力量所决定
地位:The first important naturalist writer in the United States;
作品:
McTeague-A textbook for naturalistic fiction;"the first full-bodied naturalistic American novel";"a consciously naturalistic manifesto"
The Epic of the Wheat(a trilogy on the production,distribution,consumption of wheat):
The Octopus-his best work;a long and complex book based upon an actual clash in 1880 between farmers in the San Joaquin valley and the South Pacific Railroad;pictures with bold symbolism the raising of wheat in California and the struggle of the wheat growers there against a monopolistic railway corporation.
The Pit-deals with wheat speculation on the Chicago Board of Trade
The Wolf-never written;was to have shown the American-grown wheat relieving a famine-stricken village in Europe.
The Responsibilities of the Novelist-it includes essays that Norris published in literary reviews about the art of novel-writing
Frank Norris on Naturalism
✓ According to the novelist Frank Norris,Realism was the literature of the normal and the representative-"the smaller details of everyday life,things that are likely to happen between lunch and supper."
✓ Romanticism,according to Norris,was concerned with"variations from the type of normal life",and in its desire to penetrate beneath the surface of experience and derive large generalizations on the nature of life.It explores"the unplumbed depths of the human heart,and the mystery of sex,and the problems of life,and the unsearched depth of the soul of man."
✓ Naturalism abstracts the best from Realism and Romanticism-detailed accuracy and philosophical depth.Also important in Naturalism is the"choice of milieu."
✓"That Zola's is not purely romantic as was Hugo's,lies chiefly in the choice of milieu."
"These great terrible dramas no longer happen among the personnel of a feudal and Renaissance nobility,those who are in the forefront of the marching world,but among the lower-almost the lowest-classes;those who are falling by the roadway.This is not romanticism---this drama of the people working itself out in blood and ordure.It is not realism.It is a school by itself,unique,somber,powerful beyond words.""It is naturalism."
Theodore Dreiser
地位:The greatest American literary naturalist;
作品:
Sister Carrie-first novel;a landmark in American naturalistic fiction.
Jennie Gerhardt-second novel
The"Genius"--Frank in their treatment of sex and severe in their criticism of American society;as a result,they were frequently attacked and sometimes banned.
An American Tragedy-his first commercial success
Trilogy of Desire:The Financier,The Titan,The Stoic
观点:
✓ He embraced social Darwinism-survival of the fittest.He learned to regard man as merely an animal driven by greed and lust in a struggle for existence in which only the"fittest",the most ruthless,survive.
✓ Life is predatory,a"game"of the lecherous and heartless,a jungle struggle in which man,being"a waif and an interloper in Nature",a"wisp in the wind of social forces",is a mere pawn in the general scheme of things,with no power whatever to assert his will.
✓ No one is ethically free;everything is determined by a complex of internal chemisms(heredity)and by the forces of| 地位:The first important naturalist writer in the United States; |
| :--- |
| 作品: |
| McTeague-A textbook for naturalistic fiction;"the first full-bodied naturalistic American novel";"a consciously naturalistic manifesto" |
| The Epic of the Wheat(a trilogy on the production,distribution,consumption of wheat): |
| The Octopus-his best work;a long and complex book based upon an actual clash in 1880 between farmers in the San Joaquin valley and the South Pacific Railroad;pictures with bold symbolism the raising of wheat in California and the struggle of the wheat growers there against a monopolistic railway corporation. |
| The Pit-deals with wheat speculation on the Chicago Board of Trade |
| The Wolf-never written;was to have shown the American-grown wheat relieving a famine-stricken village in Europe. |
| The Responsibilities of the Novelist-it includes essays that Norris published in literary reviews about the art of novel-writing |
| Frank Norris on Naturalism |
| $\checkmark$ According to the novelist Frank Norris,Realism was the literature of the normal and the representative-"the smaller details of everyday life,things that are likely to happen between lunch and supper." |
| $\checkmark$ Romanticism,according to Norris,was concerned with"variations from the type of normal life",and in its desire to penetrate beneath the surface of experience and derive large generalizations on the nature of life.It explores"the unplumbed depths of the human heart,and the mystery of sex,and the problems of life,and the unsearched depth of the soul of man." |
| $\checkmark$ Naturalism abstracts the best from Realism and Romanticism-detailed accuracy and philosophical depth.Also important in Naturalism is the"choice of milieu." |
| $\checkmark$"That Zola's is not purely romantic as was Hugo's,lies chiefly in the choice of milieu." |
| "These great terrible dramas no longer happen among the personnel of a feudal and Renaissance nobility,those who are in the forefront of the marching world,but among the lower-almost the lowest-classes;those who are falling by the roadway.This is not romanticism---this drama of the people working itself out in blood and ordure.It is not realism.It is a school by itself,unique,somber,powerful beyond words.""It is naturalism." |
| Theodore Dreiser |
| 地位:The greatest American literary naturalist; |
| 作品: |
| Sister Carrie-first novel;a landmark in American naturalistic fiction. |
| Jennie Gerhardt-second novel |
| The"Genius"--Frank in their treatment of sex and severe in their criticism of American society;as a result,they were frequently attacked and sometimes banned. |
| An American Tragedy-his first commercial success |
| Trilogy of Desire:The Financier,The Titan,The Stoic |
| 观点: |
| $\checkmark$ He embraced social Darwinism-survival of the fittest.He learned to regard man as merely an animal driven by greed and lust in a struggle for existence in which only the"fittest",the most ruthless,survive. |
| $\checkmark$ Life is predatory,a"game"of the lecherous and heartless,a jungle struggle in which man,being"a waif and an interloper in Nature",a"wisp in the wind of social forces",is a mere pawn in the general scheme of things,with no power whatever to assert his will. |
| $\checkmark$ No one is ethically free;everything is determined by a complex of internal chemisms(heredity)and by the forces of |
that the work presents a"symbiosis"of Naturalistic ideals and Impressionistic methods.
Frank Norris(Benjamin Franklin Norris)
"地位:The first important naturalist writer in the United States;
作品:
McTeague-A textbook for naturalistic fiction;"the first full-bodied naturalistic American novel";"a consciously naturalistic manifesto"
The Epic of the Wheat(a trilogy on the production,distribution,consumption of wheat):
The Octopus-his best work;a long and complex book based upon an actual clash in 1880 between farmers in the San Joaquin valley and the South Pacific Railroad;pictures with bold symbolism the raising of wheat in California and the struggle of the wheat growers there against a monopolistic railway corporation.
The Pit-deals with wheat speculation on the Chicago Board of Trade
The Wolf-never written;was to have shown the American-grown wheat relieving a famine-stricken village in Europe.
The Responsibilities of the Novelist-it includes essays that Norris published in literary reviews about the art of novel-writing
Frank Norris on Naturalism
✓ According to the novelist Frank Norris,Realism was the literature of the normal and the representative-"the smaller details of everyday life,things that are likely to happen between lunch and supper."
✓ Romanticism,according to Norris,was concerned with"variations from the type of normal life",and in its desire to penetrate beneath the surface of experience and derive large generalizations on the nature of life.It explores"the unplumbed depths of the human heart,and the mystery of sex,and the problems of life,and the unsearched depth of the soul of man."
✓ Naturalism abstracts the best from Realism and Romanticism-detailed accuracy and philosophical depth.Also important in Naturalism is the"choice of milieu."
✓"That Zola's is not purely romantic as was Hugo's,lies chiefly in the choice of milieu."
"These great terrible dramas no longer happen among the personnel of a feudal and Renaissance nobility,those who are in the forefront of the marching world,but among the lower-almost the lowest-classes;those who are falling by the roadway.This is not romanticism---this drama of the people working itself out in blood and ordure.It is not realism.It is a school by itself,unique,somber,powerful beyond words.""It is naturalism."
Theodore Dreiser
地位:The greatest American literary naturalist;
作品:
Sister Carrie-first novel;a landmark in American naturalistic fiction.
Jennie Gerhardt-second novel
The"Genius"--Frank in their treatment of sex and severe in their criticism of American society;as a result,they were frequently attacked and sometimes banned.
An American Tragedy-his first commercial success
Trilogy of Desire:The Financier,The Titan,The Stoic
观点:
✓ He embraced social Darwinism-survival of the fittest.He learned to regard man as merely an animal driven by greed and lust in a struggle for existence in which only the"fittest",the most ruthless,survive.
✓ Life is predatory,a"game"of the lecherous and heartless,a jungle struggle in which man,being"a waif and an interloper in Nature",a"wisp in the wind of social forces",is a mere pawn in the general scheme of things,with no power whatever to assert his will.
✓ No one is ethically free;everything is determined by a complex of internal chemisms(heredity)and by the forces of"
| that the work presents a"symbiosis"of Naturalistic ideals and Impressionistic methods. |
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| Frank Norris(Benjamin Franklin Norris) |
| 地位:The first important naturalist writer in the United States; <br> 作品: <br> McTeague-A textbook for naturalistic fiction;"the first full-bodied naturalistic American novel";"a consciously naturalistic manifesto" <br> The Epic of the Wheat(a trilogy on the production,distribution,consumption of wheat): <br> The Octopus-his best work;a long and complex book based upon an actual clash in 1880 between farmers in the San Joaquin valley and the South Pacific Railroad;pictures with bold symbolism the raising of wheat in California and the struggle of the wheat growers there against a monopolistic railway corporation. <br> The Pit-deals with wheat speculation on the Chicago Board of Trade <br> The Wolf-never written;was to have shown the American-grown wheat relieving a famine-stricken village in Europe. <br> The Responsibilities of the Novelist-it includes essays that Norris published in literary reviews about the art of novel-writing <br> Frank Norris on Naturalism <br> $\checkmark$ According to the novelist Frank Norris,Realism was the literature of the normal and the representative-"the smaller details of everyday life,things that are likely to happen between lunch and supper." <br> $\checkmark$ Romanticism,according to Norris,was concerned with"variations from the type of normal life",and in its desire to penetrate beneath the surface of experience and derive large generalizations on the nature of life.It explores"the unplumbed depths of the human heart,and the mystery of sex,and the problems of life,and the unsearched depth of the soul of man." <br> $\checkmark$ Naturalism abstracts the best from Realism and Romanticism-detailed accuracy and philosophical depth.Also important in Naturalism is the"choice of milieu." <br> $\checkmark$"That Zola's is not purely romantic as was Hugo's,lies chiefly in the choice of milieu." <br> "These great terrible dramas no longer happen among the personnel of a feudal and Renaissance nobility,those who are in the forefront of the marching world,but among the lower-almost the lowest-classes;those who are falling by the roadway.This is not romanticism---this drama of the people working itself out in blood and ordure.It is not realism.It is a school by itself,unique,somber,powerful beyond words.""It is naturalism." <br> Theodore Dreiser <br> 地位:The greatest American literary naturalist; <br> 作品: <br> Sister Carrie-first novel;a landmark in American naturalistic fiction. <br> Jennie Gerhardt-second novel <br> The"Genius"--Frank in their treatment of sex and severe in their criticism of American society;as a result,they were frequently attacked and sometimes banned. <br> An American Tragedy-his first commercial success <br> Trilogy of Desire:The Financier,The Titan,The Stoic <br> 观点: <br> $\checkmark$ He embraced social Darwinism-survival of the fittest.He learned to regard man as merely an animal driven by greed and lust in a struggle for existence in which only the"fittest",the most ruthless,survive. <br> $\checkmark$ Life is predatory,a"game"of the lecherous and heartless,a jungle struggle in which man,being"a waif and an interloper in Nature",a"wisp in the wind of social forces",is a mere pawn in the general scheme of things,with no power whatever to assert his will. <br> $\checkmark$ No one is ethically free;everything is determined by a complex of internal chemisms(heredity)and by the forces of |
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social pressure. 社会压力
Sister Carrie: 《嘉莉妹妹》:
情节:Dissatisfied with life in her rural Wisconsin home,18-year-old Caroline"Sister Carrie"Meeber takes the train to Chicago,where her older sister Minnie,and her husband Sven Hanson,have agreed to take her in.Carrie takes a job running a machine in a shoe factory.One day,after an illness that costs her job,she encounters Drouet on a street.He persuades her to leave her sister and move in with him.Drouet installs her in a much larger apartment,and their relationship intensifies as Minnie dreams about her sister's fall from innocence.By the time Drouet introduces Carrie to George Hurstwood,the manager of Fitzgerald and Moy's.Hurstwood,becomes infatuated with Carrie's youth and beauty,they start an affair,communicating and meeting secretly in the expanding,anonymous city.Drouet discovers he has been cuckolded, Carrie learns that Hurstwood is married,and Hurstwood's wife,Julia,learns from an acquaintance that Hurstwood has been out driving with another woman and deliberately excluded her from the Elks theatre night.Hurstwood mollifies Carrie by agreeing to marry her,and the couple move to New York City.In New York,Hurstwood and Carrie rent a flat where they live as George and Carrie Wheeler.Hurstwood buys a minority interest in a saloon,at first,is able to provide Carrie with a satisfactory.After only a few years,the saloon's landlord sells the property and Hurstwood's business partner expresses his intent to terminate the partnership.Carrie turns to New York's theatres for employment and becomes a chorus girl. Hurstwood ultimately joins the homeless of New York,taking odd jobs,falling ill with pneumonia,and finally becoming a beggar. 情节:对威斯康星州乡村生活感到不满的 18 岁卡罗琳“姐妹凯莉”米伯乘火车前往芝加哥,她的姐姐米妮和姐夫斯文·汉森同意接她过去。凯莉在一家制鞋厂做机器操作工。一天,在因病失去工作后,她在街上遇到了德鲁埃。他说服她离开姐姐,搬去和他同住。德鲁埃为她安排了一个更大的公寓,他们的关系逐渐加深,而米妮则梦想着姐姐纯真的堕落。到德鲁埃把凯莉介绍给菲茨杰拉德和莫伊公司的经理乔治·赫斯特伍德时,赫斯特伍德被凯莉的青春和美貌迷住了,他们开始了一段秘密的恋情,在这座日益扩大的匿名城市中秘密通信和见面。德鲁埃发现自己被戴了绿帽,凯莉得知赫斯特伍德已婚,而赫斯特伍德的妻子朱莉娅从一位熟人那里得知赫斯特伍德曾与另一名女子外出驾车,并故意将她排除在麋鹿剧院之夜之外。赫斯特伍德通过答应娶凯莉来安抚她,夫妻俩搬到了纽约市。在纽约,赫斯特伍德和凯莉租了一套公寓,过着乔治和凯莉的生活 惠勒·赫斯特伍德最初购买了一家酒馆的少数股权,能够为凯莉提供令人满意的生活。几年后,酒馆的房东出售了该物业,赫斯特伍德的商业伙伴表示打算终止合伙关系。凯莉转向纽约的剧院寻找工作,成为了一名合唱团女孩。赫斯特伍德最终沦为纽约的无家可归者,做零工,患上肺炎,最后成为乞丐。
人物:Carrie:hopeful-ambitious-vain-immoral(American Dream) 人物:凯莉:充满希望-有抱负-虚荣-不道德(美国梦)
1.When Carrie was taking the train to Chicago,she imagined a bright future.She hopes to seek employment so that she can get and buy all the nice things that she wants.Carrie does not have any idea how hard this is going to be. 1.当凯莉乘火车去芝加哥时,她憧憬着光明的未来。她希望找到工作,以便获得并购买她想要的所有美好事物。凯莉完全不知道这将有多么艰难。
2.She wanted to realized her dream in cities.3.Carrie desired for materials and wealth. 2.她想在城市里实现自己的梦想。3.凯莉渴望物质和财富
4.During her life in the city.she lived with two men as their mistress.They gave her the material things which she wanted. Her judgment in selecting men was based on their money and not on their character or something else.Finally,she was without support and forced to make it on her own. 4.在她的城市生活中,她作为两个男人的情妇生活。他们给了她想要的物质东西。她选择男人的判断标准是基于他们的钱财,而不是他们的品格或其他什么。最终,她失去了依靠,被迫独自生活。
人物:Charlie Drouet
Drouet is a charming,flashy salesman with a strong appetite for romance.Although he is warm-hearted,he never takes any of his romantic affairs seriously.He promises to marry her,but never really intends to.Finally,he loses Carrie. Drouet 是一个迷人、浮华的推销员,对浪漫有强烈的渴望。虽然他热心肠,但从不认真对待任何一段感情。他承诺娶她,但从未真正打算这么做。最终,他失去了 Carrie。
人物:George Hurstwood
Hurstwood is the manager of a saloon in Chicago.At the beginning of the novel,he is a wealthy man.Hurstwood falls in love with Carrie after meeting her through Drouet but he fails to tell Carrie the truth that he is married.Finally,his wife discovers his affair with Carrie and files for divorce,Hurstwood steals ten thousand dollars from the saloon and flees with Carrie to Montreal 赫斯特伍德是芝加哥一家酒馆的经理。在小说开头,他是一个富有的人。赫斯特伍德通过德鲁埃特认识了凯莉后爱上了她,但他未能告诉凯莉自己已婚的事实。最终,他的妻子发现了他与凯莉的婚外情并提出离婚,赫斯特伍德从酒馆偷走了一万美元,带着凯莉逃往蒙特利尔。
写作特点:
思想背景:As a naturalistic writer,Dreiser stressed determinism in his novels.His characters can't assert their will against natural and economic forces.Dreiser held that people are not entirely to blame for what they are and what they do. 思想背景:作为一位自然主义作家,德莱塞在他的小说中强调决定论。他的角色无法抗拒自然和经济力量的影响。德莱塞认为,人们对自己是什么样的人以及所做的事情并不完全负有责任。
描写特点:He developed the capacity for photographic and relentless observation,thereby truthfully reflecting the society and people of his time and making his novels very believable and convincing.Almost all of his main characters are based on the real people.Vivid description of environmental settings and social background 描写特点:他培养了摄影般的、无情的观察能力,从而真实地反映了他那个时代的社会和人物,使他的小说非常可信和有说服力。他几乎所有的主要人物都基于真实的人物。对环境设置和社会背景的生动描写。
写作特点:His novels are full of tragedies,serious subjects and miserable side of the society.Dreiser broke through the genteel tradition,revealed the life of the lower-class people and dared to expose the vulgar and ugly side of the society. 写作特点:他的小说充满了悲剧、严肃的主题和社会的苦难一面。德莱塞突破了文雅传统,揭示了下层人民的生活,敢于揭露社会的庸俗和丑陋一面
影响:His powerful frankness widens the social and sexual range possible for literature in America. 影响:他强有力的坦率拓宽了美国文学中社会和性别的表现范围。
✓\checkmark Language:very awkward,crude on the bordering of line of grammar
✓\checkmark Serious in tone:never satirical or comic
✓\checkmark Natural narrative method free from article.His narrative is based on qualities of materials and detailed descriptions.
写作风格:
✓ Language:very awkward,crude on the bordering of line of grammar
✓ Serious in tone:never satirical or comic
✓ Natural narrative method free from article.His narrative is based on qualities of materials and detailed descriptions.| 写作风格: |
| :--- |
| $\checkmark$ Language:very awkward,crude on the bordering of line of grammar |
| $\checkmark$ Serious in tone:never satirical or comic |
| $\checkmark$ Natural narrative method free from article.His narrative is based on qualities of materials and detailed descriptions. |
地位:an American poet;won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry on three occasions and was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature four times;best known for his short dramatic poems concerning the people in a small New England village, Tilbury Town,very much like the Gardiner,Maine,in which he grew up;America's greatest living poet in the 1920s;the first important poet of the 20^("th ")20^{\text {th }} century;poet of transition from American traditional poetry to Modern poetry;America's poet laureate of unhappiness;descendant of Anne Bradstreet
作品:Man against the Sky;Richard Cory;Miniver Cheevy;Flammonde两个创作阶段:
✓\checkmark Before 1916,famous for poems describing New England landscape and customs,which are clear in images,and full of colloquial flavor.
✓\checkmark After 1916,Robinson turned to legend of King Arthur so as to satirize philosophically the corrupted western civilization.His poems became grave,forceful and obscure.
地位:an American poet;won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry on three occasions and was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature four times;best known for his short dramatic poems concerning the people in a small New England village, Tilbury Town,very much like the Gardiner,Maine,in which he grew up;America's greatest living poet in the 1920s;the first important poet of the 20^("th ") century;poet of transition from American traditional poetry to Modern poetry;America's poet laureate of unhappiness;descendant of Anne Bradstreet
作品:Man against the Sky;Richard Cory;Miniver Cheevy;Flammonde两个创作阶段:
✓ Before 1916,famous for poems describing New England landscape and customs,which are clear in images,and full of colloquial flavor.
✓ After 1916,Robinson turned to legend of King Arthur so as to satirize philosophically the corrupted western civilization.His poems became grave,forceful and obscure.| 地位:an American poet;won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry on three occasions and was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature four times;best known for his short dramatic poems concerning the people in a small New England village, Tilbury Town,very much like the Gardiner,Maine,in which he grew up;America's greatest living poet in the 1920s;the first important poet of the $20^{\text {th }}$ century;poet of transition from American traditional poetry to Modern poetry;America's poet laureate of unhappiness;descendant of Anne Bradstreet |
| :--- |
| 作品:Man against the Sky;Richard Cory;Miniver Cheevy;Flammonde两个创作阶段: |
| $\checkmark$ Before 1916,famous for poems describing New England landscape and customs,which are clear in images,and full of colloquial flavor. |
| $\checkmark$ After 1916,Robinson turned to legend of King Arthur so as to satirize philosophically the corrupted western civilization.His poems became grave,forceful and obscure. |
"写作风格:
✓ Language:very awkward,crude on the bordering of line of grammar
✓ Serious in tone:never satirical or comic
✓ Natural narrative method free from article.His narrative is based on qualities of materials and detailed descriptions."
Edwin Arlington Robinson
"地位:an American poet;won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry on three occasions and was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature four times;best known for his short dramatic poems concerning the people in a small New England village, Tilbury Town,very much like the Gardiner,Maine,in which he grew up;America's greatest living poet in the 1920s;the first important poet of the 20^("th ") century;poet of transition from American traditional poetry to Modern poetry;America's poet laureate of unhappiness;descendant of Anne Bradstreet
作品:Man against the Sky;Richard Cory;Miniver Cheevy;Flammonde两个创作阶段:
✓ Before 1916,famous for poems describing New England landscape and customs,which are clear in images,and full of colloquial flavor.
✓ After 1916,Robinson turned to legend of King Arthur so as to satirize philosophically the corrupted western civilization.His poems became grave,forceful and obscure."| 写作风格: <br> $\checkmark$ Language:very awkward,crude on the bordering of line of grammar <br> $\checkmark$ Serious in tone:never satirical or comic <br> $\checkmark$ Natural narrative method free from article.His narrative is based on qualities of materials and detailed descriptions. |
| :--- |
| Edwin Arlington Robinson |
| 地位:an American poet;won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry on three occasions and was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature four times;best known for his short dramatic poems concerning the people in a small New England village, Tilbury Town,very much like the Gardiner,Maine,in which he grew up;America's greatest living poet in the 1920s;the first important poet of the $20^{\text {th }}$ century;poet of transition from American traditional poetry to Modern poetry;America's poet laureate of unhappiness;descendant of Anne Bradstreet <br> 作品:Man against the Sky;Richard Cory;Miniver Cheevy;Flammonde两个创作阶段: <br> $\checkmark$ Before 1916,famous for poems describing New England landscape and customs,which are clear in images,and full of colloquial flavor. <br> $\checkmark$ After 1916,Robinson turned to legend of King Arthur so as to satirize philosophically the corrupted western civilization.His poems became grave,forceful and obscure. |
文学流派特点介绍:
历史背景
✓\checkmark The Civil War—The Industrialized North(factory)defeated the Agrarian South(farm) ✓\checkmark 内战——工业化的北方(工厂)击败了农业南方(农场) ✓\checkmark Rising of Capitalism-Increasing industrialization and mechanization of the country;Caused extremes of wealth and poverty;Appearance of Billionaires-J.P.Morgan,Andrew Carnegie,John D.Rockefeller;Money worship is popular ✓\checkmark 资本主义兴起——国家工业化和机械化加剧;导致贫富极端分化;亿万富翁出现——J.P.摩根、安德鲁·卡内基、约翰·D·洛克菲勒;金钱崇拜盛行 ✓\checkmark The Closing of the Westward Movement-Golden Age became the Gilded Age. ✓\checkmark 西进运动的结束——黄金时代变成了镀金时代。 ✓\checkmark The Gilded Age: ✓\checkmark 镀金时代:
定义:The Gilded Age refers to the period of gross materialism and blatant political corruption in the US history during the 1870s that gave rise to important novels of social and political criticism. 定义:镀金时代指的是 19 世纪 70 年代美国历史上极端物质主义和公然政治腐败的时期,这一时期催生了许多重要的社会和政治批判小说。
起源:The period takes its name from the earliest from a novel named"The Gilded Age"written by Mark Twain in collaboration of C.D.Warner,which described the boom timeshare of Post-Civil War years.The novel gives a civil and accurate description of Washington D.C.,and is peopled with caricatures of many leading figures of the day, including greedy industrialists and corrupt politicians. 起源:这一时期的名称来源于马克·吐温与 C·D·华纳合著的小说《镀金时代》,该小说描绘了内战后繁荣的时代。小说对华盛顿特区进行了文明而准确的描述,书中人物是当时许多重要人物的讽刺形象,包括贪婪的工业家和腐败的政治家
影响:The political novels of the Gilded Age represent the beginning of a new strain in the American literature,the novel as a vehicle of social protest,a trend that grew in the late 19th century and early 20th century with the works of the muckrakers and culminated in the proletarian novelist. 影响:镀金时代的政治小说代表了美国文学中新流派的开端,即将小说作为社会抗议的载体,这一趋势在 19 世纪末和 20 世纪初随着揭露社会黑暗的作家作品的发展而壮大,并最终在无产阶级小说家中达到顶峰。
定义:A main trend of literature in America that depicted social reality and the lives and everyday activities of ordinary people beginning in the mid-19th century to the early 20th century. 定义:19 世纪中叶至 20 世纪初美国文学的主要潮流,描绘社会现实以及普通人的生活和日常活动。
地位:A reaction against Romanticism and paved the way to Modernism. 地位:对浪漫主义的反动,为现代主义铺平了道路
社会背景:
Society:After the Civil War,capitalist America witnesses the looming of a gilded age rather than a golden age. 社会:内战后,资本主义的美国见证了镀金时代的来临,而非黄金时代。
Heading for industrialization:The deterioration in public morality;Public lust for wealth and power 迈向工业化:公共道德的恶化;公众对财富和权力的渴望
Extremes of wealth and poverty:the concentration of wealth in the hands of the few 贫富悬殊:财富集中在少数人手中
Life:a veritable struggle for survival 生活:一场真正的生存斗争
Basic tone:widely felt disillusionment and frustration 基本语调:普遍感受到的幻灭和挫败感
The development of railroads 铁路的发展
The spread of industrialism 工业主义的传播
文学特点: ✓quad\checkmark \quad verisimilitude of detail derived from observation ✓quad\checkmark \quad 源自观察的细节逼真性 ✓\checkmark The effort to approach the norm of experience-a reliance on the representative in plot,setting and character ✓\checkmark 努力接近经验的规范——在情节、环境和人物上依赖具有代表性的元素 ✓\checkmark The effort to offer an objective rather than an idealized view of human nature and experience ✓\checkmark 努力提供对人性和经验的客观而非理想化的视角
Local Colorism(又:Local Colorism)(2013北语 2011 人大 2019 南开 2018 兰大 2018 西外Local Color 央民Localism)定义:Local colorism is a unique variation of American realism which came to prominence in the USA in the late 19th century. 地方色彩主义(又称:Local Colorism)(2013 北语 2011 人大 2019 南开 2018 兰大 2018 西外 Local Color 央民 Localism)定义:地方色彩主义是美国现实主义的一种独特变体,于 19 世纪末在美国兴起。
内 容:It is concerned with the life of a small,well-defined region.This kind of fiction depicts the characters from a specified setting or an era,which are marked by its customs,dialects,costumes,landscape,or other peculiarities that have escaped standardizing cultural influence.It was devoted to capturing the unique customs,manners,folklore,and other qualities of a particular regional community,usually humorous short stories. 内容:它关注一个小而明确的地区的生活。这类小说描绘了特定环境或时代的角色,这些角色以其风俗、方言、服饰、风景或其他未被标准化文化影响所同化的特殊性为标志。它致力于捕捉特定地区社区独特的风俗、礼仪、民间传说及其他特质,通常表现为幽默短篇小说
历史:A"local color movement"developed from various sections.The most famous of the local colonists was Mark Twain. The trend has some equivalents in European fiction,notably in the attention given by Zola and Hardy to the settings of their stories. 历史:“地方色彩运动”起源于各个地区。最著名的地方色彩作家是马克·吐温。这一趋势在欧洲小说中也有类似表现,尤其是左拉和哈代对其故事背景的关注。
特点: ✓\checkmark Local color writing was marked by dialect,eccentric characters,and sentimentalized pathos or whimsical humor. 地方色彩写作的特点是使用方言、刻画古怪的人物,以及带有感伤的激动情绪或异想天开的幽默。 ✓\checkmark It emphasized verisimilitude of detail without being much concerned about truth to the large aspects of life. 它强调细节的逼真性,而不太关注对生活大方面的真实性。
Discuss the local color reflected in Mark Twain's novels. 讨论马克·吐温小说中反映的地方色彩
Local color is a style or genre of writing in the United States that gained popularity in the mid to late 19th century into the early 20th century.In this style of writing,which includes both poetry and prose,the setting is particularly important and writers often emphasize specific features such as dialect,customs,history,and landscape,of a particular region.Mark Twain is considered the father of American local colorism because his writings are often set in Mississippi,the place where he was brought up and familiar with.Twain depicted social life through descriptions of local places and people he knew best and believed that"the most valuable capital,or culture,or education usable in the building of novels is personal experience."In addition,he uses a lot of dialects in his works in order to render the story vivid and humorous.Twain wrote in his unpretentious,colloquial,and poetic style.He used vernacular language,dialect with spelling representing pronunciation. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn displays the major achievements of his art.Twain's local colorism and his plain language have exerted great influence upon later writers like Ernest Hemingway and William Faulkner. 地方色彩是一种在美国兴起的写作风格或体裁,流行于 19 世纪中后期至 20 世纪初。在这种写作风格中,包括诗歌和散文,环境尤为重要,作家常常强调特定地区的方言、习俗、历史和风景等具体特征。马克·吐温被认为是美国地方色彩主义之父,因为他的作品常以密西西比州为背景,那是他成长并熟悉的地方。吐温通过对当地场所和他最熟悉的人物的描写,展现了社会生活,并认为“在小说创作中最有价值的资本、文化或教育是个人经历”。此外,他在作品中大量使用方言,使故事生动幽默。吐温的写作风格质朴、口语化且富有诗意。他使用白话语言和以拼写反映发音的方言。《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》展示了他艺术的主要成就。吐温的地方色彩主义和朴实语言对后来的作家如欧内斯特·海明威和威廉·福克纳产生了深远影响
Naturalism:(2015 北语 2012 人大)
定义:Naturalism is a literary genre that started as a movement in late nineteenth century in literature,film,theater,and art. It is a type of extreme realism.This movement suggested the roles of family,social conditions,and environment in shaping human character.Thus,naturalistic writers write stories based on the idea that environment determines and governs human character. 定义:自然主义是一种文学体裁,起源于十九世纪晚期的文学、电影、戏剧和艺术运动。它是一种极端现实主义。这一运动强调家庭、社会环境和环境在塑造人类性格中的作用。因此,自然主义作家基于环境决定并支配人类性格的观点来创作故事。
作用:The impact that naturalism has left on literary writers is colossal,leading to the evolution of the modern movement. Generally,naturalistic works expose dark sides of life such as prejudice,racism,poverty,prostitution,filth,and disease. Since these works are often pessimistic and blunt,they receive heavy criticism.Despite the echoing pessimism in this literary output,naturalists are generally concerned with improving the human condition around the world.对比(Naturalism vs.Realism): 作用:自然主义对文学作家的影响巨大,推动了现代文学运动的发展。通常,自然主义作品揭示生活的阴暗面,如偏见、种族主义、贫困、卖淫、肮脏和疾病。由于这些作品常常带有悲观和直白的色彩,因此受到严厉批评。尽管这些文学作品中充满了回响的悲观情绪,自然主义者通常关注改善全球人类的生活状况。对比(自然主义 vs. 现实主义):
同/与现实主义关系:Naturalism is actually evolved from Realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious 同/与现实主义关系:自然主义实际上是从现实主义演变而来,当作者的写作语气变得不那么严肃
and less sympathetic but more detached and pessimistic.Naturalism is extreme form of Realism.It is no more than a different philosophical approach to reality,or to human existence 、不那么同情,而是更加超然和悲观时。自然主义是现实主义的极端形式。它不过是对现实或人类存在的不同哲学态度
异: ✓\checkmark Realism is concerned directly with what is absorb by the senses;Naturalism,a term more properly applied to literature, attempts to apply scientific theories to art, ✓\checkmark 现实主义直接关注感官所能感知的事物;自然主义,这一术语更恰当地应用于文学,试图将科学理论应用于艺术, ✓\checkmark Naturalism differs from Realism in adding a normal attitude to the objective presentation of life.Naturalism writers, adopting Darwin's biological determinism and Marx's economic determinism,regard human behavior as controlled by instinct,emotion,or social economic conditions,and reject free will. ✓\checkmark 自然主义与现实主义的区别在于,在客观呈现生活的基础上加入了一种正常的态度。自然主义作家采用达尔文的生物决定论和马克思的经济决定论,认为人类行为受本能、情感或社会经济条件控制,否认自由意志。 ✓\checkmark Naturalism has an outwork often bleaker than that of realism,and it added a dimension of predetermined fate that rendered human ultimately powerless. ✓\checkmark 自然主义的外在表现往往比现实主义更为阴郁,并且它增加了一个预定命运的维度,使人类最终变得无力。
举例:(因为 30 年代有一次自然主义的复兴,所以在这里把 30 年代的例子也放了进来)
The Grapes of Wrath(By John Steinbeck) 《愤怒的葡萄》(约翰·斯坦贝克著)
The Open Boat(By Stephen Crane) 《开船记》(作者:斯蒂芬·克莱恩)
The Awakening(By Kate Chopin) 《觉醒》(作者:凯特·肖邦)
To Build A Fire(By Jack London) 《生火》(作者:杰克·伦敦)
简答题表述参考:(标下划线的词句为关键词汇)
1)Harriet Beecher Stowe:Uncle Tom's Cabin 1)哈丽雅特·比彻·斯托:《汤姆叔叔的小屋》
主题: ✓\checkmark The evil and immoral of slavery. ✓\checkmark 奴隶制的邪恶与不道德。 ✓\checkmark The moral authority of motherhood and the redeeming bibles offered by Christianity ✓\checkmark 母性的道德权威以及基督教所提供的救赎圣经。 ✓\checkmark The moral power and sanctity of women:Through characters like Eliza,who escapes from slavery to save her young son(and eventually reunites her entire family),or Little Eva,who is seen as the ideal Christian",like.An angel,the author shows how she believed women could save those around them from even the worst injustices. ✓\checkmark 女性的道德力量与神圣性:通过像伊莱莎这样的人物,她逃离奴隶制去拯救她年幼的儿子(最终与整个家庭团聚),或者小伊娃,她被视为理想的基督徒“天使”,作者展示了她如何相信女性能够拯救周围的人免受最严重的不公正待遇。
影响: ✓\checkmark An anti-slavery novel Published in 1852.Had a profound effect to the idea of the slavery of African Americans. ✓\checkmark 一部于 1852 年出版的反奴隶制小说,对非裔美国人奴隶制的观念产生了深远影响 ✓\checkmark Describe the cruel nature of the slavery. ✓\checkmark 描述奴隶制的残酷本质。 ✓\checkmark Helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War. ✓\checkmark 帮助为内战奠定了基础。 ✓\checkmark Christian love can overcome something as destructive as enslavement of fellow human. ✓\checkmark 基督教的爱能够克服奴役同胞这样具有破坏性的事情。 ✓\checkmark Pave the way for the woman's rights movement in the following decades. ✓\checkmark 为随后的几十年妇女权利运动铺平了道路 ✓\checkmark The best-selling novel of the 19th century and the second best-selling book of that century,following the Bible.When the romantic literature is mainstream,it had a profound effect on the development of realism of the American literature. ✓\checkmark 19 世纪最畅销的小说,也是该世纪第二畅销的书,仅次于《圣经》。当浪漫主义文学占主流时,它对美国文学现实主义的发展产生了深远影响。
2)Literary theory of William Dean Howells:Common feeling of common people(Criticism and Future) 2)威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯的文学理论:普通人的共同感受(批评与未来) ✓\checkmark Definition of novel:"fidelity to experience and probability of motive",a quest of the average and the habitual rather than the exceptional or the uniquely high or low. ✓\checkmark 小说的定义:“忠实于经验和动机的可能性”,追求的是普通和习惯性的事物,而非特殊或极端的高低。 ✓\checkmark Aim:to do nothing more than"talk of some ordinary traits of American life ✓\checkmark 目标:不过是“谈论一些美国生活中的普通特征” ✓\checkmark Content:not to look upon man in his"heroic or occasional phases",but to"seek him in his habitual moods of vacancy and tiresomeness".In his novel,man is in his natural and unaffected dullness.The growth should be natural out of character and conditions ✓\checkmark 内容:不去关注人在“英雄或偶发阶段”的表现,而是“寻求他在习惯性空虚和乏味情绪中的状态”。在他的小说中,人处于自然且不加修饰的迟钝状态。人物的发展应自然地源于性格和环境。 ✓\checkmark Realism:a central concern with motives and psychological conflicts ✓\checkmark 现实主义:核心关注动机和心理冲突。 ✓\checkmark Emphasis:ethics;moral values in society and family ✓\checkmark 强调:伦理;社会和家庭中的道德价值。
3)What does The Mississippi River represent in The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn? 3)《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》中密西西比河代表什么?
For Huck and Jim,the Mississippi River is the ultimate symbol of freedom.Alone on their raft,they do not have to answer to anyone.The river carries them toward freedom:for Jim,toward the free states;for Huck,away from his abusive father and the restrictive"sivilizing"of St.Petersburg.Much like the river itself,Huck and Jim are in flux,willing to change their attitudes about each other with little prompting.Despite their freedom,however,they soon find that they are not completely free from the evils and influences of the towns on the river s banks.Even early on,the real world intrudes on the paradise of the raft:the river floods,bringing Huck and Jim into contact with criminals,wrecks,and stolen goods.Then,a thick fog causes them to miss the mouth of the Ohio River,which was to be their route to freedom. 对于哈克和吉姆来说,密西西比河是自由的终极象征。独自一人在木筏上,他们无需向任何人交代。河流载着他们走向自由:对吉姆来说,是通往自由州;对哈克来说,是远离虐待他的父亲和圣彼得堡那种限制性的“文明化”。就像河流本身一样,哈克和吉姆处于不断变化之中,愿意在很少的推动下改变彼此的态度。然而,尽管他们获得了自由,他们很快发现自己并未完全摆脱河岸城镇的邪恶和影响。甚至在早期,现实世界就侵入了木筏上的天堂:河水泛滥,使哈克和吉姆接触到罪犯、船只残骸和赃物。随后,一场浓雾使他们错过了俄亥俄河的入海口,而那本应是他们通往自由的路线
As the novel progresses,then,the river becomes something other than the inherently benevolent place Huck originally thought it was.As Huck and Jim move further south,the duke and the dauphin invade the raft,and Huck and Jim must spend more time ashore.Though the river continues to offer a refuge from trouble,it often merely affects the exchange of one bad situation for another.Each escape exists in the larger context of a continual drift southward,toward the Deep South and entrenched slavery.In this transition from idyllic retreat to source of peril,the river mirrors the complicated state of the South.As Huck and Jim s journey progresses,the river,which once seemed a paradise and a source of freedom,becomes merely a short-term means of escape that nonetheless pushes Huck and Jim ever further toward danger and destruction. 随着小说的发展,河流逐渐变成了一个不同于哈克最初认为的天生善良之地。随着哈克和吉姆向南方深入,公爵和王子侵占了筏子,哈克和吉姆不得不花更多时间在岸上。尽管河流仍然提供了一个避难所,但它往往只是将一种糟糕的境况换成另一种。每一次逃离都存在于不断向南漂流的更大背景中,朝着深南方和根深蒂固的奴隶制前进。在从田园诗般的避难所转变为危险源头的过程中,河流反映了南方复杂的状态。随着哈克和吉姆的旅程推进,这条曾经看似天堂和自由之源的河流,变成了一个短期的逃避手段,但却不断将哈克和吉姆推向更深的危险和毁灭。
4)The themes of The Adventure of Tom Sawyer? 4)《汤姆·索亚历险记》的主题?
Moral and Social Maturation(也可以写 Growth of a Boy 这种) 道德与社会的成熟(也可以写成“男孩的成长”)
When the novel opens,Tom is engaged in and often the organizer of childhood pranks and make-believe games.As the novel progresses,these initially consequence-free childish games take on more and more gravity.As Tom begins to take initiative to help others instead of himself,he shows his increasing maturity,competence,and moral integrity.Tom's adventures to Jackson's Island and McDougal's Cave take him away from society.These symbolic removals help to prepare him to return to the village with a new,more adult outlook on his relationship to the community.Though early on Tom looks up to Huck as much older and wiser,by the end of the novel,Tom's maturity has surpassed Huck's.Tom's personal growth is evident in his insistence,in the face of Huck's desire to flee all social constraints,that Huck stay with the Widow Douglas and become civilized. 小说开篇时,汤姆经常参与并且常常是童年恶作剧和假装游戏的组织者。随着小说的发展,这些最初无关紧要的儿童游戏逐渐变得越来越严肃。当汤姆开始主动帮助别人而不是只顾自己时,他展现出日益增长的成熟、能力和道德正直。汤姆前往杰克逊岛和麦克杜格尔洞穴的冒险使他远离了社会。这些象征性的离开帮助他准备以一种新的、更成熟的视角回到村庄,重新审视他与社区的关系。虽然早期汤姆把哈克视为年长且更有智慧的人,但到了小说结尾,汤姆的成熟度已经超过了哈克。汤姆的个人成长体现在他坚持让哈克留在道格拉斯寡妇家并变得文明,尽管哈克渴望逃避所有社会约束。
Society's Hypocrisy 社会的虚伪
Twain complicates Tom's position on the border between childhood and adulthood by ridiculing and criticizing the values and practices of the adult world toward which Tom is heading.Twain's harshest satire exposes the hypocrisy-and often the essential childishness-of social institutions such as school,church,and the law,as well as public opinion.He also mocks individuals,although when doing so he tends to be less biting and focuses on flaws of character that we understand to be universal. 马克·吐温通过嘲讽和批评汤姆即将进入的成年世界的价值观和行为,复杂化了汤姆处于童年与成年边界的身份。吐温最尖锐的讽刺揭露了社会机构如学校、教会、法律以及公众舆论的虚伪——以及它们本质上的幼稚。他也嘲笑个人,尽管在这样做时,他的讽刺较为温和,更多关注那些我们认为普遍存在的人格缺陷
Twain shows that social authority does not always operate on wise,sound,or consistent principles and that institutions fall prey to the same kinds of mistakes that individuals do.In his depiction of families,Mark Twain shows parental authority and constraint balanced by parental love and indulgence.Though she attempts to restrain and punish Tom,Aunt Polly always goes seft because of her love for her nephew.As the novel proceeds,a similar tendency toward indulgence becomes apparent within the broader community as well.The community shows its indulgence when Tom's dangerous adventures provoke an outpouring of concern:the community is perfectly ready to forgive Tom's wrongs if it can be sure of his safety. 马克·吐温表明,社会权威并不总是基于明智、合理或一致的原则运作,机构也会犯与个人相同类型的错误。在他对家庭的描写中,马克·吐温展现了父母的权威和约束与父母的爱与纵容之间的平衡。尽管波莉姨妈试图约束和惩罚汤姆,但她总是因为对侄子的爱而妥协。随着小说的发展,这种纵容的倾向在更广泛的社区中也变得明显。社区在汤姆的危险冒险引发关切时表现出宽容:只要能确定汤姆的安全,社区完全愿意原谅他的过错。
The novel shows that adult existence is more similar to childhood existence than it might seem.Though the novel is critical of society's hypocrisy-that is,of the frequent discord between its values and its behavior-Mark Twain does not really advocate subversion.The novel demonstrates the potential dangers of subverting authority just as it demonstrates the dangers of adhering to authority too strictly. 小说表明,成年人的生活与童年生活比看起来更为相似。虽然小说批评了社会的虚伪——即其价值观与行为之间的频繁不一致——但马克·吐温并不真正主张颠覆。小说既展示了颠覆权威的潜在危险,也展示了过于严格遵守权威的危险。
Freedom through Social Exclusion 通过社会排斥实现自由
The most notable local outsiders include Huck Finn,who fends for himself outside of any family structure because his father is a drunkard;Muff Porter also a drunk;and Injun Joe,a malevolent half-breed.Despite the community's clear separation of outsiders from insiders,however,it seems to have a strong impulse toward inclusiveness.The community tolerates the drunkenness of a harmless rascal like Muff Potter,and Huck is more or less protected even though he exists on the fringes of society.Tom too is an orphan who has been taken in by Aunt Polly out of love and filial responsibility.Injun Joe is the only resident of St.Peters-burg who is completely excluded from the community.Only after Injun Joe s death are the townspeople able to transform him,through their manipulation of his memory,into a tolerable part of St.Petersburg society.Twain emphasizes the association between financial standing and social standing.Besides the obvious fact that money is an important ingredient in social acceptance,social existence clearly is itself a kind of economy,in which certain costs accompany certain benefits.The price of social inclusion is a loss of complete freedom. 最显著的本地局外人包括哈克·芬恩,他因为父亲是个酒鬼而不得不独自生活,脱离任何家庭结构;还有同样酗酒的马夫·波特;以及恶意的混血儿印第安乔。尽管社区明显将局外人与局内人区分开来,但似乎仍有强烈的包容冲动。社区容忍像马夫·波特这样无害流氓的酗酒行为,哈克虽然生活在社会边缘,也或多或少受到保护。汤姆也是个孤儿,被波莉姑妈出于爱心和孝道收养。印第安乔是圣彼得堡唯一被社区完全排斥的居民。只有在印第安乔去世后,镇民们通过操控他的记忆,才得以将他转变为圣彼得堡社会中可容忍的一部分。马克·吐温强调了经济地位与社会地位之间的联系。除了显而易见的金钱是社会接受的重要因素外,社会存在本身显然也是一种经济形式,其中某些成本伴随着某些利益。社会包容的代价是失去完全的自由
Superstition in an Uncertain World 不确定世界中的迷信
Twain first explores superstition in the graveyard,where Tom and Huck go to try out a magical cure for warts.From this point forward,superstition becomes an important element in all of the boy's decision-making.The convenient thing about Tom and Huck s superstitious beliefs is that there are so many of them,and they are so freely interpretable;Tom and Huck can pick and choose whichever belief suits their needs at the time.In this regard,Twain suggests,superstition bears a resemblance to religion-at least as the populace of St.Petersburg practices it. 马克·吐温首先在墓地中探讨了迷信,汤姆和哈克去那里试验一种治疗疣的魔法方法。从此以后,迷信成为男孩们决策中的一个重要因素。汤姆和哈克的迷信信仰之所以方便,是因为它们种类繁多且解释灵活;汤姆和哈克可以根据当时的需要随意选择适合自己的信仰。在这方面,吐温暗示迷信与宗教有相似之处——至少与圣彼得堡居民的实践方式相似
The humorousness of the boy's obsession with witches,ghosts,and graveyards papers over,to some extent,the real horror of the things to which the boys are exposed:grave digging,murder,starvation,and attempted mutilation.The relative ease with which they assimilate these ghastly events into their childish world is perhaps one of the least realistic aspects of the novel.The boys negotiate all this horror because they exist in a world suspended somewhere between reality and make-believe.Their fear of death is real and pervasive,for example,but we also have the sense that they do not really understand death and all of its ramifications. 男孩们对女巫、鬼魂和墓地的痴迷带有幽默感,这在某种程度上掩盖了他们所接触到的真正恐怖:挖坟、谋杀、饥饿和企图残害。他们相对轻松地将这些可怕的事件融入他们的童年世界,这也许是小说中最不现实的方面之一。男孩们之所以能够应对这一切恐怖,是因为他们生活在一个介于现实与幻想之间的悬浮世界中。例如,他们对死亡的恐惧是真实而普遍的,但我们也感觉到他们并不真正理解死亡及其所有的后果。
5)Does Huckleberry Finn change at all during the course of the novel?In what way? 5)哈克贝利·费恩在小说过程中有变化吗?以何种方式?
Yes,Huck becomes more mature,more humane,and more self-reliant as a result of his experience and his association with Jim. 是的,哈克通过他的经历和与吉姆的交往变得更加成熟、更有人性,也更加自立
Huck learns what real friendship means and he grows to value and cherish his friendship with Jim.In the beginning of the novel he joins Tom in playing a joke on Jim.But towards the end,he cries when Jim is sold to the Phelps family by the king and the duke.The turning point in Huck's relationship with Jim came when Huck humbled himself after he played the game on Jim the night they were separated on the foggy river. 哈克学会了真正的友谊意味着什么,并且他开始珍视和珍惜与吉姆的友谊。在小说的开头,他和汤姆一起开了吉姆的玩笑。但到了结尾,当国王和公爵把吉姆卖给费尔普斯一家时,他哭了。哈克与吉姆关系的转折点是在他们在雾蒙蒙的河上分开那晚,哈克在对吉姆开的玩笑后谦卑了自己。
As a result of this friendship,Huck comes to place more trust in his experiences,rather than in what he's been taught.What he learns out of books is too far removed from daily life to be of any use to him.He points out to Tom Sawyer that he is interested in results,not formalities,when it comes to helping Jim escape.This is a change from what he believed when he joined Tom Sawyer s robber gang in the beginning of the book. 由于这段友谊,哈克开始更多地信任自己的经历,而不是他所学到的东西。他从书本上学到的东西离日常生活太远,对他毫无用处。他向汤姆·索亚指出,在帮助吉姆逃跑时,他关心的是结果,而不是形式。这与他在书的开头加入汤姆·索亚强盗团时的信念不同。
6)What use does Mark Twain make of concrete details of description and character portrayal? 6)马克·吐温如何利用具体的细节描写和人物刻画?
Mark Twain depicts life and people realistically by choosing important concrete details that characterize the people or things he is describing.His description of Silas Phelps farm,for instance,is drawn in great detail,ranging from the dogs that form the spokes of a wheel around Huck to such a small detail as the logs that form steps over the fence.A character is sketched in by Mark Twain by a few deft touches of dialectal comment,and a short speech.The realism of Mark Twain's writing is a result of his eye for detail and his use of detail in description and analysis.Little things like the decorations of the Grangerford house add up to give the reader an overall impression of the family.By using the family to represent the finest traditions of the pre-Civil War South,Mark Twain adds concreteness to his comment on conditions there. 马克·吐温通过选择重要的具体细节来描绘生活和人物,这些细节刻画了他所描述的人物或事物的特征。例如,他对赛拉斯·费尔普斯农场的描述非常详细,从围绕哈克形成轮辐的狗,到构成围栏阶梯的木头这样的小细节。马克·吐温通过几句巧妙的方言评论和简短的对话勾勒出一个人物形象。马克·吐温作品的现实主义源于他对细节的敏锐观察以及在描述和分析中对细节的运用。像格兰格福德家装饰这样的小细节,累积起来给读者一个对这个家庭的整体印象。通过用这个家庭代表南北战争前南方最优秀的传统,马克·吐温使他对当时状况的评论更加具体生动。
7)To what extent is The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn a book of social criticism ? 7)《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》在多大程度上是一部社会批判的书?
By reflecting Mark Twain s attitudes towards the individuals responsible for the injustices and inhumanities done to the poor and helpless,the book contains much that can be called social comment.In its literary form this comment is called satire.That is,its purpose it to make people recognize their own flaws and laugh at them;by laughing at their own follies and faults,people can be made to change their ways. 通过反映马克·吐温对那些对穷人和无助者施加不公和非人道行为的个人的态度,这本书包含了许多可以称之为社会评论的内容。在其文学形式中,这种评论被称为讽刺。也就是说,其目的是让人们认识到自己的缺点并嘲笑它们;通过嘲笑自己的愚蠢和错误,人们可以被促使改变自己的行为。
In a more direct way,Huck Finn is a book of social criticism insofar as Mark Twain describes intolerable ignorance and crudity from Huck s point of view and has Huck comment on the stupidity and cruelty which underlie them.Huck is quick to see the cruelty of tarring and feathering the king and duke,and of chaining Jim in double irons and putting him on a ration of bread and water.Huck is the vehicle of Twain's comment even in those passages where he does not understand what is going on.He admires the art of Emmeline Grangerford.But from the way Huck describes the drawings,the reader can only smile at Huck's lack of education and deplore the bad taste of the South's finest families. 更直接地说,《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》是一部社会批判的书,因为马克·吐温从哈克的视角描述了无法容忍的无知和粗俗,并让哈克对其背后的愚蠢和残忍进行评论。哈克很快就看出了给国王和公爵涂焦油、撒羽毛的残忍,以及用双重铁链锁住吉姆并只给他面包和水的残酷。即使在哈克不理解发生了什么的段落中,他仍然是吐温评论的载体。他欣赏艾米琳·格兰杰福德的艺术。但从哈克对这些画作的描述来看,读者只能对哈克的缺乏教育会心一笑,并对南方最优秀家族的低俗品味感到遗憾
8)To what purpose does Mark Twain devote so much space to Tom Sawyer's fraudulent scheme to free Jim? 8)马克·吐温为何花费如此多的篇幅描写汤姆·索亚为解救吉姆而设计的欺诈计划?
Mark Twain develops the contrast between Tom and Huck in the final chapters which deal with Tom s scheme to free Jim.The impersonal approach that Tom takes is perhaps the most striking quality of his plan.He does not care,really, whether Jim is uncomfortable or suffering.He wants the escape to be according to the rules.To this end he is willing to steal things from the Phelpses,although he won't let Huck steal a watermelon for his own comfort and pleasure.This single-minded pursuit of glory and"gaudy"effects is the most important characteristic of the king and the duke,who are Tom Sawyer's grown-up counterparts. 马克·吐温在最后几章中描绘了汤姆和哈克之间的对比,这几章讲述了汤姆为解救吉姆而设计的计划。汤姆采取的冷漠态度或许是他计划中最引人注目的特点。他并不真正关心吉姆是否感到不适或受苦,他希望逃脱过程符合规则。为此,他愿意从费尔普斯家偷东西,尽管他不允许哈克为了自己的舒适和乐趣偷一个西瓜。这种单一追求荣耀和“华丽”效果的态度,是国王和公爵——汤姆·索亚的成年版对应人物——最重要的特征。
The contrast is perhaps better stated by saying that Huck is more interested in freeing Jim than Tom is.Indeed,after he learns that Tom knew Jim was free all the time,Huck comments that he always knew Tom was too good to be a low-down Abolitionist.Tom is interested in the adventure of the thing,Huck in the result of the adventure. 这种对比或许更准确地说是哈克比汤姆更关心解救吉姆。事实上,在得知汤姆一直知道吉姆已经自由后,哈克评论说他早就知道汤姆不可能是个卑鄙的废奴主义者。汤姆关心的是冒险本身,而哈克关心的是冒险的结果
9)Discuss Mark Twain's use of dialects in The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn.What effect does this usage have on the reader?Does it make the novel less of an artistic achievement? 9)讨论马克·吐温在《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》中对方言的使用。这种用法对读者有什么影响?它是否降低了小说的艺术成就?
Mark Twain's use of dialect,which has proved controversial over the years,lends to the overall realism and vividness of The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn.It is sometimes difficult to decipher the character's speech while reading.In the world of the novel,the way in which a character speaks is closely tied to that character s status in society.Huck,who was born in poverty and has lived ever on the margins of society ever since,speaks in a much rougher,more uneducated-sounding dialect than the speech Tom uses.Jim's speech,meanwhile,which seems rough and uneducated,is frequently not all that different from Huck's speech or the speech of other white characters.In this way,Mark Twain implies that it is society, wealth,and upbringing,rather than any sort of innate ignorance or roughness that determines an individual ss educational opportunities and manner of self-expression. 马克·吐温对方言的使用,多年来一直颇具争议,但它增强了《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》的整体现实感和生动性。阅读时,有时很难辨认人物的语言。在小说的世界里,人物的说话方式与其社会地位密切相关。哈克出身贫寒,自始至终生活在社会边缘,他说话的方言比汤姆使用的语言更粗俗、更显得缺乏教育。与此同时,吉姆的语言虽然听起来粗俗且缺乏教育,但实际上与哈克或其他白人角色的语言并无太大差别。通过这种方式,马克·吐温暗示,决定一个人的教育机会和自我表达方式的,是社会、财富和成长环境,而非任何天生的无知或粗俗。
10)Analysis of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 10)《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》分析
Plot:The novel opens with Huck telling his story.Briefly,he describes what he has experienced since,The Adventures of Tom Sawyer,which preceded this novel.Huckleberry Finn is the main character,and through his eyes,the reader sees and judges the South,its faults,and its redeeming qualities.Huck's companion Jim,a runaway slave,provides friendship and protection while the two journey along the Mississippi on their raft. 情节:小说以哈克讲述他的故事开篇。简要地,他描述了自《汤姆·索亚历险记》以来所经历的事情,这部小说是前作。哈克贝利·费恩是主要人物,通过他的视角,读者看到并评判南方的缺点及其可取之处。哈克的伙伴吉姆是一名逃跑的奴隶,在两人乘筏沿密西西比河旅行时,吉姆提供了友谊和保护。
Background:The adventures takes place roughly twenty years before the U.S.Civil War.Slavery is still legal,common,and socially accepted in the South.This is why Huck struggles so much with helping Jim escape-everything he knows tells him this is wrong legally,morally,and socially.It's enough to drive a kid to three-maybe even four-moral crises.As far as the geographical setting goes,you're looking at river towns and the simple folk that live there.The people Huck encounters are for the most part uneducated,superstitious,kind,and hospitable,but that's just the novel's environment. Theme: 背景:故事发生在美国内战前大约二十年。奴隶制在南方仍然合法、普遍且被社会接受。这就是为什么哈克在帮助吉姆逃跑时挣扎重重——他所知道的一切都告诉他,这在法律上、道德上和社会上都是错误的。这足以让一个孩子经历三次——甚至四次——道德危机。就地理环境而言,故事发生在河边小镇及其朴实的居民中。哈克遇到的人大多是未受教育、迷信、善良且好客的,但这只是小说的环境设定。
主题:
Conflict between civilization and"natural life":Huck represents natural life through his freedom of spirit,uncivilized ways, and desire to escape from civilization.He was raised without any rules or discipline and has a strong resistance to anything that might"sivilize"him.This conflict is introduced in the first chapter through the efforts of the Widow Douglas:she tries to force Huck to wear new clothes,give up smoking,and learn the Bible.Throughout the novel,Twain seems to suggest that the uncivilized way of life is more desirable and morally superior.Drawing on the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau,Twain suggests that civilization corrupts,rather than improves,human beings. 文明与“自然生活”的冲突:哈克通过他的自由精神、未开化的生活方式以及逃离文明的渴望,代表了自然生活。他在没有任何规矩或纪律的环境中长大,并且强烈抵制任何可能“文明化”他的事物。这个冲突在第一章中通过寡妇道格拉斯的努力被引入:她试图强迫哈克穿上新衣服,戒烟,并学习圣经。在整部小说中,马克·吐温似乎暗示未开化的生活方式更可取且道德上更优越。借鉴让-雅克·卢梭的思想,吐温认为文明腐蚀人类,而非提升人类
Honor:The theme of honor permeates the novel after first being introduced in the second chapter,where Tom Sawyer expresses his belief that there is a great deal of honor associated with thieving.Tom's original robber band is paralleled later in the novel when Tom and Huck become true thieves,but honorable ones,at the end of the novel.They resolve to steal Jim, freeing him from the bonds of slavery,which is an honorable act.Thus,the concept of honor and acting to earn it becomes a central theme in Huck's adventures. 荣誉:荣誉的主题贯穿整部小说,最早在第二章中被引入,当时汤姆·索亚表达了他认为偷窃与荣誉密切相关的观点。汤姆最初的强盗团伙在小说后期得到了呼应,当汤姆和哈克在小说结尾成为真正的盗贼,但却是光荣的盗贼。他们决定偷走吉姆,将他从奴役的束缚中解救出来,这是一种光荣的行为。因此,荣誉的概念以及为赢得荣誉而行动成为哈克冒险故事中的核心主题。
Food:Food plays a prominent role in the novel.In Huck's childhood,he often fights pigs for food,and eats out of"a barrel of odds and ends."Thus,providing Huck with food becomes a symbol of people caring for and protecting him.For example,in the first chapter,the Widow Douglas feeds Huck,and later on Jim becomes his symbolic caretaker,feeding and watching over him on Jackson's Island.Food is again discussed fairly prominently when Huck lives with the Grangerford's and the Wilks's. 食物:食物在小说中扮演着重要角色。在哈克的童年,他经常与猪争夺食物,并从“一桶杂七杂八的东西”中吃东西。因此,为哈克提供食物成为人们关心和保护他的象征。例如,在第一章中,道格拉斯寡妇喂养哈克,后来吉姆成为他的象征性看护者,在杰克逊岛上喂养并照顾他。当哈克与格兰杰福德一家和威尔克斯一家生活时,食物再次成为一个相当突出的话题
Mockery of Religion:A theme Twain focuses on quite heavily on in this novel is the mockery of religion.Throughout his life,Twain was known for his attacks on organized religion.Huck Finn's sarcastic character perfectly situates him to deride religion,representing Twain's personal views. 对宗教的嘲讽:在这部小说中,吐温非常重视的一个主题是对宗教的嘲讽。吐温一生以抨击有组织的宗教闻名。哈克·费恩讽刺的性格使他非常适合嘲笑宗教,代表了吐温个人的观点。
Slavery:The theme of slavery is perhaps the most well-known aspect of this novel.Considering this information,it is easy to see that The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn provides an allegory to explain how and why slavery is wrong.Twain uses Jim,a main character and a slave,to demonstrate the humanity of slaves.Jim expresses the complicated human emotions and struggles with the path of his life. 奴隶制:奴隶制主题或许是这部小说最著名的方面。考虑到这一点,很容易看出《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》通过寓言来解释奴隶制为何错误。吐温通过主角之一、奴隶吉姆,展示了奴隶的人性。吉姆表达了复杂的人类情感,并在生活道路上挣扎。
Nature:The majority of the plot takes place on the river or its banks.For Huck and Jim,the river represents freedom.On the raft,they are completely independent and determine their own courses of action.Jim looks forward to reaching the free states,and Huck is eager to escape his abusive,drunkard of a father and the"civilization"of Miss Watson.Originally,the river is a safe place for the two travelers,but it becomes increasingly dangerous as the realities of their runaway lives set in on Huck and Jim. 自然:故事的大部分情节发生在河流或河岸上。对哈克和吉姆来说,河流象征着自由。在木筏上,他们完全独立,自主决定行动方向。吉姆期待抵达自由州,哈克渴望逃离他那个酗酒且虐待他的父亲以及沃森小姐的“文明”。起初,河流是两位旅者的安全之地,但随着逃亡生活的现实逐渐显现,河流对哈克和吉姆来说变得越来越危险
Significance:The book marks the climax of Twain's literary creativity.Hemingway once described the novel the one book from which"all modern American literature comes."The book is significant in many ways: 意义:这本书标志着马克·吐温文学创作的巅峰。海明威曾形容这部小说是“所有现代美国文学的源头”。这本书在许多方面都具有重要意义: ✓\checkmark First of all,the novel is written in a language that is totally different from the rhetorical language used by Emerson, Poe,and Melville.It is not grand,pompous,but simple,direct,lucid,and faithful to the colloquial speech.This unpretentious style of colloquialism is best described as"vernacular".Speaking in vernacular,a wild and uneducated Huck,running away from civilization for his freedom,is vividly brought to life. 首先,这部小说使用的语言完全不同于爱默生、坡和梅尔维尔所用的修辞语言。它不宏大,不浮夸,而是简单、直接、清晰,忠实于口语表达。这种朴实无华的口语风格最好用“方言”来形容。通过使用方言,那个逃离文明追求自由的野性且未受教育的哈克形象生动地展现在读者面前。 ✓\checkmark Secondly,the great strength of the book also comes from the shape given to it by the course of the raft's journey down the Mississippi as Huck and Jim seek their different kinds of freedom.Twain,who knew the river intimately,uses it here both realistically and symbolically. 其次,这本书的巨大魅力还来自于筏子沿密西西比河漂流的旅程所赋予的结构,哈克和吉姆各自追寻不同的自由。马克·吐温对这条河流非常熟悉,他在书中既以现实主义的手法,也以象征主义的方式描绘了这条河 ✓\checkmark Thirdly,the profound portrait of Huckleberry Finn is another great contribution of the book to the legacy of American literature.The novel begins with a description of how Widow Douglas attempts to civilize Huck and ends with him deciding not to let it happen again at the hands of Aunt Sally. 第三,哈克贝利·费恩的深刻形象是这本书对美国文学遗产的又一重大贡献。小说开头描写了道格拉斯寡妇试图教化哈克,结尾则是哈克决定不再让萨莉姑妈那样对待自己
Characterization:Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is best known for Mark Twain's wonderful characterization of"Huck", a typical American boy described as a boy with"a sound heart and a deformed conscience",and remarkable for the raft's journey down the Mississippi river,which Twain used both realistically and symbolically to shape his book into an organic whole.Through the eyes of Huck,the innocent and reluctant rebel,we see the Pre-Civil War American society fully exposed and at the same time we are deeply impressed by Mark Twain's thematic contrasts between innocence and experience, 人物刻画:《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》以马克·吐温对“哈克”这一典型美国男孩的精彩刻画而闻名,哈克被描述为“有一颗纯洁的心和扭曲的良知”的男孩。小说以木筏沿密西西比河的旅程为特色,吐温既以现实主义又以象征主义手法,将这段旅程塑造成作品的有机整体。通过天真且不情愿的叛逆者哈克的视角,我们得以全面揭示美国内战前的社会,同时深刻感受到马克·吐温在天真与经验之间的主题对比
nature and culture,wilderness and civilization. 自然与文化,荒野与文明
Narrator:The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is told from the first-person point of view an only-partly-educated thirteen-year-old southern boy in the 1830s or 40s.As narrator,Huck describes the story in his natural,everyday voice,and he addresses his readers directly during his storytelling with a friendly,trusting attitude.Taking that into consideration- along with Huck's age,education level,and social background-Twain's choice of a colloquial style makes perfect sense. 叙述者:《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》是以第一人称视角讲述的,讲述者是一个 1830 年代或 40 年代南方的十三岁半文盲少年。作为叙述者,哈克用他自然、日常的语气描述故事,并在讲述过程中以友好、信任的态度直接与读者对话。考虑到这一点——以及哈克的年龄、教育水平和社会背景——马克·吐温选择口语化的写作风格就显得非常合理。
Genre:picaresque novel 体裁:流浪汉小说
The picaresque novel is a popular sub-genre of prose fiction which is usually satirical and depicts in realistic and often humorous detail the adventures of a roguish hero of low social class who lives by his or her wits in a corrupt society.As indicated by its name,this style of novel originated in Spain,where it was possibly influenced by Arabic literature, flourished in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries,and continues to influence modern literature. 流浪汉小说是一种流行的散文小说子类型,通常带有讽刺意味,现实且常带幽默地描绘一个社会地位低下、靠机智生存的流氓英雄的冒险经历。顾名思义,这种小说风格起源于西班牙,可能受到了阿拉伯文学的影响,在十七和十八世纪的欧洲盛行,并持续影响着现代文学
11)Literary career of Henry James(作品与常耀信书上不一样,按目标院校指定教材记忆即可)(2018 北语)
In the first period,James took great interest in international themes.In almost all the stories and novels he wrote during this period,James treated with great care the clashes between two different cultures and the emotional and moral problems of Americans in Europe,or Europeans in America.Nearly every work is important in its own way in terms of James's cultivation of the theme. 在第一个时期,詹姆斯对国际主题表现出极大的兴趣。在他这一时期创作的几乎所有故事和小说中,詹姆斯都非常细致地处理了两种不同文化之间的冲突,以及美国人在欧洲或欧洲人在美国所面临的情感和道德问题。几乎每一部作品在詹姆斯对这一主题的探索中都有其独特的重要性 ✓quad\checkmark \quad The American-a young and innocent American confronting the complexity of the European life; ✓quad\checkmark \quad 美国人——一个年轻而纯真的美国人,面对欧洲生活的复杂性; ✓\checkmark Daisy Miller-a young American girl who gets"killed"by the winter in Rome,brought James international fame for the first time. ✓\checkmark 黛西·米勒——一个年轻的美国女孩,被罗马的冬天“杀死”,首次为詹姆斯带来了国际声誉。 ✓quad\checkmark \quad The Europeans-the scene is shifted back to America,where some European,who are actually expatriated Americans,learn with difficulty to adapt themselves to the American life. ✓quad\checkmark \quad 欧洲人——场景转回美国,一些欧洲人,实际上是流亡的美国人,艰难地学习适应美国生活。 ✓quad\checkmark \quad The Portrait of a Lady-masterpiece incarnates the clash between the Old World and the New in the life journey of an American girl in a European cultural environment. ✓quad\checkmark \quad 《一位女士的画像》——杰作体现了旧世界与新世界在一个美国女孩欧洲文化环境中的人生旅程中的冲突
Middle period,James experimented with different themes and forms.He also tried writing for the theater,but it was proved as a failure.James did have a significant try in writing some short fictions during this period.: 中期,詹姆斯尝试了不同的主题和形式。他也尝试过写戏剧,但被证明是失败的。詹姆斯确实在这一时期尝试写了一些短篇小说: ✓\checkmark The Bostonians-satirized the women liberation movement that took place in Boston ✓\checkmark 《波士顿人》——讽刺了发生在波士顿的女性解放运动 ✓\checkmark The Princess Casamassima-exposed the anarchist conspiracy in the slum of London. ✓\checkmark 《卡萨马西玛公主》——揭露了伦敦贫民区的无政府主义阴谋 ✓\checkmark The Private life,The Death of a Lion,The Middle Years-explore the relationship of the artist to the society only to prove that the artist would not sacrifice the truth for the passion no matter how troubled and isolated he feels. ✓\checkmark 《私生活》、《狮子的死亡》、《中年岁月》——探讨艺术家与社会的关系,旨在证明无论艺术家感到多么困惑和孤立,他都不会为了激情而牺牲真理 ✓\checkmark The Turn of the Screw-the troubled and abnormal psychology of oppressed children,in which a whole household is terrorized by"ghosts" ✓\checkmark 《螺丝在拧紧》——被压抑儿童的困扰与异常心理,其中整个家庭被“鬼魂”恐吓 ✓\checkmark The Beast in the Jungle-focuses on imaginative obsession of some haunted men and women with their personal disaster in future. ✓\checkmark 《丛林之兽》——聚焦于一些被未来个人灾难困扰的男女的想象执念。
Last and major period,James returned to his"international theme".He wrote some novellas and stories dealing with childhood and adolescence. 最后也是主要时期,詹姆斯回归了他的“国际主题”。他写了一些关于童年和青少年的中篇小说和故事。 ✓\checkmark What Maisie Knows-Henry James's most famous ✓\checkmark 《梅西所知》——亨利·詹姆斯最著名的作品 ✓\checkmark The Wings of the Dove,The Ambassadors,and The Golden Bowl-James's most influential contribution to literature. ✓\checkmark 《鸽翼》、《使者》和《金碗》——詹姆斯对文学最具影响力的贡献。
12)Literary features of Henry James: 12)亨利·詹姆斯的文学特征:
International theme:(2020 西外) 国际主题:(2020 西外)
James is noted for his"international theme"-that is,the complex relationships between naive Americans and cosmopolitan Europeans.The treatment of the international theme is characterized by the richness of syntax and characterization and the originality in point of view,symbolism,metaphoric texture,and organizing rhythm.James is now more mature as an artist,more at home in the craft of fiction. 詹姆斯以其“国际主题”著称——即天真美国人与世界主义欧洲人之间复杂的关系。对国际主题的处理以句法和人物刻画的丰富性,以及视角、象征、隐喻质感和组织节奏的独创性为特征。詹姆斯作为艺术家现在更加成熟,更加驾轻就熟于小说创作的技艺
另:James's fame generally rests upon his novels and stories with the international theme.These novels are always set 另外:詹姆斯的名声通常建立在他具有国际主题的小说和故事上。这些小说的背景总是设定在
against a large international background,usually between Europe and America,and centered on the confrontation of the two different cultures with two different groups of people representing two different value systems.American personalities of naivety,innocence,enthusiasm,vulgarity,ignorance,unsophistication,freshness,eagerness to learn,freedom,individuality are in contact and contrast with European personalities of over-refinement,degeneration,artificiality,complexity,high cultivation,urbanity,James admire European cultures.The typical pattern of the conflict between the two cultures would be that of young American man or an American girl who goes to Europe and affronts his other destiny.The unsophisticated boy or girl would be beguiled,betrayed,cruelly wronged at the hands of those who pretend to stand for the highest possible civilization.Marriage and love are used by James as the focal point of the confrontation between the two value systems,and the protagonist usually goes through a painful process of spiritual growth,gaining knowledge of good and evil from the conflict.However,we may misinterpret Henry James if we think he makes an antithesis,in his international novels,of American innocence versus European corruption. 在一个以欧洲和美国为主的大型国际背景下,通常围绕两种不同文化的对立展开,两组代表两种不同价值体系的人物相互对峙。美国人物表现出天真、纯洁、热情、庸俗、无知、单纯、新鲜、渴望学习、自由和个性,与欧洲人物的过度精致、堕落、做作、复杂、高度修养、都市气息形成对比。詹姆斯钦佩欧洲文化。两种文化冲突的典型模式是一个年轻的美国男孩或女孩前往欧洲,面对他们的另一种命运。这个单纯的男孩或女孩会被那些自称代表最高文明的人所诱骗、背叛、残酷地冤枉。詹姆斯以婚姻和爱情作为两种价值体系对立的焦点,主人公通常经历一段痛苦的精神成长过程,从冲突中获得善恶的认知。然而,如果我们认为亨利·詹姆斯在他的国际小说中制造了对立,那我们可能会误解他 美国的纯真与欧洲的腐败。
Point of view:(2013/2011/2008 北语) 视角:(2013/2011/2008 北语)
One of James'contributions to the art of fiction is in his use of point-of-view.By point-of-view is meant the angle from which the story is told.For example,previous to James'novel,much of the fiction of the day was being written from the author's viewpoint,that is,the author was telling the story and he was directing the reader's response to the story.Much of the fiction of the nineteenth century had the author as the storyteller,and the author would create scenes in which certain characters would be involved,but each scene would not necessarily have the same characters in them. 詹姆斯对小说艺术的贡献之一在于他对视角的运用。视角是指故事叙述的角度。例如,在詹姆斯的小说之前,当时许多小说是从作者的视角写成的,也就是说,作者在讲述故事,并引导读者对故事的反应。十九世纪的大部分小说都是由作者作为讲述者,作者会创造出某些角色参与的场景,但每个场景中不一定包含相同的角色
James'fiction differs in his treatment of point-of-view.He was interested in establishing a central person about whom the story revolved.Usually,the reader would have to see all the action of the story through this character's eyes.This central character was called at times the"central intelligence"and at times the"sentient center."Thus in James'fiction,we have the central character of the novel,and it is as though the central character were telling the story because we see or hear about all events through him.We the readers react to certain events as this central character would react to them. 詹姆斯的小说在视角处理上有所不同。他关注于确立一个故事围绕其展开的中心人物。通常,读者必须通过这个角色的眼睛来看故事中的所有行动。这个中心人物有时被称为“中心意识”,有时被称为“感知中心”。因此,在詹姆斯的小说中,我们有小说的中心人物,仿佛这个中心人物在讲述故事,因为我们通过他看到或听到所有事件。我们读者对某些事件的反应,就像这个中心人物对它们的反应一样。
Every scene in the novel,therefore,will be a scene which reveals something about the main character,and usually he is present in every scene.As the central intelligence,his sensibility is the dominant aspect of the novel.In The Portrait of a Lady,Isabel Archer is,of course,the central character.Every scene is limited to showing her involved in some type of situation,and every scene confines itself to the interests of this central character. 因此,小说中的每一个场景都是揭示主角某些方面的场景,通常他会出现在每一个场景中。作为中心意识,他的感知能力是小说的主导方面。在《一位女士的画像》中,伊莎贝尔·阿彻当然是中心人物。每个场景都局限于展示她卷入某种情境中,每个场景都围绕这个中心人物的兴趣展开。
Psychological realism is a style of writing that came to prominence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.It's a highly character-driven genre of fiction writing,as it focuses on the motivations and internal thoughts of characters to explain their actions.A writer of psychological realism seeks to show not only what the characters do but also to explain why they take such actions.There's often a larger theme in psychological realism novels,with the author expressing an opinion on a societal or political issue through his or her characters.However,psychological realism should not be confused with psychoanalytic writing or surrealism,two other modes of artistic expression that flourished in the 20th century and focused on psychology in unique ways. 心理现实主义是一种在 19 世纪末和 20 世纪初兴起的写作风格。这是一种高度以人物为驱动的小说写作类型,侧重于通过人物的动机和内心想法来解释他们的行为。心理现实主义作家不仅试图展示人物的行为,还试图解释他们为何采取这些行动。心理现实主义小说中常常包含更大的主题,作者通过其人物表达对社会或政治问题的看法。然而,心理现实主义不应与精神分析写作或超现实主义混淆,后两者是 20 世纪兴盛的两种艺术表现形式,以独特的方式关注心理学
American novelist Henry James used psychological realism to great effect in his novels.He found George Eliot his ideal of the Philosophical novelist impressed by her looking into the minds and souls of her characters.His realism was a special kind of psychological realism.Few of his stories including big events or exciting actions,In fact,the characters in his finest novels watch more than they live in it.Things happened to them,but not as a result of their own actions.We are interested in how their minds respond to the events of the story.What do they see?How do they try to understand it?The changing consciousness of the character is the real story. 美国小说家亨利·詹姆斯在他的小说中巧妙地运用了心理现实主义。他认为乔治·艾略特是他理想中的哲学小说家,钦佩她深入探究人物内心和灵魂的能力。他的现实主义是一种特殊的心理现实主义。他的故事很少包含重大事件或激动人心的行动,事实上,他最优秀的小说中的人物更多是观察生活而非真正生活。事情发生在他们身上,但并非他们自己行为的结果。我们关注的是他们的内心如何对故事中的事件作出反应。他们看到了什么?他们如何试图理解这些?人物意识的变化才是真正的故事。
13)Why does Isabelle Archer does not accept the love of her American suitor Corsa and rejoin with her husband and children?(2014 人大) 13)为什么伊莎贝尔·阿彻不接受她的美国追求者科萨的爱,而选择回到她的丈夫和孩子身边?(2014 人大)
Firstly,her commitment to her independence makes her fear him,for she feels that to marry him would be sacrifice her freedom.Because she is a woman in her early 20s who comes from a genteel family in New York.Her father teaches her in a haphazard manner,allowing her to educate herself and encouraging her independence.As a result,the adult Isabel is widely read,imaginative,confide in her own mind,and slightly narcissistic. 首先,她对独立的坚持使她害怕他,因为她觉得嫁给他就意味着牺牲自由。她是一个二十出头的年轻女性,来自纽约一个有教养的家庭。她的父亲以一种随意的方式教育她,允许她自我学习并鼓励她独立。因此,成年后的伊莎贝尔博览群书,富有想象力,相信自己的判断,并且略带自恋。
The second time,she tells him she needs at least two years before she can answer him,and she promises him nothing.She is thrilled to have exercised her Independence so forcefully.This reflects the conflict between the individual independent and the British society's convention.Isabel Archer is young American woman who must choose between her independent spirit and the demands of social conventions.She chooses the freedom and independence 第二次,她告诉他她至少需要两年时间才能给出答复,并且没有向他承诺任何事情。她为自己如此坚定地行使了独立感到兴奋。这反映了个人独立精神与英国社会传统之间的冲突。伊莎贝尔·阿彻是一个年轻的美国女性,必须在独立精神和社会传统的要求之间做出选择。她选择了自由和独立。
The third time,Isabel Archer is not only committed to her independence,but also to her social duty.(A sense of pride and love for her stepdaughter Pansy).She Promised Pansy that she would return to Rome,and her commitment to social propriety impels her to go back and honor her marriage. 第三次,伊莎贝尔·阿彻不仅坚持她的独立,还承担起她的社会责任。(对继女潘西的自豪感和爱)她答应潘西会回到罗马,她对社会礼仪的坚持促使她回去履行婚姻义务。
14)一个对比(注:这只是一个较为"粗略"的对比)
William Dean Howells 威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯
Henry James 亨利·詹姆斯
Mark Twain 马克·吐温
流派
Genteel Realism 文雅现实主义
Psychological Realism 心理现实主义
Local Colorism 地方色彩主义
阶级
Middle class 中产阶级
Upper class 上层阶级
Lower strata 下层阶级
技巧
Wrote in the vein of genteel realism 以文雅现实主义风格写作
International theme;point of view 国际主题;视角
Colloquial style 口语化风格
William Dean Howells Henry James Mark Twain
流派 Genteel Realism Psychological Realism Local Colorism
阶级 Middle class Upper class Lower strata
技巧 Wrote in the vein of genteel realism International theme;point of view Colloquial style| | William Dean Howells | Henry James | Mark Twain |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| 流派 | Genteel Realism | Psychological Realism | Local Colorism |
| 阶级 | Middle class | Upper class | Lower strata |
| 技巧 | Wrote in the vein of genteel realism | International theme;point of view | Colloquial style |
15)Theme of Sister Carrie? 15)《姐妹凯莉》的主题?
American dream:Each of Dreiser's characters in Sister Carrie search for their own"American Dreams"-the ones offered by a growing and prosperous democratic country.Carrie,a poor country girl,arrives in Chicago,filled with the expectations of acquiring the finer things in life. 美国梦:德莱塞《嘉莉妹妹》中的每个角色都在追寻他们自己的“美国梦”——这是一个日益繁荣的民主国家所提供的梦想。嘉莉,一个贫穷的乡村女孩,来到芝加哥,满怀着获得美好生活的期望。
Change and transformation:Carrie and Hurstwood undergo dramatic changes from the beginning of the novel to the end. Though gradual,their transformations create immediate repercussions along the way. 变化与转变:嘉莉和赫斯特伍德从小说开头到结尾经历了戏剧性的变化。虽然变化是渐进的,但他们的转变在过程中产生了直接的影响。
Choices and consequences:Hurstwood makes one choice that dramatically affects the rest of his life.While all choices result in consequences,those consequences can be positive or negative.Hurstwood's decision to take the money from his employer's safe starts his downward spiral to his eventual suicide. 选择与后果:赫斯特伍德做出了一个极大影响他余生的选择。虽然所有选择都会带来后果,但这些后果可能是积极的也可能是消极的。赫斯特伍德决定从雇主的保险箱中取钱,开启了他逐渐走向自杀的下坡路。
Sex:In the early 1900s,the morals and virtues of the Victorian era still guided people's actions.People with proper upbringing did not speak of sex.The public was shocked that Dreiser's characters so openly participated in explicit relationships and that Dreiser seemed to condone it. 性:在 20 世纪初,维多利亚时代的道德和美德仍然指导着人们的行为。受过良好教育的人不会谈论性。公众对德莱塞笔下的角色如此公开地参与露骨的关系感到震惊,并且认为德莱塞似乎对此表示宽容
Class conflict:Industrial growth brought the United States a period of prosperity during the late 1800s and early 1900s. Factory workers,however,not only earned low incomes,but they also worked long hours.Consequently,a wide division existed between the wealthy and the poor.Throughout Sister Carrie,the distinction between social classes is obvious.The clothes people wear,the homes in which they live,and the activities in which they are involved distinguish the rich from the poor. 阶级冲突:工业增长为 19 世纪末和 20 世纪初的美国带来了一段繁荣时期。然而,工厂工人不仅收入低,而且工作时间长。因此,富人和穷人之间存在着巨大的分化。在《姐妹凯莉》中,社会阶级的区别显而易见。人们穿的衣服、居住的房屋以及参与的活动都区分了富人和穷人。
Identity:Experiences contribute greatly to shaping people's identities.Carrie's transformation from the beginning of the novel to the end occurs as a result of her responses to her experiences.she never really has an identity but adjusts her"act" to fit the situation. 身份认同:经历在塑造人们身份方面起着重要作用。凯莉从小说开头到结尾的转变,是她对经历的反应所导致的。她实际上从未真正拥有过固定的身份,而是根据情境调整自己的“表演”。
Although Robinson's subject matter and philosophical stance differ markedly from that of his predecessors',his form is unremittingly traditional.He considered movies,prohibition,and free verse"a triumvirate from hell,"and said that if free 尽管罗宾逊的主题和哲学立场与他的前辈们有显著不同,但他的形式却始终传统。他认为电影、禁酒令和自由诗是“地狱的三头政治”,并且说如果自由诗写起来像读起来那么容易,他也不会惊讶为什么有那么多自由诗存在。
verse were as easy to write as it was difficult to read,he was not surprised there was so much of it.In his early work Robinson experimented with difficult French forms,like the villanelle and rondeau,but his longer work is written almost exclusively in blank verse.Robinson is one of America's greatest practitioners of the sonnet and the dramatic monologue. Robinson's poetry was stylistically simple and neat,and it fits the common preconception that everyone seems to think of when they hear the word"poetry".It rhymes,with basic rhyme schemes,has simple feet and meter,and has a consciously lyrical,musical construction.It is divided into segments,usually of quatrains or some other poetic convention. 在早期作品中,罗宾逊尝试了复杂的法国诗体,如维拉内尔和轮唱诗,但他的大型作品几乎完全采用无韵诗写成。罗宾逊是美国最伟大的十四行诗和戏剧独白诗的实践者之一。罗宾逊的诗歌风格简洁整齐,符合人们听到“诗歌”一词时普遍的刻板印象。它押韵,采用基本的押韵模式,节拍和韵律简单,具有有意识的抒情性和音乐性结构。诗歌分为若干段落,通常是四行诗节或其他诗歌惯例
In terms of form,Robinson owes much more to his English poetical pioneers such Shakespeare,Ben Johnson,and John Milton than to those who were his American poetic contemporaries,writers such as Walt Whitman and Wallace Stevens,who were introducing new styles rooted in free verse. 在形式上,罗宾逊更多地继承了他的英国诗歌先驱,如莎士比亚、本·约翰逊和约翰·弥尔顿,而非他的美国诗歌同时代人,如沃尔特·惠特曼和华莱士·史蒂文斯,这些人正在引入以自由诗为根基的新风格。
简短版:The early twentieth century saw American poetry experimenting with new forms and content.He was noted for mastery of conventional forms.He loved the traditional sonnet and quatrain and the often used the old-fashioned language of romantic poetry.But his poetry often focused on the modern problems.Robinson's poetry includes such typical elements as characterization,indirect and allusive narration,contemporary setting,psychological realism and interest in exploring the tangles of human feelings and relationships,and expressing the modern fears and uncertainty in his own era. 简短版:二十世纪初,美国诗歌在形式和内容上进行了新的尝试。他以精通传统形式著称。他喜爱传统的十四行诗和四行诗,并经常使用浪漫主义诗歌中那种老式的语言。但他的诗歌常常关注现代问题。罗宾逊的诗歌包含典型元素,如人物刻画、间接且含蓄的叙述、当代背景、心理现实主义,以及对人类情感和关系纠葛的探索兴趣,表达了他那个时代的现代恐惧和不确定性。
内容:Robinson is a"people poet,"writing almost exclusively about individuals or individual relationships rather than on more common themes of the nineteenth century. 内容:罗宾逊是一位“人民诗人”,几乎专注于描写个人或个人关系,而非十九世纪更为常见的主题
内容:Many of his poems are on individuals and individual relationships;most of these individuals are failures.He exhibits a curious mixture of irony and compassion toward his subjects that allows him to be called a romantic existentialist. He is a true precursor to the modernist movement in poetry. 内容:他的许多诗歌都描写个人及个人关系;这些人中大多数都是失败者。他对其题材表现出一种奇特的讽刺与同情的混合态度,因此被称为浪漫主义存在主义者。他是真正的现代主义诗歌运动的先驱。
形式:The early twentieth century saw American poetry experimenting with new forms and content.He was noted for mastery of conventional forms,especially his use of the sonnet and the dramatic monologue.And many of his longer works are in blank verse. 形式:二十世纪初,美国诗歌在形式和内容上进行了新的尝试。他以精通传统形式著称,尤其擅长十四行诗和戏剧独白。他的许多长篇作品采用无韵诗体。
主题:No poet ever understood loneliness or separateness better than Robinson or knew the self-consuming furnace that the brain can become in isolation,the suicidal hellishness of it,doomed as it is to feed on itself in answerless frustration,fated to this condition by the accident of human birth,which carries with it the hunger for certainty and the intolerable load of personal recollections. 主题:没有哪个诗人比罗宾逊更懂得孤独或分离感,也没有谁比他更了解大脑在孤立中如何变成自我吞噬的熔炉,那种自杀般的地狱般痛苦,注定要在无解的挫败中自我消耗,这种状况是人类出生的偶然所致,伴随着对确定性的渴望和难以承受的个人回忆负担
其他:Robinson's poetry includes such typical elements as characterization,indirect and allusive narration,contemporary setting,psychological realism and interest in exploring the tangles of human feelings and relationships,and expressing the modern fears and uncertainty in his own era. 其他:罗宾逊的诗歌包含了典型元素,如人物刻画、间接且含蓄的叙述、当代背景、心理现实主义,以及对探索人类情感和关系纠葛的兴趣,表达了他那个时代的现代恐惧和不确定性。
补充:Compare with Robert Frost: 补充:与罗伯特·弗罗斯特比较:
Critics have pointed out that Robinson is a descendant of Anne Bradstreet,and in their deceptively plain style and solitary careers they make an interesting comparison.Sometimes Robinson and Edgar Lee Masters have been confused, with people mistakenly assuming that Masters had an influence on Robinson,when the reverse must be true. 评论家指出,罗宾逊是安妮·布拉德斯特里特的后裔,他们在看似朴素的风格和孤独的职业生涯上形成了有趣的对比。有时人们会将罗宾逊和埃德加·李·马斯特斯混淆,误以为马斯特斯对罗宾逊有影响,实际上情况正好相反。
The most obvious and fruitful writer for comparison or contrast is Robert Frost,only five years younger than Robinson but nearly twenty years behind him in publication.They share a New England background,contemporaneity,and allegiance to formal writing,but they were decidedly different in life-style,in personality,and finally in their poetry,with Robinson's being the more honest.(Biographers of both poets report that Frost was extremely jealous of Robinson,but the reverse was not true.) 最明显且富有成效的比较或对比对象是罗伯特·弗罗斯特,他比罗宾逊小五岁,但出版时间却晚近二十年。他们共享新英格兰背景、同时代性和对形式写作的忠诚,但在生活方式、个性以及最终的诗歌风格上截然不同,罗宾逊的诗歌更为真诚。(两位诗人的传记作者都报告说,弗罗斯特极度嫉妒罗宾逊,但反之则不然。)
A comparison in the presentation of women in"Aunt Imogen"and Frost's"A Servant to Servant"or"Home Burial"is instructive in showing differing attitudes the poets hold toward women.Unlike many of Frost's poems,Robinson's sympathetic portrayal of his characters seems genderless. 对《Aunt Imogen》和弗罗斯特的《A Servant to Servant》或《Home Burial》中女性形象的比较,有助于展示诗人对女性持有的不同态度。与弗罗斯特的许多诗作不同,罗宾逊对其人物的同情描写似乎不分性别。
18)Comparing Edwin Arlington Robinson's Richard Cory and Miniver Cheevy 18)比较埃德温·阿灵顿·罗宾逊的《理查德·科里》和《米尼弗·奇维》
Similarity: 相似之处:
In Edwin Arlington Robinson's poems,"Richard Cory"and"Miniver Cheevy",the two main characters are both portrayed as outcasts and they are shunned from society.One seemingly is well off and content with his life,the other outwardly is miserable.The people on the pavement hold Richard Cory in so high esteem that he becomes an outcast within their society. Miniver Cheevy has done nothing society has told him to therefore he is society outcast.Neither of these characters is accepted in their own life and neither can face another day.They both have a need to escape the present. 在埃德温·阿灵顿·罗宾逊的诗作《理查德·科里》和《米尼弗·奇维》中,两个主要人物都被描绘为被社会排斥的异类。一个看似富裕且对生活感到满足,另一个表面上则痛苦不堪。街上的人们对理查德·科里极为尊敬,以至于他在他们的社会中成为了一个异类。米尼弗·奇维没有按照社会的要求去做,因此他成为了社会的弃儿。这两个角色都未被自己的生活所接受,也都无法面对新的一天。他们都渴望逃离现实
Difference: 差异:
First of all,the status and the valuation of these characters is different.Richard Cory,A wealthy man,is admired and envied by those who consider themselves less fortunate than him.He is depicted as an almost perfect man who is "imperially slim,""a gentleman from sole to crown,""richer than a king",even"we thought he is everything."On the opposite,Miniver Cheevy,child of scorn has nothing to be admired for and he has done nothing with his life but dreamed adventure,romance,and art associated with heroic figures of the Trojan War in ancient Greece,King Arthur's knights in the Middle Ages,and the dazzling brilliance and corruption of the Medici in the Renaissance. 首先,这些人物的地位和评价不同。理查德·科里,一位富有的人,受到那些自认为不如他幸运的人的钦佩和羡慕。他被描绘成一个几乎完美的人,“帝王般修长”,“从头到脚都是绅士”,“比国王还富有”,甚至“我们认为他就是一切”。相反,米尼弗·奇维,这个被轻视的孩子,没有什么值得钦佩的地方,他的一生除了梦想冒险、浪漫和与古希腊特洛伊战争英雄人物、中世纪亚瑟王的骑士以及文艺复兴时期美第奇家族的辉煌与腐败相关的艺术外,什么也没做
Secondly,the ending was different.Richard Cory chooses to put a bullet through his head which is an irony ending. Cory's suicide brings about a complete reversal of roles in the poem because people in town who"went without the meat, and cursed the bread"choose to going on living while he owns everything but commit suicide unexpectedly.Robinson does not give an answer of his death.We can only suppose that the outward appearance does not identify with the inner reality. He either finds his"success"a failure or his success fails to bring the happiness he desires.He chose his death as the way to express his alienation,loneliness or darkness inside his soul.It is also an illustration of Robinson's fascination with "psychological enigmas",enigmas that are the product of modern life.For Miniver Cheevy,he displays a figure of fun.He is material empty but blames fate for his failure and resumes responsibility.He does nothing to change his situation instead of delusion and drinking to escape from reality.His ending seems natural rather than unexpected because of the negative tone from the very beginning to the end of the poem. 其次,结局不同。理查德·科里选择用子弹结束自己的生命,这是一种讽刺性的结局。科里的自杀在诗中带来了角色的彻底颠倒,因为镇上的人“没有肉吃,诅咒着面包”,却选择继续生活,而他拥有一切却意外地自杀了。罗宾逊并没有给出他死亡的答案。我们只能推测,外表并不代表内心的真实。他要么觉得自己的“成功”是失败,要么他的成功未能带来他渴望的幸福。他选择死亡作为表达自己内心疏离、孤独或黑暗的方式。这也体现了罗宾逊对“心理谜团”的迷恋,这些谜团是现代生活的产物。至于米尼弗·奇维,他表现出一个可笑的人物形象。他物质空虚,却责怪命运导致失败,推卸责任。他什么也不做来改变自己的处境,而是通过幻想和饮酒来逃避现实。他的结局看起来是自然的,而非意外的,因为从诗的开头到结尾都带有消极的基调。
选段及选段分析:(标下划线的词句为识别标志)
1.Mark Twain 1.马克·吐温
And then think of me!It would get all around,that Huck Finn helped a nagger to get his freedom;and if I was to ever see anybody from that town again,I'd be ready to get down and lick his boots for shame. 然后想想我吧!这件事会传开,大家都会知道哈克·费恩帮一个黑人获得了自由;如果我以后再见到那个镇上的任何人,我宁愿俯身去舔他的靴子以示羞愧。
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》
2.Henry James 2.亨利·詹姆斯
I hardly know whether it was the analogies or the differences that were uppermost in the mind of a young American,who, two or three years ago,sat in the garden of the"Trois Couronnes",looking about him rather idly at some of the graceful objects I have mentioned.It was a beautiful summer morning,and in whatever fashion the young American looked at things they must have seemed to him charming.He had come from Geneva the day before,by the little steamer,to see his aunt, who was staying at the hotel-Geneva having been for a long time his place of residence.But his aunt had a headache-his aunt had almost always a headache-and she was now shut up in her room smelling camphor so that he was at liberty to wander about. 我几乎不知道是相似之处还是差异更让一个年轻的美国人印象深刻。两三年前,他坐在“三皇冠”花园里,漫不经心地环顾着我提到过的一些优雅的景物。那是一个美丽的夏日早晨,无论这位年轻的美国人以何种方式看待这些事物,它们对他来说一定是迷人的。他前一天乘坐小轮船从日内瓦来到这里,去看望住在酒店的姑妈——日内瓦长期以来一直是他的居住地。但他的姑妈头痛——姑妈几乎总是头痛——现在关在房间里闻樟脑,他便可以自由地四处游荡
Daisy Miller 黛西·米勒
That the novelist must write from his experience,that"his characters must be real and such as might be met with in actual 小说家必须从自己的经历中写作,他的“人物必须真实,且应是现实生活中可能遇到的人物”
life":that"a young lady brought up in a quiet country villages should avoid descriptions of garrison life."and"a writer whose friends and personal experiences belong to the lower middle class should carefully avoid introducing his characters into society." “一个在宁静乡村长大的年轻女士应避免描写驻军生活”,以及“一个朋友和个人经历属于中下层阶级的作家应谨慎避免将其人物引入上流社会。”
The Art of Fiction(2013 北语) 《小说的艺术》(2013 北语)
The young lady inspected her flounces and smoothed her ribbons again;and Winterbourne presently risked and observation on the beauty of the view.He was ceasing to be in doubt,for he had begun to perceive that she was really not in the least embarrassed. 年轻女士检查了她的荷叶边,又整理了一下丝带;Winterbourne 随即冒险对这美景发表了看法。他开始不再怀疑,因为他已经开始察觉到她其实一点也不尴尬。
Daisy Miller(大家注意这人名 Winterbourne 就是我上课会讲的"the unique narrator"。"winter"代表冷静 reason,sober, calm,而"bourne"代表"burn",也就是 warm,irrational,所以这个叙事者既是中立的的人,也是有过摇摆的人。)
Isabel always felt an impulse to pull out the pins;not that she imagined they inflicted any damage on the tough old parchment,but because it seemed to her aunt might make better use of her sharpness.She was very critical herself it was incidental to her age,her sex and her nationality;but she was very sentimental as well,and there was something in Mrs. Touchett's dryness that set her own moral fountains flowing. Isabel 总是有拔掉别针的冲动;并不是她认为别针会损伤那坚韧的旧羊皮纸,而是因为她觉得她的姑妈或许能更好地利用她的聪明才智。她自己也很挑剔,这与她的年龄、性别和国籍有关;但她也非常感性,而 Mrs. Touchett 的冷淡让她自己的道德情感涌现出来。
The Portrait of a Lady(2005 北语) 《一位女士的画像》(2005 北语)
3.Theodore Dreiser(2012/2014/2016 人大)
Convention to say:"You shall not better your situation save by honest labor."If honest labor be unremunerated and difficult to endure;if it be the long,long road which never reaches beauty,but wearied the feet and the heart ;if the drag to follow beauty be such that one abandons the admired way,taking rather the despised path leading to her dreams quickly,who shall cast the first stone? 俗话说:“你不得不通过诚实劳动来改善自己的处境。”如果诚实劳动得不到报酬且难以忍受;如果它是一条漫长、漫长的道路,永远达不到美丽的彼岸,却使双脚和心灵疲惫不堪;如果追随美丽的负担如此沉重,以至于有人放弃了被赞赏的道路,而选择了通往她梦想的那条被鄙视的捷径,那么,谁能第一个扔石头呢?
Sister Carrie 《姐妹凯莉》
注:了解圣经典故——"Who shall cast the first stone:who shall begin first?":Throw the first stone"is from The Bible. People bring a woman who commits adultery to Jesus,"Teacher,"they said to Jesus,"this woman was caught in the very act of committing adultery.In our Law Moses commanded that such a woman must be stoned to death.Now,what do you say? "They said this to trap Jesus,so that they could accuse him.But he bent over and wrote on the ground with his finger.As they stood there asking him questions,he straightly ended up and said to them,"whichever one of you has committed no sin may throw the first stone at her."Then he bent over again and wrote on the ground.When they heard this,they all left,one by one,the older ones first. 注:了解圣经典故——“谁能第一个扔石头:谁先开始?”:“扔第一块石头”出自《圣经》。人们带着一个犯了通奸罪的女人去见耶稣,“老师,”他们对耶稣说,“这个女人正被抓到犯通奸的现行。按照我们的律法,摩西命令这样的女人必须被石头打死。现在,你说怎么办?”他们这样说是想陷害耶稣,好指控他。但他弯下腰,用手指在地上写字。当他们站在那里问他问题时,他直截了当地说:“你们中间谁没有犯过罪,谁就可以先扔石头打她。”然后他又弯下腰在地上写字。他们听了这话,便一个接一个地离开了,年长的先走
Books were beyond her interest-knowledge a sealed book.In the intuitive graces she was still crude.She could scarcely toss her head gracefully.Her hands were almost ineffectual.The feet,through small,were set flatly.And yet she was interested in her charms,quick to understand the keener pleasures of life,ambitious to gain in material things. 书籍超出了她的兴趣范围——知识对她来说如同一本封闭的书。在直觉的优雅方面,她仍然很生涩。她几乎不能优雅地甩头。她的手几乎无力。双脚虽小,却平平地着地。然而,她对自己的魅力很感兴趣,能迅速理解生活中更敏锐的乐趣,渴望在物质上有所获得。
Sister Carrie(2010 北语) 《嘉莉妹妹》(2010 北语)
When a girl leaves her home at eighteen,she does one of two things.Either she falls into saving hands and becomes better, or she rapidly assumes the cosmopolitan standard of virtue and becomes worse. 当一个女孩十八岁离开家时,她会做两件事中的一件。要么她落入有益的手中,变得更好;要么她迅速接受都市的道德标准,变得更坏。
Sister Carrie 《嘉莉妹妹》
Caroline,or Sister Carrie,as she had been half affectionately termed by the family,was passed of a mind rudimentary in its power of observation and analysis.Self-interest with her was high,but not strong.It was,nevertheless,her guiding characteristic. 卡罗琳,或者说家人半开玩笑地称她为“凯瑞姐姐”,她的观察力和分析力都很初级。她的自我利益意识很强,但并不坚定。然而,这仍然是她的主导特征。
Sister Carrie(2005 北语) 《凯瑞姐姐》(2005 北语)
4.Edwin Arlington Robinson 4.埃德温·阿灵顿·罗宾逊
Whenever Richard Cory went down town, 每当理查德·科里去市中心,
We people on the pavement looked at him: 我们这些站在人行道上的人看着他:
He was a gentleman from sole to crown, 他是一个从脚底到头顶的绅士,
Clean favored,and imperially slim. 面容清秀,身材高贵而修长。
And he was always quietly arrayed, 他总是穿着得体,安静而优雅,
And he was always human when he talked; 他说话时总是那么有人情味;
But still he fluttered pulses when he said, 但当他说“早安”时,依然能让人心跳加速,
"Good-morning,"and he glittered when he walked. 走路时闪闪发光。
And he was rich-yes,richer than a king- 他很富有——是的,比国王还富有——
And admirably schooled in every grace: 并且在各种优雅中受过极好的训练:
In fine,we thought that he was everything 总之,我们认为他是完美无缺的
To make us wish that we were in his place. 让我们渴望置身于他的位置。
So on we worked,and waited for the light, 于是我们继续努力,等待光明,
And went without the meat,and cursed the bread; 没有肉吃,诅咒着面包;
And Richard Cory,one calm summer night, 理查德·科里,在一个宁静的夏夜,
Went home and put a bullet through his head. 回家后朝自己的头开了一枪。
Richard Cory 理查德·科里
Richard Cory 身份:Rich Childe 贵胄;Robinson is linking Richard Cory to an English king,since pavement means sidewalk in British English. Richard Cory 身份:富裕贵族;Robinson 将 Richard Cory 与一位英国国王联系起来,因为在英式英语中,pavement 意为人行道。
背景:a tragic poem,reflects in its spirit the tragedies in Robinson's own life:Both of his brothers died young,his family suffered financial failures,and Robinson himself endured hardship before his poetry gained recognition-thanks in part to praise from an influential reader of them,Theodore Roosevelt. 背景:这是一首悲剧诗,精神上反映了 Robinson 自身生活中的悲剧:他的两个兄弟早逝,家族经历了经济失败,Robinson 自己在诗歌获得认可之前也经历了艰难——部分原因是得到了有影响力的读者西奥多·罗斯福的赞赏。
形式:The structure of this poetry is simple and classic.The rhyme scheme is set up in a basic abab cdcd efef ghgh pattern, with the lines divided up into four stanzas,quatrains to be exact.The feet and meter of the lines are also classic.It is written in iambic pentameter,one of the oldest meters used in English verse. 形式:这首诗的结构简单而经典。押韵模式采用基本的 abab cdcd efef ghgh 格式,诗行分为四节,确切地说是四行诗节。诗行的音步和韵律也很经典,采用了抑扬格五步格,这是英语诗歌中最古老的韵律之一
内容:The first two lines suggest Richard Cory's distinction,his separation from ordinary folk.The second two tell what it is in his natural appearance that sets him off.The next two mention the habitual demeanor that elevates him still more in men's regard:his apparent lack of vanity,his rejection of the eminence that his fellows would accord him.At the beginning of the third stanza,"rich"might seem to be an anticlimax(反高潮)—but not in the eyes of ordinary Americans;though,as the second line indicates,they would not like to have it thought that in their eyes wealth is everything.The last two lines of the stanza record a total impression of a life that perfectly realizes the dream that most men have of an ideal existence;while the first two lines of the last stanza bring us back with bitter emphasis to the poem's beginning,and the impassable gulf,for most people-but not,they think,for Richard Cory-between dream and fact.Thus the first fourteen lines are a painstaking preparation for the last two,with their stunning overturn of the popular belief.It is human nature to want to be admired and honored.This is not right,though.Each person should be happy with who they are because just imagine if everyone were perfect and the same.The world would be quite boring. 前两行暗示了理查德·科里的卓越,他与普通人的区别。接下来的两行描述了他自然外貌中使他与众不同的特征。再往后的两行提到他习惯性的举止,这使他在他人眼中更显高贵:他表面上缺乏虚荣,拒绝同伴们赋予他的显赫地位。第三节开头的“富有”一词似乎是一个反高潮——但在普通美国人眼中并非如此;尽管正如第二行所示,他们不希望别人认为在他们眼中财富就是一切。该节最后两行描绘了一个完美实现大多数人理想生活梦想的整体印象;而最后一节的前两行则带着苦涩的强调将我们拉回诗歌的开头,指出对大多数人来说——但他们认为不包括理查德·科里——梦想与现实之间存在不可逾越的鸿沟。因此,前十四行是对最后两行的精心铺垫,后者令人震惊地颠覆了流行的信念。人性中渴望被钦佩和尊重是天性。然而,这并不正确。每个人都应该为自己感到幸福,因为仅仅… 想象一下,如果每个人都完美且相同。世界将会非常无聊。
叙事者:Richard Cory resembles a king("crown,""imperially slim,"and"richer than a king");obviously the speaker's imagery(as well as movement in"sole to crown")reveal his concerns with Cory status and wealth(further emphasized by 叙述者:理查德·科里(Richard Cory)像一位国王(“皇冠”,“帝王般的苗条”,“比国王还富有”);显然,叙述者的意象(以及“从脚底到皇冠”的动作)揭示了他对科里地位和财富的关注(通过“闪耀”进一步强调)。
"glittered").The speaker's use of Anglicism("pavement,""sole to crown,""schooled,"and"in fine")pictures Cory as"an English king;"thus,the narrator can be seen expressing prejudices in terms of nationalistic pride. 叙述者使用的英式用语(“人行道”,“从脚底到皇冠”,“受过教育”,“极好”)将科里描绘成“一位英国国王”;因此,叙述者可以被视为在民族主义自豪感方面表达了偏见。
主题:
(1)Appearances are deceiving:The poet,with a more profound grasp of life than either,shows us only what life itself would show us;we know Richard Cory only through the effect of his personality upon those who were familiar with him,and we take both the character and the motive for granted as equally inevitable.Therein lies the ironic touch,which is intensified by the simplicity of the poetic form in which this tragedy is given expression. (1)外表具有欺骗性:诗人比任何人都更深刻地理解生活,只向我们展示生活本身会展示的东西;我们仅通过理查德·科里对熟悉他的人产生的影响来了解他,我们理所当然地认为他的性格和动机同样是不可避免的。这其中蕴含着讽刺意味,而这种讽刺因诗歌形式的简洁而更加深刻地表达了这场悲剧
(2)Cannot judge people by what they have,but only by what they are.It turns out that beneath his veneer of wealth and respectability,Richard Cory is a deeply disturbed,very unhappy man.Even though he has everything in one sense,he has nothing in another.He is a wealthy pauper. (2)不能仅凭一个人拥有的东西来判断他,而应看他本身。事实证明,在理查德·科里那财富和体面外表的背后,是一个内心极度痛苦、非常不幸福的人。尽管从某种意义上说他拥有一切,但从另一个角度看他一无所有。他是一个富有的乞丐。
(3)Money cannot buy happiness.Even a man of wealth,breeding,and privilege,who seems to have attained the ideal degree of human position,respect and material comfort,may be plagued by emotional or psychological distress unknown to outsiders distress so severe that suicide may appear the only means of escape. (3)金钱买不到幸福。即使是一个拥有财富、良好家教和特权的人,看似达到了理想的人生地位、尊重和物质舒适,也可能被外人无法理解的情感或心理困扰所折磨,这种痛苦严重到自杀似乎成为唯一的逃避方式。
地位:The father of modern American poetry;Led the experiment in revolutionizing poetry;One of the most important imagist and critic of his time;Had enormous influence on the modernist writers in Britain and American after WWI.诗集: 地位:现代美国诗歌之父;领导了诗歌革命的实验;是其时代最重要的意象派诗人和批评家之一;对一战后英国和美国的现代主义作家有巨大影响。诗集:
Homage to Sextus Propertius 《致塞克斯图斯·普罗佩尔蒂乌斯的致敬》
Hugh Selwyn Mauberley 《休·塞尔温·莫伯利》
Cantos 《诗章》
A Lume Spento 熄灭的灯光
Personae 人物
The Spirit of Romance 浪漫精神
Cathay 中国
单篇诗歌:
"A Virginal" 《处女》
"Salutation the Second" 《第二次致意》
"A Pact" 《一个契约》
"The River-Merchant's Wife:A Letter" 《河商妻:一封信》
"In a Station of the Metro" 《地铁站台上的一幅画》
Ezra Pound is one of the pioneers in modem poetry.What is the poetic school of which he is a chief member?How do you understand his famous comment"The image itself is the speech"? 埃兹拉·庞德是现代诗歌的先驱之一。他是哪个诗歌流派的主要成员?你如何理解他那句著名的评论“意象本身就是语言”?
Ezra Pound is a chief member of imagism which was a movement in early20th-century Anglo-American poetry that favored precision of imagery,and clear,sharp language.The Imagists rejected the sentiment and artifice typical of much Romantic and Victorian poetry.The typical Imagist poetry is written in free verse and undertakes to be as precisely and tersely as possible.Meanwhile,the Imagist poetry likes to express the writers'momentary impression of a visual object or scene and often the impression is rendered by means of metaphor without indicating a relation.Pound's comment"The image itself is the speech"means that image should not be ornaments only,but should be the focus of poetic expression.By emphasizing the exterior object,Pound hopes to avoid moralizing and achieve clarity and exactness. 埃兹拉·庞德是意象主义的主要成员。意象主义是 20 世纪初英美诗歌中的一个运动,强调意象的精准和语言的清晰、锐利。意象主义者拒绝了许多浪漫主义和维多利亚时代诗歌中典型的感伤和矫揉造作。典型的意象主义诗歌采用自由诗体,力求表达得尽可能精确和简洁。同时,意象主义诗歌喜欢表达作者对视觉对象或场景的瞬间印象,这种印象常通过隐喻表现,而不明确指出两者之间的关系。庞德的评论“意象本身就是语言”意味着意象不仅仅是装饰,而应成为诗歌表达的核心。通过强调外在对象,庞德希望避免说教,实现清晰和准确。
T.S.Eliot(Thomas Stearns Eliot)(2016 人大) T·S·艾略特(托马斯·斯特恩斯·艾略特)(2016 人大)
地位:The most important English-language poet of the 20th century;A major innovator in modern English poetry;A leader of the modernist movement;The Nobel Prize in Literature 1948-"for his outstanding,pioneer contribution to prjjjesent-day poetry";Converted to Anglicanism from Unitarianism(a British citizen);Revalued Metaphysical poets 地位:20 世纪最重要的英语诗人;现代英语诗歌的重要创新者;现代主义运动的领袖;1948 年诺贝尔文学奖获得者——“因其对当代诗歌的杰出开创性贡献”;从一神论者皈依英国圣公会(英国公民);重新评价形而上学派诗人
自述:"Classicist in literature,royalist in politics,and Anglo-Catholic in religion.""My mind may be American,but my heart is British." 自述:“文学上的古典主义者,政治上的保皇派,宗教上的英格兰天主教徒。”“我的思想可能是美国的,但我的心是英国的。”
诗歌:
Prufrock and Other Observations-his first book of poems 《普鲁弗洛克与其他观察》——他的第一本诗集
The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock-Immediately established him as a leading poet of the avant-garde Gerontion 《J·阿尔弗雷德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌》——立即确立了他作为先锋派领军诗人的地位《老年人》
The Waste Land-A poem about the spiritual crisis of postwar Europe;Manifesto of the Lost Generation;made him a Leader of new A poetry;Waste Land Painters(including Hemingway and Faulkner);The single most influential poetic work of the 20th century 《荒原》——一首关于战后欧洲精神危机的诗;迷失一代的宣言;使他成为新派诗歌的领袖;荒原画家(包括海明威和福克纳);20 世纪最具影响力的诗歌作品
✓\checkmark Pound recognized his poetic genius at once;
✓\checkmark Assisted in the publication of his work in a number of magazines,most notably"The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock" in Poetry in 1915.
The Hollow Men
Ash-Wednesday
Four Quartets-Turned conservative
戏剧:dramatic monologue
Sweeney Agonistes
Murder in the Cathedral
The Cocktail Party
The Confidential Clerk
与 Pound:
✓ Pound recognized his poetic genius at once;
✓ Assisted in the publication of his work in a number of magazines,most notably"The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock" in Poetry in 1915.| The Hollow Men |
| :--- |
| Ash-Wednesday |
| Four Quartets-Turned conservative |
| 戏剧:dramatic monologue |
| Sweeney Agonistes |
| Murder in the Cathedral |
| The Cocktail Party |
| The Confidential Clerk |
| 与 Pound: |
| $\checkmark$ Pound recognized his poetic genius at once; |
| $\checkmark$ Assisted in the publication of his work in a number of magazines,most notably"The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock" in Poetry in 1915. |
Wallace Stevens 华莱士·史蒂文斯
"The Hollow Men
Ash-Wednesday
Four Quartets-Turned conservative
戏剧:dramatic monologue
Sweeney Agonistes
Murder in the Cathedral
The Cocktail Party
The Confidential Clerk
与 Pound:
✓ Pound recognized his poetic genius at once;
✓ Assisted in the publication of his work in a number of magazines,most notably"The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock" in Poetry in 1915."
Wallace Stevens
| The Hollow Men <br> Ash-Wednesday <br> Four Quartets-Turned conservative <br> 戏剧:dramatic monologue <br> Sweeney Agonistes <br> Murder in the Cathedral <br> The Cocktail Party <br> The Confidential Clerk <br> 与 Pound: <br> $\checkmark$ Pound recognized his poetic genius at once; <br> $\checkmark$ Assisted in the publication of his work in a number of magazines,most notably"The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock" in Poetry in 1915. | |
| :--- | :--- |
| Wallace Stevens | |
| | |
✓\checkmark Stevens advocates that human beings should try to open their senses to the world,and he worship the nature and praise death.His works is full of reason,wisdom and abrupt strangeness.Some literal meaning is inexplicable in his poem.
✓\checkmark Imagination and reality-To him,a poet lives in two worlds-one of reality and the other of imagination-and builds bridges b/w them.All his poems recorded the unending dialogue of imagination and reality.He tried to stress that the world of imagination is important because it supplies an order which the real-world lacks.He was firmly sure that the imaginative world is imagination.But he believed that people must move to this world because people need a world of order.His poetry emphasizes the sense of loss and gives a solution-the realm of imagination.
✓\checkmark He said:"the poem is just a kind of harmonious and order of the pleasure".He stressed the relationship between imagination and reality,thinking that imagination can transform and enrich the reality.
✓\checkmark Philosophy-Stevens is a poet full of ideas,whose work was meditative and philosophical but marked always by a vivid sense of the absurd and a darting,whirling inventiveness that took delight in peculiar anecdotal examples.
✓\checkmark He believes that the poet should find beautifulness,joy,,fun,stimulation and meanings in the dirty realities of the society's he committed to study the inherent relationship between reality and art;
The poet's meditation on nature:he advocated the acceptance of the natural reality of life,against the World of Ultimate Bliss;
The later poems tend to thinking.There is no fixed pattern.It is difficult to understand.
✓\checkmark Language:meticulous;full of wit,puns,and irony;difficult to understand.
✓\checkmark He is a sensual poet,always delight in depicting the world by finding the pleasure in senses.
✓ Stevens advocates that human beings should try to open their senses to the world,and he worship the nature and praise death.His works is full of reason,wisdom and abrupt strangeness.Some literal meaning is inexplicable in his poem.
✓ Imagination and reality-To him,a poet lives in two worlds-one of reality and the other of imagination-and builds bridges b/w them.All his poems recorded the unending dialogue of imagination and reality.He tried to stress that the world of imagination is important because it supplies an order which the real-world lacks.He was firmly sure that the imaginative world is imagination.But he believed that people must move to this world because people need a world of order.His poetry emphasizes the sense of loss and gives a solution-the realm of imagination.
✓ He said:"the poem is just a kind of harmonious and order of the pleasure".He stressed the relationship between imagination and reality,thinking that imagination can transform and enrich the reality.
✓ Philosophy-Stevens is a poet full of ideas,whose work was meditative and philosophical but marked always by a vivid sense of the absurd and a darting,whirling inventiveness that took delight in peculiar anecdotal examples.
✓ He believes that the poet should find beautifulness,joy,,fun,stimulation and meanings in the dirty realities of the society's he committed to study the inherent relationship between reality and art;
The poet's meditation on nature:he advocated the acceptance of the natural reality of life,against the World of Ultimate Bliss;
The later poems tend to thinking.There is no fixed pattern.It is difficult to understand.
✓ Language:meticulous;full of wit,puns,and irony;difficult to understand.
✓ He is a sensual poet,always delight in depicting the world by finding the pleasure in senses.| $\checkmark$ Stevens advocates that human beings should try to open their senses to the world,and he worship the nature and praise death.His works is full of reason,wisdom and abrupt strangeness.Some literal meaning is inexplicable in his poem. |
| :--- |
| $\checkmark$ Imagination and reality-To him,a poet lives in two worlds-one of reality and the other of imagination-and builds bridges b/w them.All his poems recorded the unending dialogue of imagination and reality.He tried to stress that the world of imagination is important because it supplies an order which the real-world lacks.He was firmly sure that the imaginative world is imagination.But he believed that people must move to this world because people need a world of order.His poetry emphasizes the sense of loss and gives a solution-the realm of imagination. |
| $\checkmark$ He said:"the poem is just a kind of harmonious and order of the pleasure".He stressed the relationship between imagination and reality,thinking that imagination can transform and enrich the reality. |
| $\checkmark$ Philosophy-Stevens is a poet full of ideas,whose work was meditative and philosophical but marked always by a vivid sense of the absurd and a darting,whirling inventiveness that took delight in peculiar anecdotal examples. |
| $\checkmark$ He believes that the poet should find beautifulness,joy,,fun,stimulation and meanings in the dirty realities of the society's he committed to study the inherent relationship between reality and art; |
| The poet's meditation on nature:he advocated the acceptance of the natural reality of life,against the World of Ultimate Bliss; |
| The later poems tend to thinking.There is no fixed pattern.It is difficult to understand. |
| $\checkmark$ Language:meticulous;full of wit,puns,and irony;difficult to understand. |
| $\checkmark$ He is a sensual poet,always delight in depicting the world by finding the pleasure in senses. |
地位:A physician all his life;In the New World almost all his life except several visits
作品:
As a writer of short lyric poems on apparently trivial subjects — The Red Wheelbarrow;(2020 武汉科技)
As a writer of long poem:Paterson;
An emphasis on American locality and speech and a lucid statement of his aesthetics:
名句:"No ideas but in things";"Why should I move from this place/Where I was born?"
As a writer of short stories,novels,plays:White Mule;In the Money;The Build-up
As a writer of autobiographical writing:I Want to Write a Poem:The Autobiography of the Works of a Poet
As a writer of literary criticism and literary theory:Selected Essays
诗人观点:
✓\checkmark Devotion to reproducing the life,the soul,and the music of America in his poetry and opposition to the "internationalist"brand of poetry:"Localism alone can lead to culture"
✓\checkmark Disapproval of philosophical and metaphysical speculation in poetry and fidelity to the concrete facts of life:"Say it! No ideas but in things"
✓\checkmark The aim of his writing-Life as it is lived is the beginning and the end of the poet's endeavor.American poetry must be rooted in America as its fount of inspiration and its source of information and subject matter.What he wanted to achieve is to reach the universal plane of meaning through the representation of the local.He believes that"localism alone can lead to culture."
✓\checkmark The writing material and language of his poetry-He feels strongly that poetry must be grounded in everyday experience and in the speech of the common man.It must use the common meters of living speech.Life is in itself poetry simple and pure.
✓\checkmark The use of image-He is an excellent imagist poet.To him,Philosophical and metaphysical speculation has absolutely no place in poetry.He says,"Say it!No ideas but in things".Don't philosophize;(Paterson)visualize in terms of that which is physical and particular.
地位:A physician all his life;In the New World almost all his life except several visits
作品:
As a writer of short lyric poems on apparently trivial subjects — The Red Wheelbarrow;(2020 武汉科技)
As a writer of long poem:Paterson;
An emphasis on American locality and speech and a lucid statement of his aesthetics:
名句:"No ideas but in things";"Why should I move from this place/Where I was born?"
As a writer of short stories,novels,plays:White Mule;In the Money;The Build-up
As a writer of autobiographical writing:I Want to Write a Poem:The Autobiography of the Works of a Poet
As a writer of literary criticism and literary theory:Selected Essays
诗人观点:
✓ Devotion to reproducing the life,the soul,and the music of America in his poetry and opposition to the "internationalist"brand of poetry:"Localism alone can lead to culture"
✓ Disapproval of philosophical and metaphysical speculation in poetry and fidelity to the concrete facts of life:"Say it! No ideas but in things"
✓ The aim of his writing-Life as it is lived is the beginning and the end of the poet's endeavor.American poetry must be rooted in America as its fount of inspiration and its source of information and subject matter.What he wanted to achieve is to reach the universal plane of meaning through the representation of the local.He believes that"localism alone can lead to culture."
✓ The writing material and language of his poetry-He feels strongly that poetry must be grounded in everyday experience and in the speech of the common man.It must use the common meters of living speech.Life is in itself poetry simple and pure.
✓ The use of image-He is an excellent imagist poet.To him,Philosophical and metaphysical speculation has absolutely no place in poetry.He says,"Say it!No ideas but in things".Don't philosophize;(Paterson)visualize in terms of that which is physical and particular.| 地位:A physician all his life;In the New World almost all his life except several visits |
| :--- |
| 作品: |
| As a writer of short lyric poems on apparently trivial subjects — The Red Wheelbarrow;(2020 武汉科技) |
| As a writer of long poem:Paterson; |
| An emphasis on American locality and speech and a lucid statement of his aesthetics: |
| 名句:"No ideas but in things";"Why should I move from this place/Where I was born?" |
| As a writer of short stories,novels,plays:White Mule;In the Money;The Build-up |
| As a writer of autobiographical writing:I Want to Write a Poem:The Autobiography of the Works of a Poet |
| As a writer of literary criticism and literary theory:Selected Essays |
| 诗人观点: |
| $\checkmark$ Devotion to reproducing the life,the soul,and the music of America in his poetry and opposition to the "internationalist"brand of poetry:"Localism alone can lead to culture" |
| $\checkmark$ Disapproval of philosophical and metaphysical speculation in poetry and fidelity to the concrete facts of life:"Say it! No ideas but in things" |
| $\checkmark$ The aim of his writing-Life as it is lived is the beginning and the end of the poet's endeavor.American poetry must be rooted in America as its fount of inspiration and its source of information and subject matter.What he wanted to achieve is to reach the universal plane of meaning through the representation of the local.He believes that"localism alone can lead to culture." |
| $\checkmark$ The writing material and language of his poetry-He feels strongly that poetry must be grounded in everyday experience and in the speech of the common man.It must use the common meters of living speech.Life is in itself poetry simple and pure. |
| $\checkmark$ The use of image-He is an excellent imagist poet.To him,Philosophical and metaphysical speculation has absolutely no place in poetry.He says,"Say it!No ideas but in things".Don't philosophize;(Paterson)visualize in terms of that which is physical and particular. |
Robert Frost 罗伯特·弗罗斯特
地位:Regarded as the national bard;He is the unofficial poet Laureate;He was invited to read his poetry"The Gift 地位:被视为国家诗人;他是非官方的桂冠诗人;他曾被邀请朗诵他的诗作《礼物》
"✓ Stevens advocates that human beings should try to open their senses to the world,and he worship the nature and praise death.His works is full of reason,wisdom and abrupt strangeness.Some literal meaning is inexplicable in his poem.
✓ Imagination and reality-To him,a poet lives in two worlds-one of reality and the other of imagination-and builds bridges b/w them.All his poems recorded the unending dialogue of imagination and reality.He tried to stress that the world of imagination is important because it supplies an order which the real-world lacks.He was firmly sure that the imaginative world is imagination.But he believed that people must move to this world because people need a world of order.His poetry emphasizes the sense of loss and gives a solution-the realm of imagination.
✓ He said:"the poem is just a kind of harmonious and order of the pleasure".He stressed the relationship between imagination and reality,thinking that imagination can transform and enrich the reality.
✓ Philosophy-Stevens is a poet full of ideas,whose work was meditative and philosophical but marked always by a vivid sense of the absurd and a darting,whirling inventiveness that took delight in peculiar anecdotal examples.
✓ He believes that the poet should find beautifulness,joy,,fun,stimulation and meanings in the dirty realities of the society's he committed to study the inherent relationship between reality and art;
The poet's meditation on nature:he advocated the acceptance of the natural reality of life,against the World of Ultimate Bliss;
The later poems tend to thinking.There is no fixed pattern.It is difficult to understand.
✓ Language:meticulous;full of wit,puns,and irony;difficult to understand.
✓ He is a sensual poet,always delight in depicting the world by finding the pleasure in senses."
William Carlos Williams
"地位:A physician all his life;In the New World almost all his life except several visits
作品:
As a writer of short lyric poems on apparently trivial subjects — The Red Wheelbarrow;(2020 武汉科技)
As a writer of long poem:Paterson;
An emphasis on American locality and speech and a lucid statement of his aesthetics:
名句:"No ideas but in things";"Why should I move from this place/Where I was born?"
As a writer of short stories,novels,plays:White Mule;In the Money;The Build-up
As a writer of autobiographical writing:I Want to Write a Poem:The Autobiography of the Works of a Poet
As a writer of literary criticism and literary theory:Selected Essays
诗人观点:
✓ Devotion to reproducing the life,the soul,and the music of America in his poetry and opposition to the "internationalist"brand of poetry:"Localism alone can lead to culture"
✓ Disapproval of philosophical and metaphysical speculation in poetry and fidelity to the concrete facts of life:"Say it! No ideas but in things"
✓ The aim of his writing-Life as it is lived is the beginning and the end of the poet's endeavor.American poetry must be rooted in America as its fount of inspiration and its source of information and subject matter.What he wanted to achieve is to reach the universal plane of meaning through the representation of the local.He believes that"localism alone can lead to culture."
✓ The writing material and language of his poetry-He feels strongly that poetry must be grounded in everyday experience and in the speech of the common man.It must use the common meters of living speech.Life is in itself poetry simple and pure.
✓ The use of image-He is an excellent imagist poet.To him,Philosophical and metaphysical speculation has absolutely no place in poetry.He says,"Say it!No ideas but in things".Don't philosophize;(Paterson)visualize in terms of that which is physical and particular."
Robert Frost
地位:Regarded as the national bard;He is the unofficial poet Laureate;He was invited to read his poetry"The Gift| $\checkmark$ Stevens advocates that human beings should try to open their senses to the world,and he worship the nature and praise death.His works is full of reason,wisdom and abrupt strangeness.Some literal meaning is inexplicable in his poem. <br> $\checkmark$ Imagination and reality-To him,a poet lives in two worlds-one of reality and the other of imagination-and builds bridges b/w them.All his poems recorded the unending dialogue of imagination and reality.He tried to stress that the world of imagination is important because it supplies an order which the real-world lacks.He was firmly sure that the imaginative world is imagination.But he believed that people must move to this world because people need a world of order.His poetry emphasizes the sense of loss and gives a solution-the realm of imagination. <br> $\checkmark$ He said:"the poem is just a kind of harmonious and order of the pleasure".He stressed the relationship between imagination and reality,thinking that imagination can transform and enrich the reality. <br> $\checkmark$ Philosophy-Stevens is a poet full of ideas,whose work was meditative and philosophical but marked always by a vivid sense of the absurd and a darting,whirling inventiveness that took delight in peculiar anecdotal examples. <br> $\checkmark$ He believes that the poet should find beautifulness,joy,,fun,stimulation and meanings in the dirty realities of the society's he committed to study the inherent relationship between reality and art; <br> The poet's meditation on nature:he advocated the acceptance of the natural reality of life,against the World of Ultimate Bliss; <br> The later poems tend to thinking.There is no fixed pattern.It is difficult to understand. <br> $\checkmark$ Language:meticulous;full of wit,puns,and irony;difficult to understand. <br> $\checkmark$ He is a sensual poet,always delight in depicting the world by finding the pleasure in senses. |
| :--- |
| William Carlos Williams |
| 地位:A physician all his life;In the New World almost all his life except several visits <br> 作品: <br> As a writer of short lyric poems on apparently trivial subjects — The Red Wheelbarrow;(2020 武汉科技) <br> As a writer of long poem:Paterson; <br> An emphasis on American locality and speech and a lucid statement of his aesthetics: <br> 名句:"No ideas but in things";"Why should I move from this place/Where I was born?" <br> As a writer of short stories,novels,plays:White Mule;In the Money;The Build-up <br> As a writer of autobiographical writing:I Want to Write a Poem:The Autobiography of the Works of a Poet <br> As a writer of literary criticism and literary theory:Selected Essays <br> 诗人观点: <br> $\checkmark$ Devotion to reproducing the life,the soul,and the music of America in his poetry and opposition to the "internationalist"brand of poetry:"Localism alone can lead to culture" <br> $\checkmark$ Disapproval of philosophical and metaphysical speculation in poetry and fidelity to the concrete facts of life:"Say it! No ideas but in things" <br> $\checkmark$ The aim of his writing-Life as it is lived is the beginning and the end of the poet's endeavor.American poetry must be rooted in America as its fount of inspiration and its source of information and subject matter.What he wanted to achieve is to reach the universal plane of meaning through the representation of the local.He believes that"localism alone can lead to culture." <br> $\checkmark$ The writing material and language of his poetry-He feels strongly that poetry must be grounded in everyday experience and in the speech of the common man.It must use the common meters of living speech.Life is in itself poetry simple and pure. <br> $\checkmark$ The use of image-He is an excellent imagist poet.To him,Philosophical and metaphysical speculation has absolutely no place in poetry.He says,"Say it!No ideas but in things".Don't philosophize;(Paterson)visualize in terms of that which is physical and particular. |
| Robert Frost |
| 地位:Regarded as the national bard;He is the unofficial poet Laureate;He was invited to read his poetry"The Gift |
直截了当,“在约翰·F·肯尼迪总统就职典礼上;最著名的美国现代主义诗人之一 诗集:A Boy’s Will——他的第一本诗集 North of Boston——他的第二本诗集 Mountain Interval New Hampshire Collected Poems A Further Range A Witness Tree 单篇诗歌:“The Road Not Taken”“Mending Wall”“After Apple-Picking”“Birches”“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”“The Wood Piles”“Design”“Desert Places”“Home Burial”“A Servant to Servants”“The Black Cottage”
Outright,"at the inauguration of President John F.Kennedy;One of the most celebrated American's modernist poets诗集:
A Boy's Will-His first book of verse
North of Boston-His second book
Mountain Interval
New Hampshire
Collected Poems
A Further Range
A Witness Tree
单篇诗歌:
"The Road Not Taken"
"Mending Wall"
"After Apple-Picking"
"Birches"
"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening"
"The Wood Piles"
"Design"
"Desert Places"
"Home Burial"
"A Servant to Servants"
"The Black Cottage"
Outright,"at the inauguration of President John F.Kennedy;One of the most celebrated American's modernist poets诗集:
A Boy's Will-His first book of verse
North of Boston-His second book
Mountain Interval
New Hampshire
Collected Poems
A Further Range
A Witness Tree
单篇诗歌:
"The Road Not Taken"
"Mending Wall"
"After Apple-Picking"
"Birches"
"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening"
"The Wood Piles"
"Design"
"Desert Places"
"Home Burial"
"A Servant to Servants"
"The Black Cottage"| Outright,"at the inauguration of President John F.Kennedy;One of the most celebrated American's modernist poets诗集: |
| :--- |
| A Boy's Will-His first book of verse |
| North of Boston-His second book |
| Mountain Interval |
| New Hampshire |
| Collected Poems |
| A Further Range |
| A Witness Tree |
| 单篇诗歌: |
| "The Road Not Taken" |
| "Mending Wall" |
| "After Apple-Picking" |
| "Birches" |
| "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" |
| "The Wood Piles" |
| "Design" |
| "Desert Places" |
| "Home Burial" |
| "A Servant to Servants" |
| "The Black Cottage" |
"Outright,"at the inauguration of President John F.Kennedy;One of the most celebrated American's modernist poets诗集:
A Boy's Will-His first book of verse
North of Boston-His second book
Mountain Interval
New Hampshire
Collected Poems
A Further Range
A Witness Tree
单篇诗歌:
"The Road Not Taken"
"Mending Wall"
"After Apple-Picking"
"Birches"
"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening"
"The Wood Piles"
"Design"
"Desert Places"
"Home Burial"
"A Servant to Servants"
"The Black Cottage""
| Outright,"at the inauguration of President John F.Kennedy;One of the most celebrated American's modernist poets诗集: <br> A Boy's Will-His first book of verse <br> North of Boston-His second book <br> Mountain Interval <br> New Hampshire <br> Collected Poems <br> A Further Range <br> A Witness Tree <br> 单篇诗歌: <br> "The Road Not Taken" <br> "Mending Wall" <br> "After Apple-Picking" <br> "Birches" <br> "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" <br> "The Wood Piles" <br> "Design" <br> "Desert Places" <br> "Home Burial" <br> "A Servant to Servants" <br> "The Black Cottage" | |
| :--- | :--- |
| | |
| | |
✓\checkmark 人民诗人 Sandburg's most cherished ideal in life was to be"the word of the people."He knew the importance of the people,"the mob",better than any of his contemporaries.There are the thoughts,feelings and aspirations of ordinary men and women in his poems. ✓\checkmark 人民诗人 桑德堡一生最珍视的理想是成为“人民的声音”。他比同时代的任何人都更了解人民,“暴民”的重要性。他的诗歌中包含了普通男女的思想、感情和愿望。 ✓\checkmark 乐观态度 Sandburg was optimistic.He saw an America of"tomorrows".His attitude toward the industrial and mechanical civilization that America was developing was essentially affirmative. ✓\checkmark 乐观态度 桑德堡是乐观的。他看到了一个充满“明天”的美国。他对美国正在发展的工业和机械文明的态度本质上是肯定的。 ✓\checkmark 诗歌改革 He joined the poetic revolution.His longer poems showed Imagist influence.He wrote in free verse and rich and spontaneous slang.His contribution to the colloquial style in America should be given due recognition. ✓\checkmark 诗歌改革 他加入了诗歌革命。他的长诗显示出意象派的影响。他用自由诗体和丰富自发的俚语写作。他对美国口语风格的贡献应当得到应有的认可
影响: ✓\checkmark He changed the course of American poetry. ✓\checkmark 他改变了美国诗歌的进程。 ✓\checkmark He led the long line of becoming poets to feel free to express themselves,no matter what anyone thinks. ✓\checkmark 他引领了一长串未来的诗人,让他们感到自由表达自己,无论别人怎么想。 ✓\checkmark His reality was the basis of a new beginning of poets who would follow in his footsteps and write literary works regarding reality not fantasy. ✓\checkmark 他的现实主义成为后来诗人们的新起点,他们将追随他的脚步,创作关于现实而非幻想的文学作品。 ✓\checkmark Before Sandburg,most poetry and other literary works were considerably similar,along with dull and boring.He carried poetry to new horizons. ✓\checkmark 在桑德堡之前,大多数诗歌和其他文学作品都相当相似,且枯燥乏味。他将诗歌带向了新的境界
风格: ✓\checkmark Regular stanza pattern ✓\checkmark 规则的诗节模式 ✓\checkmark Traditional blank verse ✓\checkmark 传统的无韵诗 ✓\checkmark Utterly free verse ✓\checkmark 完全自由诗 ✓\checkmark Developing Whitman's long line but moderating its rhetorical impact and intensity ✓\checkmark 发展惠特曼的长行诗,但调节其修辞效果和强度 ✓\checkmark Influenced by Ezra Pound's Imagism ✓\checkmark 受埃兹拉·庞德意象派影响
E E.Cummings E·E·卡明斯
地位:Most interesting experimentalist in modern American poetry. 地位:现代美国诗歌中最有趣的实验诗人。
作品:The Enormous Room-collection of poems 作品:《巨大的房间》——诗集
"Chanson Innocenter" 《纯真之歌》
"O sweet spontaneous" “哦,甜美的自发性”
作品特点:
-He hated science and technology which he thought were inhumane and made it impossible for mankind to be human. -他讨厌科学和技术,认为它们不人道,使人类无法保持人性。
-It was largely the prevailing rebellious spirit in the art and literature of the time that moved the dynamic personality of Cummings to challenge and assert its individuality in his daring experiments. -正是当时艺术和文学中盛行的反叛精神,激励了卡明斯充满活力的个性,在大胆的实验中挑战并彰显自我个性
-He values vitality,celebrates individualism and rejects groupies.The usual themes on love and lust recur;an increasing number of nature poems reveal the poet's fascination with a world,often a child's world,born anew with its simplicity, innocence and spontaneous joy. -他重视生命力,赞美个人主义,拒绝追随者。常见的主题是爱情和欲望;越来越多的自然诗展现了诗人对一个世界的迷恋,这个世界常常是一个孩子的世界,因其纯真、天真和自发的快乐而焕然一新。
-Word play or linguistic play is common in his poetry. -他的诗歌中常见文字游戏或语言游戏。
-More pictorial than aural with peculiar punctuation and jamming of words. -比起听觉效果更具画面感,带有特殊的标点和词语堆砌。
Hart Crane or Harold Hart Crane 哈特·克莱恩或哈罗德·哈特·克莱恩
单篇诗歌:
"For the Marriage of Faustus and Helen" 《浮士德与海伦的婚礼》
"Voyages" 《航行》
"At Melville's Tomb" 《在梅尔维尔的墓前》
诗集:
Collected Poems 诗集
Complete poems and Selected Letters and Prose 完整诗集及精选书信与散文
The Bridge-consists of"To Brooklyn Bridge"and eight sections,totaling 15 poems. 《桥》——包括《致布鲁克林大桥》及八个部分,共计 15 首诗。
The Bridge is one of the long poems to come out of the twentieth-century American modem epic tradition.The poem is in fact the most majestic of its kind since The Waste Land.What Crane tried to accomplish was to offer a modern,mythic 《桥》是二十世纪美国现代史诗传统中出现的长诗之一。事实上,这首诗是自《荒原》以来最宏伟的同类作品。克兰试图完成的是提供一种现代的、神话般的
synthesis of the American experience with which to help make sense of it,reveal the close relationship between the present and the past and show the hope for the future.He regards the Brooklyn Bridge as a symbol of America s future and its unique identity and sees hope in the mechanical civilization that his contemporaries had ruthlessly censured.It is evident that Crane was writing about the myth of America in"an epic of modern consciousness." 对美国经验的综合,以帮助理解它,揭示现在与过去之间的密切关系,并展现对未来的希望。他将布鲁克林大桥视为美国未来及其独特身份的象征,并在当时被同时代人无情批评的机械文明中看到希望。显然,克兰是在以“现代意识的史诗”书写美国的神话
Marianne Moore 玛丽安·摩尔
地位:Native grown and original,she did a couple of things for which she is and will be remembered.One of these was the fact that she was one of the first"new"poets in the first years of the 20th century along with William Carlos Williams and Wallace Stevens.Another thing for which Moore is remembered as an influence over younger poets of later times is her observation of minute details in things great or small. 地位:土生土长且独具原创性,她做了几件事,使她被人们铭记并将继续被铭记。其中之一是她是 20 世纪初与威廉·卡洛斯·威廉斯和华莱士·史蒂文斯一起的首批“新”诗人之一。摩尔被记住的另一点是她对后代年轻诗人的影响,体现在她对大事小情细微之处的观察。
诗集:Collected Poems;Complete Poems 诗集:《诗歌选集》;《全集》
单篇诗歌:"Poetry";"The Fish";"Silence" 单篇诗歌:《诗歌》;《鱼》;《沉默》
地位:A spokesman of the roaring 1920s;A spokesman for the Jazz Age;One of the"lost generation"writers;
Married Zelda Sayre,who exerted a strong influence on his literary career and his personal life.She was the prototype of a series of rich,beautiful women who figure prominently in his fiction.-Golden Couple;
The young couple frequently went abroad and lived extravagantly a luxurious life.
Zelda had suffered from some serious mental breakdowns which confined her in a sanitarium for the rest of her life.
Alcoholism,loneliness and despair combined to ruin Fitzgerald.He died in 1940 of a heart attack.
主题:reveals the hollowness of the American worship of money and the unending American dreams
小说:
This Side of Paradise-His first book and won for him wealth and fame(2014 人大)
The Beautiful and Damned-His second book
The Great Gatsby-His masterpiece.It made him one of the greatest American novelist.
Tender is the Night
The Last Tycoon-Unfinished(2017 人大)
短篇小说:
Flappers and Philosophers
Tales of the Jazz Age
All the Sad Young Man
Tape at Reveille
Babylon Revisited
地位:A spokesman of the roaring 1920s;A spokesman for the Jazz Age;One of the"lost generation"writers;
Married Zelda Sayre,who exerted a strong influence on his literary career and his personal life.She was the prototype of a series of rich,beautiful women who figure prominently in his fiction.-Golden Couple;
The young couple frequently went abroad and lived extravagantly a luxurious life.
Zelda had suffered from some serious mental breakdowns which confined her in a sanitarium for the rest of her life.
Alcoholism,loneliness and despair combined to ruin Fitzgerald.He died in 1940 of a heart attack.
主题:reveals the hollowness of the American worship of money and the unending American dreams
小说:
This Side of Paradise-His first book and won for him wealth and fame(2014 人大)
The Beautiful and Damned-His second book
The Great Gatsby-His masterpiece.It made him one of the greatest American novelist.
Tender is the Night
The Last Tycoon-Unfinished(2017 人大)
短篇小说:
Flappers and Philosophers
Tales of the Jazz Age
All the Sad Young Man
Tape at Reveille
Babylon Revisited| 地位:A spokesman of the roaring 1920s;A spokesman for the Jazz Age;One of the"lost generation"writers; |
| :--- |
| Married Zelda Sayre,who exerted a strong influence on his literary career and his personal life.She was the prototype of a series of rich,beautiful women who figure prominently in his fiction.-Golden Couple; |
| The young couple frequently went abroad and lived extravagantly a luxurious life. |
| Zelda had suffered from some serious mental breakdowns which confined her in a sanitarium for the rest of her life. |
| Alcoholism,loneliness and despair combined to ruin Fitzgerald.He died in 1940 of a heart attack. |
| 主题:reveals the hollowness of the American worship of money and the unending American dreams |
| 小说: |
| This Side of Paradise-His first book and won for him wealth and fame(2014 人大) |
| The Beautiful and Damned-His second book |
| The Great Gatsby-His masterpiece.It made him one of the greatest American novelist. |
| Tender is the Night |
| The Last Tycoon-Unfinished(2017 人大) |
| 短篇小说: |
| Flappers and Philosophers |
| Tales of the Jazz Age |
| All the Sad Young Man |
| Tape at Reveille |
| Babylon Revisited |
地位:Likes sports as boxing,bullfighting,big game hunting;Spokesman for the"Lost Generation";The Nobel Prize: "mastery of the art of modern narration";Hemingway was a myth in his own time and his life was colorful.During World
War I he served as an honorable junior officer in the American Red Cross Ambulance Corps and in 1918 was severely wounded in both legs.After the war,he went to Paris as a foreign reporter.
作品:
Three Stories and Ten Poems-His First book
小说:
The Sun Also Rises
✓\checkmark Hemingway's first true novel,casts light on"The Lost Generation."
✓\checkmark The title of the book comes from the Bible.
✓\checkmark The young expatriates in this novel are a group of wandering,amusing,but aimless people,who are caught in the war and removed from the path of ordinary life.The novel is usually interpreted as a chronicle of a lost generation,as an
地位:Likes sports as boxing,bullfighting,big game hunting;Spokesman for the"Lost Generation";The Nobel Prize: "mastery of the art of modern narration";Hemingway was a myth in his own time and his life was colorful.During World
War I he served as an honorable junior officer in the American Red Cross Ambulance Corps and in 1918 was severely wounded in both legs.After the war,he went to Paris as a foreign reporter.
作品:
Three Stories and Ten Poems-His First book
小说:
The Sun Also Rises
✓ Hemingway's first true novel,casts light on"The Lost Generation."
✓ The title of the book comes from the Bible.
✓ The young expatriates in this novel are a group of wandering,amusing,but aimless people,who are caught in the war and removed from the path of ordinary life.The novel is usually interpreted as a chronicle of a lost generation,as an| 地位:Likes sports as boxing,bullfighting,big game hunting;Spokesman for the"Lost Generation";The Nobel Prize: "mastery of the art of modern narration";Hemingway was a myth in his own time and his life was colorful.During World |
| :--- |
| War I he served as an honorable junior officer in the American Red Cross Ambulance Corps and in 1918 was severely wounded in both legs.After the war,he went to Paris as a foreign reporter. |
| 作品: |
| Three Stories and Ten Poems-His First book |
| 小说: |
| The Sun Also Rises |
| $\checkmark$ Hemingway's first true novel,casts light on"The Lost Generation." |
| $\checkmark$ The title of the book comes from the Bible. |
| $\checkmark$ The young expatriates in this novel are a group of wandering,amusing,but aimless people,who are caught in the war and removed from the path of ordinary life.The novel is usually interpreted as a chronicle of a lost generation,as an |
Novellsts
"地位:A spokesman of the roaring 1920s;A spokesman for the Jazz Age;One of the"lost generation"writers;
Married Zelda Sayre,who exerted a strong influence on his literary career and his personal life.She was the prototype of a series of rich,beautiful women who figure prominently in his fiction.-Golden Couple;
The young couple frequently went abroad and lived extravagantly a luxurious life.
Zelda had suffered from some serious mental breakdowns which confined her in a sanitarium for the rest of her life.
Alcoholism,loneliness and despair combined to ruin Fitzgerald.He died in 1940 of a heart attack.
主题:reveals the hollowness of the American worship of money and the unending American dreams
小说:
This Side of Paradise-His first book and won for him wealth and fame(2014 人大)
The Beautiful and Damned-His second book
The Great Gatsby-His masterpiece.It made him one of the greatest American novelist.
Tender is the Night
The Last Tycoon-Unfinished(2017 人大)
短篇小说:
Flappers and Philosophers
Tales of the Jazz Age
All the Sad Young Man
Tape at Reveille
Babylon Revisited"
"地位:Likes sports as boxing,bullfighting,big game hunting;Spokesman for the"Lost Generation";The Nobel Prize: "mastery of the art of modern narration";Hemingway was a myth in his own time and his life was colorful.During World
War I he served as an honorable junior officer in the American Red Cross Ambulance Corps and in 1918 was severely wounded in both legs.After the war,he went to Paris as a foreign reporter.
作品:
Three Stories and Ten Poems-His First book
小说:
The Sun Also Rises
✓ Hemingway's first true novel,casts light on"The Lost Generation."
✓ The title of the book comes from the Bible.
✓ The young expatriates in this novel are a group of wandering,amusing,but aimless people,who are caught in the war and removed from the path of ordinary life.The novel is usually interpreted as a chronicle of a lost generation,as an"| Novellsts |
| :--- |
| |
| 地位:A spokesman of the roaring 1920s;A spokesman for the Jazz Age;One of the"lost generation"writers; <br> Married Zelda Sayre,who exerted a strong influence on his literary career and his personal life.She was the prototype of a series of rich,beautiful women who figure prominently in his fiction.-Golden Couple; <br> The young couple frequently went abroad and lived extravagantly a luxurious life. <br> Zelda had suffered from some serious mental breakdowns which confined her in a sanitarium for the rest of her life. <br> Alcoholism,loneliness and despair combined to ruin Fitzgerald.He died in 1940 of a heart attack. <br> 主题:reveals the hollowness of the American worship of money and the unending American dreams <br> 小说: <br> This Side of Paradise-His first book and won for him wealth and fame(2014 人大) <br> The Beautiful and Damned-His second book <br> The Great Gatsby-His masterpiece.It made him one of the greatest American novelist. <br> Tender is the Night <br> The Last Tycoon-Unfinished(2017 人大) <br> 短篇小说: <br> Flappers and Philosophers <br> Tales of the Jazz Age <br> All the Sad Young Man <br> Tape at Reveille <br> Babylon Revisited |
| |
| 地位:Likes sports as boxing,bullfighting,big game hunting;Spokesman for the"Lost Generation";The Nobel Prize: "mastery of the art of modern narration";Hemingway was a myth in his own time and his life was colorful.During World <br> War I he served as an honorable junior officer in the American Red Cross Ambulance Corps and in 1918 was severely wounded in both legs.After the war,he went to Paris as a foreign reporter. <br> 作品: <br> Three Stories and Ten Poems-His First book <br> 小说: <br> The Sun Also Rises <br> $\checkmark$ Hemingway's first true novel,casts light on"The Lost Generation." <br> $\checkmark$ The title of the book comes from the Bible. <br> $\checkmark$ The young expatriates in this novel are a group of wandering,amusing,but aimless people,who are caught in the war and removed from the path of ordinary life.The novel is usually interpreted as a chronicle of a lost generation,as an |
expression of nihilism,or as a representation of"motion,which goes no place.Jake's war injury and his resulting impotence make him the symbol of his own and his creator's generation.His physical impotence is a token of modern man's spiritual impotence.However,manhood for Hemingway is measured not by sexual prowess but by one's ability to master his own life,and Jake Barnes has demonstrated,despite his physical incompleteness, that he is fully a man in every sense that matters to Hemingway.In this novel physical impotence is a token of modern man's spiritual impotence 虚无主义的表现,或作为“运动,却无处可去”的象征。杰克的战争伤害及其导致的阳痿使他成为他自己及其创作者那一代人的象征。他的身体无能是现代人精神无能的标志。然而,对于海明威来说,男子气概的衡量标准不是性能力,而是一个人掌控自己生活的能力,杰克·巴恩斯尽管身体不完整,却在海明威认为重要的所有意义上完全是一个男人。在这部小说中,身体无能是现代人精神无能的象征。
A Farewell to Arms 《永别了,武器》
✓\checkmark Hemingway's second big success. ✓\checkmark 海明威的第二个重大成功。 ✓\checkmark It is a tragic love story about a wounded American soldier with a British nurse. ✓\checkmark 这是一个关于一名受伤的美国士兵与一位英国护士之间的悲惨爱情故事 ✓\checkmark Frederick Henry represents the experience of a whole nation,who is wounded in war and disillusioned with the insanity and futility of the universe.In this novel,Hemingway not only emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and mentally but goes to same lengths to refute the idea of nature as an expression of either God's design or his beneficence and to suggest that man is doomed to be entrapped.Unlike Jake Barns in The Sun Also Rises who is physically scarred,Frederick is healthy in body,but suffering from a kind of mental illness,because what he is told to believe in war,that is,glory,honor and nobility,finally turns into blood and death.By fleeing from the war arms and getting into Catherine's arms,Frederick wants to achieve a separate peace in the chaotic universe.Both of them confront the hostile world and fight it for their happiness.However,they never have a chance.In the end,we see Frederick walking in the rain,heading somewhere we don't know.But we do know that Frederic will not commit suicide after all these experiences of war and love.He is now mature;he has seen the cruelty and indifference of the world;and he has realized that nothing ever happens to the brave.The Hemingway hero will continue to live with grace under pressure. 弗雷德里克·亨利代表了整个民族的经历,他在战争中受伤,对宇宙的疯狂和徒劳感到幻灭。在这部小说中,海明威不仅强调了他对人类在身体和精神上都被困住的信念,还极力反驳了自然是上帝设计或仁慈表现的观点,并暗示人类注定要被困住。与《太阳照常升起》中身体受伤的杰克·巴恩斯不同,弗雷德里克身体健康,但患有某种精神疾病,因为他被告知在战争中应相信的荣耀、荣誉和高贵,最终却变成了鲜血和死亡。通过逃离战争的武器,投入凯瑟琳的怀抱,弗雷德里克想在混乱的宇宙中实现一份独立的和平。他们两人都面对敌对的世界,为自己的幸福而战。然而,他们从未有机会。最后,我们看到弗雷德里克在雨中行走,朝着一个我们不知道的地方前进。但我们知道,经历了战争和爱情之后,弗雷德里克不会自杀。他现在已经成熟;他见识了世界的残酷和冷漠;他已经意识到,什么都不会发生在.. 勇敢者。海明威笔下的英雄将继续在压力下优雅地生活。
For whom the Bell Tolls 《丧钟为谁而鸣》
✓\checkmark It is about a volunteer American guerrilla Robert Jordan fighting in the Spanish Civil War. ✓\checkmark 讲述了美国志愿游击队员罗伯特·乔丹在西班牙内战中的战斗。 ✓\checkmark The title come from poetry of John Donne. ✓\checkmark 书名来源于约翰·多恩的诗歌
The Old Man and the Sea 老人与海
✓\checkmark It is actually a parable of man's struggle against the natural world,highlighting his noble courage and endurance. Capping Hemingway's career and leading to his receipt of the Nobel Prize,is about Santiago and his losing battle with a giant marlin.In a tragic sense,it is a representation of life as a struggle against unconquerable natural forces in which only a partial victory is possible.Nevertheless,there is a feeling of great respect for the struggle and mankind. ✓\checkmark 这实际上是一个关于人与自然世界斗争的寓言,突出表现了人的高贵勇气和坚韧不拔。作为海明威职业生涯的巅峰之作,并使他获得诺贝尔奖,讲述了圣地亚哥与一条巨型马林鱼的失败之战。从悲剧的角度看,它象征着人生是一场与不可征服的自然力量的斗争,在这场斗争中只有部分胜利是可能的。然而,人们对这场斗争和人类本身怀有深深的敬意。 ✓\checkmark The story is about courage,with which man can fight old age and poverty and loneliness and even the gigantic sea.Santiago's heroism lies in his knowledge that he is up against a force far more powerful than himself,and his headstrong resolution to fight it anyway.He wins because he has challenged the old age,his own limits;he loses because he could not save his prize,which is a hard evidence of his courage and strength. ✓\checkmark 故事讲述的是勇气,凭借勇气人可以抗争衰老、贫穷、孤独,甚至是浩瀚的大海。圣地亚哥的英雄气概在于他明知自己面对的是远比自己强大的力量,却仍固执地决心与之抗争。他之所以胜利,是因为他挑战了衰老和自身的极限;他之所以失败,是因为他未能保住自己的战利品,这正是他勇气和力量的有力证明。 ✓\checkmark Symbolism:Santiago-mankind;sea-nature and environment;marlin-purpose of life;shark-the evil force which control human's fate ✓\checkmark 象征意义:圣地亚哥——人类;大海——自然与环境;马林鱼——生命的意义;鲨鱼——控制人类命运的邪恶力量 ✓\checkmark"Man is not made for defeat...a man can be destroyed but not defeated." ✓\checkmark “人不是为失败而生……人可以被毁灭,但不能被打败。”
短篇小说:
In Our Time 《我们的时代》 ✓\checkmark It is a collection of 15 short stories,most of which treat life in the Middle West,but the interpolated sketches describe war in Europe and bullfights. ✓\checkmark 这是一本包含 15 个短篇故事的合集,其中大多数描写中西部的生活,但穿插的素描则描述了欧洲的战争和斗牛。 ✓\checkmark The stoic impersonality of his first hero,his alter ego,Nick Adams is his first eye's looking at the world as the boy observes and learns from the stupidities and sordid violence of a succession of intimate human episodes-In Our Time ranks high in Hemingway's works because it is the first time when a Hemingway hero,psychologically and physically wounded,steps into the spotlight to learn to live with grace under pressure. ✓\checkmark 他第一个英雄的坚忍冷静,他的另一个自我尼克·亚当斯,是他第一只眼睛观察世界的视角,像男孩一样从一连串亲密的人类事件中的愚蠢和肮脏暴力中观察和学习——《我们的时代》在海明威的作品中名列前茅,因为这是海明威的英雄第一次以心理和身体受伤的形象走上舞台,学会在压力下优雅地生活
✓\checkmark Even the very title is an irony,because unlike a Christian prayer"Give us peace in our time"there is no peace in Nick's life.Since he cannot make a separate peace with the enemy,the only way to it is to face it boldly.More importantly,Nick,the nascent Hemingway hero,is a prototype for later heroes.In this sense,his later works can be seen as a repetition of Nick Adam's stories,in which Nick is becoming more and more mature.
Winner Take Nothing
Men without Women
To Have and Have Not
The Fifth Column
非虚构作品:
Death in the Afternoon
Great Hills of Africa
Iceberg theory of writing: 1//81 / 8 of an iceberg is above the water.All of the rest is underneath the water.The same is true with Hemingway's writing.His sentences only give one small bit of the meaning.The rest is implied.One must go very deep beneath the surface to understand the full meaning of his writing.(2019 西外)
✓ Even the very title is an irony,because unlike a Christian prayer"Give us peace in our time"there is no peace in Nick's life.Since he cannot make a separate peace with the enemy,the only way to it is to face it boldly.More importantly,Nick,the nascent Hemingway hero,is a prototype for later heroes.In this sense,his later works can be seen as a repetition of Nick Adam's stories,in which Nick is becoming more and more mature.
Winner Take Nothing
Men without Women
To Have and Have Not
The Fifth Column
非虚构作品:
Death in the Afternoon
Great Hills of Africa
Iceberg theory of writing: 1//8 of an iceberg is above the water.All of the rest is underneath the water.The same is true with Hemingway's writing.His sentences only give one small bit of the meaning.The rest is implied.One must go very deep beneath the surface to understand the full meaning of his writing.(2019 西外)| $\checkmark$ Even the very title is an irony,because unlike a Christian prayer"Give us peace in our time"there is no peace in Nick's life.Since he cannot make a separate peace with the enemy,the only way to it is to face it boldly.More importantly,Nick,the nascent Hemingway hero,is a prototype for later heroes.In this sense,his later works can be seen as a repetition of Nick Adam's stories,in which Nick is becoming more and more mature. |
| :--- |
| Winner Take Nothing |
| Men without Women |
| To Have and Have Not |
| The Fifth Column |
| 非虚构作品: |
| Death in the Afternoon |
| Great Hills of Africa |
| Iceberg theory of writing: $1 / 8$ of an iceberg is above the water.All of the rest is underneath the water.The same is true with Hemingway's writing.His sentences only give one small bit of the meaning.The rest is implied.One must go very deep beneath the surface to understand the full meaning of his writing.(2019 西外) |
William Faulkner 威廉·福克纳
地位:出生于密西西比州新奥尔巴尼,成长于附近的牛津,并在那里生活了几乎一生;约克纳帕塔法县——密西西比北部的一个小地区;一个虚构的地方;南方文艺复兴的发起者;南方文艺复兴中最重要的人物;20 世纪最伟大的作家之一;西方最有影响力的现代主义小说作家之一;美国小说家和短篇小说作家;1949 年获得诺贝尔奖。小说:Soldier's Pay——他的第一部小说;Mosquitoes——展现了福克纳作为作家的更全面发展。他首次进入了自己的虚构国度,开始创造属于自己的世界。Sartoris、The Sound and the Fury、As I Lay Dying、Sanctuary、Light in August、Absalom, Absalom!、Go Down, Moses、“A Rose for Emily”——短篇小说
地位:Born in New Albany,Mississippi and raised in nearby Oxford,and lived there almost all his life;Yoknapatawpha County-a small region in Northern Mississippi;An imaginary place;Initiator of Southern Renaissance;The most important figure in Southern Renaissance;One of the greatest writer in 20th century;One of the most influential modernist novel writers in the West;American novelist and short story writer;Won Nobel Prize in 1949
小说:
Solider's Pay-His first novel
Mosquitoes-Revealed Faulkner's fuller development as a writer.For the first time he entered his fictional country and began to create a world of his own.
Sartoris
The Sound and the Fury
As I Lay Dying
Sanctuary
Light in August.
Absalom,Absalom!
Go Down,Moses
"A Rose for Emily"-short story
地位:Born in New Albany,Mississippi and raised in nearby Oxford,and lived there almost all his life;Yoknapatawpha County-a small region in Northern Mississippi;An imaginary place;Initiator of Southern Renaissance;The most important figure in Southern Renaissance;One of the greatest writer in 20th century;One of the most influential modernist novel writers in the West;American novelist and short story writer;Won Nobel Prize in 1949
小说:
Solider's Pay-His first novel
Mosquitoes-Revealed Faulkner's fuller development as a writer.For the first time he entered his fictional country and began to create a world of his own.
Sartoris
The Sound and the Fury
As I Lay Dying
Sanctuary
Light in August.
Absalom,Absalom!
Go Down,Moses
"A Rose for Emily"-short story| 地位:Born in New Albany,Mississippi and raised in nearby Oxford,and lived there almost all his life;Yoknapatawpha County-a small region in Northern Mississippi;An imaginary place;Initiator of Southern Renaissance;The most important figure in Southern Renaissance;One of the greatest writer in 20th century;One of the most influential modernist novel writers in the West;American novelist and short story writer;Won Nobel Prize in 1949 |
| :--- |
| 小说: |
| Solider's Pay-His first novel |
| Mosquitoes-Revealed Faulkner's fuller development as a writer.For the first time he entered his fictional country and began to create a world of his own. |
| Sartoris |
| The Sound and the Fury |
| As I Lay Dying |
| Sanctuary |
| Light in August. |
| Absalom,Absalom! |
| Go Down,Moses |
| "A Rose for Emily"-short story |
"✓ Even the very title is an irony,because unlike a Christian prayer"Give us peace in our time"there is no peace in Nick's life.Since he cannot make a separate peace with the enemy,the only way to it is to face it boldly.More importantly,Nick,the nascent Hemingway hero,is a prototype for later heroes.In this sense,his later works can be seen as a repetition of Nick Adam's stories,in which Nick is becoming more and more mature.
Winner Take Nothing
Men without Women
To Have and Have Not
The Fifth Column
非虚构作品:
Death in the Afternoon
Great Hills of Africa
Iceberg theory of writing: 1//8 of an iceberg is above the water.All of the rest is underneath the water.The same is true with Hemingway's writing.His sentences only give one small bit of the meaning.The rest is implied.One must go very deep beneath the surface to understand the full meaning of his writing.(2019 西外)"
William Faulkner
"地位:Born in New Albany,Mississippi and raised in nearby Oxford,and lived there almost all his life;Yoknapatawpha County-a small region in Northern Mississippi;An imaginary place;Initiator of Southern Renaissance;The most important figure in Southern Renaissance;One of the greatest writer in 20th century;One of the most influential modernist novel writers in the West;American novelist and short story writer;Won Nobel Prize in 1949
小说:
Solider's Pay-His first novel
Mosquitoes-Revealed Faulkner's fuller development as a writer.For the first time he entered his fictional country and began to create a world of his own.
Sartoris
The Sound and the Fury
As I Lay Dying
Sanctuary
Light in August.
Absalom,Absalom!
Go Down,Moses
"A Rose for Emily"-short story"
| $\checkmark$ Even the very title is an irony,because unlike a Christian prayer"Give us peace in our time"there is no peace in Nick's life.Since he cannot make a separate peace with the enemy,the only way to it is to face it boldly.More importantly,Nick,the nascent Hemingway hero,is a prototype for later heroes.In this sense,his later works can be seen as a repetition of Nick Adam's stories,in which Nick is becoming more and more mature. <br> Winner Take Nothing <br> Men without Women <br> To Have and Have Not <br> The Fifth Column <br> 非虚构作品: <br> Death in the Afternoon <br> Great Hills of Africa <br> Iceberg theory of writing: $1 / 8$ of an iceberg is above the water.All of the rest is underneath the water.The same is true with Hemingway's writing.His sentences only give one small bit of the meaning.The rest is implied.One must go very deep beneath the surface to understand the full meaning of his writing.(2019 西外) | |
| :--- | :--- |
| William Faulkner | |
| 地位:Born in New Albany,Mississippi and raised in nearby Oxford,and lived there almost all his life;Yoknapatawpha County-a small region in Northern Mississippi;An imaginary place;Initiator of Southern Renaissance;The most important figure in Southern Renaissance;One of the greatest writer in 20th century;One of the most influential modernist novel writers in the West;American novelist and short story writer;Won Nobel Prize in 1949 <br> 小说: <br> Solider's Pay-His first novel <br> Mosquitoes-Revealed Faulkner's fuller development as a writer.For the first time he entered his fictional country and began to create a world of his own. <br> Sartoris <br> The Sound and the Fury <br> As I Lay Dying <br> Sanctuary <br> Light in August. <br> Absalom,Absalom! <br> Go Down,Moses <br> "A Rose for Emily"-short story | |
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| | |
Horses and Men:collections of short stories Horses and Men:短篇小说集
Death in the Woods:collections of short stories Death in the Woods:短篇小说集
Poor White:novel Poor White:小说
Many Marriages 许多婚姻
Dark Laughter 黑暗的笑声
Kit Brandon 基特·布兰登
Personal narratives:A Story-Teller's Story;Tar:A Midwest Childhood;Sherwood Anderson's Memoirs成就: 个人叙述:讲故事者的故事;焦油:中西部的童年;舍伍德·安德森的回忆录成就:
主题:Thematically,he had the courage to explore new material for fiction:the psychological and emotional aspect of American small-town life,with emphasis chiefly on lower-class figures,the unsuccessful,the depraved,and the inarticulate(stories of"grotesque"or twisted character).(the grotesques:a record of American 1920s history-from a rural to a predominantly industrial society,a painful experience in small towns-reason:they are repressed or frustrated in their sexual desires and their stories of repression are told in his book) 主题:在主题上,他有勇气探索小说的新素材:美国小镇生活的心理和情感层面,主要强调下层阶级人物、不成功者、堕落者和表达能力差的人物(“怪诞”或扭曲性格的故事)。(怪诞人物:记录了美国 1920 年代从农村向以工业为主的社会转变的历史,这是小镇上的一段痛苦经历——原因在于他们的性欲被压抑或挫败,而这些压抑的故事被写进了他的书中)
技巧:Technically,he was a highly original writer.He depended on inspiration in his creative endeavor. 技巧:在技巧上,他是一位极具原创性的作家。他在创作过程中依赖灵感。 ✓\checkmark Listening to the call from inside,he wrote his stories that appeal not through careful fabrications of incidents or episodes,but by the sheer emotional force of the moments of revelation,or the Joycean epiphany,that these stories describe. ✓\checkmark 倾听内心的召唤,他写下了那些故事,这些故事并非通过精心编织的事件或情节来打动人,而是通过故事所描述的顿悟时刻的纯粹情感力量,或乔伊斯式的顿悟。 ✓\checkmark He observed human grotesqueness and eccentricity from a Freudian psychological point of view and tried to reveal the abnormal states of mind in a more or less accurate way("a gift for pouring a lifetime into a moment"). ✓\checkmark 他从弗洛伊德心理学的角度观察人类的怪诞与古怪,试图以或多或少准确的方式揭示异常的心理状态(“将一生倾注于一瞬间的天赋”) ✓\checkmark Style:He regarded the vernacular as an honest medium and developed a style the major features of which included clarity,directness,and a deceptive simplicity. ✓\checkmark 风格:他将白话视为一种诚实的表达媒介,并发展出一种风格,其主要特点包括清晰、直接和一种具有迷惑性的简洁。
缺点: >> His works are uneven; >> 他的作品参差不齐; >> His style is deficient >> 他的风格存在不足
Concept of the grotesque:(2020 西外) 怪诞概念:(2020 西外)
✓\checkmark Twistedness and sweetness,abnormal and normal:His grotesque characters(or grotesques)are so handicapped by their ability to communicate that their behaviors seem odd;each of them is entrapped in a problematic situation that,in turn,sadly and sometimes comically defines them.In appearance,these characters would answer to the dictionary definition of the"grotesque":"odd or unnatural in shape,appearance or character;fantastically ugly or absurd,bizarre."However,twistedness is only half of what constitutes his concept;the other half is the feeling of sweetness mysteriously associated with the twistedness,or the beautiful associated with the ugly.That is to say, we can find some"perverted beauty"in the physical ugliness these characters. ✓\checkmark 扭曲与甜美,异常与正常:他那些怪诞的人物(或称怪诞形象)因其沟通能力的缺陷而显得行为古怪;他们每个人都被困在一个问题重重的境地中,而这个境地反过来又悲伤且有时滑稽地定义了他们。从外表看,这些人物符合“怪诞”一词的词典定义:“形状、外观或性格上奇异或不自然;极其丑陋或荒谬,怪诞。”然而,扭曲只是构成他概念的一半;另一半是与扭曲神秘关联的甜美感,或与丑陋相伴的美丽。也就是说,我们可以在这些人物的外在丑陋中发现某种“变态的美”。 ✓\checkmark The need to see truths in the light of Pluralism:is the belief that there are many truths specific to the perspectives and experiences of life.He suggests that a person could be entrapped in life and become grotesque if he or she lives by one truth only.In other words,a grotesque is not a pluralist. ✓\checkmark 以多元主义的视角看待真理的必要性:即相信存在许多真理,这些真理特定于不同的视角和生活经历。他认为,如果一个人只遵循单一真理生活,就可能被生活困住,变得怪诞。换句话说,怪诞者不是多元主义者 ✓\checkmark Forces of sexual desire are central to human behavior.And,to get into the complex dynamism of sexuality is a way to gain a good understanding of the human psyche. ✓\checkmark 性欲的力量是人类行为的核心。而深入探讨性的复杂动力学,是理解人类心灵的一个途径。 ✓\checkmark The grotesques are often people who believe in artistic values or values that honor creation with imagination and hands.These values,however,are eroded by values of an increasingly materialist culture.By emphasizing artistic values,Anderson also employs the grotesque concept to critique modern materialism ✓\checkmark 怪诞人物往往是那些相信艺术价值或尊重富有想象力和手工创造的价值观的人。然而,这些价值观正被日益物质化的文化价值所侵蚀。通过强调艺术价值,安德森也运用怪诞的概念来批判现代物质主义。 ✓\checkmark Through reading stories of grotesque characters,we also find how the perceptions of communities can isolate individuals. ✓\checkmark 通过阅读怪诞人物的故事,我们也发现社区的观念如何将个体孤立起来。 ✓\checkmark 作用:we will learn to"understand many people and things that(I was)never able to understand before."That is, to see the grotesques not as the ugly but as people who have problems yet a real passion for life and for creation. ✓\checkmark 作用:我们将学会“理解许多我以前从未能理解的人和事。”也就是说,不把怪诞人物视为丑陋,而是视为那些虽有问题却对生活和创造充满真实热情的人
An important lesson we learn from them is that their grotesque condition-especially their isolation-is the consequence of each one of them living by one truth only and that one truth becoming harmful. 我们从他们身上学到的一个重要教训是,他们那种怪诞的状态——尤其是他们的孤立——是因为他们每个人只遵循一个真理,而那个真理变得有害的结果。
地位:Avant-garde American writer,eccentric,and self-styled genius whose Paris home was a salon for the leading artists and writers of the period between World Wars I and II.;A patron of art and literature(patron of Picasso);At her salon they mingled with expatriate American writers whom she dubbed the"Lost Generation,"including Sherwood Anderson and Ernest Hemingway,and other visitors drawn by her literary reputation.
作品:
Three Lives:"The Good Anna,""Melanctha,"and"The Gentle Lena.";all are set in Bridgepoint,a fictional town based on Baltimore;an imitation of Flaubert's"Trois Contes"
Tender Buttons
The Making of Americans:her first major work
How to Write:literary theories
✓\checkmark Stressed"the value of the individual word"in her writings so as for her reader to see the objects rather than the mere printed text that describes them
✓\checkmark Her repetitions of words which she felt could erase their superficial meaning and reveal their true sense.
✓\checkmark Her writing is filled with cryptic language and obscure abstractions which she believed would help to delineate essential reality.
✓\checkmark She deviates from conventional word order and coherence so that she is not always easy to understand.
Four Saints in Three Acts
The Autobiography of Alice B.Toklas:her memoirs,recording her encounters with famous people
Sacred Emily:her famous poetry;"Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose"
成就/特点
✓\checkmark She was very sensitive to the temper of her time and its subtleties of change:the modes of representing the world in the arts and in literature should change.
✓\checkmark Literature should develop ways to reflect its nature rather than dishing out anything traditional which falsifies life with its clear character portraits and sequential plots.
地位:Avant-garde American writer,eccentric,and self-styled genius whose Paris home was a salon for the leading artists and writers of the period between World Wars I and II.;A patron of art and literature(patron of Picasso);At her salon they mingled with expatriate American writers whom she dubbed the"Lost Generation,"including Sherwood Anderson and Ernest Hemingway,and other visitors drawn by her literary reputation.
作品:
Three Lives:"The Good Anna,""Melanctha,"and"The Gentle Lena.";all are set in Bridgepoint,a fictional town based on Baltimore;an imitation of Flaubert's"Trois Contes"
Tender Buttons
The Making of Americans:her first major work
How to Write:literary theories
✓ Stressed"the value of the individual word"in her writings so as for her reader to see the objects rather than the mere printed text that describes them
✓ Her repetitions of words which she felt could erase their superficial meaning and reveal their true sense.
✓ Her writing is filled with cryptic language and obscure abstractions which she believed would help to delineate essential reality.
✓ She deviates from conventional word order and coherence so that she is not always easy to understand.
Four Saints in Three Acts
The Autobiography of Alice B.Toklas:her memoirs,recording her encounters with famous people
Sacred Emily:her famous poetry;"Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose"
成就/特点
✓ She was very sensitive to the temper of her time and its subtleties of change:the modes of representing the world in the arts and in literature should change.
✓ Literature should develop ways to reflect its nature rather than dishing out anything traditional which falsifies life with its clear character portraits and sequential plots.| 地位:Avant-garde American writer,eccentric,and self-styled genius whose Paris home was a salon for the leading artists and writers of the period between World Wars I and II.;A patron of art and literature(patron of Picasso);At her salon they mingled with expatriate American writers whom she dubbed the"Lost Generation,"including Sherwood Anderson and Ernest Hemingway,and other visitors drawn by her literary reputation. |
| :--- |
| 作品: |
| Three Lives:"The Good Anna,""Melanctha,"and"The Gentle Lena.";all are set in Bridgepoint,a fictional town based on Baltimore;an imitation of Flaubert's"Trois Contes" |
| Tender Buttons |
| The Making of Americans:her first major work |
| How to Write:literary theories |
| $\checkmark$ Stressed"the value of the individual word"in her writings so as for her reader to see the objects rather than the mere printed text that describes them |
| $\checkmark$ Her repetitions of words which she felt could erase their superficial meaning and reveal their true sense. |
| $\checkmark$ Her writing is filled with cryptic language and obscure abstractions which she believed would help to delineate essential reality. |
| $\checkmark$ She deviates from conventional word order and coherence so that she is not always easy to understand. |
| Four Saints in Three Acts |
| The Autobiography of Alice B.Toklas:her memoirs,recording her encounters with famous people |
| Sacred Emily:her famous poetry;"Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose" |
| 成就/特点 |
| $\checkmark$ She was very sensitive to the temper of her time and its subtleties of change:the modes of representing the world in the arts and in literature should change. |
| $\checkmark$ Literature should develop ways to reflect its nature rather than dishing out anything traditional which falsifies life with its clear character portraits and sequential plots. |
贡献:He explained the American middle-class and gave a name,"Babbitt",a word which has found its way into the English dictionary as a synonym for the vulgar and philistine businessman.
术语 Babbitt:
本意:Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis,is a satirical novel about American culture and society that critiques the vacuity of middle class life and the social pressure toward conformity.
延伸:The word"Babbitt"entered the English language as a"person and especially a business or professional man who conforms unthinkingly to prevailing middle-class standards"
地位:First American writer author to win the Noble Prize
作品:Main Street;Babbitt;Arrowsmith;Dodsworth;Elmer Gantry
贡献:He explained the American middle-class and gave a name,"Babbitt",a word which has found its way into the English dictionary as a synonym for the vulgar and philistine businessman.
术语 Babbitt:
本意:Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis,is a satirical novel about American culture and society that critiques the vacuity of middle class life and the social pressure toward conformity.
延伸:The word"Babbitt"entered the English language as a"person and especially a business or professional man who conforms unthinkingly to prevailing middle-class standards"| 地位:First American writer author to win the Noble Prize |
| :--- |
| 作品:Main Street;Babbitt;Arrowsmith;Dodsworth;Elmer Gantry |
| 贡献:He explained the American middle-class and gave a name,"Babbitt",a word which has found its way into the English dictionary as a synonym for the vulgar and philistine businessman. |
| 术语 Babbitt: |
| 本意:Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis,is a satirical novel about American culture and society that critiques the vacuity of middle class life and the social pressure toward conformity. |
| 延伸:The word"Babbitt"entered the English language as a"person and especially a business or professional man who conforms unthinkingly to prevailing middle-class standards" |
地位:Born in Virginia;Lesbianism;One of the few"uneasy survivors of the 19^("th ")19{ }^{\text {th }} century";
Her works was a fictional projection of her own crisis in life
She is a traditional writer,and she was never able to come to terms with modernity
She made a grave statement that"in 1922 or thereabouts,"the world"broke into two".
She lived in between the two worlds:rejecting the modern and trying to escape into the refuge of the past.
Influenced Fitzgerald in his"unreliable narrator";
Her sophisticated uses of irony associated her with the tradition of Flaubert or that of Henry James;
地位:Born in Virginia;Lesbianism;One of the few"uneasy survivors of the 19^("th ") century";
Her works was a fictional projection of her own crisis in life
She is a traditional writer,and she was never able to come to terms with modernity
She made a grave statement that"in 1922 or thereabouts,"the world"broke into two".
She lived in between the two worlds:rejecting the modern and trying to escape into the refuge of the past.
Influenced Fitzgerald in his"unreliable narrator";
Her sophisticated uses of irony associated her with the tradition of Flaubert or that of Henry James;| 地位:Born in Virginia;Lesbianism;One of the few"uneasy survivors of the $19{ }^{\text {th }}$ century"; |
| :--- |
| Her works was a fictional projection of her own crisis in life |
| She is a traditional writer,and she was never able to come to terms with modernity |
| She made a grave statement that"in 1922 or thereabouts,"the world"broke into two". |
| She lived in between the two worlds:rejecting the modern and trying to escape into the refuge of the past. |
| Influenced Fitzgerald in his"unreliable narrator"; |
| Her sophisticated uses of irony associated her with the tradition of Flaubert or that of Henry James; |
An important lesson we learn from them is that their grotesque condition-especially their isolation-is the consequence of each one of them living by one truth only and that one truth becoming harmful.
Gertrude Stein
"地位:Avant-garde American writer,eccentric,and self-styled genius whose Paris home was a salon for the leading artists and writers of the period between World Wars I and II.;A patron of art and literature(patron of Picasso);At her salon they mingled with expatriate American writers whom she dubbed the"Lost Generation,"including Sherwood Anderson and Ernest Hemingway,and other visitors drawn by her literary reputation.
作品:
Three Lives:"The Good Anna,""Melanctha,"and"The Gentle Lena.";all are set in Bridgepoint,a fictional town based on Baltimore;an imitation of Flaubert's"Trois Contes"
Tender Buttons
The Making of Americans:her first major work
How to Write:literary theories
✓ Stressed"the value of the individual word"in her writings so as for her reader to see the objects rather than the mere printed text that describes them
✓ Her repetitions of words which she felt could erase their superficial meaning and reveal their true sense.
✓ Her writing is filled with cryptic language and obscure abstractions which she believed would help to delineate essential reality.
✓ She deviates from conventional word order and coherence so that she is not always easy to understand.
Four Saints in Three Acts
The Autobiography of Alice B.Toklas:her memoirs,recording her encounters with famous people
Sacred Emily:her famous poetry;"Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose"
成就/特点
✓ She was very sensitive to the temper of her time and its subtleties of change:the modes of representing the world in the arts and in literature should change.
✓ Literature should develop ways to reflect its nature rather than dishing out anything traditional which falsifies life with its clear character portraits and sequential plots."
Sinclair Lewis(2006 北语论述 从 Sinclair Lewis,Maxine Hong Kingston,O'Neill,Hardy 选一个评论)
"地位:First American writer author to win the Noble Prize
作品:Main Street;Babbitt;Arrowsmith;Dodsworth;Elmer Gantry
贡献:He explained the American middle-class and gave a name,"Babbitt",a word which has found its way into the English dictionary as a synonym for the vulgar and philistine businessman.
术语 Babbitt:
本意:Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis,is a satirical novel about American culture and society that critiques the vacuity of middle class life and the social pressure toward conformity.
延伸:The word"Babbitt"entered the English language as a"person and especially a business or professional man who conforms unthinkingly to prevailing middle-class standards""
Willa Cather
"地位:Born in Virginia;Lesbianism;One of the few"uneasy survivors of the 19^("th ") century";
Her works was a fictional projection of her own crisis in life
She is a traditional writer,and she was never able to come to terms with modernity
She made a grave statement that"in 1922 or thereabouts,"the world"broke into two".
She lived in between the two worlds:rejecting the modern and trying to escape into the refuge of the past.
Influenced Fitzgerald in his"unreliable narrator";
Her sophisticated uses of irony associated her with the tradition of Flaubert or that of Henry James;"| An important lesson we learn from them is that their grotesque condition-especially their isolation-is the consequence of each one of them living by one truth only and that one truth becoming harmful. |
| :--- |
| Gertrude Stein |
| 地位:Avant-garde American writer,eccentric,and self-styled genius whose Paris home was a salon for the leading artists and writers of the period between World Wars I and II.;A patron of art and literature(patron of Picasso);At her salon they mingled with expatriate American writers whom she dubbed the"Lost Generation,"including Sherwood Anderson and Ernest Hemingway,and other visitors drawn by her literary reputation. <br> 作品: <br> Three Lives:"The Good Anna,""Melanctha,"and"The Gentle Lena.";all are set in Bridgepoint,a fictional town based on Baltimore;an imitation of Flaubert's"Trois Contes" <br> Tender Buttons <br> The Making of Americans:her first major work <br> How to Write:literary theories <br> $\checkmark$ Stressed"the value of the individual word"in her writings so as for her reader to see the objects rather than the mere printed text that describes them <br> $\checkmark$ Her repetitions of words which she felt could erase their superficial meaning and reveal their true sense. <br> $\checkmark$ Her writing is filled with cryptic language and obscure abstractions which she believed would help to delineate essential reality. <br> $\checkmark$ She deviates from conventional word order and coherence so that she is not always easy to understand. <br> Four Saints in Three Acts <br> The Autobiography of Alice B.Toklas:her memoirs,recording her encounters with famous people <br> Sacred Emily:her famous poetry;"Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose" <br> 成就/特点 <br> $\checkmark$ She was very sensitive to the temper of her time and its subtleties of change:the modes of representing the world in the arts and in literature should change. <br> $\checkmark$ Literature should develop ways to reflect its nature rather than dishing out anything traditional which falsifies life with its clear character portraits and sequential plots. |
| Sinclair Lewis(2006 北语论述 从 Sinclair Lewis,Maxine Hong Kingston,O'Neill,Hardy 选一个评论) |
| 地位:First American writer author to win the Noble Prize <br> 作品:Main Street;Babbitt;Arrowsmith;Dodsworth;Elmer Gantry <br> 贡献:He explained the American middle-class and gave a name,"Babbitt",a word which has found its way into the English dictionary as a synonym for the vulgar and philistine businessman. <br> 术语 Babbitt: <br> 本意:Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis,is a satirical novel about American culture and society that critiques the vacuity of middle class life and the social pressure toward conformity. <br> 延伸:The word"Babbitt"entered the English language as a"person and especially a business or professional man who conforms unthinkingly to prevailing middle-class standards" |
| Willa Cather |
| 地位:Born in Virginia;Lesbianism;One of the few"uneasy survivors of the $19{ }^{\text {th }}$ century"; <br> Her works was a fictional projection of her own crisis in life <br> She is a traditional writer,and she was never able to come to terms with modernity <br> She made a grave statement that"in 1922 or thereabouts,"the world"broke into two". <br> She lived in between the two worlds:rejecting the modern and trying to escape into the refuge of the past. <br> Influenced Fitzgerald in his"unreliable narrator"; <br> Her sophisticated uses of irony associated her with the tradition of Flaubert or that of Henry James; |
主题:the effect of a harsh environment on character;the interaction between the settled communities and the new immigrants;the artist versus society;nature versus culture;materialism versus the spirit成就:1.Expresses a vitalism or elan vital(force of life)that is in striking contrast to the lack of vitalism in T.S.Eliot; 2. Anticipated the postmodern phenomenon of diasporic writing(for her genuine empathy with the new immigrants)(writings that depict experiences between cultures or experiences that have multiple cultural attachments) 主题:严酷环境对性格的影响;定居社区与新移民之间的互动;艺术家与社会的对立;自然与文化的冲突;物质主义与精神的对立。成就:1. 表达了一种生命力或生命冲动(生命力的力量),这与 T·S·艾略特缺乏生命力形成鲜明对比;2. 预示了后现代的离散写作现象(因她对新移民的真切同情)(描写跨文化经历或具有多重文化依附经历的写作)
作品:
She explores the pioneer experience in the landscape of Nebraska,the Midwest and Colorado 她探讨了内布拉斯加州、中西部和科罗拉多州的拓荒者经历
My Antonia 《我的安东尼娅》
Alexander's Bridge:her first novel 《亚历山大桥》:她的第一部小说
O Pioneers! 《哦,拓荒者们!》
The Song of the Lark 云雀之歌
She addresses the questions of growing material harshness,and reacting against commercialism,she looks back to the primitive roots of culture itself,to the ancient western civilizations whose vitality is now being dissipated.This inquiry alone makes her a modernist 她探讨了日益严峻的物质环境问题,并对商业主义作出反应,回溯到文化本身的原始根源,追溯那些活力正在消散的古老西方文明。仅凭这一探究,她就成为了一位现代主义者。
A Lost Lady 失落的女士
The Professor's House 教授的家
My Mortal Enemy 我的致命敌人
These works,written out of her own Catholic faith,were about the early spiritual pioneering that made legend in the American settlement 这些作品出自她自身的天主教信仰,讲述了在美国开拓定居时期形成传奇的早期精神探索
Death comes for the Archbishop 死亡降临大主教
Shadows on the Rock 岩石上的阴影
Sapphira and the Slave Girl:her last novel 《萨菲拉与奴隶女孩》:她的最后一部小说
My Antonia 《我的安东尼亚》
An unreliable narrator: 一个不可靠的叙述者: ✓\checkmark The obtuse and overly romantic Jim Burden:being naively romantic to the point that one does not approach real life with maturity,or being excessively romantic that one becomes self-centered and self-glorifying. ✓\checkmark 迟钝且过于浪漫的吉姆·伯登:天真地浪漫到不以成熟的态度面对现实生活,或过度浪漫以至于变得以自我为中心和自我美化 ✓\checkmark His narration both reveals and obscures the life story of Antonia:he cannot understand Antonia or much of what he has experienced with Antonia and his telling cannot be completely reliable. ✓\checkmark 他的叙述既揭示又掩盖了安东尼娅的生活故事:他无法理解安东尼娅或他与安东尼娅共同经历的许多事情,他的叙述也不能完全可靠。 ✓\checkmark 效果:By finding what is really the story talking about,the readers can experience the novel with a sense of irony ✓\checkmark 效果:通过发现故事真正讲述的内容,读者可以带着一种讽刺感来体验这部小说。 ✓\checkmark Change the title"Antonia"to"My Antonia":he desires to make the story his. ✓\checkmark 将标题“Antonia”改为“My Antonia”:他渴望将这个故事变成属于他自己的。 ✓\checkmark His perspective about the frontier is a white and middle perspective,and is idyllically romantic. ✓\checkmark 他对边疆的看法是白人和中产阶级的视角,带有田园诗般的浪漫色彩
An reliable narrator: 一个可靠的叙述者: ✓\checkmark We learn the sequence of events,the stories told by Antonia and their dialogues ✓\checkmark 我们了解事件的顺序,安东尼娅讲述的故事以及他们的对话 ✓\checkmark Learn the interesting contrast between Antonia and Lena(the contrast of two types of femininity and the contrast of the country and the city) ✓\checkmark 了解安东尼娅和莉娜之间有趣的对比(两种女性气质的对比以及乡村与城市的对比)
Thomas Wolfe 托马斯·沃尔夫
特点:a latter-day Whitman 特点:一个现代的惠特曼
A personal writer.All his writings are self-revelations so that his art borders on being confessional He was an ambitious man.He saw the whole life of American as the province of his fictional representation He was an original artist.All the strengths and weakness evident in his art are his own. 一个个人化的作家。他所有的作品都是自我揭示,因此他的艺术接近忏悔体。他是一个有抱负的人。他将整个美国生活视为他小说表现的领域。他是一个原创艺术家。他艺术中显现的所有优点和缺点都是他自己的。
作品:Look Homeward,Angel;Of Time and the River;The Web and the Rock;You Can't Go Home Again 作品:《回家吧,天使》;《时间与河流》;《网与岩》;《你不能再回家》
文学流派特点介绍:
历史背景:1920s
1.Between WWI and the Great Depression 1.第一次世界大战与大萧条之间
2.Mass production,mass consumption,mass leisure 2.大规模生产,大规模消费,大规模休闲
3.A criticism of heroism,patriotism,the zeal for democracy 3.对英雄主义、爱国主义、民主热情的批判
4.The young generation experienced a loss of faith 4.年轻一代经历了信仰的丧失
对比:The Differences between Realism and Modernism(注:这只是一个相对来讲比较"大概"的对比)
Realism 现实主义
Modernism 现代主义
Function of Literature 文学的功能
Educate People and Criticize Social Evils 教育人民与批判社会弊端
Expression of"Self" “自我”的表达
Subject 主题
Public,Exterior World 公共,外部世界
Private,Interior World 私人,内部世界
Conception of Time \&Space 时间与空间的概念
Clock Time,Geographic space 钟表时间,地理空间
Psychological Time \&Space 心理时间与空间
Forms and Techniques 形式与技巧
Hero,Plot 英雄,情节
Anti-hero,Anti-plot 反英雄,反情节
Tone 语气
Optimistic 乐观的
Pessimistic 悲观的
Realism Modernism
Function of Literature Educate People and Criticize Social Evils Expression of"Self"
Subject Public,Exterior World Private,Interior World
Conception of Time \&Space Clock Time,Geographic space Psychological Time \&Space
Forms and Techniques Hero,Plot Anti-hero,Anti-plot
Tone Optimistic Pessimistic| | Realism | Modernism |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Function of Literature | Educate People and Criticize Social Evils | Expression of"Self" |
| Subject | Public,Exterior World | Private,Interior World |
| Conception of Time \&Space | Clock Time,Geographic space | Psychological Time \&Space |
| Forms and Techniques | Hero,Plot | Anti-hero,Anti-plot |
| Tone | Optimistic | Pessimistic |
1920s:The 1920s is a flowering period of American literature.It is considered"the second renaissance"of American literature.The nicknames for this period: 1920 年代:1920 年代是美国文学的一个繁荣时期。它被认为是美国文学的“第二次文艺复兴”。这一时期的别称有:
Roaring 20s-comfort 咆哮的 20 年代——舒适
Dollar Decade-rich 金元十年——富裕
Jazz Age-Jazz music 爵士时代——爵士乐
The Jazz Age(2015 人大) 爵士时代(2015 人大)
定义:The term"the Jazz Age"is put forward by F.Scott Fitzgerald in his essay"Echoes of the Jazz Age"in 1931. 定义:“爵士时代”一词由 F·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德于 1931 年在其文章《爵士时代的回声》中提出。
特点:It refers to the 1920s,a time marked by frivolity,carelessness,hedonism and excitement in the life of the flaming youth.Fitzgerald is largely responsible for the term and many of his literary works portray it.The Jazz Age is brought vividly to life in The Great Gatsby.In the 1920s,America became absorbed in making money.The whole society frantically pursued individual"success"and personal enjoyment. 特点:它指的是 1920 年代,这一时期以轻浮、漫不经心、享乐主义和激情四射的年轻人生活为标志。菲茨杰拉德在很大程度上创造了这一术语,他的许多文学作品都描绘了这一时代。《了不起的盖茨比》生动地展现了爵士时代。1920 年代,美国沉迷于赚钱。整个社会疯狂追求个人“成功”和个人享乐。
代表:F.Scott Fitzgerald was a most representative novelist of the 1920s.He was both a leading participant in the typically frivolous,carefree,moneymaking life of the decade and,at the same time,a detached observer of it.Most critics have agreed that Fitzgerald is both an insider and an outsider of the Jazz Age.Fitzgerald's fictional world is the best embodiment of the spirit of the Jazz Age,in which he shows a particular interest in the upper-class society,especially the upper-class young people. 代表:F·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德是 1920 年代最具代表性的小说家。他既是这一典型轻浮、无忧无虑、追逐金钱生活的主要参与者,同时又是这一生活的超然观察者。大多数评论家都认为菲茨杰拉德既是爵士时代的内部人士,也是局外人。菲茨杰拉德的虚构世界是爵士时代精神的最佳体现,他特别关注上层社会,尤其是上层年轻人。
"It was an age of miracles,it was an age of art,it was an age of excess,and it was an age of satire."-F.Scott Fitzgerald “那是一个奇迹的时代,一个艺术的时代,一个放纵的时代,也是一个讽刺的时代。”——F·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德
别名:Literary historians also refer it to"the roaring twenties",which was a decade of"roaring"excitement,"roaring" confusion and"roaring"changes.It was marked by political ignorance and wild pursuit of material wealth. 别名:文学史学家也称其为“咆哮的二十年代”,这是一个充满“咆哮”般兴奋、“咆哮”般混乱和“咆哮”般变革的十年。这个时期以政治无知和对物质财富的疯狂追求为标志。
It lasted from 1919 to 1929.The jazz music as the symbol of youth rebellion.The young listened to Jazz music,showing their breaking away from traditions. 它持续于 1919 年至 1929 年。爵士乐作为青年反叛的象征。年轻人听爵士乐,表现出他们对传统的突破。
注:关于爵士时代的时间范围,有的书上说是 20 年代,有的书上说的是"The Jazz Age describes a period in American history following the end of WWI,continuing through the Roaring Twenties,and ending with the onset of the Great Depression"这两种说法,后者更准确一点,但单说 20 年代也是可以的。 注:关于爵士时代的时间范围,有的书上说是 20 年代,有的书上说“爵士时代描述的是美国历史上第一次世界大战结束后,持续到咆哮的二十年代,并以大萧条的开始为终点”的时期,这两种说法,后者更准确一些,但单说 20 年代也是可以的。
诗歌现状:急需推陈出新— fragmentized nature of modern life vs.unified set of beliefs of tradition life文学流派: 诗歌现状:急需推陈出新——现代生活的碎片化特性与传统生活的统一信仰体系
Lost Generation(2013 北语 2011 人大 2017 西外)
定义:Group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s. 定义:一群主要居住在 1920 年代和 1930 年代巴黎的美国侨居作家。
成员:The group never formed a cohesive literary movement,but it consisted of many influential American writers, including Ernest Hemingway,F.Scott Fitzgerald,William Carlos Williams,Ezra Pound,T.S.Eliot,and Hart Crane. 成员:该群体从未形成一个有凝聚力的文学运动,但包括许多有影响力的美国作家,如欧内斯特·海明威、F·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德、威廉·卡洛斯·威廉斯、埃兹拉·庞德、T·S·艾略特和哈特·克莱恩。
由来:The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein,who,in a conversation with Hemingway,used an expression"a lost generation",to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I experiences and 由来:该名称由美国作家格特鲁德·斯坦因提出,她在与海明威的谈话中使用了“迷失的一代”这一表达,指代那些因第一次世界大战经历而心怀苦涩的美国侨民
disillusioned with American society.Hemingway later used the phrase as an epigraph for his novel"The Sun Also Rises".特点:It refers to,in general,the post-World War First'generation,but specifically a group of expatriate disillusioned intellectuals and artists,who experimented on new modes of thought and expression by rebelling against former ideals and values and replacing them only by despair or a cynical hedonism 对美国社会感到幻灭。海明威后来将这句话用作其小说《太阳照常升起》的题词。特点:它通常指的是第一次世界大战后的那一代人,但具体来说,是一群流亡海外、感到幻灭的知识分子和艺术家,他们通过反叛旧有的理想和价值观,尝试新的思想和表达方式,而这些旧有的理想和价值观最终只被绝望或愤世嫉俗的享乐主义所取代。
诗歌流派:Imagism(2012北语 2013 人大 2016 北二外 2019 西外 央民)
定义:Imagism is movement or a poetic vogue that flourished in English,and even more vigorously in America from 1908 to 1917,which favored precision of imagery,and sharp,dear language,and rejected the artificiality and sentimentalism of much Romanticism and Victorian poetry. 定义:意象主义是一场在 1908 年至 1917 年间兴盛于英国,且在美国更为活跃的诗歌运动或潮流,强调意象的精准,语言的鲜明清晰,反对许多浪漫主义和维多利亚时代诗歌的矫揉造作和感伤主义。
特点:They tend to by short,composed of short lines of musical cadence rather than metrical regularity,to avoid abstraction, and to treat tend image with a hard,clear precision rather than with overt symbolic intent.The influence of Japanese forms, Tanka and haiku,is obvious in many.Most of the imagist poems wrote in free verse and they like to enjoy common speech. They stressed the freedom in the choice of subject matter and form. 特点:意象主义诗歌通常较短,由具有音乐韵律感的短行组成,而非严格的格律,避免抽象,倾向于以坚硬、清晰的精准描绘意象,而非明显的象征意图。许多作品明显受到了日本短歌和俳句形式的影响。大多数意象主义诗歌采用自由诗体,喜欢使用口语。他们强调在题材和形式选择上的自由
简介版:Classical values,directness of presentation,economy of language,a willingness to experience with non-traditional verse forms.The focus on the"thing"as"thing". 简介版:古典价值观,表达直接,语言简练,愿意尝试非传统诗体。关注“事物”本身。
目的:
Express the modern spirit,the sense of fragmentation and dislocation 表达现代精神,碎片化和错位感。
A reaction to the traditional English poetics. 对传统英国诗学的反应。
三个阶段:
1.London,1908-1909,T.E.Hulme-He is the first Imagist theorist. 1. 伦敦,1908-1909,T.E.Hulme——他是第一位意象派理论家
Basic principle: 基本原则:
"Absolutely accurate presentation and no verbiage" “绝对准确的呈现,杜绝冗词赘句”
"Modern art deals with expression and communication of momentary phases in the poet's mind" “现代艺术处理的是诗人内心瞬间阶段的表达与交流”
"Each work must be an image seen" “每一件作品都必须是一个被看见的形象”
2.1912-1914,Ezra Pound,the leader of Imagism Movement 2.1912-1914,埃兹拉·庞德,意象主义运动的领导者
Three Imagist poetic principles:/Imagist Manifesto: 三条意象主义诗歌原则:/意象主义宣言: ✓\checkmark Direct treatment of the"thing",whether subjective or objective ✓\checkmark 对“事物”的直接处理,无论是主观的还是客观的 ✓\checkmark To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation ✓\checkmark 绝不使用任何不利于表达的词语 ✓\checkmark As regarding rhythm,to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase,not in the sequence of a metronome. 3.1914-1917,Amy Lowell,"Amygism",lost its momentum ✓\checkmark 关于节奏,应按照音乐短语的顺序来作曲,而不是按照节拍器的顺序。3.1914-1917,艾米·洛威尔,“艾米主义”,失去了动力
The six principles:an expansion/an adulteration of Pound's principles举例:Pound,Lowell,Williams,Stevens,Eliot,Sandburg 六大原则:庞德原则的扩展/掺杂举例:庞德、洛威尔、威廉斯、史蒂文斯、艾略特、桑德堡
简答题表述参考:(标下划线的词句为关键词汇)
1.What is Modernism?(2020 北交 2020 中国矿业)
Loosely,it is a synonym of anything contemporary.Strictly,Modernism was an international movement in literature and arts,especially in literary criticism,which began in the late 19th century and flourished until 1950s.The term Modernism was coined by the Nicaraguan poet Ruben Darlo,who intended to modernize the language and theme of poetry in the Spanish-American literature. 宽泛来说,它是任何当代事物的同义词。严格来说,现代主义是 19 世纪末开始并盛行至 20 世纪 50 年代的国际文学与艺术运动,尤其是在文学批评领域。现代主义一词由尼加拉瓜诗人鲁本·达里奥创造,他旨在使西班牙美洲文学的诗歌语言和主题现代化。
Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psychoanalysis as its theoretical base.The modernist writers concentrate more on the private and subjective than on the public and objective,mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual.Therefore they pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted,alienated and ill relationships between man and nature,man and society,man and man,and man and himself. 现代主义以非理性哲学和精神分析理论为理论基础。现代主义作家更关注私人和主观,而非公共和客观,主要关注个体的内在存在。因此,他们更注重心理时间而非时间顺序。现代主义文学的主要主题是人与自然、人与社会、人与人以及人与自身之间扭曲、疏离和不良的关系
Henry James's essay Art of Fiction is generally considered the first modernist manifesto.James insisted that technique is more important than subject.While not rejecting James tenets,Ezra Pound added the rallying cry"Make it new!"T.S. 亨利·詹姆斯的文章《小说的艺术》通常被认为是第一篇现代主义宣言。詹姆斯坚持认为技巧比题材更重要。埃兹拉·庞德在不否定詹姆斯原则的同时,增加了“让它焕然一新!”的口号。T·S·
Eliot,in his essay Tradition and the Individual Talent tried to reconcile Pound and James.Most modernists,however, gravitated toward Pound. 艾略特在他的文章《传统与个人才能》中试图调和庞德与詹姆斯的观点。然而,大多数现代主义者更倾向于庞德
The term modernism is widely used to identify new and distinctive features in the subjects,forms,concepts,and styles of literature and the other arts in the early decades of the present century,but especially after World War I.The specific features signified by"modernism"(or by the adjective modernist)vary with the user,but many critics agree that it involves a deliberate and radical break with some of the traditional bases not only of Western art,but of Western culture in general. Important intellectual precursors of modernism,in this sense,are thinkers who had questioned the certainties that had supported traditional modes of social organization,religion,and morality,and also traditional ways of conceiving the human self-thinkers such as Friedrich Nietzsche(尼采),Karl Marx(马克思),Sigmund Freud(弗洛伊德),and James G.Frazer(弗雷泽),whose The Golden Bough(金枝)stressed the correspondence between central Christian tenets and pagan,often barbaric,myths and rituals. 现代主义一词被广泛用于指代本世纪早期文学及其他艺术在主题、形式、观念和风格上的新颖且独特的特征,尤其是在第一次世界大战之后。“现代主义”(或形容词“现代主义的”)所指的具体特征因使用者而异,但许多评论家一致认为,它涉及对西方艺术乃至西方文化整体某些传统基础的有意识且激进的突破。从这个意义上说,现代主义的重要思想先驱是那些质疑支撑传统社会组织、宗教和道德模式的确定性的思想家,也质疑传统的人类自我观念的思想家——如弗里德里希·尼采、卡尔·马克思、西格蒙德·弗洛伊德和詹姆斯·G·弗雷泽,后者的《金枝》强调了基督教核心教义与异教、常常是野蛮的神话和仪式之间的对应关系
Literary historians locate the beginning of the modernist revolt as far back as the 1890 s,but most agree that what is called High Modernism,marked by an unexampled range and rapidity of change,came after the first World War.The year 1922 alone was signalized by the simultaneous appearance of such monuments of modernist innovation as James Joyce's Ulysses,T.S.Eliot's The Waste Land,and Virginia Woolf's Jacob's Room("雅各的房间",伍尔夫的第三部小说,伍尔夫使用意识流手法的起点),as well as many other experimental works of literature.The catastrophe of the war had shaken faith in the moral basis,coherence,and durability of Western civilization and raised doubts about the adequacy of traditional literary modes to represent the harsh and dissonant realities of the postwar world.T.S.Eliot wrote in a review of Joyce's Ulysses that the inherited mode of ordering a literary work,which assumed a relatively coherent and stable social order, could not accord with"the immense panorama of futility and anarchy which is contemporary history."Like Joyce and like Ezra Pound in his Cantos,Eliot experimented with new forms and a new style that would render contemporary disorder, often contrasting it to a lost order and integration that had been based on the religion and myths of the cultural past.In The Waste Land,for example,Eliot replaced the standard syntactic flow of poetic language by fragmented utterances,and substituted for the traditional coherence of poetic structure a deliberate dislocation of parts,in which very diverse components are related by connections that are left to the reader to discover,or invent.Major works of modernist fiction, following Joyce s Ulysses and his even more radical Finnegans Wake,subvert the basic conventions of earlier prose fiction by breaking up the narrative continuity,departing from the standard ways of representing characters,and violating the traditional syntax and coherence of narrative language by the use of stream of consciousness and other innovative modes of narration.Gertrude Stein—often linked with Joyce,Pound,Eliot,and Woolf as a trailblazing modernist—experimented with automatic writing. 文学史学家将现代主义反叛的起点追溯到 19 世纪 90 年代,但大多数人认为所谓的高现代主义——以前所未有的广度和迅速的变革为标志——出现在第一次世界大战之后。仅 1922 年,就出现了詹姆斯·乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》、T·S·艾略特的《荒原》和弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的《雅各的房间》(伍尔夫的第三部小说,是她使用意识流手法的起点)等现代主义创新的里程碑作品,以及许多其他实验性文学作品。战争的灾难动摇了人们对西方文明道德基础、连贯性和持久性的信心,也对传统文学模式能否充分表现战后世界的严酷和不和谐现实产生了怀疑。T·S·艾略特在评论乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》时写道,传统的文学作品组织方式假设了一个相对连贯和稳定的社会秩序,但这与“当代历史中那无尽的徒劳和无政府状态的全景”不相符。像乔伊斯和埃兹拉·庞德在其《颂歌》中一样,艾略特尝试用新的形式和风格来表现当代的混乱,常常将其与失去的秩序和整合形成对比 这些作品基于文化过去的宗教和神话。例如,在《荒原》中,艾略特用支离破碎的言语取代了诗歌语言的标准句法流动,并用故意错位的部分代替了传统诗歌结构的连贯性,其中非常不同的成分通过读者需要发现或发明的联系相互关联。继乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》和更为激进的《芬尼根的守灵夜》之后,现代主义小说的主要作品通过打破叙事连续性、偏离描写人物的标准方式,以及通过意识流和其他创新叙述方式违反传统叙事语言的句法和连贯性,颠覆了早期散文小说的基本惯例。格特鲁德·斯坦因——常与乔伊斯、庞德、艾略特和伍尔夫并列为开创性的现代主义者——尝试了自动写作。
2.Discuss the characteristics of Modernist writings. 2.讨论现代主义写作的特点
Modernism is a rather vague term which is used to apply to the works of a group of poets,novelists,painters,and musicians between 1910 and the early years after the World War II.The term includes various trends or school,such as Imagism,Expressionism,Dadaism,stream of consciousness,and Existentialism.It means a departure from the conventional criteria or established values of the Victorian age.This departure from the conventions was prepared for by the aesthetic movement during the later decade of the 19th century,affected by the sickness of fin de siècle,and sped up by the World War I.Though England had won the war,many intellectuals were disillusioned with the condition of their country.Besides economic and political causes,the English intellectuals were very much influenced by the psychology of Sigmund Freud,an Austrian psychoanalyst,who expounded that all human actions are determined by libido(or sexual desire,力比多是弗洛伊德心理分析理论中的一个关键词汇,主要指性原欲、性本能等)which people subconsciously suppress. 现代主义是一个相当模糊的术语,用来指代 1910 年至第二次世界大战初期一群诗人、小说家、画家和音乐家的作品。该术语包括各种流派或学派,如意象主义、表现主义、达达主义、意识流和存在主义。它意味着对维多利亚时代传统标准或既定价值观的背离。这种对传统的背离是由 19 世纪后期的审美运动所铺垫的,受到了世纪末病态的影响,并因第一次世界大战而加速。尽管英国赢得了战争,许多知识分子对国家的状况感到幻灭。除了经济和政治原因外,英国知识分子还深受奥地利精神分析学家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德心理学的影响,弗洛伊德阐述了所有人类行为都是由力比多(或性欲,力比多是弗洛伊德心理分析理论中的一个关键词汇,主要指性原欲、性本能等)决定的,而人们在潜意识中压抑这种欲望
Alienation and loneliness are the basic themes of modernism.In the eyes of modernist writers,the modern world is a chaotic one and is incomprehensible.Although modern society is materially rich,it is spiritually barren.It is a land of spiritual and emotional sterility.Human beings are helpless before an incomprehensible world and no longer able to do things that their forefathers once did. 疏离和孤独是现代主义的基本主题。在现代主义作家眼中,现代世界是混乱且难以理解的。尽管现代社会物质丰富,但精神上却贫瘠。这是一片精神和情感的荒原。人类在一个难以理解的世界面前无助,已无法再做他们的祖先曾经做过的事情。
3.The characteristics of modernist writings can be roughly summed up as below. 3.现代主义写作的特点大致可以归纳如下。
a.Complexity and obscurity:The works of the modernist writers are complex and obscure because they express the subjective world of individual writers.As the consciousness and sub consciousness of a particular writer shifts from time to time,usually there is no time sequence in their writings.The past,present,and future are mixed together.The past is juxtaposed with the present and with the future.In addition,there is no limitation of space in their works.At one moment, the character might be in New York;at another moment he might be in Paris.The old tradition of Time and Space is done away with.It is difficult for a reader to follow the time and space shifts in their writings. a.复杂性和晦涩性:现代主义作家的作品复杂且晦涩,因为它们表达了个别作家的主观世界。随着特定作家的意识和潜意识不断变化,他们的作品通常没有时间顺序。过去、现在和未来混合在一起。过去与现在及未来并置。此外,作品中没有空间的限制。某一时刻,人物可能在纽约;另一时刻,他可能在巴黎。时间和空间的旧传统被打破。读者很难跟随作品中时间和空间的转换
b.The use of symbols:A symbol is something that represents or stands for something else.Like metaphors and similes, symbols are another kind of figurative language.But a symbol has a larger meaning than a metaphor or simile-a meaning which can often be multiple or ambiguous.It is more suggestive,more complex,and often hard to interpret.The modern poets and writers find in symbol a means to express their inexpressible selves.As a symbol is subject to different interpretations,the reader is often bewildered to find the real meaning. b.象征的使用:象征是代表或指代其他事物的东西。像隐喻和明喻一样,象征是另一种比喻语言。但象征的意义比隐喻或明喻更广泛——其意义往往是多重的或模糊的。它更具暗示性、更复杂,且常常难以解读。现代诗人和作家在象征中找到了表达他们难以言说的自我的手段。由于象征可以有不同的解释,读者常常会感到困惑,难以找到真正的含义。
c.Allusion:Allusion is an indirect reference to another work of literature,art,history,or religion.By means of allusion,the modernist writer tries to unite the past,present,and future.He assumes the reader has the same knowledge as he has. Allusion enriches the meaning of the work,gives it depth,and makes the work understandable to the elite.The use of allusion also helps to achieve effects of irony,for allusions set the past against the present and thus exhibit a decay of past standards of morality and glory,showing the shallowness and degradation of the modern world. c.典故:典故是对另一部文学作品、艺术、历史或宗教的间接引用。通过典故,现代主义作家试图将过去、现在和未来联系起来。他假设读者拥有与他相同的知识。典故丰富了作品的意义,赋予其深度,使作品为精英所理解。典故的使用还有助于实现讽刺效果,因为典故将过去与现在对比,从而展示了过去道德和荣耀标准的衰落,揭示了现代世界的浅薄和堕落
d.Irony:Irony is an expression of one's meaning by using words that mean the direct opposite of what one really intends to convey.In this way a writer is able to ridicule a person or a thing he dislikes or abhors,or to show contempt,or to express his humorous attitude.In short,it shows a contrast between what is and what is said.As modernist writers think themselves helpless in this chaotic world,they find their life ironical.Sometimes it is difficult for a reader to catch the irony. d.讽刺:讽刺是通过使用与实际意图相反的词语来表达某种含义。通过这种方式,作家能够嘲笑他不喜欢或厌恶的人或事物,或者表现轻蔑,或者表达幽默的态度。简言之,它表现了现实与言辞之间的对比。由于现代主义作家认为自己在这个混乱的世界中无助,他们觉得生活充满讽刺意味。有时读者很难捕捉到讽刺的含义。
4.What is Imagism? 4.什么是意象主义?
Imagism was a poetic vogue that flourished in England,and even more vigorously in America,between the years 1912 and 1917.It was planned and exemplified by a group of English and American writers in London,partly under the influence of the poetic theory of T.E.Hulme,as a revolt against what Ezra Pound called the"rather blurry,messy...sentimentalist mannerish"poetry at the turn of the century.Pound,the first leader of the 4 movement,was soon succeeded by Amy Lowell; after that Pound sometimes referred to the movement,slightingly,as"Amygism."Other leading participants,for a time, were H.D.(Hilda Doolittle),D.H.Lawrence,William Carlos Williams,John Gould Fletcher,and Richard Aldington.The Imagist proposals,as voiced by Amy Lowell in her preface to the first of three anthologies called Some Imagist Poets,were for a poetry which,abandoning conventional poetic materials and versification,is free to choose any subject and to create its own rhythms,uses common speech,and presents an image or vivid sensory description that is hard,clear,and concentrated. 意象主义是一种诗歌风潮,盛行于 1912 年至 1917 年间的英国,甚至在美国更为兴盛。它由一群英美作家在伦敦策划和示范,部分受 T·E·赫尔姆的诗歌理论影响,作为对埃兹拉·庞德所称的“相当模糊、混乱……感伤主义矫揉造作”诗歌的反叛。庞德是该运动的首位领袖,随后由艾米·洛威尔接替;之后庞德有时轻蔑地称该运动为“艾米主义”。其他一度参与的主要人物包括 H·D(希尔达·杜利特尔)、D·H·劳伦斯、威廉·卡洛斯·威廉斯、约翰·古尔德·弗莱彻和理查德·奥尔丁顿。正如艾米·洛威尔在三部名为《一些意象主义诗人》的选集序言中所表达的,意象主义主张诗歌应摒弃传统的诗歌材料和格律,自由选择任何主题,创造自身的节奏,使用口语,并呈现出坚硬、清晰且集中的意象或生动的感官描述
The typical Imagist poem is written in free verse and undertakes to render as precisely and tersely as possible,and without comment or generalization,the writer s impression of a visual object or scene;often the impression is rendered by means of metaphor,or by juxtaposing,without indication a relation,the description of one object with that of a second and diverse object.This famed example by Ezra Pound exceeds other Imagist poems in the degree of its concentration: 典型的意象派诗歌采用自由诗体,力求尽可能精确而简洁地呈现作者对视觉对象或场景的印象,且不加评论或概括;这种印象常通过隐喻表现,或通过并置两个不同对象的描述而不指明它们之间的关系来实现。埃兹拉·庞德的这首著名诗作在集中表达程度上超越了其他意象派诗歌:
"In a Station of the Metro 《地铁站内的景象》
The apparition of these faces in the crowd, 人群中这些面孔的幻影,
Petals on a wet,black bough." 湿润的黑枝上的花瓣
In this poem Pound,like a number of other Imagists,was influenced by the Japanese haiku. 在这首诗中,庞德像其他一些意象派诗人一样,受到了日本俳句的影响。
Imagism was too restrictive to endure long as a concerted movement,but it served to inaugurate a distinctive feature of modernist poetry.Almost every major poet from the 1920s through the middle of the present century,including W.B.Yeats, T.S.Eliot,and Wallace Stevens,manifests some influence by the Imagist experiments with the representation of precise, clear images that are juxtaposed without specifying their interrelations. 意象派过于局限,难以作为一个统一的运动长久存在,但它开启了现代主义诗歌的一个独特特征。几乎每一位从 1920 年代到本世纪中叶的重要诗人,包括 W.B.叶芝、T.S.艾略特和华莱士·史蒂文斯,都在意象派关于表现精确、清晰意象的实验中有所影响,这些意象被并置而未明确其相互关系。
5.Theme of"In a Station of the Metro"(2016 中传) 5.《地铁站内》的主题(2016 中传)
Despite being a very short poem,Ezra Pound's"In a Station of the Metro"explores a number of major themes.First of all is the theme of the modern world.This is shown most clearly through the poem's setting:a metro(underground)station in Paris.Pound's speaker is struck by the number of people he sees in this busy station,prompting him to compare the faces to"apparitions."This not only creates a strong visual image but also makes an important point about the modernization and growth of big cities like Paris:people are disconnected;they are just blurred faces in a crowd. 尽管是一首非常短的诗,埃兹拉·庞德的《地铁站内》探讨了多个重要主题。首先是现代世界的主题。这一点通过诗的背景——巴黎的一个地铁(地下)站表现得最为明显。庞德的叙述者被他在这个繁忙车站看到的人群数量所震撼,促使他将这些面孔比作“幽灵”。这不仅创造了强烈的视觉意象,也对像巴黎这样的大城市的现代化和发展提出了重要观点:人们彼此疏离;他们只是人群中模糊的面孔
Secondly,Pound also explores another theme,that of the natural world.To show this,Pound uses a metaphor in which he compares the people in the station to wet petals on a"bough"("a branch of a tree").That these petals are"black"suggests that modernization,seen here through the Paris metro,has weakened society's relationship with nature.Moreover,by describing the"bough"as wet,Pound argues that this disconnection from nature is a bad thing:it has,quite literally, dampened people's spirits. 其次,庞德还探讨了另一个主题,即自然世界。为了表现这一点,庞德使用了一个比喻,将车站中的人比作“树枝”(“树的一根枝条”)上的湿花瓣。这些花瓣是“黑色”的,暗示了现代化——这里通过巴黎地铁表现出来——削弱了社会与自然的联系。此外,通过将“树枝”描述为湿润的,庞德认为这种与自然的脱节是一件坏事:它字面上使人们的精神变得沮丧。
6.How the three principles of Imagism reflects in the poetry"In a Station of the Metro"?(2018 人大 2016 中传) 6.意象主义的三大原则如何体现在诗歌《地铁站里》?(2018 人大 2016 中传)
"In a Station of the Metro"is a poem by American writer Ezra Pound,originally published in 1913.Pound's two-line poem is a famous example of"imagism,"a poetic form spear-headed by Pound that focuses above all on relating clear images through precise,accessible language.In just 20 words(including the title!),this poem manages to vividly evoke both a crowded subway station and petals on a tree branch.By juxtaposing these two very different images,the poem blurs the line between the speaker's reality and imagination and invites the reader to relate urban life to the natural world-and to perhaps consider each of these realms in a new light. 《地铁站内》是美国作家埃兹拉·庞德的一首诗,最初发表于 1913 年。庞德的这首两行诗是“意象派”的著名范例,意象派是一种由庞德引领的诗歌形式,主要强调通过精准、易懂的语言传达清晰的意象。在仅有 20 个单词(包括标题!)的篇幅中,这首诗生动地唤起了拥挤的地铁站和树枝上的花瓣这两种意象。通过将这两种截然不同的意象并置,诗歌模糊了叙述者现实与想象的界限,邀请读者将都市生活与自然世界联系起来——并或许以新的视角重新审视这两个领域。
Direct treatment of the"thing",whether subjective or objective. 对“事物”的直接处理,无论是主观的还是客观的。
"In a Station of the Metro"is concerned above all with imagery:the speaker sees a bunch of people in a subway station and this prompts the speaker to envision petals on a tree branch.This shift is remarkably sudden:in just two lines-a fleeting instant-the speaker sees both petals and a crowd of faces,and manages to vividly convey both images to the reader. 《地铁站内》主要关注意象:叙述者看到地铁站里一群人,这促使他联想到树枝上的花瓣。这种转变极为突然:在短短两行——一个转瞬即逝的瞬间——叙述者既看到了花瓣,也看到了人群的面孔,并成功地将这两种意象生动地传达给读者
The poem's brief form allows it to combine both forms of perception(one happening before the speaker's eyes,and one happening in their mind),creating a new,blended reality from the speaker's point of view.Overall,then,the poem might be thought of as an attempt to capture the connection between sight and imagination-revealing how these two processes together shape people's perception of the world around them. 这首诗的简短形式使其能够结合两种感知方式(一个发生在说话者眼前,另一个发生在他们的脑海中),从说话者的视角创造出一种新的、融合的现实。因此,总体来看,这首诗可以被视为试图捕捉视觉与想象之间联系的尝试——揭示这两种过程如何共同塑造人们对周围世界的感知。
To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation. 绝不使用任何不利于表达的词语。
Pound strips the poem of all superfluous language.Including the title,the poem uses just 20 words(including the title)-meaning there is nothing to focus on besides the pair of images and how they relate to each other.The poem's structure thus allows for a clear association between the what the speaker sees("faces in the crowd")and what the speaker imagines in response("petals on a wet,black bough"). 庞德剥去了诗中所有多余的语言。包括标题在内,整首诗仅用了 20 个词(包括标题)——这意味着除了这对意象及其相互关系外,没有其他内容可供关注。诗的结构因此允许清晰地关联说话者所见(“人群中的面孔”)与说话者由此想象的内容(“湿润的黑色树枝上的花瓣”)。
As regarding rhythm:to compose in sequence of the musical phrase,not in sequence of the metronome. 关于节奏:应按音乐短语的顺序作曲,而非按节拍器的节奏顺序
This poem in written in free verse and does not have a clear,overarching meter.That said,each line does seem to be conscious of a kind of syllabic structure.The poem does not have a rhyme scheme,although the two words that end each of its lines share clear assonance and are slant rhymes.The fact that these words("crowd"and"bough")almost rhyme reflects the overall contrast between the two lines they inhabit. 这首诗采用自由诗体写成,没有明确的整体韵律。尽管如此,每一行似乎都意识到某种音节结构。诗中没有押韵模式,尽管每行结尾的两个词具有明显的元音谐音和近似押韵。这些词(“crowd”和“bough”)几乎押韵,反映了它们所在两行之间的整体对比。
This poem contains both alliteration and consonance,two related literary devices that allow its short form to link disparate images with sound.There are only a few instances of each,and they all occur in the poem's second line. Alliteration exists in the/b/sound shared by"black"and"bough,"while consonance exists in the/t/sound shared by "Petals"and"wet"as well as in the/l/sound shared by"Petals"and"black."In a poem this sort,the use of so many repeated sounds is no coincidence,but rather a deliberate choice on the part of the speaker. 这首诗包含头韵和辅音韵这两种相关的修辞手法,使其短小的形式能够通过声音连接不同的意象。每种手法的实例都很少,且全部出现在诗的第二行。头韵存在于“black”和“bough”共享的/b/音,而辅音韵则存在于“Petals”和“wet”共享的/t/音,以及“Petals”和“black”共享的/l/音。在这样一首诗中,使用如此多的重复音绝非偶然,而是说话者的刻意选择。
7.Style and features of Robert Frost's writing 7.罗伯特·弗罗斯特写作风格与特点
✓\checkmark"Begins in delight and ends in wisdom".Frost's subject matter was New England life and farming,but underneath the descriptions of country life there is often a deeper and wider meaning,some experience and truth about life.When he is expressing his thought,he is not very radical,but neutral in expressing the opinion.He is not inclined to take sides confronting paradoxes of life.He seems to be very calm and controlled.He did not stoop to answer,to explain and leave the readers to draw their own conclusion. ✓\checkmark “始于喜悦,终于智慧”。弗罗斯特的主题是新英格兰的生活和农业,但在对乡村生活的描述之下,常常蕴含着更深更广的意义,一些关于生活的体验和真理。当他表达思想时,他并不激进,而是以中立的态度表达观点。他不倾向于在生活的矛盾面前站队。他显得非常冷静和克制。他没有屈尊去回答、解释,而是让读者自行得出结论。 ✓\checkmark Focus on mental conflicts of modern men,unlike the modern poets,they reflected the incapability,weariness, boringness,and so on.Frost does not deprive the natural color totally.He is different,giving us beautiful images about modern men and nature. ✓\checkmark 关注现代人的心理冲突,不同于现代诗人,他们反映了无能、疲惫、乏味等。弗罗斯特并未完全剥夺自然的色彩。他与众不同,给我们展现了关于现代人与自然的美丽意象。 ✓\checkmark He is more concerned with his contemplation on nature,and the relationship between nature and man.These thematic concerns include the beauty,terror and tragedy in nature,as well as the loneliness and poverty of the isolated human being. ✓\checkmark 他更关心对自然的沉思,以及自然与人之间的关系。这些主题关注包括自然中的美、恐怖与悲剧,以及孤立人类的孤独与贫困 ✓\checkmark His images-woods,stars,houses,brooks-are usually taken from everyday life.With his down-to-earth approach to his subjects,readers found it is easy to follow the poet into deeper truths,without being burdened with pedantry. ✓\checkmark 他的意象——树林、星星、房屋、小溪——通常取自日常生活。凭借他对题材的务实态度,读者发现很容易跟随诗人进入更深层的真理,而不会被迂腐所累。 ✓\checkmark Robert Frost's achievement in poetic form is his combination of the traditional verse pattern and a colloquial distinctive language.His language is free from the old-fashioned poetical words.It is the speech of New England speakers.The incorporation of the traditional form and regional colloquial language makes a fresh voice of his poems and is characteristic of his poetry.Often Frost used the rhythms and vocabulary of ordinary speech or even the looser free verse of dialogue.There is a steady tone of wry humor,and a virtually inexhaustible verbal grace. ✓\checkmark 罗伯特·弗罗斯特在诗歌形式上的成就是将传统诗歌格律与口语化的独特语言相结合。他的语言摆脱了老式的诗歌用词,采用的是新英格兰地区人们的口语。传统形式与地方口语的结合使他的诗歌声音焕然一新,成为其诗歌的特色。弗罗斯特常常使用普通话语的节奏和词汇,甚至是对话中较为松散的自由诗体。诗中贯穿着一种稳重的讽刺幽默感,以及几乎取之不尽的语言优雅。
8.T.S.Eliot 文学观点:
诗歌:
✓\checkmark A poem should be an organic thing in itself,a made object.Once it is finished,the poet will no longer have control of it.It should be judged,analyzed by itself without the interference of the poet's personal influence and intentional elements and other elements. ✓\checkmark 诗歌应当是一个有机的整体,是一个完成的作品。一旦完成,诗人将不再对其拥有控制权。它应当被独立地评判和分析,不受诗人个人影响、意图及其他因素的干扰 ✓\checkmark Modern life is chaotic,futile,fragmentary,so poetry should reflect this fragmentary nature of life and this kind nature of life should be projected,not analyzed. ✓\checkmark 现代生活是混乱的、徒劳的、支离破碎的,因此诗歌应反映生活的这种支离破碎的本质,这种生活的本质应被呈现,而非分析。 ✓\checkmark Objective correlative:客观对应物 a set of objects,a situation,a chain of events,formula in which the poet expresses his emotion and in which the fusion of intellect,feeling,and experience should be achieved. ✓\checkmark 客观对应物:一组物体、一种情境、一连串事件的公式,诗人通过它表达情感,并在其中实现理智、情感和经验的融合。 ✓\checkmark The poet should draw upon tradition:use the past to serve the present and future(the past,present,future interrelate), borrow from authors remote in time,alien in language,diverse in interest,use the past to underscore what is missing from the present. ✓\checkmark 诗人应借鉴传统:利用过去服务于现在和未来(过去、现在、未来相互关联),借用时间遥远、语言陌生、兴趣多样的作者,用过去来强调现在所缺失的东西。 ✓\checkmark Belief:Poetry should aim at a representation of the complexities of modern civilization in language such representation necessarily leads to difficult poetry. ✓\checkmark 信念:诗歌应旨在用语言表现现代文明的复杂性,这种表现必然导致难懂的诗歌 ✓\checkmark 偏好:In rejecting the poetic values of the English romantics and Victorians,Eliot,along with William Butler Yeats and Ezra Pound,set new poetic standards equal to those established by James Joyce and Marcel Proust in fiction. ✓\checkmark 偏好:在否定英国浪漫主义和维多利亚时代诗歌价值的同时,艾略特与威廉·巴特勒·叶芝和埃兹拉·庞德一道,确立了与詹姆斯·乔伊斯和马塞尔·普鲁斯特在小说领域相媲美的新诗歌标准。
戏剧:
His poetry was noted for its fresh visual imagery,its flexible tone,and highly expressive rhythm. 他的诗歌以新颖的视觉意象、灵活的语调和高度表现力的节奏著称。 ✓\checkmark He was one of the important verse dramatists in the first half of the 20th century.Besides some fragmentary pieces, Eliot had written in his lifetime five full-length plays. ✓\checkmark 他是 20 世纪上半叶重要的诗剧作家之一。除了若干零散作品外,艾略特一生共创作了五部完整的戏剧。 ✓\checkmark All the plays have something to do with Christian themes. ✓\checkmark 所有这些戏剧都与基督教主题有关 ✓\checkmark His three later plays are also concerned with the subject of spiritual self-discovery but in the form of a sophisticated modern social comedy. ✓\checkmark 他后三部戏剧也关注精神自我发现的主题,但以复杂的现代社会喜剧形式表现。 ✓\checkmark Eliot's major achievement in play writing has been the creation of a verse drama in the 20th century to express the ideas and actions of modern society with new accents of the contemporary speech. ✓\checkmark 埃利奥特在戏剧创作上的主要成就是在 20 世纪创作了一种诗体戏剧,用当代语言的新语调表达现代社会的思想和行动。
其他: ✓\checkmark The basic themes of Eliot's criticism concerned the relationship between tradition and individual talent and between the past,the present,and the future. ✓\checkmark 埃利奥特批评的基本主题涉及传统与个人才能之间,以及过去、现在与未来之间的关系 ✓\checkmark Impersonal theory-the impersonality and objectivity.非个性化理论 ✓\checkmark 非个性化理论——非个性化与客观性。 ✓\checkmark It was the poetry,not the poetry,as the focus of critical attention. ✓\checkmark 关注的焦点是诗歌本身,而非诗人。 ✓\checkmark A work of art is an independent entity.-New Criticism ✓\checkmark 艺术作品是一个独立的实体。——新批评
地位:In rejecting the poetic values of the English romantics and Victorians,Eliot,along with William Butler Yeats and Ezra Pound,set new poetic standards equal to those established by James Joyce and Marcel Proust in fiction. 地位:在否定英国浪漫主义和维多利亚时代诗歌价值的同时,艾略特与威廉·巴特勒·叶芝和埃兹拉·庞德一道,确立了与詹姆斯·乔伊斯和马塞尔·普鲁斯特在小说领域相媲美的新诗歌标准
技巧: ✓\checkmark disconnected images/symbols ✓\checkmark 断裂的意象/符号 ✓\checkmark Literary allusions/references ✓\checkmark 文学典故/引用 ✓\checkmark Highly expressive meter and rhythm of free verses ✓\checkmark 高度表现力的自由诗节奏与韵律 ✓\checkmark Metaphysical whimsical images/whims ✓\checkmark 形而上学的奇异意象/异想 qquad\qquad
9.New Criticism(2011/2006 北语 2017 西外) 9.新批评(2011/2006 北语 2017 西外)
定义:An approach to understanding literature through close readings and attentiveness to formal patterns(of imagery, metaphors,metrics,sounds,and symbols)and their suggested meanings.A school of poetry and criticism established itself in the 1940s as an orthodoxy in the United States.(1920s-1960s) 定义:一种通过细读和关注形式模式(如意象、隐喻、韵律、声音和符号)及其暗示意义来理解文学的方法。20 世纪 40 年代在美国确立为正统的诗歌与批评学派。(1920 年代-1960 年代)
特点:
-Analysis of the text itself -对文本本身的分析
-Explores the artistic structure of the work -探讨作品的艺术结构
-An organic entity,the unity of content and form -一个有机整体,内容与形式的统一
-Close reading -细读
历史:New Criticism became the dominant American critical approach in the 1940s and 1950s because it proved to be well-suited to modernist writers such as Eliot and could absorb Freudian theory(especially its structural categories such as id,ego,and superego)and approaches drawing on mythic patterns. 历史:新批评在 20 世纪 40 至 50 年代成为美国主导的批评方法,因为它非常适合艾略特等现代主义作家,并且能够吸收弗洛伊德理论(尤其是其结构范畴如本我、自我和超我)以及基于神话模式的方法。
代表:Ransom,leading theorist of the southern renaissance between the wars,published a book,The New Criticism,on this method,which offered an alternative to previous extra-literary methods of criticism based on history and biography.Other representatives include Allen Tate and Robert Penn Warren. 代表:兰瑟姆,战间期南方文艺复兴的主要理论家,出版了关于这一方法的著作《新批评》,该书为基于历史和传记的以往文学外批评方法提供了替代方案。其他代表人物包括艾伦·泰特和罗伯特·彭·沃伦
10.Analysis of The Waste Land 10.《荒原》分析
内容:Expressed his horror at the spiritual turmoil of modern Europe 内容:表达了他对现代欧洲精神动荡的恐惧
地位:A landmark and a model of the 20th-century English poetry,comparable to Wordsworth's Lyrical Ballads. 地位:20 世纪英国诗歌的里程碑和典范,可与华兹华斯的《抒情歌谣集》相媲美。
结构:
Section I.The Burial of the Dead-The theme of death in life 第一部分.死者的葬礼——生命中的死亡主题
Section II.A Game of Chess-a rather concrete illustration of the sterile situation 第二部分.国际象棋游戏——对枯竭局面的较为具体的描绘
Section III.The Fire Sermon-expresses a painfully elegiac feeling by juxtaposing the vulgarity and shallowness of the modern with the beauty and simplicity of the past. 第三部分.火焰讲道——通过将现代的庸俗与浅薄与过去的美丽与纯朴并置,表达一种痛苦的挽歌情感。
Section IV.Death by Water-the drowned Phoenician Sailor is an emblem of futile worries over profit and loss,youth and age. 第四部分.水中之死——溺水的腓尼基水手象征着对得失、青春与衰老的徒劳忧虑
Section V.What the Thunder Said-The title appears to be derived from an Indian myth,in which the supreme Lord of the Creation speaks through the thunder 第五部分.雷声所说——标题似乎源自印度神话,其中创造的至高主通过雷声发声
象征:
The waste land 荒原 ✓\checkmark Modern culture having drifted away from its spiritual roots ✓\checkmark 现代文化已远离其精神根源 ✓\checkmark Trope of destructive repetition controlling human history ✓\checkmark 控制人类历史的破坏性重复的比喻 ✓\checkmark Loss of touch with cycles of life and nature ✓\checkmark 失去与生命和自然周期的联系 ✓\checkmark Images of desolation,sterility,dryness,waste ✓\checkmark 荒凉、不毛、干旱、废弃的意象 ✓\checkmark Image of a society that feeds upon itself and also lies mired in its own waste. ✓\checkmark 一个自我吞噬且陷入自身废墟的社会形象。
Holy Grail 圣杯
Eliot alludes to various ancient religions as well as to the Holy Grail,finding in them the common thread of the mythic cycle of the death and resurrection of gods.It is based on a medieval legend-the dish,plate,or cup used by Jesus at the Last Supper,said to possess miraculous powers.Joseph receives the Grail from an apparition of Jesus,sends it with his followers to Great Britain,and uses the Grail to catch Christ's blood while interring him.There is a line of guardians to keep it safe in Britain.The quest for the Holy Grail makes up an important segment of the Arthurian cycle 艾略特暗指各种古代宗教以及圣杯,发现它们中神话循环中神祇死亡与复活的共同线索。圣杯基于一个中世纪传说——耶稣在最后的晚餐中使用的盘子、碟子或杯子,据说拥有神奇的力量。约瑟夫从耶稣的显现中获得圣杯,带着追随者将其送往不列颠,并用圣杯接住基督的血液安葬他。在不列颠有一条守护者的传承,负责保护圣杯。寻找圣杯构成了亚瑟王传说中的重要部分。
The Fisher King 渔夫王
He found Fisher King in a book by Jessie Weston,From Ritual to Romance.Fisher King is a mythic figure whose loss of power or fertility produces a corresponding blight or drought in his kingdom.The land can be restored to fertility only through:the death of this king or his replacement by a new,young,and vigorous knight.It is a meditation on the主题: state of Western civilization,especially regarding the sense of depression,waste,futility of the post-World War I era. 他在杰西·韦斯顿的著作《从仪式到浪漫》中发现了渔夫王。渔夫王是一个神话人物,他的权力或生育能力的丧失会导致其王国出现相应的荒芜或干旱。只有通过这位国王的死亡或被一位年轻、充满活力的新骑士取代,土地才能恢复肥沃。这是对西方文明状态的沉思,特别是关于第一次世界大战后时代的抑郁、浪费和徒劳感的主题。 ✓\checkmark Presents physical disorder and spiritual decadence in the modern western society ✓\checkmark 展示了现代西方社会的身体紊乱和精神颓废 ✓\checkmark Reflects disillusion and despair of a whole post war generation,anguish,menace,and sterility had been afflicting all sensitive members of the postwar generation. ✓\checkmark 反映了整个战后世代的幻灭与绝望,痛苦、威胁和贫瘠一直困扰着所有敏感的战后世代成员。 ✓\checkmark Concerns with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning. ✓\checkmark 关注现代文明的精神崩溃,在这种文明中,人类生命已失去意义。 ✓\checkmark Reflects the 20th century people's disillusion and frustration in a meaningless and boring world ✓\checkmark 反映了 20 世纪人们在一个毫无意义且乏味的世界中的幻灭与挫败感。
重要性:The Waste Land is a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup of a modem civilization in which human life has lost its meaning,significance and purpose.His poem has developed a whole set of historical,cultural and religious themes. It is often regarded as being primarily a reflection of the 20th-century people's disillusionment and frustration in a sterile and futile society. 重要性:《荒原》是一首关注现代文明精神崩溃的诗歌,在这种文明中,人类生命失去了意义、价值和目标。他的诗歌发展出一整套历史、文化和宗教主题。它常被视为主要反映了 20 世纪人们在一个贫瘠且徒劳的社会中的幻灭与挫败感
11.The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock 11.J·阿尔弗雷德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌
技巧:Dramatic monologue 技巧:戏剧独白
背景:The action takes place in the evening in a bleak section of a smoky city,probably St.Louis,London,or any city anywhere. 背景:故事发生在傍晚,地点是一座阴郁的、烟雾弥漫的城市的一角,可能是圣路易斯、伦敦,或任何城市的某个地方。
人物:J.Alfred Prufrock;The Listener;The Women;The Lonely Men in Shirtsleeves 人物:J·阿尔弗雷德·普鲁弗洛克;倾听者;女性;穿衬衫袖子的孤独男子们
J.Alfred Prufrock(2016 人大) J.阿尔弗雷德·普鲁弗洛克(2016 人大)
A balding,insecure middle-aged man,who expresses his thoughts about the dull,uneventful,mediocre life he leads as a result of his feelings of inadequacy,his fear of making decisions.Unable to seize opportunities or take risks (especially with women),he lives in a world that is the same today as it was yesterday and will be the same tomorrow as it is today.He does try to make progress,but his timidity and fear of failure inhibit him from taking action. 一个秃顶、不自信的中年男子,他表达了自己对平淡、无趣、平庸生活的看法,这种生活源于他的自卑感和对做决定的恐惧。无法抓住机会或冒险(尤其是在与女性交往方面),他生活在一个今天和昨天一样,明天也将和今天一样的世界里。他确实试图取得进展,但他的胆怯和对失败的恐惧阻碍了他采取行动。
He escorts his silent listener through streets in a shabby part of a city,past cheap hotels and restaurants,to a social gathering where women he would like to meet are conversing.However,he is hesitant to take part in the activity for fear of making a fool of himself. 他带着沉默的听众穿过城市破旧街区的街道,经过廉价的旅馆和餐馆,来到一个社交聚会,那里有他想要认识的女性正在交谈。然而,他因害怕出丑而犹豫不决,不敢参与其中。
A man caught in a sense of defeated idealism and tortured by unsatisfied desire.Dare not to seek love because even if he could find it,it would not satisfy his needs. 一个陷入失败理想主义感、被未满足的欲望折磨的男人。不敢去追求爱情,因为即使他能找到,也无法满足他的需求
He compares himself with Hamlet.As a result of his timidity he has become incapable of action of any sort. 他将自己与哈姆雷特作比较。由于他的胆怯,他已经变得无法采取任何行动。
The Listener:An unidentified companion of Prufrock.The listener could also be Prufrock's inner self,one that prods him but fails to move him to action. 倾听者:普鲁弗洛克的一个身份不明的同伴。倾听者也可能是普鲁弗洛克的内心自我,一个不断激励他但未能促使他行动的存在。
The Women:Women at a social gathering.Prufrock would like to meet one of them but worries that she will look down on him. 女性们:社交聚会上的女性。普鲁弗洛克想要与其中一位相识,但担心她会看不起自己。
12.F.Scott Fitzgerald,one of the Lost Generation writers,was excited and enthusiastic about the new world,but perspective as he was,he became distressed and foresaw America's doom and failure.In one of his masterpiece:the Great Gatsby,he made the encouraging speech:so we beat on,boats against the current,borne back ceaselessly into the past.So can you make a comment on it?(2006 北语 以下几道关于此部小说的论述材料都可以用来解答这道题) 12.F·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德,迷失一代作家之一,对新世界充满兴奋和热情,但作为一个有远见的人,他变得痛苦并预见到美国的衰败和失败。在他的杰作《了不起的盖茨比》中,他发表了鼓舞人心的演讲:“所以我们奋力前行,逆流而上,永无止境地被带回过去。”你能对此作出评论吗?(2006 年北语 以下几道关于此部小说的论述材料都可以用来解答这道题)
11.Gatsby believed in the green light,the orgiastic future that year by year recedes before us.It eluded us then,but that s no matter-tomorrow we will run faster,stretch out our arms farther...And then one fine morning-So we beat on,boats against the current,borne back ceaselessly into the past. 11.盖茨比相信那盏绿灯,相信那年复一年在我们面前渐行渐远的狂欢般的未来。那时它逃离了我们,但这无关紧要——明天我们会跑得更快,伸出手臂更远……然后某个美好的早晨——于是我们继续前行,像逆流而上的船只,不断被无情地推回过去。
The Great Gatsby's plot: 《了不起的盖茨比》的情节:
The setting is New York City and Long Island during the 1920s.Nick Carraway,the narrator,is a young Princeton man,who works as a bond broker in Manhattan.He becomes involved in the life of his neighbor at Long Island,Jay Gatsby,shady and mysterious financier,who is entertaining hundreds of guests at lavish parties.Gatsby reveals to Nick,that he and Nick's cousin Daisy Fay Buchanan,had a brief affair before the war.However,Daisy married Tom Buchanan,a rich but boring man of social position.Gatsby lost Daisy because he had no money,but he is still in love with her. 故事背景设定在 1920 年代的纽约市和长岛。叙述者尼克·卡拉威是普林斯顿大学的年轻人,在曼哈顿做债券经纪人。他卷入了长岛邻居杰伊·盖茨比的生活,盖茨比是一个神秘而可疑的金融家,举办着盛大的派对,招待数百名宾客。盖茨比向尼克透露,他和尼克的表妹黛西·费·布坎南在战争前曾有过短暂的恋情。然而,黛西嫁给了汤姆·布坎南,一个富有但无聊且有社会地位的男人。盖茨比因为没有钱而失去了黛西,但他依然深爱着她
He persuades Nick to bring him and Daisy together again.Gatsby tries to convince Daisy to leave Tom,who,in turn, reveals that Gatsby has made his money from bootlegging.Daisy,driving Gatsby's car,hits and kills Tom's mistress, Myrtle Wilson,unaware of her identity.Gatsby remains silent to protect Daisy.Tom tells Myrtle's husband it was Gatsby who killed his wife.Wilson murders Gatsby and then commits suicide.Nick is left to arrange Gatsby's funeral, attended only Gatsby's father and one former guest. 他劝说尼克让他和黛西重新走到一起。盖茨比试图说服黛西离开汤姆,而汤姆则揭露盖茨比是靠走私酒发财的。黛西开着盖茨比的车,不小心撞死了汤姆的情妇默特尔·威尔逊,却不知道她的身份。盖茨比保持沉默以保护黛西。汤姆告诉默特尔的丈夫是盖茨比杀了他的妻子。威尔逊杀死了盖茨比,然后自杀。尼克负责安排盖茨比的葬礼,只有盖茨比的父亲和一位旧友出席。
Point of view:Nick Carraway narrates in both first and third person,presenting only what he himself observes. 视角:尼克·卡拉威以第一人称和第三人称叙述,只呈现他自己所观察到的内容。
Characters: 人物: ✓\checkmark Daisy:Shallow girl who is the embodiment of Gatsby's dreams;she was going to marry Gatsby,but he went off to war-a flapper woman from the"roaring twenties"Jazz Age(A Shallow girl who is the embodiment of Gatsby's dreams) ✓\checkmark 黛西:肤浅的女孩,是盖茨比梦想的化身;她本打算嫁给盖茨比,但他去了战争——一个“咆哮的二十年代”爵士时代的时髦女子(一个肤浅的女孩,是盖茨比梦想的化身) ✓\checkmark Nick Carraway(care away):the narrator-moves from the Midwest to New York to learn the bond business.-not only narrates the story but implies that he is the book's author. ✓\checkmark 尼克·卡拉威(Nick Carraway):叙述者-从中西部搬到纽约学习债券业务。-不仅讲述故事,还暗示他是这本书的作者。 ✓\checkmark Jay Gatsby:Lives next to Nick in a mansion;throws huge parties,complete with catered food,open bars,and orchestras;people come from everywhere to attend these parties,but no one seems to know much about the host. ✓\checkmark 杰伊·盖茨比(Jay Gatsby):住在尼克隔壁的一座豪宅里;举办盛大派对,配备餐饮、开放酒吧和乐队;人们从各地赶来参加这些派对,但似乎没人真正了解这位主人。 ✓\checkmark Jordan Baker:A cynical and conceited woman who cheats in golf;wants Nick to go out with her. ✓\checkmark 乔丹·贝克(Jordan Baker):一个愤世嫉俗且自负的女子,打高尔夫时作弊;想让尼克和她约会。 ✓\checkmark Myrtle Wilson:Tom has an affair with this married woman,and then abandons her after he become bored with her. ✓\checkmark 默特尔·威尔逊(Myrtle Wilson):汤姆与这位已婚女子有染,后来对她感到厌倦便抛弃了她 ✓\checkmark George Wilson:Myrtle Wilson's husband,who killed Gatsby and committed suicide after his wife's death. ✓\checkmark 乔治·威尔逊:迈特尔·威尔逊的丈夫,在妻子去世后杀死了盖茨比并自杀。
13.The themes in The Great Gatsby. 13.《了不起的盖茨比》中的主题。
a.The Decline of the American Dream in the 1920s:On the surface,The Great Gatsby is a story of the thwarted love between a man and a woman.The main theme of the novel,however,encompasses a much larger,less romantic scope. Though all of its action takes place over a mere few months during the summer of 1922 and is set in a circumscribed geographical area in the vicinity of Long Island,New York,The Great Gatsby is a highly symbolic meditation in the 1920s America as a whole,in particular the disintegration of the American dream in an era of unprecedented prosperity and material excess. a.1920 年代美国梦的衰落:表面上,《了不起的盖茨比》是一个关于一对男女受挫爱情的故事。然而,小说的主要主题涵盖了一个更广泛、更不浪漫的范围。尽管所有情节仅发生在 1922 年夏天的几个月内,并且地点局限于纽约长岛附近的一个有限地理区域,《了不起的盖茨比》实际上是对整个 1920 年代美国的高度象征性沉思,特别是对在前所未有的繁荣和物质过剩时代中美国梦的瓦解。
另一种表述:The decline of the American Dream: 另一种表述:美国梦的衰落:
"The Great Gatsby"is the single most profound commentary in American fiction on American Dream.The novel deals symbolically with the frustration and despair resulting from the failure of the Am dream.It is a story of an idealist who tries to recapture his lost love but in vain and is finally destroyed by the influence of the wealthy people around him. 《了不起的盖茨比》是美国小说中对美国梦最深刻的评论。小说象征性地描绘了美国梦失败所带来的挫折和绝望。这是一个理想主义者试图重新夺回失去的爱情却徒劳无功,最终被周围富人影响所毁灭的故事。
Gatsby appears to be the embodiment of this dream-he has risen from being a poor farm boy with no prospects,to being rich,having a big house,servants,and a large social circle attending his numerous functions.He has achieved all this in 盖茨比似乎是这个梦想的化身——他从一个没有前途的贫穷农家男孩,成长为富有的人,拥有大房子、仆人和众多参加他各种社交活动的社交圈。他在
only a few short years,having returned from the war penniless.However,Gatsby is never truly one of the elite-his dream is just a façade.However,Fitzgerald explores much more than the failure of the American dream-he is more deeply concerned with its total corruption.Gatsby has not achieved his wealth through honest hard work,but through bootlegging and crime.His money is not simply"new"money-it is dirty money,earned through dishonesty and crime.His wealthy lifestyle is little more than a façade,as is the whole person Jay Gatsby. 短短几年内实现了这一切,战争归来时一无所有。然而,盖茨比从未真正成为精英阶层的一员——他的梦想只是一个假象。然而,菲茨杰拉德探讨的远不止美国梦的失败——他更深层次地关注其彻底的腐败。盖茨比并非通过诚实的辛勤劳动获得财富,而是通过走私和犯罪。他的钱不仅仅是“新”钱——它是不义之财,通过不诚实和犯罪赚来的。他奢华的生活方式不过是一个假象,杰伊·盖茨比这个人也是如此
The society in which the novel takes place is one of moral decadence.Whether their money is inherited or earned,its inhabitants are morally decadent,living life in quest of cheap thrills and with no seeming moral purpose of their lives.Any person who attempts to move up through the social classes becomes corrupt in the process. 小说所描绘的社会是一个道德堕落的社会。无论财富是继承而来还是靠自己赚取,其居民都道德败坏,生活在追求廉价刺激中,似乎没有任何道德目标。任何试图通过社会阶层向上攀升的人,在这个过程中都会变得腐化
b.The Hollowness of the Upper Class:One of the major topics explored in The Great Gatsby is the sociology of wealth, specifically,how the newly minted millionaires of the 1920s differ from and relate to the old aristocracy of the country s richest families.In the novel,West Egg and its denizens represent the newly rich,while East Egg and its denizens, especially Daisy and Tom,represent the old aristocracy.Fitzgerald portrays the newly rich as being vulgar,gaudy, ostentatious,and lacking in social graces and taste.Gatsby,for example,lives in a monstrously ornate mansion,wears a pink suit,drives a Rolls-Royce,and does not pick up on subtle social signals,such as the insincerity of the Sloane's invitation to lunch.In contrast,the old aristocracy possesses grace,taste,subtlety,and elegance,epitomized by the Buchanan's tasteful home and the flowing white dresses of Daisy and Jordan Baker. b.上层阶级的空虚:《了不起的盖茨比》探讨的主要主题之一是财富的社会学,具体来说,是 1920 年代新晋百万富翁与国家最富有家族的旧贵族之间的差异和关系。在小说中,西卵及其居民代表新富阶层,而东卵及其居民,尤其是黛西和汤姆,则代表旧贵族。菲茨杰拉德将新富描绘为庸俗、华而不实、炫耀且缺乏社交礼仪和品味。例如,盖茨比住在一座极其华丽的豪宅里,穿着粉色西装,开着劳斯莱斯,却无法察觉诸如斯隆夫妇虚假的午餐邀请等微妙的社交信号。相比之下,旧贵族拥有优雅、品味、细腻和高雅,这一点体现在布坎南家族雅致的住宅以及黛西和乔丹·贝克飘逸的白色连衣裙上。
14.Symbols in The Great Gatsby: 14.《了不起的盖茨比》中的象征:
The green light:Situated at the end of Daisy s East Egg dock and barely visible from Gatsby s West Egg lawn,the green light represents Gatsby s hopes and dreams for the future.Gatsby associates it with Daisy,and he reaches toward it in the darkness as a guiding light to lead him to his goal.Because Gatsby s quest for Daisy is broadly associated with the American dream,the green light also symbolizes that more generalized ideal.Nick states the green light to how America, rising out of the ocean,must have looked to early settlers of the new nation.(2015 中传) 绿光:位于黛西东蛋码头的尽头,从盖茨比西蛋的草坪上几乎看不见,绿光象征着盖茨比对未来的希望和梦想。盖茨比将它与黛西联系在一起,在黑暗中伸手去触摸它,视其为引导他实现目标的指引之光。由于盖茨比对黛西的追求广泛地与美国梦相关联,绿光也象征着这一更为普遍的理想。尼克指出,绿光就像新国家早期定居者看到的从海洋中升起的美国。(2015 中传)
The Library:One of his guests is surprised to find that his books are real and not just empty covers designed to create the appearance of a great library,which suggests that many of the inhabitants of the west and east egg use an outward show of wealth to cover up their inner corruption and moral decay,but Gatsby seems to use his richness to mask something entirely different and perhaps more profound. 图书馆:他的一个客人惊讶地发现他的书是真实的,而不仅仅是为了营造出拥有丰富藏书的假象而设计的空壳封面,这暗示着许多西蛋和东蛋的居民用外在的财富展示来掩盖他们内心的腐败和道德沦丧,但盖茨比似乎用他的财富掩饰着完全不同且或许更深刻的东西
"He smiled understandingly-much more than understandingly.It was one of those rare smiles with a quality of eternal reassurance in it that you may come across four or five times in life.It faced-or seemed to face-the whole external world for an instant,and then concentrated on you with an irresistible prejudice in your favor. “他理解地微笑着——远不止是理解。这是那种罕见的微笑,带有永恒安慰的品质,你一生中可能会遇到四五次。它面对着——或者说似乎面对着——整个外部世界一瞬间,然后带着对你有利的不可抗拒的偏见集中在你身上。
It understood you just so far as you wanted to be understood,believed in you as you would like to believe in yourself,and assured you that it had precisely the impression of you that,at your best,you hoped to convey.Precisely at that point it vanished-and I was looking at an elegant young rough-neck,a year or two over thirty,whose elaborate formality of speech just missed being absurd.Sometime before he introduced himself,I'd got a strong impression that he was picking his words with care." 它理解你,恰到好处,正如你希望被理解的那样,相信你,正如你希望自己相信的那样,并向你保证它对你的印象正是你在最佳状态下希望传达的印象。就在那一刻,它消失了——我看到的是一个优雅的年轻粗野汉子,三十出头,言语中那种精心雕琢的正式感几乎显得荒谬。在他自我介绍之前不久,我强烈感觉到他在小心翼翼地选择词语。”
The Smile:In his first direct contact with Gatsby,Nick notices his extraordinary smile-"one of those rare smiles with a quality of eternal reassurance in it."Nick's impression of Gatsby emphasizes his optimism and vitality-something about him seems remarkably hopeful,and this belief in the brilliance of the future impresses Nick,even before he knows what future Gatsby envisions. 微笑:在他与盖茨比的首次直接接触中,尼克注意到了他那非凡的微笑——“那种罕见的微笑,带有永恒安慰的品质。”尼克对盖茨比的印象强调了他的乐观和活力——他身上有某种令人惊讶的希望感,这种对未来光明的信念给尼克留下了深刻印象,即使在他还不知道盖茨比所设想的未来之前。
15.The style of The Great Gatsby: 15.《了不起的盖茨比》的风格:
Fitzgerald is considered as a great stylist in American literature.His style,closely related to his themes,is explicit and chilly.His accurate dialogues,his careful observation of mannerism,styles,models and attitudes provide the reader with a vivid sense of reality.He used the scenic method in his chapters,each one of which consists of one or more dramatic scenes, 菲茨杰拉德被认为是美国文学中的伟大文体家。他的风格与他的主题密切相关,既直白又冷峻。他精准的对话、对举止、风格、典范和态度的细致观察,为读者提供了生动的现实感。他在章节中采用了场景法,每章由一个或多个戏剧性场景组成,
sometimes with intervening passages of narration,leaving the tedious process of transition to the readers'imagination. Fitzgerald's prose is smooth,sensitive,and completely original in its diction and metaphors. 有时穿插叙述段落,将繁琐的过渡过程留给读者的想象。菲茨杰拉德的散文流畅、细腻,在用词和比喻上完全原创
Many of Fitzgerald's works are half autobiography properties.Because he married with a typical south woman,Fitzgerald showed interest in the southern United States in his novels.The homesickness and nostalgia emotions to the southern and the awareness and helpless on the north and south of the contrast provide background and fundamental key for many of his novels. 菲茨杰拉德的许多作品具有半自传性质。因为他娶了一位典型的南方女性,菲茨杰拉德在小说中表现出对美国南方的兴趣。对南方的思乡和怀旧情感,以及对南北对比的意识和无奈,为他的许多小说提供了背景和基本关键。
Fitzgerald created a kind of refreshing literature feminine image in his novels.They were trendy,independent and attractive.In the other hand,they had the courage to pursue their happiness at any cost.These typical heroines in Jazz Age also became the characteristics and marks of Fitzgerald's novels. 菲茨杰拉德在小说中塑造了一种清新脱俗的女性文学形象。她们时尚、独立且有魅力。另一方面,她们有勇气不惜一切代价追求自己的幸福。爵士时代的这些典型女主角也成为了菲茨杰拉德小说的特点和标志。
Although the most famous works of Fitzgerald are his novels,his short novels are also very features.In fact,during his lifetime,his short stories give him a commercial success and get him to win the general public recognition,rather than his novels. 虽然菲茨杰拉德最著名的作品是他的小说,但他的短篇小说也非常有特色。事实上,在他有生之年,正是他的短篇故事为他带来了商业上的成功,并使他赢得了公众的认可,而不是他的小说
Fitzgerald's novels got praise of the field,but it didn't bring significant income for him such as he hoped it would.To write short stories for popular magazines became the way to maintain his upper-class life.Therefore,Fitzgerald's short stories are generally strong entertaining.They have choicer and twisted layout,exquisite and luxuriant text and witty style. They often own O.Henry's typical unexpected ending.If you read them,they will make you into great enjoyment. 菲茨杰拉德的小说在业内获得了赞誉,但并没有带来他所期望的可观收入。为流行杂志写短篇小说成为他维持上流社会生活的方式。因此,菲茨杰拉德的短篇小说通常具有很强的娱乐性。它们结构精巧曲折,文字精致华丽,风格机智幽默。它们常常拥有欧·亨利典型的出人意料的结局。如果你阅读它们,会让你获得极大的享受
另一种表述:The language of Gatsby is a rich,complex mixture drawn from a wide variety of sources.These include Romantic poetry;biblical and Christian discourse;the Modernist prose of James Joyce and the Modernist poetry of T.S. Eliot;American slang and educated speech of the 1920s;society guest lists;self-improvement schedules;advertisements; popular song lyrics;and illustrated magazines.All these features are assimilated into a distinctive style which could be called"Romantic Modernism".It is a style which combines the images and rhythms derived and developed from nineteenth-century Romantic poetry with the precision,conciseness and topical reference which were becoming the hallmark of Modernist writing in both poetry and prose.In Gatsby,Fitzgerald updates Romanticism for the twentieth century and,true to the Modernist demand for high-impact language,packs every sentence with meaning. 另一种表述:盖茨比的语言是一种丰富而复杂的混合体,来源广泛。这些来源包括浪漫主义诗歌;圣经和基督教话语;詹姆斯·乔伊斯的现代主义散文和 T·S·艾略特的现代主义诗歌;1920 年代的美国俚语和受过教育的语言;社交宾客名单;自我提升计划;广告;流行歌曲歌词;以及插图杂志。所有这些元素融合成一种独特的风格,可以称之为“浪漫现代主义”。这种风格结合了源自并发展于 19 世纪浪漫主义诗歌的意象和节奏,以及现代主义诗歌和散文中日益成为标志的精准、简洁和时事性。在《盖茨比》中,菲茨杰拉德将浪漫主义更新为 20 世纪的风格,并且忠实于现代主义对高冲击力语言的要求,使每一句话都充满意义。
16.Analysis the character of Gatsby.(2014 中传) 16.分析盖茨比这一人物形象。(2014 中传)
The title character of The Great Gatsby is a young man,around thirty years old,who rose from an impoverished childhood in rural North Dakota to become fabulously wealthy.However,he achieved this lofty goal by participating in organized crime,including distributing illegal alcohol and trading in stolen securities.From his early youth,Gatsby despised poverty and longed for wealth and sophistication-he dropped out of St.Olaf's College after only two weeks because he could not bear the janitorial job with which he was paying his tuition.Though Gatsby has always wanted to be rich,his main motivation in acquiring his fortune was his love for Daisy Buchanan,whom he met as a young military officer in Louisville before leaving to fight in World War I in 1917.Gatsby immediately fell in love with Daisy's aura of luxury,grace,and charm,and lied to her about his own background in order to convince her that he was good enough for her.Daisy promised to wait for him when he left for the war,but married Tom Buchanan in 1919,while Gatsby was studying at Oxford after the war in an attempt to gain an education.From that moment on,Gatsby dedicated himself to winning Daisy back,and his acquisition of millions of dollars,his purchase of a gaudy mansion on West Egg,and his lavish weekly parties are all merely means to that end. 《了不起的盖茨比》的主角是一个大约三十岁的年轻人,他从北达科他州农村的贫困童年中崛起,变得极其富有。然而,他通过参与有组织犯罪实现了这一崇高目标,包括分销非法酒类和交易赃物证券。从少年时代起,盖茨比就厌恶贫穷,渴望财富和优雅——他在圣奥拉夫学院只读了两周就辍学,因为他无法忍受用来支付学费的清洁工工作。虽然盖茨比一直想要富有,但他积累财富的主要动力是对黛西·布坎南的爱。他在 1917 年作为一名年轻军官在路易斯维尔遇见了黛西,随后离开去参加第一次世界大战。盖茨比立刻爱上了黛西的奢华、优雅和魅力的气质,并为了让她相信自己配得上她而对自己的背景撒了谎。黛西答应在他去参战时等他,但在 1919 年盖茨比战后在牛津学习期间,她嫁给了汤姆·布坎南。从那时起,盖茨比便致力于赢回黛西,而他的财富积累也因此开始 数百万美元,他在西卵购买的华而不实的豪宅,以及他奢华的每周派对,都是达到那个目的的手段。
Fitzgerald delays the introduction of most of this information until fairly late in the novel.Gatsby's reputation precedes him-Gatsby himself does not appear in a speaking role until Chapter 3.Fitzgerald initially presents Gatsby as the aloof, enigmatic host of the unbelievably opulent parties thrown every week at his mansion.He appears surrounded by spectacular luxury,courted by powerful men and beautiful women.He is the subject of a whirlwind of gossip throughout New York and is already a kind of legendary celebrity before he is ever introduced to the reader.Fitzgerald propels the novel forward through the early chapters by shrouding Gatsby's background and the source of his wealth in mystery(the reader learns about Gatsby's childhood in Chapter 6 and receives definitive proof of his criminal dealings in Chapter 7).As a result,the 菲茨杰拉德直到小说相当后期才介绍大部分这些信息。盖茨比的名声先于他本人——盖茨比本人直到第三章才以对话角色出现。菲茨杰拉德最初将盖茨比描绘成那个冷漠、神秘的主人,他每周在自己的豪宅举办令人难以置信的奢华派对。他似乎被壮观的奢华包围,受到权势人物和美丽女性的追捧。他是纽约各地流言蜚语的中心人物,在读者真正认识他之前,他已经是一种传奇名人。菲茨杰拉德通过在早期章节中将盖茨比的背景和财富来源笼罩在神秘之中推动小说发展(读者在第六章了解到盖茨比的童年,并在第七章获得他犯罪交易的确凿证据)。因此,
reader's first,distant impressions of Gatsby strike quite a different note from that of the lovesick,naive young man who emerges during the latter part of the novel. 读者对盖茨比的最初、遥远的印象与小说后期出现的那个痴情、天真的年轻人截然不同
Fitzgerald uses this technique of delayed character revelation to emphasize the theatrical quality of Gatsby's approach to life,which is an important part of his personality.Gatsby has literally created his own character,even changing his name from James Gatz to Jay Gatsby to represent his reinvention of himself.As his relentless quest for Daisy demonstrates, Gatsby has an extraordinary ability to transform his hopes and dreams into reality;at the beginning of the novel,he appears to the reader just as he desires to appear to the world.This talent for self-invention is what gives Gatsby his quality of "greatness":indeed,the title"The Great Gatsby"is reminiscent of billings for such vaudeville magicians as"The Great Houdini"and"The Great Blackstone,"suggesting that the persona of Jay Gatsby is a masterful illusion. 菲茨杰拉德运用了这种延迟揭示人物的手法,以强调盖茨比对生活戏剧化的态度,这也是他性格的重要组成部分。盖茨比实际上创造了他自己的角色,甚至将名字从詹姆斯·盖茨改为杰伊·盖茨比,以象征他对自我的重塑。正如他对黛西不懈追求所展示的那样,盖茨比拥有将希望和梦想变为现实的非凡能力;在小说开头,他向读者展现的正是他希望向世界展示的形象。这种自我创造的才能赋予了盖茨比“伟大”的特质:事实上,书名《了不起的盖茨比》让人联想到诸如“了不起的胡迪尼”和“了不起的布莱克斯通”等杂耍魔术师的广告,暗示杰伊·盖茨比这一形象是一场高超的幻术
As the novel progresses and Fitzgerald deconstructs Gatsby's self-presentation,Gatsby reveals himself to be an innocent, hopeful young man who stakes everything on his dreams,not realizing that his dreams are unworthy of him.Gatsby invests Daisy with an idealistic perfection that she cannot possibly attain in reality and pursues her with a passionate zeal that blinds him to her limitations.His dream of her disintegrates,revealing the corruption that wealth causes and the unworthiness of the goal,much in the way Fitzgerald sees the American dream crumbling in the 1920s,as America's powerful optimism, vitality,and individualism become subordinated to the amoral pursuit of wealth.(注:以上三段也可以用来解释盖茨比人物刻画的艺术特点) 随着小说的发展,菲茨杰拉德逐渐解构了盖茨比的自我呈现,盖茨比展现出自己是一个天真、充满希望的年轻人,他将一切都押注在自己的梦想上,却未意识到他的梦想并不配得上他。盖茨比赋予黛西一种理想化的完美,而这种完美在现实中根本无法实现,他以一种盲目的热情追求她,忽视了她的局限性。他对她的梦想破灭了,揭示了财富带来的腐败以及目标的无价值,这与菲茨杰拉德眼中 1920 年代美国梦的崩溃如出一辙——当时美国强大的乐观精神、活力和个人主义被对财富的无道德追求所取代。(注:以上三段也可以用来解释盖茨比人物刻画的艺术特点)
Gatsby is contrasted most consistently with Nick.Critics point out that the former,passionate and active,and the latter, sober and reflective,seem to represent two sides of Fitzgerald's personality.Additionally,whereas Tom is a cold-hearted, aristocratic bully,Gatsby is a loyal and good-hearted man.Though his lifestyle and attitude differ greatly from those of George Wilson,Gatsby and Wilson share the fact that they both lose their love interest to Tom. 盖茨比最常被用来与尼克形成对比。评论家指出,前者热情且积极,后者则冷静且反思,似乎代表了菲茨杰拉德性格的两个方面。此外,汤姆是一个冷酷无情的贵族恶霸,而盖茨比则是一个忠诚且善良的人。尽管他的生活方式和态度与乔治·威尔逊大相径庭,盖茨比和威尔逊有一个共同点,那就是他们都失去了心爱的人给汤姆
17.Analysis the character of Nick Carraway. 17.分析尼克·卡拉威的性格。
If Gatsby represents one part of Fitzgerald's personality,the flashy celebrity who pursued and glorified wealth in order to impress the woman he loved,then Nick represents another part:the quiet,reflective Midwesterner adrift in the lurid East. A young man(he turns thirty during the course of the novel)from Minnesota,Nick travels to New York in 1922 to learn the bond business.He lives in the West Egg district of Long Island,next door to Gatsby.Nick is also Daisy's cousin,which enables him to observe and assist the resurgent love affair between Daisy and Gatsby.As a result of his relationship to these two characters,Nick is the perfect choice to narrate the novel,which functions as a personal memoir of his experiences with Gatsby in the summer of 1922. 如果盖茨比代表了菲茨杰拉德性格中的一部分——那个追求并美化财富以打动心爱女人的浮华名流,那么尼克则代表了另一部分:那个在艳丽东部漂泊的安静、沉思的中西部人。尼克是一个年轻人(小说进行中他年满三十岁),来自明尼苏达,1922 年来到纽约学习债券业务。他住在长岛的西卵区,紧邻盖茨比。尼克还是黛西的表亲,这使他能够观察并协助黛西与盖茨比复燃的爱情。由于与这两个人物的关系,尼克成为叙述这部小说的完美人选,小说作为他在 1922 年夏天与盖茨比经历的个人回忆录。
Nick is also well suited to narrating The Great Gatsby because of his temperament.As he tells the reader in Chapter 1, he is tolerant,open-minded,quiet,and a good listener,and,as a result,others tend to talk to him and tell him their secrets. Gatsby,in particular,comes to trust him and treat him as a confidant.Nick generally assumes a secondary role throughout the novel,preferring to describe and comment on events rather than dominate the action.Often,however,he functions as Fitzgerald's voice,as in his extended meditation on time and the American dream at the end of Chapter 9. 尼克的性格也非常适合讲述《了不起的盖茨比》。正如他在第一章中告诉读者的那样,他宽容、开明、沉默寡言且善于倾听,因此别人往往愿意与他交谈并向他吐露秘密。尤其是盖茨比,开始信任他并将他视为知己。尼克在整部小说中通常扮演次要角色,更喜欢描述和评论事件,而不是主导情节。然而,他常常充当菲茨杰拉德的代言人,比如在第九章结尾对时间和美国梦的长篇沉思中。
Insofar as Nick plays a role inside the narrative,he evidences a strongly mixed reaction to life on the East Coast,one that creates a powerful internal conflict that he does not resolve until the end of the book.On the one hand,Nick is attracted to the fast-paced,fun-driven lifestyle of New York.On the other hand,he finds that lifestyle grotesque and damaging.This inner conflict is symbolized throughout the book by Nick's romantic affair with Jordan Baker.He is attracted to her vivacity and her sophistication just as he is repelled by her dishonesty and her lack of consideration for other people. 就尼克在叙事中的角色而言,他对东海岸的生活表现出强烈的矛盾反应,这种反应在他内心产生了强烈的冲突,直到书的结尾才得以解决。一方面,尼克被纽约快节奏、以娱乐为主的生活方式所吸引;另一方面,他又觉得这种生活方式荒诞且有害。这种内心冲突贯穿全书,并通过尼克与乔丹·贝克的浪漫关系象征出来。他既被她的活力和老练所吸引,又被她的不诚实和对他人缺乏关心所排斥。
Nick states that there is a"quality of distortion"to life in New York,and this lifestyle makes him lose his equilibrium, especially early in the novel,as when he gets drunk at Gatsby's party in Chapter 2.After witnessing the unraveling of Gatsby's dream and presiding over the appalling spectacle of Gatsby's funeral,Nick realizes that the fast life of revelry on the East Coast is a cover for the terrifying moral emptiness that the valley of ashes symbolizes.Having gained the maturity that this insight demonstrates,he returns to Minnesota in search of a quieter life structured by more traditional moral values. 尼克指出,纽约的生活有一种“扭曲的品质”,这种生活方式使他失去平衡,尤其是在小说早期,比如他在第二章盖茨比的派对上喝醉的时候。在目睹了盖茨比梦想的破灭并主持了盖茨比葬礼的骇人场面后,尼克意识到东海岸那种狂欢的快节奏生活掩盖了灰烬谷所象征的可怕道德空虚。通过这一洞察所体现的成熟,他回到了明尼苏达,寻求一种由更传统道德价值观构建的更宁静的生活。
(这一答案也可以用来回答"为什么选择 Nick 作为叙述者?""Nick 作为叙述者的好处是什么?")
18.The point of view of The Great Gatsby 18.《了不起的盖茨比》的视角
✓\checkmark Fitzgerald's fictions often deal with the bankruptcy of the American Dream,which is highlighted by the disillusionment of the protagonists'personal dreams due to the clashes between their romantic vision of life and the sordid reality. ✓\checkmark 费茨杰拉德的小说常常探讨美国梦的破产,这一点通过主人公个人梦想的幻灭得以突出,原因在于他们对生活的浪漫幻想与肮脏现实之间的冲突 ✓\checkmark Fitzgerald's own life was a mirror of the 1920s.He was the victim of his"American Dream."He was fascinated with material wealth on one hand by writing hard to accumulate wealth to live an extravagant life,yet was bewildered with the wealth on the other,fully aware of the underlying spiritual disorientation and moral decay.Finally in his life, alcoholism,loneliness and despair combined to ruin him. ✓\checkmark 费茨杰拉德的生活本身就是 1920 年代的缩影。他是“美国梦”的牺牲品。一方面,他通过努力写作积累财富,追求奢华的生活;另一方面,他对财富感到困惑,清楚地意识到其背后潜藏的精神迷失和道德沦丧。最终,酗酒、孤独和绝望共同毁了他。 ✓\checkmark He expressed what the young people believed in the 1920s,the so-called"American Dream"is false in nature.It is false to most young people.Only those who were dishonest could become rich. ✓\checkmark 他表达了 1920 年代年轻人的信念,即所谓的“美国梦”本质上是虚假的。对大多数年轻人来说,这个梦是虚假的。只有那些不诚实的人才能变得富有。 ✓\checkmark He had always been critical of the rich and tried to show the integrating effects of money on the emotional make-up of his character.He found that wealth altered people's characters,making them mean and distrusted.He thinks money brought only tragedy and remorse. ✓\checkmark 他一直批评富人,试图展示金钱对他笔下人物情感构造的整合作用。他发现财富改变了人们的性格,使他们变得刻薄且不被信任。他认为金钱只带来悲剧和悔恨。 ✓\checkmark His novels follow a pattern:dream-lack of attraction-failure and despair. ✓\checkmark 他的小说遵循一个模式:梦想——缺乏吸引力——失败和绝望 qquad\qquad
19.Analysis the character of Daisy Buchanan. 19.分析黛西·布坎南的性格。
Partially based on Fitzgerald's wife,Zelda,Daisy is a beautiful young woman from Louisville,Kentucky.She is Nick's cousin and the object of Gatsby's love.As a young debutante in Louisville,Daisy was extremely popular among the military officers stationed near her home,including Jay Gatsby.Gatsby lied about his background to Daisy,claiming to be from a wealthy family in order to convince her that he was worthy of her.Eventually,Gatsby won Daisy's heart,and they made love before Gatsby left to fight in the war.Daisy promised to wait for Gatsby,but in 1919 she chose instead to marry Tom Buchanan,a young man from a solid,aristocratic family who could promise her a wealthy lifestyle and who had the support of her parents. 黛西部分基于菲茨杰拉德的妻子泽尔达,是一位来自肯塔基州路易斯维尔的美丽年轻女子。她是尼克的表妹,也是盖茨比爱情的对象。作为路易斯维尔的一名年轻名媛,黛西在驻扎在她家附近的军官中非常受欢迎,其中就包括杰伊·盖茨比。盖茨比为了让黛西相信自己配得上她,谎称自己出身富裕家庭。最终,盖茨比赢得了黛西的心,他们在盖茨比参战前发生了关系。黛西曾承诺等待盖茨比,但在 1919 年,她选择嫁给了汤姆·布坎南——一位出身稳固贵族家庭的年轻人,能够为她提供富裕的生活,并且得到了她父母的支持
After 1919,Gatsby dedicated himself to winning Daisy back,making her the single goal of all of his dreams and the main motivation behind his acquisition of immense wealth through criminal activity.To Gatsby,Daisy represents the paragon of perfection-she has the aura of charm,wealth,sophistication,grace,and aristocracy that he longed for as a child in North Dakota and that first attracted him to her.In reality,however,Daisy falls far short of Gatsby's ideals.She is beautiful and charming,but also fickle,shallow,bored,and sardonic.Nick characterizes her as a careless person who smashes things up and then retreats behind her money.Daisy proves her real nature when she chooses Tom over Gatsby in Chapter 7,then allows Gatsby to take the blame for killing Myrtle Wilson even though she herself was driving the car.Finally,rather than attend Gatsby's funeral,Daisy and Tom move away,leaving no forwarding address. 1919 年以后,盖茨比全心全意地致力于赢回黛西,将她作为自己所有梦想的唯一目标,也是他通过犯罪活动积累巨大财富的主要动力。对盖茨比来说,黛西代表着完美的典范——她拥有魅力、财富、成熟、优雅和贵族气质的光环,这正是他小时候在北达科他州渴望拥有的,也是最初吸引他接近她的原因。然而,现实中黛西远远达不到盖茨比的理想。她美丽迷人,但同时也善变、肤浅、感到无聊且讽刺。尼克将她形容为一个粗心大意的人,破坏东西后便躲在她的钱后面。黛西在第七章中选择了汤姆而非盖茨比,暴露了她的真实本性;随后她让盖茨比替自己承担撞死默特尔·威尔逊的责任,尽管当时是她自己在开车。最后,黛西和汤姆没有参加盖茨比的葬礼,搬走了,也没有留下新的地址
Like Zelda Fitzgerald,Daisy is in love with money,ease,and material luxury.She is capable of affection(she seems genuinely fond of Nick and occasionally seems to love Gatsby sincerely),but not of sustained loyalty or care.She is indifferent even to her own infant daughter,never discussing her and treating her as an afterthought when she is introduced in Chapter 7.In Fitzgerald's conception of America in the 1920s,Daisy represents the amoral values of the aristocratic East Egg set. 像泽尔达·菲茨杰拉德一样,黛西热爱金钱、安逸和物质奢华。她能够表达感情(她似乎真心喜欢尼克,有时也真诚地爱着盖茨比),但无法保持持久的忠诚或关怀。她对自己的婴儿女儿也漠不关心,从未提及她,在第七章中女儿出现时,她只是被当作一个事后想起的存在。在菲茨杰拉德对 1920 年代美国的构想中,黛西代表了贵族东蛋阶层的无道德价值观。
(注:也可以用来回答"Daisy 与 Zelda 之间的关系 or 不同/相同是什么?")
20.Why Gatsby is great?(2019 西外) 20.为什么盖茨比伟大?(2019 西外)
His perseverance in the pursuit of his dream.Gatsby is a determined man who tries his best to fulfill his dream.Even in the adverse circumstance,he never gives in.Although his dream is corrupted by adopting materialist means,his dream for beauty and love is invaluable among the empty-minded people in the waste land.In this sense he is great. 他对梦想的坚持不懈。盖茨比是一个坚定的人,尽力实现自己的梦想。即使在逆境中,他也从未放弃。虽然他的梦想因采用物质主义手段而被玷污,但他对美和爱的追求在这片荒芜之地中那些空虚的人们中是无价的。从这个意义上说,他是伟大的。
But on the other hand,the word"great"can also has a color of irony.For though Gatsby is rich and perseverant,he is a criminal.His way to be rich is illegal.Therefore,the writer may use this word deliberately to satire the hollowness of the material American society. 但另一方面,“伟大”一词也带有讽刺的意味。尽管盖茨比富有且坚持不懈,他却是个罪犯。他致富的方式是非法的。因此,作者可能故意使用这个词来讽刺物质化的美国社会的空虚
21.What is the characteristics of the point of view/narration/way of telling story in The Great Gatsby? 21.《了不起的盖茨比》中视角/叙述/讲故事方式的特点是什么?
The Great Gatsby is written in first-person limited perspective from Nick's point of view.This means that Nick uses the word"I"and describes events as he experienced them.He does not know what other characters are thinking unless they tell him.Although Nick narrates the book,in many ways he is incidental to the events involved,except that he facilitates the meeting of Daisy and Gatsby.For the most part,he remains an observer of the events around him,disappearing into the background when it comes time to narrate crucial meetings between Gatsby,Tom,and Daisy.In several extended passages his voice disappears completely,and he relates thoughts and feelings of other characters as though he is inside their heads. When Gatsby tells Nick about his past with Daisy,Nick writes directly from Gatsby's point of vie"His heart beat faster as Daisy's white face came up to his own.He knew that when he kissed this girl...his mind would never romp again like the mind of God.So he waited..."These passages are presented as recollections Gatsby has told Nick,so they don't violate the first-person narration. 《了不起的盖茨比》采用第一人称有限视角,由尼克的视角叙述。这意味着尼克使用“我”这个词,描述他亲身经历的事件。他不知道其他角色在想什么,除非他们告诉他。虽然尼克是书中的叙述者,但在很多方面他只是事件的旁观者,除了促成黛西和盖茨比的相遇之外。大多数时候,他只是观察周围的事件,在叙述盖茨比、汤姆和黛西之间关键会面时,他会淡出背景。在几段较长的叙述中,他的声音完全消失,转而讲述其他角色的思想和感受,仿佛他进入了他们的内心。当盖茨比向尼克讲述他与黛西的过去时,尼克直接从盖茨比的视角写道:“当黛西那张白皙的脸靠近他时,他的心跳加速。他知道,当他吻这个女孩时……他的心灵将不再像上帝的心灵那样自由驰骋。所以他等待着……”这些段落被呈现为盖茨比告诉尼克的回忆,因此并不违反第一人称叙述的规则
Whenever a novel is narrated in the first person by one of the characters,a key question for the reader is how much faith we should put in the narrator's reliability.When a story is told from one person's perspective,the narrator will almost always be unreliable in some way,simply because the narrator brings his or her own biases to bear on the situation.Some narrators deliberately lie to the reader.We call these narrators,or any narrator whose words can largely not be trusted, "unreliable narrators."Nick Carraway is not a classically unreliable narrator,because Fitzgerald gives no indications that Nick is lying to the reader or that his version of events directly contradicts anyone else's.He apparently tries to be as truthful as possible.He tells us right away that he has an uncanny ability to reserve judgment and get people to trust him, which encourages us to see him as a reliable narrator.At the same time,he also says"I am one of the few honest people I have ever known."His very need to describe himself this way makes the reader question how much Nick can actually be trusted. 每当一部小说由其中一个角色以第一人称叙述时,读者面临的一个关键问题是我们应该对叙述者的可靠性有多少信任。当故事从某个人的视角讲述时,叙述者几乎总会在某种程度上不可靠,原因在于叙述者会带入他或她自身的偏见。有些叙述者故意对读者撒谎。我们称这些叙述者,或者任何其言辞大体上不可信的叙述者为“非可靠叙述者”。Nick Carraway 并不是典型的非可靠叙述者,因为 Fitzgerald 没有给出任何迹象表明 Nick 在对读者撒谎,或者他的事件版本与其他人直接矛盾。他显然尽力做到尽可能真实。他一开始就告诉我们,他有一种非凡的能力能够保持判断的中立并赢得人们的信任,这使我们倾向于将他视为可靠的叙述者。与此同时,他也说过“我是我所认识的少数诚实的人之一。”他自己这样描述自己的必要性反而让读者质疑 Nick 到底能被信任多少
Nick is also unreliable because of his fondness for Gatsby,which affects his view of the story and is contrasted by his clear distaste for the other characters in the book.He sees Gatsby as a symbol of hope,which makes his perspective biased and occasionally makes us question his representation of Gatsby or Daisy as characters.Nick's bias becomes clear in the earliest pages of the book,when he tells us that"there was something gorgeous about him[Gatsby],some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life."We are inclined to see Gatsby as a sensitive genius and to side with him in the romantic triangle between Gatsby,Daisy,and Tom.The less appealing aspects of Gatsby's character-the fact that he is involved in adultery,or that his wealth comes from unsavory sources,and he may be mixed up in organized crime-are justified as the romantic lengths to which he'll go to be reunited with Daisy.Nick feels contempt for Tom,and,to a lesser degree,Daisy, and his personal feelings for the characters similarly color his presentation of events. 尼克之所以不可靠,还因为他对盖茨比的喜爱,这影响了他对故事的看法,并且与他对书中其他人物明显的厌恶形成对比。他将盖茨比视为希望的象征,这使得他的视角带有偏见,有时让我们质疑他对盖茨比或黛西作为人物的描绘。尼克的偏见在书的最初几页就显现出来,当时他说“他[盖茨比]身上有某种华丽的东西,对生活的承诺有一种敏锐的感知。”我们倾向于将盖茨比看作一个敏感的天才,并在盖茨比、黛西和汤姆之间的爱情三角关系中站在盖茨比一边。盖茨比性格中不那么讨人喜欢的方面——他涉及通奸,他的财富来自不光彩的来源,甚至可能与有组织犯罪有关——都被合理化为他为与黛西重聚所做的浪漫努力。尼克对汤姆怀有轻蔑之情,对黛西的感情则稍弱一些,他对人物的个人感情同样影响了他对事件的叙述。
(注:也可以用来回答"Nick的叙述可靠reliable吗?")
22.海明威理论:
The Hemingway code hero: 海明威的准则英雄:
In American literature,Hemingway himself and his protagonists are representations of heroism.From his first book In Our Time to his last work The Old Man and the Sea,from Nick Adams to Santiago there are a series of heroes.Whatever the differences in experience and age,they all have something in common which Hemingway values:they have seen the cold world and for one cause or another,they boldly and courageously face the reality;whatever the result is,they are ready to live with grace under pressure. 在美国文学中,海明威本人及其主人公都是英雄主义的象征。从他的第一本书《我们时代》到最后一部作品《老人与海》,从尼克·亚当斯到圣地亚哥,出现了一系列的英雄。无论经历和年龄有何不同,他们都有海明威所重视的共同点:他们见过冷酷的世界,并因某种原因,勇敢无畏地面对现实;无论结果如何,他们都准备在压力下优雅地生活。
The Hemingway code hero has an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life,though he is pessimistic about the world.Hemingway himself is one of those code heroes;some critics say his protagonists are autobiographical,for they 海明威的准则英雄拥有不可摧毁的精神,因为他对生活持乐观态度,尽管他对世界持悲观态度。海明威本人就是这样一位准则英雄;一些评论家说他的主人公具有自传性质,因为他们
share something that is Hemingway.In effect,he is a Papa in American literature. 拥有海明威的某些特质。实际上,他是美国文学中的一位“爸爸”
In the general situation of Hemingway's novels,life is full of tension and battles;the world is in chaos and man is always fighting desperately a losing battle.Those who survive and perhaps emerge victorious in the process of seeking to master the code with a set of principles such as honor,courage,endurance,wisdom,discipline and dignity are known as"the Hemingway code".To behave well in the lonely,losing battle with life is to show"grace under pressure"and constitutes in itself a kind of victory,a theme clearly established in The Old Man and The Sea. 在海明威小说的整体情境中,生活充满了紧张和战斗;世界一片混乱,人类总是在拼命地进行一场注定失败的战斗。那些在试图掌握一套原则的过程中幸存下来并可能最终获胜的人,这套原则包括荣誉、勇气、忍耐、智慧、纪律和尊严,被称为“海明威准则”。在与生活这场孤独且注定失败的战斗中表现良好,就是展现“压力下的优雅”,这本身就构成了一种胜利,这一主题在《老人与海》中得到了明确的确立。
Though life is but a losing battle,it is a struggle man can dominate in such a way that loss becomes dignity;man can be physically destroyed but never defeated spiritually.Obviously,Hemingway's limited fictional world implies a much broader thematic pattern and serious philosophical concern.Hemingway Code Heroes plainly embody Hemingway's own values and view of life. 尽管生活只是一场注定失败的战斗,但这是人类可以以一种使失败变成尊严的方式来主宰的斗争;人可以在身体上被摧毁,但精神上永远不会被击败。显然,海明威有限的虚构世界暗示了一个更广泛的主题模式和严肃的哲学关怀。海明威准则英雄明显体现了海明威自己的价值观和人生观。 ✓\checkmark The Hemingway hero is not a thinker,he is a man of action. ✓\checkmark 海明威的英雄不是思想家,他是行动者。 ✓\checkmark"Grace under pressure"is their motto ✓\checkmark “压力下的优雅”是他们的座右铭 ✓\checkmark"A man can be destroyed but not defeated." ✓\checkmark “一个人可以被毁灭,但不能被打败。” ✓\checkmark Admitting the truth of Nada ✓\checkmark 承认 Nada 的真理 ✓\checkmark Maintaining free-will and individualism ✓\checkmark 坚持自由意志和个人主义
举例: >> A wounded hero confronts all the difficulties of the situation with his dignity and courage.(In Our Times-Nick Adams) >> 受伤的英雄以尊严和勇气面对所有困境。(《我们的时代》——尼克·亚当斯) >> A group of wandering,amusing and aimless people caught in the war.(The Sun Also Rises-The Lost Generation) >> 一群在战争中迷茫、滑稽且无目的游荡的人。(《太阳照常升起》-迷失的一代)
-Man suffers both physically and mentally,and is doomed to suffer,refute God's kindness to man.(A Farewell to Arms -Frederick Henry) -人类在身体和精神上都受苦,注定要受苦,反驳上帝对人类的仁慈。(《永别了,武器》-弗雷德里克·亨利)
-Proves life's worth and there are causes worth dying for.(For Whom the Bell Tolls-Robert Jordan) -证明生命的价值,存在值得为之而死的事业。(《丧钟为谁而鸣》-罗伯特·乔丹) >> Shows great respect for the struggle of mankind against unconquerable natural forces,though only a partial victory is possible.He is with the honesty,the discipline,and the restraint.Man always fights a losing battle of life,but never loses dignity.Man can be physically destroyed,but never defeated spiritually.(The Old Man and the Sea-Santiago) >> 对人类与不可征服的自然力量斗争表现出极大的尊重,尽管只能取得部分胜利。他拥有诚实、纪律和克制。人类总是在生命中进行一场注定失败的战斗,但从不失去尊严。人可以被身体摧毁,但精神永远不会被击败。(《老人与海》-圣地亚哥)
-Man of courage,and masculinity and inflexible heroism.(The Undefeated) -勇敢、阳刚和坚定不移的英雄气概之人。(《不败者》)
The"Nada"Concept:"Nada"("nothing") “虚无”概念:“虚无”(“nothing”)
In the last part of the short story A Clean and Well-lighted Place,there is an evaluation about nada:"It was not fear or dread ...It was all nothing and a man was nothing too...Some lived in it and never felt it,but he knew it all was nada... Hail nothing full of nothing,nothing is whit thee." 在短篇小说《一个干净而明亮的地方》的最后部分,有关于虚无的评价:“这不是恐惧或害怕……这全是虚无,一个人也是虚无……有些人生活在其中却从未感受到它,但他知道这一切都是虚无……虚无啊,充满虚无,虚无与你同在。”
举例: >> Man is born into a naturalistic and indifferent universe that has no purpose,meaning,order,or value >> 人生于一个自然主义且冷漠的宇宙,这个宇宙没有目的、意义、秩序或价值 >>"Nada"is then focused on man's confrontation with the absence of God,indifference and hostility of the universe, absence of purpose,order,meaning,value >> “虚无”随后聚焦于人与上帝缺席、宇宙的冷漠与敌意、目的缺失、秩序缺失、意义缺失、价值缺失的对抗 >> Death is inevitable and ever present >> 死亡是不可避免且无处不在的
-Darkness and Disorder means chaos,"unknowability",and hostility of universe. -黑暗与混乱意味着混沌、“不可知性”以及宇宙的敌意。
-War or"violent encounter"is ever-present pain and death -战争或“暴力冲突”是无时无刻不在的痛苦与死亡
-Bad Nerves-the recognition of"nada"brings on fear,anxiety,\&loss of control -神经紧张-对“虚无”的认知带来恐惧、焦虑和失控感 >> Insomnia in these novels is a symbol of man's attempt to,and his inability to,stop thinking about nada >> 这些小说中的失眠象征着人类试图停止思考虚无却无能为力的挣扎 >> Despair represents absence of hope and confidence >> 绝望代表希望和信心的缺失
Grace under pressure:The Hemingway Code 压力下的优雅:海明威准则
"Grace under pressure"is an outstanding virtue of Hemingway's heroes,which best sums up his philosophical attitude toward life.Almost all his heroes are"soldiers"either in a narrow or broad sense.They are out there to fight against nature or the world,or even themselves.But no matter where the battleground is and how tragic the ending is,they will never be defeated.Finally,they will prevail because of their indestructible spirit and unquenchable courage.Although life “压力下的优雅”是海明威英雄们的杰出美德,这最好地总结了他对生活的哲学态度。几乎所有他的英雄都是“士兵”,无论是狭义还是广义。他们在那里与自然或世界,甚至与自己作战。但无论战场在哪里,结局多么悲惨,他们永远不会被打败。最终,他们将凭借坚不可摧的精神和不灭的勇气获胜。尽管生活是悲剧性的,但没有什么比生活更美好。
is tragic,there is nothing better than life.Since"grace under pressure"is often the focus of attention in Hemingway's works,it is preferably referred to by the critical world as"The Hemingway Code",to highlight this particular and typical life attitude. 由于“压力下的优雅”常常是海明威作品关注的焦点,批评界更愿意称之为“海明威准则”,以突出这种特殊且典型的生活态度。
举例:
-The Old Man and the Sea-while Santiago is struggling to fight off the sharks who are tearing apart the magnificent fish he has caught,he thinks to himself:"Man is not made for defeats.A man can be destroyed but not defeated." ——《老人与海》——当圣地亚哥奋力抵抗撕裂他所捕获的壮丽大鱼的鲨鱼时,他心想:“人不是为失败而生的。人可以被毁灭,但不能被打败。” >> The Sun Also Rises-Jake Barnes says,"I did not care what(the world)was all about.All I wanted to know was how to live in it." ——《太阳照常升起》——杰克·巴恩斯说:“我不在乎(这个世界)到底是什么。我只想知道如何在其中生活。”
-For Whom the Bell Tolls-Robert Jordan knows that death is not to be feared if he can live his life to the fullest during the 72 hours he has with the Spanish Loyalists;it could mean the same as a full life of 72 years. -《丧钟为谁而鸣》-罗伯特·乔丹知道,如果他能在与西班牙忠诚派共度的 72 小时内充分活出生命,那么死亡就不值得害怕;这可能与 72 年的完整人生意义相同。
-Across the River and into the Trees-Richard Cantwell struggles to maintain dignity in the face of impending death. (海明威的术语固然很重要,但举例部分大家只要能围绕你熟悉 or 真题考过的作品分析就可以了。另外,以上三个术语只是海明威作品中反复出现的元素的不同定义:"海明威式英雄"是海明威作品中反复出现的人物,"重压下的优雅"或"海明威准则/海明威硬汉英雄准则"是这些人物的座右铭和行动准则,"奈达理论"是背后的哲学思想。在明确以上术语的关系的基础上,积累你觉得用着通顺的表达就可以了,并不需要"每一个都背"(の・•・の)()
23.How does The Old Man and The Sea exemplify the"Hemingway Code"?(2018 人大) 23.《老人与海》如何体现“海明威准则”?(2018 人大)
The"Hemingway code"of manhood does not involve mere physical strength,sexual potency,or ability to accumulate (or spend)wealth.According to this code,a man is defined by will,pride,and endurance:the endurance to accept pain,even loss-when the loss cannot be avoided;The pride of knowing that one has done one's best,with the courage to act truly according to one's own nature;and the will to face defeat or victory without whining on one hand or boasting on the other. Santiago the fisherman certainly does embody this code,which is essentially one of dignity rather than"success"of any sort.Santiago,indeed,despite his age and poverty,is a"man"in the fullest sense of the word.Although his strength is gone (he is no longer"the Champion"who defeated the Negro in the"hand game"),his endurance and willed courage permit him to conquer the marlin.Even faced with defeat,he does not quit;knowing that he has no chance against the sharks,for example,he continues the struggle against them."A man may be destroyed,but not defeated,"says Santiago;and this-in spiritual terms-is the essential truth of the"Hemingway Code." “海明威的男子气概准则”并不仅仅涉及体力、性能力或积累(或花费)财富的能力。根据这一准则,一个男人是由意志、骄傲和忍耐力定义的:忍受痛苦,甚至是无法避免的失落的忍耐力;知道自己已经尽力而为的骄傲,以及按照自己本性真实行动的勇气;还有面对失败或胜利时既不抱怨也不自夸的意志。渔夫圣地亚哥无疑体现了这一准则,这本质上是一种尊严,而非任何形式的“成功”。圣地亚哥,尽管年老且贫穷,确实是“男人”一词的完整体现。虽然他的力量已不复存在(他不再是那个在“手游戏”中击败黑人冠军的人),但他的忍耐力和坚强的勇气使他征服了马林鱼。即使面对失败,他也不放弃;例如,明知自己无法战胜鲨鱼,他仍继续与之抗争。“一个人可能被毁灭,但不会被打败,”圣地亚哥说;这——从精神层面来说——就是“海明威准则”的核心真理。
(这道题的答案和下面"In what way does Santiago relate to other Hemingway heroes?"答案通用) (这道题的答案与下面“圣地亚哥与其他海明威英雄有何关联?”的答案通用)
24.In what way does Santiago relate to other Hemingway heroes? 24.圣地亚哥与其他海明威笔下的英雄有何关联?
Despite the fact that Santiago is an old man,with the days of his strength and youth behind him,he shares many characteristics with other Hemingway heroes-characteristics which for Hemingway were essential aspects of heroism itself.First,of course,there is the"trinity of values"which Hemingway admired(indeed,worshipped)all his life:will, pride,and endurance.These three qualities in turn enable a man to maintain his initiative,to shape action and choice according to his own will,to set up a ritual of life-and death-and so provide a frame-work of form about what would otherwise be a meaningless and chaotic universe. 尽管圣地亚哥是个老人,力量和青春的日子已成过去,他仍与其他海明威的英雄共享许多特质——这些特质对海明威来说是英雄主义本身的核心方面。首先,当然是海明威一生所钦佩(甚至崇拜)的“三位一体价值观”:意志、自尊和忍耐。这三种品质使人能够保持主动权,根据自己的意志塑造行动和选择,建立生与死的仪式,从而为原本无意义且混乱的宇宙提供一个形式上的框架
Even in his early books,the definition of manhood was for Hemingway a matter of this initiative,an ability(through willed endurance)to set up a code or ritual of action.In The Sun Also Rises,for example,it is Jake Barnes and Pedro the matador who emerge as men,while Robert Cohn-despite his strength and wealth-is little more than an overgrown boy. All of Hemingway s heroes are heroic in the direct ratio to their ability to control,to endure;and in this respect,Santiago represents a continuation rather than a departure from the Hemingway Code. 即使在他早期的作品中,海明威对男子气概的定义也是关于这种主动性,一种通过意志的忍耐来建立一套行为准则或仪式的能力。例如,在《太阳照常升起》中,杰克·巴恩斯和斗牛士佩德罗显现为真正的男人,而罗伯特·科恩——尽管他强壮且富有——不过是个长不大的孩子。海明威所有的英雄人物,其英雄气概都与他们控制和忍耐的能力成正比;在这方面,圣地亚哥代表的是对海明威准则的延续,而非背离。
Santiago,furthermore,is-like other Hemingway protagonists-unwilling,and perhaps unable,to pursue ultimate metaphysical or intellectual problems.When Santiago asks himself whether he has the"right"to kill the marlin,or even the noble Make shark,his only answer is that such questions are too difficult to manage,and that he must concentrate on the "work"-the action,or the killing,itself.In this sense,Santiago represents the"Hemingway retreat"no less than the 此外,圣地亚哥像其他海明威的主角一样,不愿意,也许无法去追求终极的形而上学或智力问题。当圣地亚哥问自己是否有“权利”杀死马林鱼,甚至是高贵的马凯鲨时,他唯一的回答是这些问题太难处理,他必须专注于“工作”——行动本身,或者说杀戮本身。从这个意义上说,圣地亚哥代表了“海明威的退却”,这并不亚于…
"Hemingway Code";for the code itself does represent a retreat from all complexities,to those areas in which action can be defined on its own terms,and in which the justification for action need not be examined at all. “海明威准则”;因为这个准则本身确实代表了一种对所有复杂性的退却,退回到那些行动可以按其自身条款定义的领域,在这些领域中,行动的正当性根本无需被审视。
Santiago differs from a protagonist like Robert Jordan(in For Whom the Bell Tolls)chiefly in his refusal to attempt to rely upon social or political sloganeering to justify the action,or the killing,in which he is involved.But both in his virtues(will, pride,endurance)and in his limitations(an avoidance of all complexity and reduction of human motivation to self-contained action and ritual)Santiago remains a hero cut to the pattern which Hemingway followed throughout his career. 圣地亚哥与像《丧钟为谁而鸣》中的主人公罗伯特·乔丹的主要区别在于,他拒绝试图依靠社会或政治口号来为他所参与的行动或杀戮辩护。但无论是在他的美德(意志、骄傲、忍耐)还是局限(回避所有复杂性,将人类动机简化为自我封闭的行动和仪式)方面,圣地亚哥依然是一个符合海明威贯穿其职业生涯所遵循模式的英雄。
25.What meaning do you attach to the"young lions"of Santiago's dream? 25.你如何理解圣地亚哥梦中的“年轻狮子”?
As we have indicated,one of the major characteristics of literary symbol is that no single"meaning"can be attached or "fixed"to the symbol itself-at least not absolutely,to the complete exclusion of other possibilities.For this reason,it is very difficult-and perhaps not even desirable-to fix one"meaning"to the symbol of the young lions in Santiago s dream. As a symbol,however,the image of the young lions communicates a particular quality of emotion which serves to complement the theme of the novel-and the nobility of Santiago himself.This emotion is one of grandeur,of simplicity of power without meanness,and of the eternal-that is,the timeless-youth which Santiago represents.It is,in short,fitting that Santiago should dream of lions-rather than of wealth,or violence,or women;The"old man"of Hemingway s novel is eternally young even in his great age,and his young is of the spirit rather than of the flesh. 正如我们所指出的,文学象征的一个主要特征是,不能将单一的“意义”附加或“固定”在象征本身——至少不能绝对地排除其他可能性。因此,要为圣地亚哥梦中的年轻狮子这一象征确定一个“意义”是非常困难的——甚至可能也不值得这样做。然而,作为一个象征,年轻狮子的形象传达了一种特定的情感品质,这种情感补充了小说的主题——以及圣地亚哥本人的高贵。这种情感是一种宏伟感,是一种没有卑鄙的纯粹力量的简单感,是永恒的——也就是圣地亚哥所代表的超越时间的青春。简言之,圣地亚哥梦见狮子是恰当的——而不是财富、暴力或女人;海明威小说中的“老头”即使在高龄也永远年轻,他的年轻是精神上的,而非肉体上的。
26.Style of Hemingway: 26.海明威的风格:
Iceberg"analogy-According to Hemingway,good literary writing should be able to make readers feel the emotion of the characters directly and the best way to produce the effect is to set down exactly every particular kind of feeling without any authorial comments,without conventionally emotive language,and with a bare minimum of adjectives and adverbs. "The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water" 冰山类比——根据海明威的观点,优秀的文学写作应能让读者直接感受到人物的情感,而产生这种效果的最佳方式是准确地描写每一种具体的感受,不加任何作者的评论,不使用传统的感情色彩语言,并且尽量少用形容词和副词。“冰山的庄重之美,正是因为只有八分之一露出水面。”
Seemingly simple and natural,Hemingway's style is actually polished and tightly controlled,but highly suggestive and connotative.While rendering vividly the outward physical events and sensations Hemingway expresses the meaning of the story and conveys the complex emotions of his characters with a considerable range and astonishing intensity of feeling. Besides,Hemingway develops the style of colloquialism initiated by Mark Twain.The accents and mannerisms of human speech are so well presented that the characters are full of flesh and blood and the use of short,simple and conventional words and sentences has an effect of clearness,terseness and great care.This ruthless economy in his writing stands as a maxim:"Less is more."No wonder Hemingway was highly praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for"his powerful style-forming mastery of the art"of creating modern fiction. 海明威的文风看似简单自然,实则经过精心打磨和严格控制,却极具暗示性和内涵。在生动描绘外在的物理事件和感官体验的同时,海明威表达了故事的意义,并以相当广泛且惊人的情感强度传达了人物复杂的情感。此外,海明威发展了马克·吐温开创的口语化风格。人物的口音和言谈举止表现得淋漓尽致,使角色鲜活有血有肉,而短小、简单且常规的词句使用则带来了清晰、简洁和极度考究的效果。他写作中这种无情的节约原则成为一条格言:“少即是多。”难怪海明威因“他强有力的风格——对现代小说艺术的驾驭能力”而受到诺贝尔奖委员会的高度赞扬
His sentences are simple and short but heavily loaded with meaning,which gives an impression of intensity and dynamism.He prefers active verbs to static ones so as to create the effect of vitality.Besides,his diction is plain and elemental,full of monosyllabic words and his dialogues are stripped off unnecessary adjectives or adverbs.In this respect, Hemingway is indebted to Ezra Pound and the Imagist poetry.Furthermore,the simplicity of his syntax parallels the other simplicity,that is,he often uses ungrammatical but intelligible sentences,repetitions,as colloquial speech often does,to intimate actuality. 他的句子简洁短小,却蕴含丰富的意义,给人一种强烈而充满活力的印象。他偏爱使用主动动词而非静态动词,以营造生命力的效果。此外,他的用词朴素而基本,充满了单音节词汇,他的对话也去除了不必要的形容词或副词。在这方面,海明威受益于埃兹拉·庞德和意象派诗歌的影响。此外,他句法的简洁与另一种简洁相呼应,即他经常使用不合语法但易于理解的句子、重复,就像口语常有的那样,以暗示现实感
Irony is an outstanding and conspicuous feature of Hemingway's art,because he has transformed it into a philosophical approach towards life.In a broader sense,irony can be compared to a gap between expectation and fulfillment,intention and consequence,the way things ought to be and the way things actually are.In almost all his great novels,there is always a discrepancy between what people want things to be and what things really are.For example,Frederick Henry wants to live a peaceful life with Catherine in Switzerland,but Catherine dies in childbirth and leaves Frederick alone.Santiago catches a huge marlin,but he only has its skeleton to prove his courage.Hemingway's subtle irony actually reveals a universal truth, that is,life is a great irony,and no one can escape the obligations imposed by human life.Every man has to face the harsh realities and endure them,and every man must take an optimistic view towards the irony of life. 讽刺是海明威艺术中一个杰出而显著的特征,因为他将其转化为一种哲学上的生活态度。从更广泛的意义上讲,讽刺可以被比作期望与实现、意图与结果、事物应有的样子与实际样子之间的差距。在他几乎所有的伟大小说中,总是存在人们希望事物成为什么样子与事物实际是什么样子之间的差异。例如,弗雷德里克·亨利想和凯瑟琳在瑞士过平静的生活,但凯瑟琳在分娩时去世,留下弗雷德里克孤身一人。圣地亚哥捕获了一条巨大的马林鱼,但他只有鱼骨架来证明他的勇气。海明威微妙的讽刺实际上揭示了一个普遍的真理,那就是生活本身就是一个巨大的讽刺,没有人能逃脱人类生活所赋予的责任。每个人都必须面对严酷的现实并忍受它们,每个人都必须以乐观的态度看待生活的讽刺。
27.The South:(地区) 27.南方:(地区) ✓\checkmark The Deep South:South Carolina,Georgia,Florida,Alabama,Tennessee,Mississippi,Louisiana ✓\checkmark 深南部:南卡罗来纳州、乔治亚州、佛罗里达州、阿拉巴马州、田纳西州、密西西比州、路易斯安那州 ✓\checkmark The extended South,including also the border states such as Kentucky,Maryland,North Carolina,Virginia,West Virginia,Arkansas and Texas ✓\checkmark 扩展南方,还包括边境州如肯塔基州、马里兰州、北卡罗来纳州、弗吉尼亚州、西弗吉尼亚州、阿肯色州和德克萨斯州
The Southern Renaissance(2005年 北语真题 术语解释)
背景:
Agrarian,the aristocratic plantation system,the cavalier tradition,institution of slavery 农业社会,贵族种植园制度,骑士传统,奴隶制度
Little popular education,art and literature 很少有大众教育,艺术和文学
The Civil War and Reconstruction 内战与重建
The abolition of slavery and the new status of blacks 奴隶制的废除与黑人新地位
A history of decline and losing glory since industrialization and Civil War,sense of frustration and destruction,conflict and the new values 自工业化和内战以来的衰落和失去荣耀的历史,挫败感与毁灭感,冲突与新价值观
定义:The Southern Renaissance was the reinvigoration of American southern literature that began in the 1920s and 1930s with the appearance of writers such as William Faulkner,Tennessee Williams,and Mary Flannery O'Conner,Caroline Gordon,Katherine Anne Porter,and Robert Penn Warren and others. 定义:南方文艺复兴是指 20 世纪 20 至 30 年代美国南方文学的复兴,代表作家有威廉·福克纳、田纳西·威廉斯、玛丽·弗兰纳里·奥康纳、卡罗琳·戈登、凯瑟琳·安妮·波特、罗伯特·彭·沃伦等人。
简而言之:Southern literature can be defined as literature about the South,written by authors who were raised in the South.历史:In the 20th century,southern literature.Became not only distinguished but very diverse,yet it has often rooted its works in the south.By 1920's,a literary movement known as the Southern Renaissance emerged.There was a domination of southern literature for at least 4 decades in American Literature. 简而言之:南方文学可以定义为关于南方的文学,由在南方长大的作家创作。历史:20 世纪,南方文学不仅变得卓越且多样,但其作品常根植于南方。到了 1920 年代,一场被称为南方文艺复兴的文学运动兴起。南方文学在美国文学中至少主导了四十年
主题:The first was the burden of history in a place where many people still remembered slavery,Reconstruction,and a devastating military defeat.The second theme was to focus on the South's conservative culture,specifically on how an individual could exist without losing a sense of identity in a region where family,religion,and community were more highly valued than one's personal and social life.The final theme that the renaissance writers approached was the South's troubled history in regard to racial issues. 主题:第一个主题是历史的重负,在一个许多人仍记得奴隶制、重建时期以及一次毁灭性军事失败的地方。第二个主题是关注南方的保守文化,特别是个人如何在一个家庭、宗教和社区比个人和社会生活更被重视的地区保持自我认同感。文艺复兴时期的作家们探讨的最后一个主题是南方在种族问题上的动荡历史
其他主题关键词:
Aristocratic life on the plantation 种植园上的贵族生活
The American Civil war 美国内战
Prosperity before the Civil War 内战前的繁荣
The lost glory 失落的荣耀
The Reconstruction 重建时期
The significance of family,religion,and community 家庭、宗教和社区的重要性
Conflict between old and new values \&morals,changes brought about by industrialization,decline of the past tradition 旧价值观与新价值观\&道德的冲突,工业化带来的变化,过去传统的衰落
The racial issues:slavery and the superiority of the white 种族问题:奴隶制与白人优越论
代表:
Ellen Glasgow,precursor to the movement 埃伦·格拉斯哥,运动的先驱
William Faulkner,the most important figure 威廉·福克纳,最重要的人物
Katherine Anne Porter,Eudora Welt,Carson McCullers(the 1930s) 凯瑟琳·安妮·波特,尤多拉·韦尔特,卡森·麦卡勒斯(1930 年代)
Tennessee Williams,Flannery O'Conner(postwar period) 田纳西·威廉斯,弗兰纳里·奥康纳(战后时期)
28.Yoknapatawpha County(2006 首师) 28.约克纳帕塔法县(2006 首师)
定义:A fictional county(虚构世界)in northern Mississippi(现实背景),the setting for most of William Faulkner's(代表) novels and short stories,and patterned upon Faulkner's actual home in Lafayette County,Mississippi. 定义:一个虚构的县(虚构世界),位于密西西比州北部(现实背景),是威廉·福克纳(代表)大部分小说和短篇故事的背景,且以福克纳在密西西比州拉斐特县的实际家乡为蓝本。
With his rich imagination,Faulkner turned the land,the people and the history of the region into a literary creation and a mythical kingdom.The Yoknapatawpha stories deal,generally,with the historical period from the Civil War up to the 1920s 凭借丰富的想象力,福克纳将这片土地、这里的人们及其历史转化为文学创作和神话王国。约克纳帕塔法的故事大致涉及从内战时期到 1920 年代的历史阶段,
when the First World War broke out,and people of stratified society,the aristocrats,the new rich,the poor white,and the blacks.As a result,Yoknapatawpha County has become an allegory or a parable of the Old South,with which Faulkner has managed successfully to show a panorama of the experience and consciousness of the whole Southern society. 即第一次世界大战爆发时,以及分层社会中的人们:贵族、新富阶层、贫穷的白人和黑人。因此,约克纳帕塔法县成为了旧南方的寓言或比喻,福克纳成功地借此展现了整个南方社会的经历和意识全景
(对比记忆:Wessex Novels 性格环境小说)
29.William Faulkner's writing features(2020 北交 2018 兰大) 29.威廉·福克纳的写作特点(2020 北交 2018 兰大) ✓\checkmark Faulkner made frequent use of"stream of consciousness"in his writing,and wrote often highly emotional,subtle, complex,and sometimes Gothic or grotesque stories of a wide variety of characters including former slaves or descendants of slaves,poor white,agrarian,or working-class southerners,and Southern aristocrats.意识流 ✓\checkmark 福克纳在写作中经常使用“意识流”,并且常写情感丰富、细腻、复杂,有时带有哥特式或怪诞色彩的故事,涉及各种各样的人物,包括前奴隶或奴隶后代、贫穷的白人、农业或工人阶级的南方人,以及南方贵族。 ✓\checkmark He explains the present by examining the past,by telling the stories of several generations of family to show how history changes life.He was interested in the relationship between blacks and whites,especially concerned about the problems of the people who were of the mixed race of black and white,unacceptable to both races.Deterioration is common in these big southern families,not only in terms of physically,but spiritually.He mainly concerned the conflicts between generations,classes,races,man and environment.Thus,horror,violence and the abnormal is everywhere in his novels.历史与种族 ✓\checkmark 他通过回顾过去来解释现在,通过讲述几代家族的故事来展示历史如何改变生活。他关注黑人与白人之间的关系,尤其关心那些黑人与白人混血的人们所面临的问题,这些人在两个种族中都不被接受。这些南方大家族中常见衰败,不仅是身体上的,更是精神上的。他主要关注代际、阶级、种族、人类与环境之间的冲突。因此,恐怖、暴力和异常现象在他的小说中随处可见 ✓\checkmark Withdrawal of the author as a controlling narrator:To him,the primary duty of a writer was to explore and represent the infinite possibilities inherent in human life.Therefore a writer should observe with no judgment whatsoever and reduce authorial intrusion to the lowest minimum.叙事者 ✓\checkmark 作者作为控制叙事者的撤退:对他来说,作家的主要职责是探索和呈现人类生命中固有的无限可能性。因此,作家应毫无评判地观察,并将作者的介入降至最低限度。叙事者 ✓\checkmark Dislocation of the narrative time:The most characteristic way of structuring his stories is to fragment the chronological time.He deliberately broke up the chronology of his narrative by juxtaposing the past with the present,in the way the montage does in a movie.打破时间概念 ✓\checkmark 叙事时间的错位:他构建故事的最典型方式是打碎时间的顺序。他有意通过将过去与现在并置,像电影中的蒙太奇一样,打破叙事的时间顺序。打破时间概念 ✓\checkmark Multiple points of view:The employment of several narrators or narrative points of views to tell a story 多重视角 ✓\checkmark 多重视角:采用多个叙述者或叙事视角来讲述故事 多重视角 ✓\checkmark The other narrative techniques he used to construct his stories include symbolism and mythological and biblical allusions.神话与象征 ✓\checkmark 他用来构建故事的其他叙事技巧包括象征主义以及神话和圣经典故。神话与象征
30.The analysis of The Sound and the Fury(2012 人大) 30.《喧哗与骚动》的分析(2012 人大)
主要情节:
The Compsons used to be a prominent family in the town of Jefferson 康普森一家曾是杰斐逊镇的显赫家族
Caddy's pregnancy 凯蒂的怀孕
Quentin's suicide 昆汀的自杀
Caddy was disowned 凯迪被逐出家门
Little Quentin raised by Dilsey 小昆廷由迪尔西抚养
Mr Quention died of alcoholism 昆廷先生死于酗酒
Jason became the head of the Compsons household 杰森成为康普森家的家长
Miss Quentin-unhappy,rebellious,promiscuous girl,ran away with a man from the travelling show总结版: 昆廷小姐——不幸、叛逆、放荡的女孩,跟随一个巡回演出团的男子私奔总结版:
Caddy—堕落:体现了南方传统道德的崩溃
Quiten—自杀:贵族后裔的无能与软弱
Benjy—白痴:贵族的迷乱与衰败
Jason—拜金:北方资产者在南方的奴仆
主题: ✓quad\checkmark \quad Deterioration from the past to the present ✓quad\checkmark \quad 从过去到现在的恶化 ✓\checkmark Spiritual Paralysis which characterizes modern life stems from the loss of love and want of emotional response. ✓\checkmark 现代生活的精神麻痹源于爱情的丧失和情感反应的缺乏。
技巧:
Stream of consciousness and interior monologue: 意识流和内心独白:
Telling a story by recording the thought of one character,describing the mental and emotional reactions of characters to external events,rather than the events themselves,without regard to logical argument or narrative sequence Words are often run together,with no capitalization and no proper punctuation 通过记录一个角色的思想来讲述故事,描述角色对外部事件的心理和情感反应,而不是事件本身,不考虑逻辑论证或叙事顺序。词语常常连写,没有大写和正确的标点。
Variety of language usage:ranging from colloquial to regional dialects,covering a variety of"registers"of the English language. 语言使用多样:从口语到地区方言,涵盖英语的多种“语域”。
Multiple narrators:multiple points of view 多重叙述者:多视角。
Showing within the same story different reactions to the same person or the same situation,giving the story a circular form rather than a linear structure 在同一故事中展示对同一人物或同一情境的不同反应,使故事呈现循环形式而非线性结构
Disruption of time sequence 时间顺序的中断
Myth Model 神话模型
Open ending 开放式结局
31.Emily in A Rose for Emily 31.《艾米丽的玫瑰》中的艾米丽
关键表达:
A living monument,dead while alive-a symbol of tradition 一个活着的纪念碑,活着却已死去——传统的象征
She is obstinate,isolated,asocial,refusing modern changes,twisted in personality,eccentric. 她固执、孤立、孤僻,拒绝现代变革,性格扭曲,古怪。
A Victim of southern aristocratic traditions,alone,penniless,innocent,longing for love,defying conventions- deserving sympathy,a tragic character 作为南方贵族传统的牺牲品,孤独、身无分文、纯真,渴望爱情,反抗世俗——值得同情的悲剧人物。
详细版:
Emily is the classic outsider,controlling and limiting the town's access to her true identity by remaining hidden.The house that shields Emily from the world suggests the mind of the woman who inhabits it:shuttered,dusty,and dark.The object of the town's intense scrutiny,Emily is a muted and mysterious figure.On one level,she exhibits the qualities of the stereotypical southern"eccentric":unbalanced,excessively tragic,and subject to bizarre behavior.Emily enforces her own sense of law and conduct,such as when she refuses to pay her taxes or state her purpose for buying the poison.Emily also skirts the law when she refuses to have numbers attached to her house when federal mail service is instituted.Her dismissal of the law eventually takes on more sinister consequences,as she takes the life of the man whom she refuses to allow to abandon her. 艾米莉是典型的局外人,通过隐藏自己,控制并限制小镇对她真实身份的了解。保护艾米莉免受外界侵扰的房子,暗示了居住者的内心世界:紧闭的百叶窗、布满灰尘且阴暗。作为小镇严密关注的对象,艾米莉是一个沉默而神秘的人物。在某种程度上,她展现了典型南方“怪人”的特质:精神失衡、过于悲剧化且行为怪异。艾米莉执行自己的法律和行为准则,比如拒绝缴纳税款或说明购买毒药的目的。当联邦邮政服务推行时,她也拒绝在房屋上挂上门牌号,规避法律。她对法律的蔑视最终带来了更为险恶的后果,因为她夺去了那个拒绝离开她的男人的生命
The narrator portrays Emily as a monument,but at the same time she is pitied and often irritating,demanding to live life on her own terms.The subject of gossip and speculation,the townspeople cluck their tongues at the fact that she accepts Homer's attentions with no firm wedding plans.After she purchases the poison,the townspeople conclude that she will kill herself.Emily's instabilities,however,lead her in a different direction,and the final scene of the story suggests that she is a necrophiliac.Necrophilia(恋尸癖)typically means a sexual attraction to dead bodies.In a broader sense,the term also describes a powerful desire to control another,usually in the context of a romantic or deeply personal relationship. Necrophiliacs tend to be so controlling in their relationships that they ultimately resort to bonding with unresponsive entities with no resistance or will-in other words,with dead bodies.Mr.Grierson controlled Emily,and after his death,Emily temporarily controls him by refusing to give up his dead body.She ultimately transfers this control to Homer,the object of her affection.Unable to find a traditional way to express her desire to possess Homer,Emily takes his life to achieve total power over him. 叙述者将艾米丽描绘成一座纪念碑,但同时她令人同情且常常令人恼火,要求按照自己的方式生活。作为八卦和猜测的对象,镇上的人们对她接受霍默的追求却没有明确的婚约计划感到咂舌。在她购买毒药后,镇上的人们断定她会自杀。然而,艾米丽的不稳定性将她引向了不同的方向,故事的最后一幕暗示她是一个恋尸癖者。恋尸癖通常指对尸体的性吸引。从更广义上讲,这个词也描述了一种强烈的控制欲,通常出现在浪漫或深刻的个人关系中。恋尸癖者往往在关系中控制欲极强,最终诉诸于与无反应、无抵抗意志的实体建立联系——换句话说,就是与尸体建立联系。格里尔森先生控制了艾米丽,而在他去世后,艾米丽通过拒绝交出他的尸体暂时控制了他。她最终将这种控制转移给了霍默,她的爱慕对象。无法找到传统方式表达对霍默的占有欲,艾米丽选择了结束他的生命以.. 对他实现完全的控制。
32.Meaning of the title of A Rose for Emily. 32.《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》标题的含义。
Faulkner himself explained the meaning of the title as"an allegorical title;the meaning was,here was a woman who had had a tragedy,an irrevocable tragedy and nothing could be done about it,and I pitied her,and this was a salute...to a woman you would hand a rose."It is the writer's way of expressing condolences to Emily's tragedy. 福克纳本人解释标题的含义是“一个寓言式的标题;意思是,这里有一个经历了悲剧、无法挽回的悲剧的女人,且对此无能为力,我为她感到惋惜,这是一种致敬……向这样一位女人献上一朵玫瑰。”这是作者对艾米丽悲剧的慰问方式。
The rose is also a comparison to Emily's life.She grows up in a comfortable environment,which caused Emily's high 玫瑰也象征着艾米丽的生活。她在一个舒适的环境中长大,这导致了艾米丽的高贵
self-redeem and rigidity .Like the most beautiful rose in a garden,she is too proud of herself to leave a normal life as other people and deny her high status which only exists in her thinking.She refuses to pay taxes,ignores town gossip that she is a fallen woman.She is a victim of the family because she suffers from a lack of genuine love and care,and her stubbornness is caused by her father's overprotective treatment when she is young. 自我救赎与固执。就像花园中最美丽的玫瑰,她过于自负,不愿过普通人的生活,也不承认那只存在于她脑海中的高贵身份。她拒绝缴税,无视镇上的流言蜚语,说她是个堕落的女人。她是家庭的受害者,因为她缺乏真正的爱与关怀,而她的固执则源于父亲在她年幼时过度保护的对待。
Rose symbolizes love.In her life,she lacks love and desires to have one.She is determined that Homer is her true love to rescue her from her fear of being alone.But the passionate love only results in her murdering of Homer Baron.A"rose" is what her searches for in her life but till the day she die,she never has one. 玫瑰象征着爱。在她的生活中,她缺乏爱并渴望拥有爱。她坚信霍默是真爱,能拯救她摆脱孤独的恐惧。但这段热烈的爱情最终导致她谋杀了霍默·巴伦。她一生所追寻的“玫瑰”,直到死去那天,也未曾拥有过。
(注:也可以用来回答 rose 的基本含义)
33.Theme of A Rose for Emily. 33.《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》的主题。
Tradition versus Change 传统与变革
Through the mysterious figure of Emily Grierson,Faulkner conveys the struggle that comes from trying to maintain tradition in the face of widespread,radical change.Jefferson is at a crossroads,embracing a modern,more commercial future while still perched on the edge of the past,from the faded glory of the Grierson home to the town cemetery where anonymous Civil War soldiers have been laid to rest.Emily herself is a tradition,steadfastly staying the same over the years despite many changes in her community.She is in many ways a mixed blessing.As a living monument to the past,she represents the traditions that people wish to respect and honor;however,she is also a burden and entirely cut off from the outside world,nursing eccentricities that others cannot understand. 通过神秘的艾米丽·格里尔森这一人物,福克纳传达了在广泛而激进的变革面前努力维持传统的挣扎。杰斐逊正处于十字路口,既拥抱现代、更商业化的未来,又依然停留在过去的边缘——从格里尔森家那褪色的辉煌到镇上的墓地,那里安葬着无名的南北战争士兵。艾米丽本人就是一种传统,多年来坚定不移地保持着不变,尽管她的社区发生了许多变化。她在许多方面是一种复杂的存在。作为过去的活纪念碑,她代表着人们希望尊重和纪念的传统;然而,她也是一种负担,完全与外界隔绝,怀抱着别人无法理解的怪癖
Emily lives in a timeless vacuum and world of her own making.Refusing to have metallic numbers affixed to the side of her house when the town receives modern mail service,she is out of touch with the reality that constantly threatens to break through her carefully sealed perimeters.Garages and cotton gins have replaced the grand antebellum homes.The aldermen try to break with the unofficial agreement about taxes once forged between Colonel Sartoris and Emily.This new and younger generation of leaders brings in Homer's company to pave the sidewalks.Although Jefferson still highly regards traditional notions of honor and reputation,the narrator is critical of the old men in their Confederate uniforms who gather for Emily's funeral.For them as for her,time is relative.The past is not a faint glimmer but an ever-present,idealized realm. Emily's macabre bridal chamber is an extreme attempt to stop time and prevent change,although doing so comes at the expense of human life. 艾米莉生活在一个由她自己创造的无时间真空和世界中。当镇上开始使用现代邮政服务时,她拒绝在自己房子的侧面贴上金属门牌号,她与不断威胁突破她精心封闭界限的现实脱节。车库和棉花轧花机取代了宏伟的战前大宅。市议员们试图打破曾由萨托里斯上校和艾米莉之间达成的非正式税收协议。这一代更新、更年轻的领导人引进了霍默的公司来铺设人行道。尽管杰斐逊仍高度重视传统的荣誉和声誉观念,叙述者却批评那些身穿南军制服、聚集在艾米莉葬礼上的老人们。对他们和她来说,时间是相对的。过去不是微弱的闪光,而是一个永远存在的、理想化的领域。艾米莉那阴森的婚房是阻止时间流逝和防止变化的极端尝试,尽管这样做是以牺牲生命为代价的。
The Power of Death 死亡的力量
Death hangs over A Rose for Emily,from the narrator's mention of Emily's death at the beginning of the story through the description of Emily's death-haunted life to the foundering of tradition in the face of modern changes.In every case,death prevails over every attempt to master it.Emily,a fixture in the community,gives in to death slowly.The narrator compares her to a drowned woman,a bloated and pale figure left too long in the water.In the same description,he refers to her small, spare skeleton-she is practically dead on her feet.Emily stands as an emblem of the Old South,a grand lady whose respectability and charm rapidly decline through the years,much like the outdated sensibilities the Griersons represent.The death of the old social order will prevail,despite many townspeople's attempts to stay true to the old ways. 死亡笼罩着《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》,从叙述者在故事开头提到艾米丽的去世,到对她被死亡困扰的一生的描述,再到传统在现代变革面前的崩溃。在每一种情况下,死亡都战胜了所有试图掌控它的努力。艾米丽,作为社区中的一员,缓慢地屈服于死亡。叙述者将她比作一位溺水的女人,一个在水中停留过久而浮肿苍白的身影。在同一描述中,他提到了她那瘦小的骨架——她几乎是站着死去的。艾米丽象征着旧南方,是一位尊贵的女士,她的体面和魅力随着岁月迅速衰退,就像格里尔森家族所代表的过时观念一样。尽管许多镇民试图坚守旧习,旧社会秩序的死亡终将不可避免
Emily attempts to exert power over death by denying the fact of death itself.Her bizarre relationship to the dead bodies of the men she has loved-her necrophilia-is revealed first when her father dies.Unable to admit that he has died,Emily clings to the controlling paternal figure whose denial and control became the only-yet extreme-form of love she knew. She gives up his body only reluctantly.When Homer dies,Emily refuses to acknowledge it once again-although this time, she herself was responsible for bringing about the death.In killing Homer,she was able to keep him near her.However, Homer's lifelessness rendered him permanently distant.Emily and Homer's grotesque marriage reveals Emily's disturbing attempt to fuse life and death.However,death ultimately triumphs. 艾米莉试图通过否认死亡本身的事实来对死亡施加控制。她与所爱之人尸体之间那种怪异的关系——她的恋尸癖——首次在她父亲去世时显现出来。无法承认父亲已经去世,艾米莉紧抓着那个控制欲极强的父亲形象,他的否认和控制成为她所知的唯一——尽管极端——的爱。她勉强才放弃了父亲的尸体。当霍默去世时,艾米莉再次拒绝承认这一事实——尽管这一次,她自己是导致死亡的原因。通过杀死霍默,她得以让他留在自己身边。然而,霍默的无生命状态使他永远变得遥远。艾米莉和霍默那怪诞的婚姻揭示了艾米莉试图融合生与死的令人不安的尝试。然而,死亡最终胜利了。
选段及选段分析:(标下划线的词句为识别标志)
诗歌
1.Ezra Pound 1.埃兹拉·庞德
The apparition of these faces in the crowd: 人群中这些面孔的幻影:
Petals on a wet,black bough. 湿润的黑枝上的花瓣
In a Station of the Metro(2007 兰大) 地铁站的景象(2007 兰大)
Notes:This little poem looks to be a modern adoption of the Japanese haiku. 注释:这首小诗看起来是对日本俳句的现代采纳。
Japanese Haiku:A traditional Japanese haiku is a three-line poem with seventeen syllables,written in a 5//7//55 / 7 / 5 syllable count. Often focusing on images from nature,haiku emphasizes simplicity,intensity,and directness of expression.This philosophy influenced poet Ezra Pound,who noted the power of haiku's brevity and juxtaposed images.He wrote,"The image itself is speech.The image is the word beyond formulated language."The influence of haiku on Pound is most evident in his poem "In a Station of the Metro,"which began as a thirty-line poem,but was eventually pared down to two. 日本俳句:传统的日本俳句是一首三行诗,共十七个音节,按照 5-7-5 的音节数写成。俳句常聚焦于自然景象,强调简洁、强烈和直接的表达。这一理念影响了诗人埃兹拉·庞德,他注意到俳句简洁和并置意象的力量。他写道:“意象本身就是语言。意象是超越成形语言的词语。”俳句对庞德的影响在他的诗《地铁站的景象》中表现得最为明显,这首诗最初有三十行,但最终被删减为两行。
While my hair was still cut straight across my forehead 当我的头发还被剪得齐齐地垂在额头上时
I played about the front gate,pulling flowers. 我在前门玩耍,摘着花朵。
You came by on bamboo stilts,playing horse, 你踩着竹高跷路过,扮马玩耍,
You walked about my seat,playing with blue plums. 你绕着我的座位走,玩弄着青梅。
And we went on living in the village of Chokan: 我们继续生活在竹坎村:
Two small people,without dislike or suspicion. 两个小人,没有厌恶或怀疑。
At fourteen I married My Lord you. 十四岁时我嫁给了我的主你。
I never laughed,being bashful. 我从不笑,因为害羞。
Lowering my head,I looked at the wall. 低下头,我看着墙壁
Called to,a thousand times,I never looked back. 被召唤了,无数次,我从未回头。
The River-Merchant's Wife:A Letter 《河商的妻子:一封信》
2.Robert Frost 2.罗伯特·弗罗斯特
Something there is that doesn't love a wall. 总有些东西不喜欢墙
Good fences make good neighbors. 好篱笆造就好邻居。
Mending Wall 修墙
分析:One possible reading of the poem could be that it is about the sense of alienation inherent in life and human nature. The"I"in the poem feels that he is wiser as he no longer lives in the darkness in which his neighbor is still moving. Actually,the poem hints that the neighbor is the wiser because his experience taught him the paradox of life and human nature:distance makes for closer relationships.Here we recall Benjamin Franklin's almanac adage:"Fish and visitors stink in three days." 分析:这首诗的一种可能解读是,它关于生活和人性中固有的疏离感。诗中的“我”觉得自己更聪明,因为他不再生活在邻居仍在其中活动的黑暗中。实际上,诗中暗示邻居更聪明,因为他的经验教会了他生活和人性的悖论:距离使关系更亲密。在这里,我们想起本杰明·富兰克林的年鉴格言:“鱼和访客三天后都会发臭。”
Some say the world will end in fire, 有人说世界将以火焰终结,
Some say in ice. 有人说是冰。
From what I've tasted of desire 从我尝过的欲望来看
I hold with those who favor fire. 我支持那些喜欢火的人。
But if it had to perish twice, 但如果它必须消亡两次,
I think I know enough of hate 我想我对仇恨已足够了解
To say that for destruction ice 可以说冰
Is also great 同样伟大
And would suffice. 足以毁灭
Fire and Ice 火与冰
分析:The poem was published in 1920.WWI had just end and the poet was probably thinking of man s fate.There have been two opinions on what the world will end in,one is in fire,the other in ice.The poet agrees with the first opinion because he believes that fire is a symbol of desire.But he also thinks that ice is the second danger because it represents hate. Therefore,the world will not merely end in fire(some say that the earth will be burnt up by the sun)or ice(some say that an Ice Age will kill life on the Earth).What is more dangerous is desire and hatred,the two weaknesses of human beings that are as destructive as natural disasters. 分析:这首诗发表于 1920 年。第一次世界大战刚刚结束,诗人可能在思考人类的命运。关于世界将如何终结,有两种观点,一种是火,另一种是冰。诗人同意第一种观点,因为他认为火是欲望的象征。但他也认为冰是第二种危险,因为它代表仇恨。因此,世界不会仅仅以火(有人说地球会被太阳烧毁)或冰(有人说冰河时代会杀死地球上的生命)终结。更危险的是欲望和仇恨,这两种人类的弱点和自然灾害一样具有破坏性。
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, 两条路在一片黄色的树林中分岔,
And sorry I could not travel both 遗憾的是我不能同时踏上这两条路
And be one traveler,long I stood 作为一个旅行者,我久久伫立
And looked down one as far as I could 凝视着其中一条路,尽我所能望得很远
To where it bent in the undergrowth; 直到它在灌木丛中弯曲消失;
Then took the other,as just as fair, 然后选择了另一条,同样美丽,
And having perhaps the better claim, 而且或许更有理由,
Because it was grassy and wanted wear; 因为那里长满了草,鲜有人行;
Though as for that the passing there 虽然就那条路而言,
Had worn them really about the same, 实际上行人走过的次数差不多,
And both that morning equally lay 那天早晨,两条路同样铺满落叶,
In leaves no step had trodden black. 落叶上没有脚步踩出黑痕。
Oh,I kept the first for another day! 哦,我把第一条路留待他日再走!
Yet knowing how way leads on to way, 然而我知道一条路引向另一条,
I doubted if I should ever come back. 我怀疑自己是否还能回来。
I shall be telling this with a sigh 我将叹息着讲述这件事
Somewhere ages and ages hence: 在某个遥远的未来:
Two roads diverged in a wood,and I- 两条路在树林中分岔,而我——
I took the one less traveled by, 我选择了那条人迹罕至的小路,
And that has made all the difference. 这使一切都变得不同。
The Road Not Taken(2013 人大)分析: 《未选择的路》(2013 人大)分析:
This is a much-quoted poem of Frost.It was included in Mountain Interval,the first collection of poems published after Frost returned to America.Actually,it was written in February 1915,just before he was about to go back.He has already won a high reputation in London whereas one of his best friends,Edward Thomas,was involved in the first World War.Frost was very sorrowful and thus recalled his experience four years ago in a New Hampshire forest. 这是弗罗斯特一首被广泛引用的诗。它收录在《山间时光》中,这是弗罗斯特回到美国后出版的第一本诗集。实际上,这首诗写于 1915 年 2 月,就在他准备回国之前。他在伦敦已经赢得了很高的声誉,而他的好友爱德华·托马斯却卷入了第一次世界大战。弗罗斯特感到非常悲伤,因此回忆起四年前在新罕布什尔州森林中的经历
The symbolic meaning of the two divergent roads is rather clear.They represent any important decisions in one's life.His choice of road is a"symbol for any choice in life between alternatives that appear almost equally attractive but will result through the years in a large difference in the kind of experience one knows."The poet asks us to be prudent in making decisions because we will have to take all the consequences later on whatever they will be,because we are not likely to go back to make a choice again. 两条分岔路的象征意义相当明确。它们代表人生中任何重要的抉择。他选择的道路是“象征人生中在看似同样吸引人的备选项之间做出的任何选择,但随着岁月流逝,这些选择会导致截然不同的经历。”诗人提醒我们在做决定时要谨慎,因为无论结果如何,我们都必须承担所有后果,而且我们很可能不会回头再做选择
Two things are worth mentioning in this poem which many people may neglect.First,after hesitating for a long time, the speaker took the road"less traveled by."Although both roads are lovely and attractive,the poet could not take both.But he did not take the one most people would have taken.He chose the one which seemed"grassy and wanted wear."In other words,he chose to be lonely,he chose to pioneer,and he chose to sacrifice.The poet could not help thinking about his own experience,the experience of working hard to become a poet,the experience of keeping all the solitude to himself,and the experience of struggling to get recognition.Because of his choice and his perseverance he has succeeded.The choice he made twenty years earlier has brought him a completely different experience and fate.In this sense,Frost was a pioneer.He 这首诗中有两点值得一提,许多人可能会忽略。首先,经过长时间的犹豫,诗人选择了“那条少有人走的路”。虽然两条路都美丽且吸引人,但诗人不能两条路都走。然而,他没有选择大多数人会走的那条路。他选择了那条看起来“长满草,少有人行”的路。换句话说,他选择了孤独,选择了开拓,选择了牺牲。诗人不禁想到自己的经历——努力成为诗人的经历,独自承受孤独的经历,以及为获得认可而奋斗的经历。正因为他的选择和坚持,他才取得了成功。他二十年前做出的选择给他带来了完全不同的经历和命运。从这个意义上说,弗罗斯特是一个开拓者。他
chose writing poetry instead of other easy-going professions.This shows his courage and devotion to his career.Second,the poem is,of course,about the choice of roads.We will make many decisions in our lives-a process of constant progress and constant loss.When we make a choice,we cast away another thing which is likely as lovely and valuable as the one we choose.Therefore,when we look back at an old age,we may find that our experience is accompanied by another hidden one which might have become possible.Hence"a sigh/somewhere ages and ages hence."This sigh is for the hidden experience that might have become possible,for the different choice that you might have made,and for the road not taken. 选择写诗而不是其他轻松的职业。这显示了他的勇气和对事业的奉献。其次,这首诗当然是关于道路的选择。我们一生中会做出许多决定——这是一个不断进步和不断失去的过程。当我们做出选择时,我们也放弃了另一件可能同样美好和珍贵的事物。因此,当我们年老回首时,可能会发现我们的经历伴随着另一种隐藏的经历,那种经历本可能成为可能。因此“某处岁月悠悠的叹息”。这叹息是为那可能成为现实的隐藏经历,为你本可能做出的不同选择,以及那条未走的路。
风格:"The Road Not Taken"is arranged into four stanzas of five lines each.Its rhyme scheme is abaab,which means that the first line in each stanza rhymes with the third and fourth lines,while the second line rhymes with the fifth line.The poem has two recognized interpretations. 风格:《未选择的路》分为四节,每节五行。其押韵模式为 abaab,意味着每节的第一行与第三、第四行押韵,而第二行与第五行押韵。这首诗有两种公认的解读
分析的点:Road—symbol
Frost claims that he wrote this poem about his friend Edward Thomas,with whom he had walked many times in the woods near London.Frost has said that while walking they would come to different paths and after choosing one,Thomas would always felt wondering what they might have missed by not taking the other path. 弗罗斯特声称,他写这首诗是关于他的朋友爱德华·托马斯的,他们曾多次在伦敦附近的树林中散步。弗罗斯特说,在散步时,他们会遇到不同的小路,选择其中一条后,托马斯总会感到好奇,如果没有选择另一条路,他们可能会错过什么。
About the poem,Frost asserted,"You have to be careful of that one;it's a tricky poem-very tricky."Superficially,the poem has been and continues to be used as an inspirational poem,encouraging self-reliance,not following where others have led. But a close reading of the poem proves not so. 关于这首诗,弗罗斯特断言:“你得小心这首诗;它是一首棘手的诗——非常棘手。”表面上,这首诗一直被用作励志诗,鼓励自立,不随波逐流。但仔细阅读这首诗,情况并非如此。
Clearly,this poem is endowed with abundant symbolic meanings.In the speaker's mind,the two roads not only refer to the real roads he has to take while walking in the yellow wood,more significantly,it means two different ways of life when one hesitates before the life's crossroad.Different choices will lead to different futures. 显然,这首诗赋予了丰富的象征意义。在诗人的心中,这两条路不仅指他在黄色树林中行走时必须选择的真实道路,更重要的是,它象征着人生十字路口前的两种不同生活方式。不同的选择将导致不同的未来。
For the poet,it also shows his attitude towards poetry creation."He prefers to take the less-travelled road"suggests that he doesn't follow suit but employs the traditional pattern in spite of the influence of modernist innovation. 对诗人来说,这也体现了他对诗歌创作的态度。“他更愿意走那条少有人走的路”暗示他不随波逐流,而是采用传统的模式,尽管受到现代主义创新的影响
Why does Frost himself claim that this is a tricky poem?What is the theme this poem? 为什么弗罗斯特本人说这是一首棘手的诗?这首诗的主题是什么?
Three things make his poem tricky-the time frame,and the words"sigh"and"difference". 有三点使他的诗变得棘手——时间框架,以及“叹息”和“差异”这两个词。
Traditionally,this poem has been understood as an inspirational poem,seeming to encourage people to be self-reliant and not following where others have led.Actually,it does not moralize about choice,it simply says that choice is inevitable,but you never know what your choice will mean until you have lived it.This is also the theme of the poem. 传统上,这首诗被理解为一首励志诗,似乎鼓励人们自立自强,不随波逐流。实际上,它并没有对选择进行道德说教,只是说选择是不可避免的,但你永远不知道你的选择意味着什么,直到你亲身经历。这也是这首诗的主题。
Stanza One-Describes Situations 第一节——描述情境
Stanza Two-Decides to Take Less-travelled Road 第二节——决定选择较少人走的路
Stanza Three-Continues Description of Road 第三节——继续描述这条路
Stanza Four-Recalls the Road Taken and Not Taken 第四节——回忆所走的路和未走的路
How do you understand the word"sigh"?Is it a kind of nostalgic relief or regret? 你如何理解“叹息”这个词?它是一种怀旧的释然还是遗憾?
The word"sigh"is a tricky word.Because sigh can be interpreted into nostalgic relief or regret.If it is the relief sigh,then the difference means the speaker feels glad about the road he took.If it is the regret sigh,then the difference would not be good,and the speaker would be sighing in regret.Hence,sigh is ambiguous here for the speaker is not showing whether his choice is right or wrong. “叹息”这个词很棘手。因为叹息可以被理解为怀旧的宽慰或遗憾。如果是宽慰的叹息,那么差异意味着说话者对自己所走的路感到高兴。如果是遗憾的叹息,那么差异就不好,说话者会带着遗憾叹息。因此,叹息在这里是模棱两可的,因为说话者并没有表明他的选择是对还是错
The ironic interpretation,widely held by critics,is that the poem is instead about regret and personal myth-making, rationalizing our decisions.In this interpretation,the final two lines:"I took the one less traveled by,and that has made all the difference"are ironic-the choice made little or no difference at all,the speaker's protestations to the contrary.The narrator admits in the second and third stanzas that both paths may be equally worn and equally leaf-covered,and it is only in his future recollection that he will call one road"less traveled by".The sigh,widely interpreted as a sigh of regret,might also be interpreted ironically If it is the relief sigh,then the difference means the speaker feels glad about the road he took. If it is the regret sigh,then the difference would not be good,and the speaker would be sighing in regret.Hence,sigh is ambiguous here for the speaker is not showing whether his choice is right or wrong. 讽刺性的解读被批评家广泛接受,认为这首诗实际上是关于遗憾和个人神话的构建——为我们的决定寻找合理化理由。在这种解读中,最后两句:“我选择了那条人迹罕至的小路,这使一切都不同了”是讽刺的——选择几乎没有带来任何不同,尽管叙述者极力否认这一点。叙述者在第二和第三节中承认,两条路可能同样被踩踏,同样被落叶覆盖,只有在他未来的回忆中,他才会称其中一条路为“人迹罕至”。那声叹息,通常被解读为遗憾的叹息,也可以被讽刺地解读。如果那是松了一口气的叹息,那么“不同”意味着叙述者对自己选择的道路感到高兴。如果那是遗憾的叹息,那么“不同”就不是好事,叙述者会带着遗憾叹息。因此,这里的叹息是模棱两可的,因为叙述者并未表明他的选择是对还是错。
Symbols: 象征:
✓\checkmark"Yellow"-The yellow coloring of the woods is representative of the light,hope,and promise that the speaker is standing before.His future is bright and stretches before him.Though both paths are equally lit,he must choose only one. ✓\checkmark “黄色”——树林的黄色象征着光明、希望和承诺,叙述者正站在这些面前。他的未来光明且展现在眼前。虽然两条路同样明亮,他却只能选择其中一条 ✓\checkmark"Woods"-The poem is set in the woods because we get an image of a quiet,deserted place where the speaker is left alone to decide.There are no road signs or people to stop and ask for directions.Similarly,there are no signs in life designed to help people choose their path. ✓\checkmark “树林”——诗歌的背景设定在树林中,因为我们能感受到一个安静、荒凉的地方,讲述者独自一人做出决定。这里没有路标,也没有人停下来问路。同样,生活中也没有专门为人们选择道路而设的指示标志。 ✓\checkmark"Roads"-The roads are symbolic of the paths we take in life.Every road leads to a specific place and the nature of one's destination depends entirely on the decisions that are made.We don't just arrive at a location;we make a series of choices that lead us there. ✓\checkmark “道路”——道路象征着我们人生中所走的路径。每条路都通向一个特定的地方,而目的地的性质完全取决于所做的决定。我们不是简单地到达某个地点;而是通过一系列选择走到那里。 ✓\checkmark"Morning"-The morning represents a new beginning and the endless possibilities the day ahead has to offer.Frost sets the poem in the morning to reveal that the speaker is in the early years of his life and his future is spread out before him. ✓\checkmark “早晨”——早晨代表新的开始和未来一天无限的可能性。弗罗斯特将诗歌设定在早晨,表明讲述者正处于人生的早期阶段,未来展现在他面前
评价:
This poem is written in classic five-line stanzas,with the rhyme scheme a-b-a-b\mathrm{a}-\mathrm{b}-\mathrm{a}-\mathrm{b} and conversational rhythm.The poet uses "the road"to symbolize life's journey.The poem seems to be about the poet,walking in the woods in autumn,choosing which road he should follow on his walk.In reality,it concerns the important decisions which one must make in life,when one must give up one desirable thing in order to possess another. 这首诗采用经典的五行诗节形式,押韵模式为 a-b-a-b\mathrm{a}-\mathrm{b}-\mathrm{a}-\mathrm{b} ,节奏如对话般自然。诗人用“道路”象征人生的旅程。诗中描绘诗人秋天在树林中散步,选择他应走哪条路。实际上,这首诗讲述的是人生中必须做出的重要决定,当必须放弃一种渴望的事物以获得另一种时。
Then,whatever the outcome,one must accept the consequences of one's choice for it is not possible to go back and have another chance to choose differently.In the poem,the poet hesitates for a long time,wondering which road to take,because they are both pretty. 然后,无论结果如何,人都必须接受自己选择的后果,因为不可能回头再有一次不同的选择机会。诗中,诗人犹豫了很久,思考该走哪条路,因为两条路都很美。
In the end,he follows the one which seems to have fewer travelers on it.Symbolically,he chose to follow an unusual, solitary life;perhaps he was speaking of his choice to become a poet rather than some commoner profession.But he always remembers the road which he might have taken,and which would have given him a different kind of life. 最终,他选择了那条看起来行人较少的路。象征意义上,他选择了过一种不同寻常、孤独的生活;也许他指的是自己选择成为诗人,而非从事某种普通职业。但他始终记得那条他本可以走的路,那条会带给他另一种生活的路
Different road will lead us to see different types of scenery.Before you choose which road to take,you should think it carefully and do not follow the flow.After you have taken the road,you just do your best to walk your road and enjoy the scenery on the road. 不同的道路会带我们看到不同类型的风景。在你选择走哪条路之前,你应该仔细考虑,不要随波逐流。选定道路后,只需尽力走好自己的路,享受路上的风景。
After Apple-Picking 摘苹果之后
My long two-pointed ladder's sticking through a tree 我那长长的两头尖的梯子穿过一棵树
Toward heaven still, 依然朝着天空,
And there's a barrel that I didn't fill 还有一个桶我没装满
Beside it,and there may be two or three 旁边,可能还有两三个
Apples I didn't pick upon some bough. 我没摘下的苹果挂在某根树枝上。
But I am done with apple-picking now. 但我现在已经摘完苹果了
After Apple-Picking 摘苹果之后
Whose woods these are I think I know. 我想我知道这是谁的树林。
His house is in the village through 他的房子在村子里,
He will not see me stopping here 他不会看到我停在这里
To watch his woods fill up with snow. 看着他的树林被雪覆盖。
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening(2005/2012 北语) 《雪夜林边停驻》(2005/2012 北语)
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 《雪夜林边停驻》
My little horse must think it queer 我的小马一定觉得奇怪
To stop without a farmhouse near 停下脚步却无农舍近旁
Between the woods and frozen lake 在树林与冰冻湖泊之间
The darkest evening of the year. 一年中最黑暗的夜晚。
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening(2007 上交) 《雪夜林边停步》(2007 上交)
分析:
A pastoral poetry;A poem of idea or philosophical poem—Symbols and Contrast;/aaba/bbcb/ccdc/dddd/ 田园诗;思想诗或哲理诗——象征与对比;/aaba/bbcb/ccdc/dddd/
The first stanza rhymes in"aaba"and"b"becomes the new repeated end rhymes in the second stanza.That makes stanza two rhyming in"bbcb".Similarly,the third stanza rhymes in"ccbc",whereas the very last stanza rhymes in a consistent"d" which brings the poem to a harmonious end. 第一节的押韵形式为“aaba”,其中“b”成为第二节新的重复尾韵,使第二节的押韵形式为“bbcb”。类似地,第三节的押韵形式为“ccbc”,而最后一节则保持一致的“d”韵,赋予诗歌和谐的结尾。
The analogy between the specific experience of the rural traveler and the general experience of any individual whose life is so frequently described as a journey;a journey including pleasures and hardships,duties and distances. 乡村旅者的具体经历与任何个体普遍经历之间的类比,人生常被描述为一场旅程;这场旅程包含欢乐与艰辛、责任与距离。
Theme of the poem:The poem is primarily oriented towards the pleasures of the scene and the responsibility of life. 诗歌主题:诗歌主要围绕景色的愉悦和生活的责任展开
Symbols: 符号: ✓\checkmark"Promises":Our own promises or duties that we must fulfill. ✓\checkmark “承诺”:我们必须履行的自身承诺或责任。 ✓\checkmark"Miles":Experience we must travel through before death ✓\checkmark “英里”:我们在死前必须经历的旅程。 ✓\checkmark"Sleep":Death ✓\checkmark “睡眠”:死亡
Why stay?The poet was deeply attracted by the natural beauty of the scene at that very moment. 为什么停留?诗人当时被眼前的自然美景深深吸引。
Why don't stay?He realized that it was late at night and he would have to hurry home to get some food and sleep,because the next morning he would have a lot of work to do. 为什么不留下?他意识到天色已晚,必须赶快回家吃饭睡觉,因为第二天早上有很多工作要做。
The effect of repetition in the last two lines:The refrain-like repetition in the last two lines reminds the reader a simple fact of life:whatever happens,one must go forward in the journey of his or her life. 最后两行重复的效果:最后两行的反复句式提醒读者一个生活中的简单事实:无论发生什么,人都必须在人生的旅途中继续前行。
3.Carl Sandburg 3.卡尔·桑德堡
The fog comes 雾来了
On little cat feet. 像小猫的脚步。
It sits looking 它坐着凝视
Over harbor and city 港口和城市
On silent haunches 蹲伏着无声
And then moves on. 然后继续前行。
Fog 雾
分析:The poem was published in 1916 in the collection,Chicago Poems.It is a typical Imagist poem with precise expression and concise diction.The fog is compared to a little cat.It comes silently and goes without being noticed.Another interesting expression is that the fog is looking over harbor and city"on silent haunches."Of course,you will tiptoe or arch your back to be careful and silent.But considering the fact that thick fog sometimes will hang very low in the air,we cannot help reading the image in admiration.Apparently,the image is not only carefully chosen but also exactly selected.The poem is often quoted as an Imagist poem. 分析:这首诗发表于 1916 年,收录于《芝加哥诗集》中。它是一首典型的意象派诗歌,表达精准,措辞简洁。雾被比作一只小猫,悄无声息地来,又不被察觉地离去。另一个有趣的表达是雾“蹲伏着无声地俯视港口和城市”。当然,人们会踮起脚尖或拱起背以保持小心和安静。但考虑到浓雾有时会低垂在空中,我们不禁对这一形象赞叹不已。显然,这一形象不仅经过精心挑选,而且恰到好处。这首诗常被引用为意象派诗歌的代表作
Poet personifies dead thing(fog)into the living creature(cat). 诗人将死物(雾)拟人化为活物(猫)。
cat:They have many things in common/Vague image of metropolis 猫:它们有许多共同点/都市的模糊形象
1 Invisibility(come out of nowhere and suddenly disappear) 1 隐形(无中生有,突然消失)
2 Motion(crawling,creeping) 2 运动(爬行,潜行)
3 Mobility(move fast and quick) 3 移动性(快速且敏捷)
4 Mystery 4 神秘
theme: 主题: ✓\checkmark City mystery and desolation-In the 20th century,with the development of industrial revolution,people feel lonely and depressed in the materialistic world.Poem symbolizes the rapid changes in modern society,the mystery in big cities as ✓\checkmark 城市的神秘与荒凉——20 世纪,随着工业革命的发展,人们在物质世界中感到孤独和压抑。诗歌象征着现代社会的快速变化,以及大城市中的神秘感,正如
well as the desolation in western society. 以及西方社会的荒凉。 ✓\checkmark Life-The fog represents the problems that one can have sometimes in their life.Perhaps the problem can creep up on you silently like a cat,linger in your life and on your mind and then move on when it feels like it.You can't control it, just like the weather. ✓\checkmark 生活——雾象征着人们生活中有时会遇到的问题。或许问题会像猫一样悄无声息地悄悄靠近,停留在你的生活和心头,然后在它觉得合适的时候离开。你无法控制它,就像天气一样。 ✓\checkmark Man and nature-The poet personifies the fog to accentuate the feeling of threat.The fact that the fog sits"looking over the harbor and city"is quite frightening as it is emphasizing man's vulnerability/weakness to the elements of nature.Man has no control over the weather.Nature is beautiful but at times can be so cruel. ✓\checkmark 人与自然——诗人将雾拟人化,以突出威胁感。雾“俯视着港口和城市”的事实相当令人恐惧,因为它强调了人类对自然元素的脆弱和无力。人类无法控制天气。大自然美丽,但有时也极其残酷。
4.William Carlos Williams 4.威廉·卡洛斯·威廉姆斯
By the road to the contagious hospital 通往传染病医院的路上
Under the surge of the blue 在蓝色浪潮之下
Mottled clouds driven from the 斑驳的云彩被驱赶着从
northeast-a cold wind.Beyond,the 东北风——一阵寒风。远处,那个
waste of broad,muddy fields 荒废的宽阔、泥泞的田野
brown with dried weeds standing and fallen 棕色,干枯的杂草直立或倒伏
patches of standing water 积水斑块
the scattering of all trees 零星分布的树木
All along the road the reddish 沿路都是红褐色的
Purplish,forked,upstanding,twiggy 带紫色,分叉,直立,细枝的
Stuff of bushes and small trees 灌木和小树的枝条
With dead,brown leaves under them 下面铺满了枯黄的落叶
Leafless vines- 无叶的藤蔓-
Lifeless in appearance,sluggish 外表无生气,迟缓
Dazed spring approaches- 迷茫的春天来临-
They enter the new world naked, 他们赤裸着进入新世界,
Cold,uncertain of all 寒冷,万物皆不确定
Save that they enter.All about them 除了他们进入之外。四周
The cold,familiar wind- 那寒冷而熟悉的风——
Now the grass,tomorrow 今天是草地,明天
The stiff curl of wildcarrot leaf 野胡萝卜叶的僵硬卷曲
One by one objects are defined- 一个接一个,物体被定义——
It quickens:clarity,outline of leaf 它加快了:清晰,叶子的轮廓
But now the stark dignity of 但现在是那种鲜明的庄严
Entrance-Still,the profound change 入口——然而,深刻的变化
Has come upon them:rooted,they 已经降临他们身上:扎根,他们
Grip down and begin to awaken. 紧紧抓住并开始觉醒。
Spring and All 《春天及一切》
分析:
The poet is quick both in perception and in writing.He catches the moment between the leaving of winter and the coming of spring;but instead of talking about the season directly,the poet presents a set of visual images.Reading the poem stanza by stanza,we see with our own eyes that spring is coming.At the beginning,winter dominates.Thus we see a picture of blue mottled clouds driven by the cold wind and broad muddy fields brown with dried weed.Then gradually,we begin to notice the reddish and purplish bushes and trees,yet with dead,brown leaves under them,from the naked leafless vines.We begin to find that one by one object is defined.And last,they"grip down and begin to awaken." 诗人感知敏锐,写作迅速。他捕捉到了冬天离去与春天到来之间的瞬间;但诗人并未直接谈论季节,而是呈现了一组视觉意象。逐节阅读这首诗,我们用自己的眼睛看到春天正在来临。起初,冬天占据主导地位。于是我们看到一幅画面:被寒风驱赶的蓝色斑驳云朵和因枯萎杂草而呈现棕色的广阔泥泞田野。然后,渐渐地,我们开始注意到红色和紫色的灌木和树木,但它们下面是枯死的棕色叶子,来自裸露无叶的藤蔓。我们开始发现一个个物体被逐渐勾勒出来。最后,它们“紧抓着大地,开始苏醒”。
Coming back to the title,we find a close relationship between"spring"and"all"."Spring"is a part of"all",which 回到标题,我们发现“春天”和“全部”之间有着密切的关系。“春天”是“全部”的一部分,代表生命的循环。
represents the cycle of life.Spring,thus,has a connotation of resurrection.Almost in all literature,spring is the symbol of life,energy,youth,vigor and hope.Here,too,we find a sharp contrast between spring and winter.The meaning of"spring" and of the contrast is very clear.If we compare the life span of a person to"all",spring is the childhood and youth,full of vitality and bright future. 因此,春天具有复苏的内涵。在几乎所有文学作品中,春天都是生命、活力、青春、朝气和希望的象征。在这里,我们也发现春天与冬天之间的鲜明对比。“春天”的意义以及这种对比非常清晰。如果我们将人的一生比作“全部”,那么春天就是童年和青春,充满了生命力和光明的未来
5.William Carlos Williams 5.威廉·卡洛斯·威廉斯
so much depends 如此重要
upon 在……之上
a red wheel 一只红色的轮子
barrow 墓丘
glazed with rain 被雨水覆盖
water 水
beside the white 在白色旁边
Chickens. 鸡。
The Red Wheelbarrow(2015 西外) 《红色独轮车》(2015 西外)
分析:This is an often-quoted poem of Williams,especially,as a representative of Imagism.The whole poem is a cluster of images,except the first two lines,the meaning of which has aroused the wonder of many readers and critics.The images,if put together,form a picture of a farmyard.If it is pictured in color,it would be a spectacular scene since the colors are rich-the wheelbarrow is red,the rainwater is glazing,and the chickens are white.Without any comment,the poet presents the picture in front of us.As Frederick J.Hoffman observes,"Here the material facts are reduced almost to the level of plain factual statement."This,in fact,is the gist of Image credo.But Williams soon realized the limitations of this school, believing that Imagism"had already dribbled off into so-called"free verse"which,as we saw,was a misnomer."He was dissatisfied with the"formlessness and aimlessness of Imagism,"yet advocated"objectivism"to which he never gave a clear definition.As to the understanding of the first two lines,Dr.Chang said,"We become aware that it is important to perceive them to make life fuller,and that so much depends on how we perceive them both in our life and in our writing of poetry." 分析:这是一首威廉斯经常被引用的诗,尤其作为意象主义的代表。这首诗整体上是一组意象,除了前两行,其含义引起了许多读者和评论家的好奇。如果将这些意象组合起来,就形成了一幅农场院子的画面。如果用颜色描绘,这将是一幅壮观的场景,因为色彩丰富——独轮手推车是红色的,雨水闪闪发光,鸡是白色的。诗人没有任何评论,直接将画面呈现在我们面前。正如弗雷德里克·J·霍夫曼所观察的,“这里的物质事实几乎被简化到平实的陈述层面。”这实际上就是意象主义信条的要义。但威廉斯很快意识到这一流派的局限性,认为意象主义“已经逐渐演变成所谓的‘自由诗’,正如我们所见,这是一个误称。”他对意象主义的“无形态和无目的”感到不满,却提倡“客观主义”,但他从未给出明确的定义。关于前两行的理解,张博士说:“我们意识到感知它们的重要性,以使生活更加充实,而这在我们的生活和诗歌创作中,感知它们的方式影响极大。”
6.T.S.Eliot 6.T.S.艾略特
Let us go then,you and I, 那我们走吧,你和我,
When the evening is spread out against the sky 当夜晚铺展在天空上
Like a patient etherized upon a table; 如同一位被麻醉躺在手术台上的病人;
Let us go,through certain half-deserted streets, The muttering retreats 让我们走过某些半荒废的街道,低语着退隐
Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels 在一夜便宜旅馆中不安的夜晚
And saw dust reataurants with oyster-shells 还有铺满锯末、散落着牡蛎壳的餐馆
Love Song of J.Alfred Profruck(2005 北语 2012 北交) J. 阿尔弗雷德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌(2005 北语 2012 北交)
小说
1.Ernest Hemingway 1.欧内斯特·海明威
I had seen nothing sacred,and the things that were glorious had no glory and the sacrifices were like the stockyards at Chicago if nothing was done with the meat except to bury it.There were many words that you could not stand to hear and finally only the names of places had dignity.Certain numbers were the same way and certain dates and these with the names of the places were all you could say and have them mean anything.Abstract words such as glory,honor,courage,or hallow were obscene beside the concrete names of villages,the numbers of roads,the names of rivers,the numbers of regiments and the dates. 我没有看到任何神圣的东西,那些光辉的事物毫无光彩,牺牲就像芝加哥的牲畜市场,如果肉只被埋葬而没有其他用途。许多词语你无法忍受听到,最终只有地名才有尊严。某些数字也是如此,某些日期也是,这些与地名一起,是你唯一能说出并赋予意义的东西。抽象的词语如荣耀、荣誉、勇气或神圣,在具体的村庄名称、道路编号、河流名称、团编号和日期面前显得猥亵。
A Farewell to Arms(2015 北语) 《永别了,武器》(2015 北语)
分析:When Henry meets the young patriot,Gino,on the ruined Bainsizza,the two have a conversation that confirms Henry s ambivalence about war.Gino prattles on about the sacredness of the fatherland and his own willingness to die for his country.To Henry,such abstractions as honor,glory,and sacrifice do little to explain or assuage the unbelievable destruction that he sees around him.What matters,he decides,are the names of villages and soldiers,the concrete facts of decimated walls and dead bodies?He believes that in order to discuss the war honestly,one must dismiss artificial concepts and deal with terms grounded in the reality of the war.He tarnishes the romanticized ideal of the military hero by equating the "sacrifices"of human lives in war with the slaughter of livestock.He further compares romantic riffs about honor and glory to burying meat in the ground.Nothing can be sustained or nurtured by such pointlessness. 分析:当亨利在被毁坏的班西扎遇到年轻的爱国者吉诺时,两人进行了一场对话,确认了亨利对战争的矛盾态度。吉诺喋喋不休地谈论祖国的神圣以及他为国捐躯的决心。对亨利来说,诸如荣誉、荣耀和牺牲等抽象概念,无法解释或缓解他眼前看到的难以置信的破坏。他认为,重要的是村庄和士兵的名字,是被毁坏的墙壁和尸体这些具体事实。他相信,要诚实地讨论战争,必须摒弃人为的概念,处理基于战争现实的术语。他通过将战争中人命的“牺牲”等同于屠宰牲畜,玷污了军事英雄的浪漫理想。他进一步将关于荣誉和荣耀的浪漫说辞比作把肉埋在地下。这样的无意义无法维系或滋养任何事物。
Just then the stern line came taut under his foot,where he had kept a loop of the line,and he dropped his oars and felt tile weight of the small tuna's shivering pull as he held the line firm and commenced to haul it in. 就在这时,他脚下紧绷的绳索拉紧了,他之前把绳索打了个圈,他放下桨,感受到小金枪鱼颤抖的拉力,他紧握绳索,开始拉起它。
The Old Man and the Sea(2011 北语) 《老人与海》(2011 北语)
You did not kill the fish only to keep alive and to sell for food,he thought.You killed him for pride and because you are a fisherman.You loved him when he was alive,and you loved him after.If you love him,it is not a sin to kill him.Or is it more? 他想,你杀死鱼并不仅仅是为了活命和卖掉换取食物。你杀它是出于自尊,因为你是个渔夫。你活着时爱它,死后也爱它。如果你爱它,杀它并不是罪过。或者,这是否意味着更多?
The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》
分析:As Santiago sails back to his village on the eighty-fourth day of the novella,towing behind him the carcass of the decimated marlin,he tries to make sense of the destruction he has witnessed.He feels deeply apologetic toward the fish, which he sees as too dignified for such a wasteful end.He attempts to explain to himself his reasons for killing the fish,and admits that his desire to hunt the fish stemmed from the very same quality that led to its eventual destruction:his pride.He then justifies his behavior by claiming that his slaying of the marlin was necessitated by his love and respect for it.Indeed, when Santiago kills the fish,the loss of life is somehow transcendently beautiful,as opposed to the bold,senseless scavenging on the part of the sharks. 分析:当圣地亚哥在小说的第八十四天航行回村庄,拖着那条被鲨鱼啃食殆尽的旗鱼尸体时,他试图理解自己所目睹的毁灭。他对鱼感到深深的歉意,认为鱼太有尊严,不应以如此浪费的方式结束生命。他试图向自己解释杀鱼的理由,并承认自己猎杀鱼的欲望源于同样导致鱼最终被毁灭的品质:他的自尊。随后,他通过声称自己杀死旗鱼是出于对它的爱和尊重来为自己的行为辩解。事实上,当圣地亚哥杀死鱼时,生命的逝去以某种超越性的美丽呈现出来,这与鲨鱼大胆而无意义的掠食形成鲜明对比
Nick and his father got in the stern of the boat and the Indians shoved it off and one of them got in to row.Uncle George sat in the stern of the camp rowboat.The young Indian shoved the camp boat off and got in to row Uncle George. 尼克和他的父亲坐在船尾,印第安人把船推开,其中一个人上船划桨。乔治叔叔坐在营地小船的船尾。年轻的印第安人把营地小船推开,上船为乔治叔叔划桨。
Indian Camp 印第安营地
2.F.Scott Fitzgerald 2.F.斯科特·菲茨杰拉德
There was music from my neighbor's house through the summer nights.In his blue gardens men and girls came and went like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars.At high tide in the afternoon I watched his guests diving from the tower of his raft,or taking the sun on the hot sand of his beach while his two motor-boats slit the waters of the Sound,drawing aquaplanes over cataracts of foam.On weekends his Rolls Royce became an omnibus,bearing parties to and from the city between nine in the morning and long past midnight,while his station wagons amperes like a brisk yellow bug to meet all trains.And on Monday's eight servants,including an extra gardener,toiled all day with mops and scrubbing -brushes and hammers and garden-shears,repairing the ravages of the night before. 整个夏夜,我邻居家里传来音乐声。在他那蓝色的花园里,男人和女孩像飞蛾一样穿梭于低语声、香槟和星光之间。下午涨潮时,我看着他的客人们从他筏子上的塔楼跳水,或者在他海滩上炽热的沙滩上晒太阳,而他的两艘摩托艇划破海峡的水面,拖着水上滑板穿过飞溅的浪花。周末,他的劳斯莱斯变成了公共汽车,早上九点到深夜很晚,载着派对成员往返城市,而他的旅行车像一只活泼的黄色甲虫一样,赶去接所有的火车。到了星期一,八个仆人,包括一名额外的园丁,整天忙着用拖把、刷子、锤子和园艺剪修复前一晚留下的破坏
The Great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨比
Precisely at that point it vanished--and I was looking at an elegant young rough-neck,a year or two over thirty,whose elaborate formality of speech just missed being absurd.Sometime before he introduced himself I'd got a strong impression that he was picking his words with care. 就在那一刻它消失了——我看到一个优雅的年轻粗野汉子,年纪大约三十出头,他那过于讲究的言辞几乎显得荒谬。在他自我介绍之前,我已经强烈感觉到他在小心翼翼地选择用词。
The Great Gatsby(2014 北语) 了不起的盖茨比(2014 北语)
I believe that on the first night I went to Gatsby's house I was one of the few guests who had actually been invited.People were not invited-they went there.They got into automobiles which bore them out to Long Island,and somehow they ended up at Gatsby's door.Once there they were introduced by somebody who knew Gatsby,and after that they conducted themselves according to the rules of behavior associated with an amusement park.Sometimes they came and went without having met Gatsby at all,came for the party with a simplicity of heart that was its own ticket of admission. 我相信在我第一次去盖茨比家那晚,我是少数真正被邀请的客人之一。人们并不是被邀请的——他们自己去了那里。他们坐上汽车,开往长岛,不知怎的最终到了盖茨比的门前。一旦到了那里,他们会被认识盖茨比的人介绍,之后便按照游乐园的行为规则行事。有时他们来来去去,甚至根本没见过盖茨比,只是怀着一颗纯真的心来参加派对,这本身就是入场券
The Great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨比
I hope she'll be a fool-that's the best thing a girl can be in this world,a beautiful little fool. 我希望她是个傻瓜——这是这个世界上女孩能做的最好的事,一个漂亮的小傻瓜。
The Great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨比
分析:
选段内容:Daisy speaks these words in Chapter 1 as she describes to Nick and Jordan her hopes for her infant daughter. 选段内容:黛西在第一章中对尼克和乔丹说出这句话,表达了她对自己婴儿女儿的期望
作用:While not directly relevant to the novel's main themes,this quote offers a revealing glimpse into Daisy's character.说话人原因分析(即为什么希望女儿是 little fool?):Daisy is not a fool herself but is the product of a social environment that,to a great extent,does not value intelligence in women.The older generation values subservience and docility in females,and the younger generation values thoughtless giddiness and pleasure-seeking. 作用:虽然与小说的主要主题没有直接关系,这句话却揭示了黛西性格的一角。说话人原因分析(即为什么希望女儿是个“小傻瓜”?):黛西自己并不是傻瓜,但她是一个社会环境的产物,在很大程度上,这个环境不重视女性的智慧。老一辈重视女性的顺从和温顺,而年轻一代则重视无思考的轻浮和寻欢作乐。
意义:Daisy's remark is somewhat sardonic:while she refers to the social values of her era,she does not seem to challenge them.Instead,she describes her own boredom with life and seems to imply that a girl can have more fun if she is beautiful and simplistic.Daisy herself often tries to act such a part.She conforms to the social standard of American femininity in the 1920s in order to avoid such tension-filled issues as her undying love for Gatsby. 意义:黛西的这句话带有些许讽刺意味:她提到了她那个时代的社会价值观,但似乎并不挑战它们。相反,她描述了自己对生活的厌倦,并暗示一个女孩如果美丽且单纯,可能会更快乐。黛西自己经常试图扮演这样的角色。她顺应了 1920 年代美国女性的社会标准,以避免诸如她对盖茨比不灭的爱这样充满紧张的问题。
Gatsby believed in the green light,the orgastic future that year by year recedes before us.It eluded us then,but that's no matter-tomorrow we will run faster,stretch out our arms farther....And then one fine morning- 盖茨比相信那道绿光,相信那年复一年在我们面前渐行渐远的狂喜未来。那时它逃离了我们,但这无所谓——明天我们会跑得更快,伸出更远的手臂……然后某个美好的早晨——
So we beat on,boats against the current,borne back ceaselessly into the past. 于是我们继续奋力前行,逆流而上,永无止境地被推回过去
The Great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨比
分析:These words conclude the novel and find Nick returning to the theme of the significance of the past to dreams of the future,here represented by the green light.He focuses on the struggle of human beings to achieve their goals by both transcending and re-creating the past.Yet humans prove themselves unable to move beyond the past:in the metaphoric language used here,the current draws them backward as they row forward toward the green light.This past functions as the source of their ideas about the future(epitomized by Gatsby's desire to re-create 1917 in his affair with Daisy)and they cannot escape it as they continue to struggle to transform their dreams into reality.While they never lose their optimism ("tomorrow we will run faster,stretch out our arms farther ..."),they expend all of their energy in pursuit of a goal that moves ever farther away.This apt metaphor characterizes both Gatsby's struggle and the American dream itself.Nick's words register neither blind approval nor cynical disillusionment but rather the respectful melancholy that he ultimately brings to his study of Gatsby's life. 分析:这些话是小说的结尾,尼克回到了过去对未来梦想的重要性的主题,这里由绿色的灯光象征。他关注人类通过超越和重塑过去来实现目标的挣扎。然而,人类证明自己无法超越过去:用这里的隐喻语言来说,水流将他们向后拉扯,而他们却向着绿色的灯光划桨前进。这个过去是他们对未来观念的来源(盖茨比试图通过与黛西的恋情重现 1917 年即是典型),他们无法逃脱过去,继续努力将梦想变为现实。虽然他们从未失去乐观(“明天我们会跑得更快,伸出手臂更远……”),但他们将所有精力都投入到一个不断远离的目标中。这个恰当的隐喻既描绘了盖茨比的奋斗,也象征了美国梦本身。尼克的话语既不盲目赞同,也不愤世嫉俗,而是带着他对盖茨比一生研究最终产生的尊重与忧郁
In my younger and more vulnerable years my father gave me some advice that I've been turning over in my mind ever since. 在我年轻而脆弱的岁月里,父亲给了我一些建议,从那时起我一直在反复思考。
"Whenever you feel like criticizing anyone,'he told me,'just remember that all the people in this world haven't had the advantages that you've had." “每当你想批评别人时,”他告诉我,“只要记住,这个世界上的所有人都没有你所拥有的那些优势。”
The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》
He smiled understandingly--much more than understandingly.It was one of those rare smiles with a quality of eternal reassurance in it,that you may come across four or five times in life.It faced--or seemed to face--the whole eternal world for an instant,and then concentrated on you with an irresistible prejudice in your favor.It understood you just as far as you wanted to be understood,believed in you as you would like to believe in yourself,and assured you that it had precisely the 他理解地微笑着——远不止是理解。这是那种罕见的微笑,带有永恒安慰的品质,你一生中可能只会遇到四五次。它面对着——或者说似乎面对着——整个永恒的世界,瞬间又集中在你身上,带着对你有利的不可抗拒的偏见。它理解你,正如你希望被理解的那样,相信你,正如你希望相信自己的那样,并向你保证它正是..
impression of you that,at your best,you hoped to convey. 你希望在最佳状态下传达给别人的印象。
The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》
分析:This passage occurs in Chapter 3 as part of Nick's first close examination of Gatsby's character and appearance.This description of Gatsby's smile captures both the theatrical quality of Gatsby's character and his charisma.Additionally,it encapsulates the manner in which Gatsby appears to the outside world,an image Fitzgerald slowly deconstructs as the novel progresses toward Gatsby's death in Chapter 8.One of the main facets of Gatsby's persona is that he acts out a role that he defined for himself when he was seventeen years old.His smile seems to be both an important part of the role and a result of the singular combination of hope and imagination that enables him to play it so effectively.Here,Nick describes Gatsby's rare focus-he has the ability to make anyone he smiles at feel as though he has chosen that person out of"the whole external world,"reflecting that person's most optimistic conception of him-or herself. 分析:这段文字出现在第三章,是尼克首次近距离观察盖茨比的性格和外貌时的描写。对盖茨比微笑的描述既体现了他性格中的戏剧性,也展现了他的魅力。此外,这段描写概括了盖茨比在外界眼中的形象,而菲茨杰拉德随着小说推进,直到第八章盖茨比去世时,逐渐拆解了这一形象。盖茨比人格的一个主要方面是,他扮演着一个他在十七岁时为自己定义的角色。他的微笑既是这个角色的重要组成部分,也是他那种独特的希望与想象力结合的结果,使他能够如此有效地扮演这个角色。在这里,尼克描述了盖茨比罕见的专注——他有能力让任何被他微笑的人感觉自己仿佛是他从“整个外部世界”中选中的那个人,反映出那个人对他或她自己的最乐观的看法。
(该选段的分析也可以借鉴上一个部分中关于"Gatsby 的 smile 象征分析")
But(Doctor Eckleburg's)eyes,dimmed a little by many paintless days under the sun and rain,brood on over the solemn dumping ground. 但是(埃克尔伯格博士的)眼睛,在阳光和雨水下无数无漆的日子里略显暗淡,凝视着那庄严的垃圾场
The Great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨比
分析:This passage describes an old advertisement for Doctor T.J.Eckleburg's optometry practice that is along the road through the"valley of ashes"between Long Island and New York City.Nick first sees this advertisement when he goes to the valley of ashes to meet Tom's mistress,Myrtle.In this section,the eyes seem to represent the superficiality of wealth and fame,as the once-majestic advertisement suffers under the inevitable onslaught of weather.Later in the novel,Myrtle's husband compares the giant eyes to the eyes of God,suggesting that the faded,weather-beaten eyes symbolize the breakdown of religious institutions such as the church,and a loss of faith following the end of the First World War.Another interpretation is that the eyes symbolize self-awareness and clarity of vision,as a major theme of the book is Gatsby's blindness to reality. 分析:这段文字描述了一则关于 T.J.埃克尔伯格医生验光店的旧广告牌,位于长岛和纽约市之间“灰烬谷”的公路旁。尼克第一次看到这则广告是在他去灰烬谷见汤姆的情妇默特尔时。在这一部分中,这双眼睛似乎象征着财富和名声的表面浮华,因为这则曾经宏伟的广告在不可避免的风雨侵蚀下变得破败不堪。小说后期,默特尔的丈夫将这双巨大的眼睛比作上帝的眼睛,暗示这双褪色、风化的眼睛象征着宗教机构如教会的崩溃,以及第一次世界大战结束后信仰的丧失。另一种解读是,这双眼睛象征自我觉察和清晰的视野,因为书中的一个重要主题是盖茨比对现实的盲目。
3.William Faulkner 3.威廉·福克纳
When Miss Emily Grierson died,our whole town went to her funeral;then men through a sort of respectful affection for a fallen monument,the women mostly out of curiosity to see the inside of her house,which no one save an old man-servant -a combined gardener and cook-had seen in at least ten years. 当艾米莉·格里尔森小姐去世时,我们整个镇子的人都去参加了她的葬礼;男人们出于对这座倒塌的纪念碑的一种尊敬的感情,女人们大多是出于好奇想看看她的房子内部,因为至少十年来,除了一个老仆人——一个兼任园丁和厨师的老人——没有人见过里面
A Rose for Emily(2018 北交) 《献给艾米丽的一朵玫瑰》(2018 北交)
Alive,Miss Emily had been a tradition,a duty,and a care,a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town,dating from that day in 1894 when Colonel Sartoris,the mayor-he who fathered the edict that no Negro woman should appear on the streets without an apron-remitted her taxes,the dispensation dating from the death of her father on into perpetuity. 活着的时候,艾米丽小姐一直是镇上的传统、责任和关怀,是一种世代相传的义务,可以追溯到 1894 年那一天,当时市长萨托里斯上校——他是那个颁布“任何黑人妇女不得无围裙出现在街上”法令的始作俑者——免除了她的税务,这项特权自她父亲去世起便永远有效。
A Rose for Emily 《献给艾米丽的一朵玫瑰》
4.Sherwood Anderson 4.舍伍德·安德森
Winesburg,Ohio had forgotten the old man,but in Doctor Reefy there were the seeds of some things very fine.Alone in his musty office in the Heffiner Block above the Paris Dry Goods Company's store,he worked ceaselessly,building up something that he himself destroyed.Little pyramids of truth he erected and after erecting knocked them down again that he might be the truths to erect other pyramids. 温斯堡,俄亥俄已经忘记了那个老人,但在里菲医生身上,却孕育着一些非常美好的东西。独自一人在巴黎干货公司楼上赫芬纳大厦那间发霉的办公室里,他不知疲倦地工作着,建立起一些他自己又摧毁的东西。他竖起一座座真理的小金字塔,竖起后又将其推倒,以便他能用这些真理去竖起其他的金字塔。
Winesburg,Ohio(2014 北语) 温斯堡,俄亥俄(2014 北语)
Grotesques are born out of eggs as out of people.The accident does not often occur--perhaps once in a thousand births.A chicken is,you see,born that has four legs,two pairs of wings,two heads or what not.The things do not live.They go quickly back to the hand of their maker that has for a moment trembled. 怪诞之物如同人类一样从蛋中诞生。这样的意外并不常见——也许千分之一的出生才会发生一次。你看,一只鸡生下来竟有四条腿、两对翅膀、两个头或其他异常。这样的生物无法存活。它们很快便回到那位曾一度颤抖的造物主手中。
Winesburg,Ohio(2012 北语) 温斯堡,俄亥俄(2012 北语)
第六章:1930s 第六章:1930 年代
主要作家作品:
John Dos Passos 约翰·多斯·帕索斯
地位:A leading naturalist of the Depression;He called himself as"a red radical revolutionary";He was a spectacular phenomenon in the 20^("th ")20^{\text {th }} century literary history of the United States. 地位:大萧条时期的杰出自然主义作家;他自称为“红色激进革命者”;他是美国 20 世纪文学史上的一个非凡现象。
作品:
Three Soldiers 三名士兵
✓\checkmark It is one of the American war novels of the First World War and remains a classic of the realist war novel genre. ✓\checkmark 这是第一次世界大战时期的美国战争小说之一,至今仍是现实主义战争小说类型的经典。 ✓\checkmark This novel brought Dos Passos considerable recognition. ✓\checkmark 这部小说为多斯·帕索斯赢得了相当大的声誉。 ✓\checkmark It showed the main thought of American naturalism that human cannot control his own life. ✓\checkmark 它体现了美国自然主义的主要思想,即人类无法掌控自己的生命 ✓\checkmark It changed the whole tone of American opinion about the war;it even changed the recollections of actual veterans of the war. ✓\checkmark 它改变了美国公众对战争的整体看法;甚至改变了战争老兵们的回忆。
Manhattan Transfer 《曼哈顿转移》
District of Columbia 哥伦比亚特区
Adventures of a Young Man 《一个年轻人的冒险》
U.S.A.(A trilogy)-Unique for its epic scale and panoramic social sweep;creates an unforgettable collective portrait of modern America 美国(一个三部曲)——以其史诗般的规模和全景式的社会描绘独树一帜;创造了现代美国难以忘怀的集体肖像 ✓\checkmark The 42nd Parallel-In this book,the author mainly described life of each of the 12 characters from their childhood to the First World War. 《第 42 平行线》——在这本书中,作者主要描述了 12 个角色从童年到第一次世界大战期间的生活。 ✓\checkmark Nineteen Nineteen-It described the lives of the 12 characters during the First World War.Some of them went to Paris and joined the army served as air force pilots or in the Navy.And this book was ended with the Paris Peace Conference. 《一九一九》——描述了 12 个角色在第一次世界大战期间的生活。其中一些人去了巴黎,参军成为空军飞行员或海军军官。这本书以巴黎和会结束。 ✓\checkmark The Big Money-It showed the characters''lives after the First World War,they began to seek for their fortune by all the means.It's also the reflection of the whole America in the years nearly after WWI. 《大钱》——展示了角色们在第一次世界大战后的生活,他们开始通过各种手段追求财富。这也是对战后不久整个美国的反映
内容:the historical development of American society during the first 3 decades of the 20th century,through characters of different social classes and temperaments:men,women,wealthy,poor,immigrant,ambitious or just completely overwhelmed 内容:通过不同社会阶层和性格的角色——男人、女人、富人、穷人、移民、雄心勃勃者或完全被压垮者——展现 20 世纪头 30 年美国社会的历史发展
主题 individual physical and spiritual welfare struggling against the crushing power of"machines" 主题:个体的身心福祉与“机器”压倒性力量的抗争
风格:simple diction,impressive images,rhythmical sentences and parallels 风格:用词简洁,形象生动,句子富有节奏感和排比
写作技巧:
-Newsreels 新闻片—A montage of newspaper headlines,extracts from newspaper reports and bits and pieces of political speeches,popular songs and so on;Giving an idea of the social unrest and the mood of the times. -新闻片—由报纸头条、报纸报道摘录、政治演讲片段、流行歌曲等组成的蒙太奇;展现社会动荡和时代氛围
-Biographies 人物传记—The biographies of the famous Americans who emerged as"benefactors"of mankind,such as Roosevelt and Edison;indicating the energy America could produce -人物传记——著名美国人如罗斯福和爱迪生等作为“人类恩人”出现的传记;展示了美国所能产生的活力
-Camera Eye 摄影机眼 Recording the responses and reflections of the character or the author in stream-of-consciousness manner;indicating the position of the observer -摄影机眼——以意识流的方式记录人物或作者的反应和思考;表明观察者的位置
总结:Dos Passos's style of emphasizing history and current events in his narrative and striving to produce an all-encompassing portrait of the America of his time influenced many later writers of the twentieth century,including Jean-Paul Sartre,Norman Mailer. 总结:多斯·帕索斯在叙述中强调历史和时事,力图描绘其时代美国的全景,这种风格影响了许多二十世纪后期的作家,包括让-保罗·萨特、诺曼·梅勒。
John Steinbeck(2014 人大) 约翰·斯坦贝克(2014 人大)
地位:Steinbeck's treatment of the social problems of his time,particularly the plight of the dispossessed farmer,earned him a Pulitzer Prize in 1940,and,in 1962,a Nobel Prize for literature;He did many different jobs because he did not know what to do with himself.(Used to be a migratory fruit-picker)This experience set the basis of his works;The foremost novelist of 地位:斯坦贝克对他那个时代社会问题的处理,特别是对失去土地的农民困境的描写,使他在 1940 年获得了普利策奖,1962 年获得了诺贝尔文学奖;他做过许多不同的工作,因为他不知道自己该做什么。(曾经是一个流动的采果工)这段经历成为他作品的基础;他是
the American Depression of the 1930s;He is concerned about everyday ordinary people,simple men and women fighting, migrant workers 20 世纪 30 年代美国大萧条时期最重要的小说家;他关心日常普通人,简单的男女在奋斗,移民工人
诺奖演讲词:"...The writer is delegated to declare and to celebrate man's proven capacity for greatness of heart and spirit -for gallantry in defeat,for courage,compassion and love.In the endless war against weakness and despair,these are the bright rally flags of hope and of emulation.I hold that a writer who does not believe in the perfectibility of man has no dedication nor any membership in literature." 诺奖演讲词:“……作家被赋予宣告和颂扬人类已被证明拥有伟大心灵和精神的能力——在失败中的英勇,在勇气、同情和爱中。在对抗软弱和绝望的无尽战争中,这些是希望和效仿的鲜明旗帜。我认为,一个不相信人类可以完美的人,没有献身精神,也不属于文学界。”
写作特色: ✓\checkmark 阶级:Outrage at the injustices of the societies,and admirations for the strong spirit of the poor; ✓\checkmark 阶级:对社会不公的愤怒,以及对贫穷者坚强精神的钦佩; ✓\checkmark 人物:Plight of the depressed California farmers,migrants,laborers,and the unemployed; ✓\checkmark 人物:陷入困境的加州农民、移民、劳工和失业者; ✓\checkmark 主题:Simple human virtues,such as kindness and fair treatment,which were far superior to the dehumanizing cruelty of exploiters ✓\checkmark 主题:简单的人类美德,如善良和公平对待,这些远远优于剥削者的非人化残酷
作品:
In Dubious Battle 《可疑的战斗》
Of Mice and Man 《人鼠之间》
The Grapes of Wrath 《愤怒的葡萄》 ✓\checkmark 题目来源:A war song of the Civil War,"The Battle Hymn of the Republic"-"Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord,He is tramping out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored?" ✓\checkmark 题目来源:内战时期的一首战歌《共和国战歌》——“我的眼睛见证了主降临的荣耀,他正在践踏储藏愤怒之葡萄的葡萄园。” ✓\checkmark 内容:The Exodus story of Okies on their way to an uncertain future in California ends with a scene in which Rose of Sharon,who has just delivered a stillborn child,suckles a starving man with her breast. ✓\checkmark 内容:《愤怒的葡萄》讲述了俄克拉荷马州移民(Okies)前往加利福尼亚,面对不确定未来的出埃及记故事,结尾场景中,刚刚生下死胎的莎朗玫瑰用乳房哺育一名饥饿的男子
The Moon is Down 月亮升起
East of Eden 伊甸园东部
The Winter of Our Discontent 我们不满的冬天
The Grapes of Wrath(2011 人大) 愤怒的葡萄(2011 人大)
补充:(历史背景)The Dust Bowl,or the Dirty Thirties 补充:(历史背景)尘暴区,或称肮脏的三十年代 ✓\checkmark It was a period of severe dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands in the 1930s,particularly in 1934 and 1936; ✓\checkmark 这是 1930 年代发生的一段严重尘暴时期,给美国和加拿大的大草原地区造成了重大的生态和农业破坏,尤其是在 1934 年和 1936 年; ✓\checkmark The phenomenon was caused by severe drought combined with farming methods that did not include crops and trees to prevent wind erosion; ✓\checkmark 这一现象是由严重干旱与不包括作物和树木以防止风蚀的耕作方法共同导致的; ✓\checkmark During the drought of the 1930s,many of these families(often known as"Okies",)migrated to California and other states,where they found economic conditions little better during the Great Depression than those they had left; ✓\checkmark 在 1930 年代的干旱期间,许多这些家庭(通常被称为“奥基人”)迁移到加利福尼亚和其他州,在那里他们发现经济状况在大萧条期间并没有比他们离开的地方好多少; ✓\checkmark Owning no land,many became migrant workers who traveled from farm to farm to pick fruit and other crops at starvation wages. ✓\checkmark 由于没有土地,许多人成为了农场间的流动工人,靠采摘水果和其他农作物赚取微薄的工资。
主题:Man's Inhumanity to Man;The Saving Power of Family and Fellowship;The Dignity of Wrath;The Multiplying Effects of Selfishness and Altruism 主题:人类对人类的非人道行为;家庭与友谊的拯救力量;愤怒的尊严;自私与利他行为的连锁效应
人物:
Tom Joad-The novel's protagonist.Tom is good-natured and thoughtful and makes do with what life hands him.Even though he killed a man and has been separated from his family for four years,he does not waste his time with regrets.He lives fully for the present moment,which enables him to be a great source of vitality for the Joad family.A wise guide and fierce protector,Tom exhibits a moral certainty throughout the novel that imbues him with strength and resolve:he earns the awed respect of his family members as well as the workers he later organizes into unions. 汤姆·乔德——小说的主角。汤姆性格善良、体贴,能够适应生活给予的一切。尽管他曾杀过人,并且与家人分离了四年,但他不浪费时间后悔。他活在当下,这使他成为乔德家族的巨大活力源泉。作为一个睿智的引导者和强烈的保护者,汤姆在整部小说中表现出一种道德上的坚定,这赋予了他力量和决心:他赢得了家人以及后来他组织成工会的工人的敬畏和尊重。
Ma Joad-The mother of the Joad family.Ma is introduced as a woman who knowingly and gladly fulfills her role as"the citadel of the family."She is the healer of the family's ills and the arbiter of its arguments,and her ability to perform these tasks grows as the novel progresses. 乔德太太——乔德家的母亲。乔德太太被描绘成一个自觉且乐于履行“家庭堡垒”角色的女性。她是家中疾病的治疗者和争执的仲裁者,随着小说的发展,她完成这些任务的能力也不断增强
Pa Joad-Ma Joad's husband and Tom's father.Pa Joad is an Oklahoma tenant farmer who has been evicted from his farm. 帕·乔德——玛·乔德的丈夫,汤姆的父亲。帕·乔德是俄克拉荷马州的一名佃农,已被驱逐出他的农场。
A plainspoken,good-hearted man, Pa directs the effort to take the family to California.Once there,unable to find work and increasingly desperate, Pa finds himself looking to Ma Joad for strength and leadership,though he sometimes feels ashamed of his weaker position. 帕是一个直言不讳、善良的人,他负责带领家人前往加利福尼亚。到了那里,找不到工作,日益绝望,帕开始依赖玛·乔德的力量和领导,尽管他有时为自己较弱的地位感到羞愧。
Jim Casy-A former preacher who gave up his ministry out of a belief that all human experience is holy.Often the moral voice of the novel,Casy articulates many of its most important themes,among them the sanctity of the people and the essential unity of all mankind.A staunch friend of Tom Joad,Casy goes to prison in Tom's stead for a fight that erupts between laborers and the California police.He emerges a determined organizer of the migrant workers. 吉姆·凯西——一位曾经的传教士,因相信所有人类经历都是神圣的而放弃了他的牧师职位。作为小说中经常出现的道德声音,凯西阐述了许多重要主题,其中包括人民的神圣性和全人类的本质统一。作为汤姆·乔德的坚定朋友,凯西因劳工与加州警察之间爆发的冲突替汤姆入狱。他出狱后成为移民工人的坚定组织者
Rose of Sharon-The oldest of Ma and Pa Joad's daughters,and Connie's wife.An impractical,petulant,and romantic young woman,Rose of Sharon begins the journey to California pregnant with her first child.She and Connie have grand notions of making a life for themselves in a city.The harsh realities of migrant life soon disabuse Rose of Sharon of these ideas,however.Her husband abandons her,and her child is born dead. 莎伦玫瑰——乔德夫妇的长女,康妮的妻子。她是一个不切实际、任性且浪漫的年轻女子,怀着第一个孩子开始了前往加利福尼亚的旅程。她和康妮怀有在城市里创造生活的美好憧憬。然而,移民生活的严酷现实很快打消了莎伦玫瑰的这些想法。她的丈夫抛弃了她,孩子死产。
Grampa Joad-The founder of the Joad farm,Grampa is now old and infirm.Once possessed of a cruel and violent temper, Grampa's wickedness is now limited almost exclusively to his tongue.He delights in tormenting his wife and shocking others with sinful talk.Although his character serves largely to produce comical effect,he exhibits a very real and poignant connection to the land.The family is forced to drug him in order to get him to leave the homestead. 乔德爷爷——乔德农场的创始人,如今年老体衰。曾经脾气暴躁残忍的他,现在的恶劣主要体现在言语上。他喜欢折磨妻子,用罪恶的言语震惊他人。虽然他的性格主要带来喜剧效果,但他对土地有着非常真实而深刻的情感。家人不得不给他服药,才能让他离开家园。
结构:The 30 chapters fall into 3 sections: 结构:30 章分为 3 个部分: ✓\checkmark First section(Chapter 1∼101 \sim 10 )-the description of the drought; ✓\checkmark 第一部分(第 1∼101 \sim 10 章)——干旱的描述; ✓\checkmark Second section(Chapter 13~18)-the journeying to California; ✓\checkmark 第二部分(第 13~18 章)-前往加利福尼亚的旅程; ✓\checkmark Third section(the remaining 12 chapters):-a narrative of the life of the migrants in California ✓\checkmark 第三部分(剩余的 12 章):-加利福尼亚移民生活的叙述
圣经典故:The story corresponds to"The Exodus"in the Old Testament of the Bible: 圣经典故:《出埃及记》中的故事对应: ✓\checkmark The ancient Jews went to Egypt in search of food and stayed there for 400 years and became the slaves of the Egyptian Pharaoh; ✓\checkmark 古代犹太人为了寻找食物前往埃及,并在那里停留了 400 年,成为埃及法老的奴隶; ✓\checkmark The God sent Moses,as His prophet to lead them out through the desert toward Canaan,the Promised Land,the place the God had promised to Abraham,the Father of the Jews; ✓\checkmark 上帝差遣摩西作为他的先知,带领他们穿越沙漠前往迦南,应许之地,即上帝曾应许给犹太人之父亚伯拉罕的地方; ✓\checkmark Under the oracle of the God when reaching Canaan(Holy Land,Promised Land),Moses made the Ten Commandments(摩西十诫)。 ✓\checkmark 在抵达迦南(圣地,应许之地)时,摩西在上帝的启示下制定了十诫。
重要性: ✓\checkmark The novel is full of bitterness but not exactly despair.There is still a ray of hope. ✓\checkmark 这部小说充满了苦涩,但并非绝望。仍然有一线希望。 ✓\checkmark It helped toward increasing the nation's awareness of its problem. ✓\checkmark 它有助于提高民族对自身问题的认识。 ✓\checkmark It is Steinbeck's clear expression of sympathy with the disposed and the wretched.So it was accused of being communist-oriented and banned for a long time.And Steinbeck himself is regarded as"Spokesman of the oppressed". ✓\checkmark 这是斯坦贝克对被抛弃者和苦难者的明确同情表达。因此,它被指责为共产主义倾向,并被长期禁播。斯坦贝克本人也被视为“被压迫者的代言人”。
象征: ✓\checkmark Sharon's pregnancy-new life and hope ✓\checkmark 莎伦的怀孕——新生命与希望 ✓\checkmark Stillborn baby-the crash of the dream ✓\checkmark 死产婴儿——梦想的破灭 ✓\checkmark Breast-feeding the starving the man-life and hope in hopeless situation ✓\checkmark 哺乳——在绝望中喂养饥饿的人——生命与希望
Katherine Anne Porter 凯瑟琳·安妮·波特
地位:American novelist and short-story writer;A master stylist whose long short stories have a richness of texture and complexity of character delineation usually achieved only in the novel;One of America's best short-story writers 地位:美国小说家和短篇小说作家;一位文体大师,其长篇短篇小说具有丰富的质感和复杂的人物刻画,通常只有小说才能达到;美国最优秀的短篇小说作家之一
作品:
Flowering Judas-Her first book 《开花的犹大》——她的第一本书
Leaning Tower and Other Stories 倾斜的塔及其他故事
Ship of Fools 愚人船
The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter-the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award 凯瑟琳·安妮·波特短篇小说集——普利策奖和国家图书奖作品
The Jilting of Granny Weatherall-a stream-of-consciousness monologue 《格兰尼·韦瑟罗的抛弃》——意识流独白
内容:Telling the tale of a group of disparate characters sailing from Mexico to Europe aboard a German passenger ship. The large cast of characters includes Germans,a Swiss family,Mexicans,Americans,Spaniards,a group of Cuban medical students,and a Swede.In steerage,there are 876 Spanish workers being returned from Cuba.
主题:It is an allegory tracing the rise of Nazism and looks metaphorically at the progress of the world on its"voyage to eternity".The book is concerned with the downhill drag of western civilization
题目:A translation of the German of Sebastian Brant's Das Narrenschiff
结构:Embarkation,High Sea,The Harbours
Ship of Fools:
内容:Telling the tale of a group of disparate characters sailing from Mexico to Europe aboard a German passenger ship. The large cast of characters includes Germans,a Swiss family,Mexicans,Americans,Spaniards,a group of Cuban medical students,and a Swede.In steerage,there are 876 Spanish workers being returned from Cuba.
主题:It is an allegory tracing the rise of Nazism and looks metaphorically at the progress of the world on its"voyage to eternity".The book is concerned with the downhill drag of western civilization
题目:A translation of the German of Sebastian Brant's Das Narrenschiff
结构:Embarkation,High Sea,The Harbours| Ship of Fools: |
| :--- |
| 内容:Telling the tale of a group of disparate characters sailing from Mexico to Europe aboard a German passenger ship. The large cast of characters includes Germans,a Swiss family,Mexicans,Americans,Spaniards,a group of Cuban medical students,and a Swede.In steerage,there are 876 Spanish workers being returned from Cuba. |
| 主题:It is an allegory tracing the rise of Nazism and looks metaphorically at the progress of the world on its"voyage to eternity".The book is concerned with the downhill drag of western civilization |
| 题目:A translation of the German of Sebastian Brant's Das Narrenschiff |
| 结构:Embarkation,High Sea,The Harbours |
Eudora Welty 尤多拉·韦尔蒂
地位:An American author of short stories and novels about the American South;The first living author to have her works published by the Library of America 地位:一位关于美国南方的短篇小说和小说的美国作家;首位其作品被美国图书馆收藏出版的在世作家
短篇小说集:
A Worn Path 《一条磨损的小路》
A Curtain of Green 《绿色的帷幕》
Petrified Man 石化人
The Wide Net and Other Stories 宽网及其他故事
Music from Spain 来自西班牙的音乐
The Golden Apples 金苹果
Selected Stories 精选短篇小说
The Bride of the Innisfallen and Other Stories 《伊尼斯法伦的新娘及其他故事》
Thirteen Stories 十三个故事
The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty 尤多拉·韦尔蒂短篇小说全集
Moon Lake and Other Stories 月湖及其他故事
Morgana:Two Stories from The Golden Apples 摩根娜:《金苹果》中的两个故事
小说:
The Robber Bridegroom 强盗新郎
Delta Wedding 三角洲婚礼
The Ponder Heart 沉思之心
The Shoe Bird 鞋鸟
Losing Battles 失落的战斗
The Optimist's Daughter-Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 乐观者的女儿——普利策小说奖
理论:In her essay"Place in Fiction",Eudora Welty emphasizes the importance of place for literary creations.She observes clearly that place serves as a repository for the feelings of authors,makes them pay attention to detail and portray things with clarity,and prepares them to see through things.She feels that art that speaks most clearly,explicitly,and passionately from its place of origin will remain the longest understood.She is noted for her fidelity to her place(hometown),the A south,but manages to reach out to her readership on a more universal plane. 理论:在她的文章《小说中的地点》中,尤多拉·韦尔蒂强调了地点对于文学创作的重要性。她清楚地观察到,地点作为作者情感的储存库,使他们关注细节并以清晰的方式描绘事物,同时也使他们能够洞察事物。她认为,最清晰、最明确、最充满激情地从其发源地发声的艺术,将被理解得最久远。她以对自己故乡——南方的忠诚而闻名,但又设法在更普遍的层面上与读者产生共鸣。
主题:She concerned about the traditional southern family relationship.Her focus in not so much on describing the vicissitudes of family fortunes as on the exploration on the inner world of her characters,their interactions,and the power of love.Her characters range from aristocrats to farmers,who come forth with their interior monologues and reveal the emotional tenor of their lives.These people engage in self-searching and look for meaning in their existence. 主题:她关注传统的南方家庭关系。她的重点不在于描述家族兴衰的变迁,而在于探索人物的内心世界、他们的互动以及爱的力量。她的角色涵盖从贵族到农民,他们通过内心独白展现生活的情感基调。这些人物进行自我探索,寻找存在的意义。
Carson MaCullers 卡森·麦卡勒斯
地 位:An American novelist,short story writer,playwright,essayist,and poet;Was said to touch William Faulkner in writing 地位:一位美国小说家、短篇小说作家、剧作家、散文家和诗人;据说她的写作触及了威廉·福克纳
作品:
地位:An American author of short stories and novels about the American South;The first living author to have her works published by the Library of America
短篇小说集:
A Worn Path
A Curtain of Green
Petrified Man
The Wide Net and Other Stories
Music from Spain
The Golden Apples
Selected Stories
The Bride of the Innisfallen and Other Stories
Thirteen Stories
The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty
Moon Lake and Other Stories
Morgana:Two Stories from The Golden Apples
小说:
The Robber Bridegroom
Delta Wedding
The Ponder Heart
The Shoe Bird
Losing Battles
The Optimist's Daughter-Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
理论:In her essay"Place in Fiction",Eudora Welty emphasizes the importance of place for literary creations.She observes clearly that place serves as a repository for the feelings of authors,makes them pay attention to detail and portray things with clarity,and prepares them to see through things.She feels that art that speaks most clearly,explicitly,and passionately from its place of origin will remain the longest understood.She is noted for her fidelity to her place(hometown),the A south,but manages to reach out to her readership on a more universal plane.
主题:She concerned about the traditional southern family relationship.Her focus in not so much on describing the vicissitudes of family fortunes as on the exploration on the inner world of her characters,their interactions,and the power of love.Her characters range from aristocrats to farmers,who come forth with their interior monologues and reveal the emotional tenor of their lives.These people engage in self-searching and look for meaning in their existence.
Carson MaCullers
地 位:An American novelist,short story writer,playwright,essayist,and poet;Was said to touch William Faulkner in writing
作品:| 地位:An American author of short stories and novels about the American South;The first living author to have her works published by the Library of America |
| :--- |
| 短篇小说集: |
| A Worn Path |
| A Curtain of Green |
| Petrified Man |
| The Wide Net and Other Stories |
| Music from Spain |
| The Golden Apples |
| Selected Stories |
| The Bride of the Innisfallen and Other Stories |
| Thirteen Stories |
| The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty |
| Moon Lake and Other Stories |
| Morgana:Two Stories from The Golden Apples |
| 小说: |
| The Robber Bridegroom |
| Delta Wedding |
| The Ponder Heart |
| The Shoe Bird |
| Losing Battles |
| The Optimist's Daughter-Pulitzer Prize for Fiction |
| 理论:In her essay"Place in Fiction",Eudora Welty emphasizes the importance of place for literary creations.She observes clearly that place serves as a repository for the feelings of authors,makes them pay attention to detail and portray things with clarity,and prepares them to see through things.She feels that art that speaks most clearly,explicitly,and passionately from its place of origin will remain the longest understood.She is noted for her fidelity to her place(hometown),the A south,but manages to reach out to her readership on a more universal plane. |
| 主题:She concerned about the traditional southern family relationship.Her focus in not so much on describing the vicissitudes of family fortunes as on the exploration on the inner world of her characters,their interactions,and the power of love.Her characters range from aristocrats to farmers,who come forth with their interior monologues and reveal the emotional tenor of their lives.These people engage in self-searching and look for meaning in their existence. |
| Carson MaCullers |
| 地 位:An American novelist,short story writer,playwright,essayist,and poet;Was said to touch William Faulkner in writing |
| 作品: |
"Ship of Fools:
内容:Telling the tale of a group of disparate characters sailing from Mexico to Europe aboard a German passenger ship. The large cast of characters includes Germans,a Swiss family,Mexicans,Americans,Spaniards,a group of Cuban medical students,and a Swede.In steerage,there are 876 Spanish workers being returned from Cuba.
主题:It is an allegory tracing the rise of Nazism and looks metaphorically at the progress of the world on its"voyage to eternity".The book is concerned with the downhill drag of western civilization
题目:A translation of the German of Sebastian Brant's Das Narrenschiff
结构:Embarkation,High Sea,The Harbours"
Eudora Welty
"地位:An American author of short stories and novels about the American South;The first living author to have her works published by the Library of America
短篇小说集:
A Worn Path
A Curtain of Green
Petrified Man
The Wide Net and Other Stories
Music from Spain
The Golden Apples
Selected Stories
The Bride of the Innisfallen and Other Stories
Thirteen Stories
The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty
Moon Lake and Other Stories
Morgana:Two Stories from The Golden Apples
小说:
The Robber Bridegroom
Delta Wedding
The Ponder Heart
The Shoe Bird
Losing Battles
The Optimist's Daughter-Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
理论:In her essay"Place in Fiction",Eudora Welty emphasizes the importance of place for literary creations.She observes clearly that place serves as a repository for the feelings of authors,makes them pay attention to detail and portray things with clarity,and prepares them to see through things.She feels that art that speaks most clearly,explicitly,and passionately from its place of origin will remain the longest understood.She is noted for her fidelity to her place(hometown),the A south,but manages to reach out to her readership on a more universal plane.
主题:She concerned about the traditional southern family relationship.Her focus in not so much on describing the vicissitudes of family fortunes as on the exploration on the inner world of her characters,their interactions,and the power of love.Her characters range from aristocrats to farmers,who come forth with their interior monologues and reveal the emotional tenor of their lives.These people engage in self-searching and look for meaning in their existence.
Carson MaCullers
地 位:An American novelist,short story writer,playwright,essayist,and poet;Was said to touch William Faulkner in writing
作品:"
| Ship of Fools: <br> 内容:Telling the tale of a group of disparate characters sailing from Mexico to Europe aboard a German passenger ship. The large cast of characters includes Germans,a Swiss family,Mexicans,Americans,Spaniards,a group of Cuban medical students,and a Swede.In steerage,there are 876 Spanish workers being returned from Cuba. <br> 主题:It is an allegory tracing the rise of Nazism and looks metaphorically at the progress of the world on its"voyage to eternity".The book is concerned with the downhill drag of western civilization <br> 题目:A translation of the German of Sebastian Brant's Das Narrenschiff <br> 结构:Embarkation,High Sea,The Harbours |
| :--- |
| Eudora Welty |
| 地位:An American author of short stories and novels about the American South;The first living author to have her works published by the Library of America <br> 短篇小说集: <br> A Worn Path <br> A Curtain of Green <br> Petrified Man <br> The Wide Net and Other Stories <br> Music from Spain <br> The Golden Apples <br> Selected Stories <br> The Bride of the Innisfallen and Other Stories <br> Thirteen Stories <br> The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty <br> Moon Lake and Other Stories <br> Morgana:Two Stories from The Golden Apples <br> 小说: <br> The Robber Bridegroom <br> Delta Wedding <br> The Ponder Heart <br> The Shoe Bird <br> Losing Battles <br> The Optimist's Daughter-Pulitzer Prize for Fiction <br> 理论:In her essay"Place in Fiction",Eudora Welty emphasizes the importance of place for literary creations.She observes clearly that place serves as a repository for the feelings of authors,makes them pay attention to detail and portray things with clarity,and prepares them to see through things.She feels that art that speaks most clearly,explicitly,and passionately from its place of origin will remain the longest understood.She is noted for her fidelity to her place(hometown),the A south,but manages to reach out to her readership on a more universal plane. <br> 主题:She concerned about the traditional southern family relationship.Her focus in not so much on describing the vicissitudes of family fortunes as on the exploration on the inner world of her characters,their interactions,and the power of love.Her characters range from aristocrats to farmers,who come forth with their interior monologues and reveal the emotional tenor of their lives.These people engage in self-searching and look for meaning in their existence. <br> Carson MaCullers <br> 地 位:An American novelist,short story writer,playwright,essayist,and poet;Was said to touch William Faulkner in writing <br> 作品: |
| |
The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter-His first novel 《心是孤独的猎手》-他的第一部小说
Reflections in a Golden Eye 《金眼中的倒影》
The Ballad of the Sad Café-About love and pain 《悲伤咖啡馆的叙事歌谣》-关于爱与痛苦
The Member of the Wedding 《婚礼的成员》
Clock without Hands 《无指针的钟》
观点: ✓\checkmark She has a gothic version of human life/"sense of awful".She thought that some people are meant to live lives of horror and alienation.These mostly physical and spiritual freaks exist to represent forces that can wreak havoc with human life. ✓\checkmark 她拥有一种哥特式的人生观/“可怕的感觉”。她认为有些人注定要过恐怖和疏离的生活。这些大多是身体和精神上的怪胎,存在的意义是代表那些能对人类生活造成破坏的力量。 ✓\checkmark Focus of her fiction:the lonely and the outcast,the sense of not belonging ✓\checkmark 她小说的焦点:孤独者和被排斥者,以及那种不属于任何地方的感觉 ✓\checkmark Love:love is important,but it brings with its insoluble problems that cause pain or even death. ✓\checkmark 爱:爱很重要,但它带来了无法解决的问题,这些问题会导致痛苦甚至死亡。 ✓\checkmark Her fictions are inhabited by hunchbacks,deaf mutes,or adolescents who find it hard to love and live normal lives. ✓\checkmark 她的小说中居住着驼背者、聋哑人,或那些难以去爱和过正常生活的青少年。
Nathanael West 纳撒尼尔·韦斯特
地位:An American author and screenwriter;He was little known when alive,but he has received good posthumous critical attention and has been regarded as one of the best writers to come out the 1930s and the first important postwar novelist.He is seen as a predecessor to the American novelists of the absurd in the 1940s;Tried to adapt European avant-gardism to American writing 地位:一位美国作家和编剧;生前鲜为人知,但死后获得了良好的批评关注,被认为是 1930 年代最杰出的作家之一,也是战后首位重要小说家。他被视为 1940 年代美国荒诞小说家的先驱;尝试将欧洲先锋主义融入美国写作
小说:The Dream Life of Balso Snell;Miss Lonelyhearts;A Cool Million;The Day of the Locust 小说:《巴尔索·斯内尔的梦境生活》;《孤独的心》;《一百万的冷酷》;《蝗虫之日》
戏剧:Even Stephen;Good Hunting 戏剧:《公平竞争》;《好运》
短篇小说:"Western Union Boy";"The Imposter" 短篇小说:《西联男孩》;《冒名顶替者》
风格:He thought he wrote"moral satires",but there are signs of visible immorality and spiritual decay there(as W.H. Auden sees it).Reading West,one gets the impression that he delights enormously in scandalizing his readers.His subjects often involve violence of a brutalizing kind,his narratives are presented in a surrealist's manner,and his characters are grotesque and dehumanized.His bleak and absurd vision comes through well in his works. 风格:他认为自己写的是“道德讽刺”,但正如 W. H. Auden 所见,其中显现出明显的不道德和精神衰败。阅读 West 的作品,会给人一种他极大地享受激怒读者的印象。他的题材常涉及残酷的暴力,他的叙述方式带有超现实主义色彩,他的角色则是怪诞且非人化的。他那种荒凉而荒诞的视角在作品中表现得淋漓尽致
文学流派特点介绍:
历史背景:The Great Depression in 1930s 历史背景:1930 年代的大萧条
定义:It refers to a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. 定义:指的是二战前十年间发生的严重的全球经济萧条。
时间:It started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 930s or early 1940s.The depression originated in the U.S.,starting with the fall in stock prices that began around September 4, 1929 and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday).From there,it quickly spread to almost every country in the world. 时间:大约始于 1929 年,持续到 1930 年代末或 1940 年代初。萧条起源于美国,始于 1929 年 9 月 4 日左右股价下跌,并随着 1929 年 10 月 29 日的股市崩盘(称为“黑色星期二”)成为全球新闻。此后,迅速蔓延到几乎世界上所有国家。
结果:the dim decade of 1930s replacing the glittering 1920s;the physical wasteland replacing the spiritual wasteland 结果:辉煌的 1920 年代被暗淡的 1930 年代取代;精神荒原被物质荒原所替代
文学特点:(自然主义的一次回潮,另外这次更多关注对现实的描写尤其是下层人民,手法借用一些现代主义的技巧)
内容:Social involvement and concern about the society; 内容:社会参与和对社会的关心;
技巧:The revival of Naturalism and Realism in addition to the influence of modernism 技巧:自然主义和现实主义的复兴以及现代主义的影响
体裁:1930s is an age of fiction;The drama of the 1930s is rich and varied;Poetry did not flourish in the 1930s as the novel and drama. 体裁:1930 年代是小说的时代;1930 年代的戏剧丰富多样;诗歌在 1930 年代没有像小说和戏剧那样繁荣。
代表:John Dos Passos;O’ Neill;Clifford Odets;Maxwell Anderson;John Steinbeck 代表:约翰·多斯·帕索斯;尤金·奥尼尔;克利福德·奥德茨;马克斯韦尔·安德森;约翰·斯坦贝克
简答题表述参考:(标下划线的词句为关键词汇)
1.What is meant by the application of the term"agrarian philosophy"to The Grapes of Wrath? 1.“农业哲学”一词应用于《愤怒的葡萄》是什么意思?
Such a philosophy,or thematic strain,which has been linked to what is known as Jeffersonian agrarianism-a form of democracy and a way of life-is ever present in the novel.That is,Steinbeck elevates farming as a way of life,if it is accompanied by love of,respect for the land.For those who love the land and make it a way of life it takes on symbolic 这种哲学,或称主题倾向,与所谓的杰斐逊式农业主义——一种民主形式和生活方式——密切相关,并贯穿于小说始终。也就是说,斯坦贝克将农业作为一种生活方式加以提升,前提是伴随着对土地的热爱和尊重。对于那些热爱土地并以此为生的人来说,土地具有象征意义
meaning:the people identify with cycles of natural growth and contrastingly,when the soil erodes and is worn out it is at the same time the spirit of the people eroding and wearing out.Ideally,then,the land can be a unifying thing,holding people together and bringing serenity and well-being-and importantly,a sense of human dignity.As it is said at one point in the novel,"I am the land,the land is me."But like-wise,if the land is taken away,then a man s identity-and so his self-esteem-is taken away.And if the people are uprooted from the land,then their unity is destroyed,proven in the novel as we witness the disintegration of the Joad family unit.One of the most eloquent pleas for agrarianism comes in an inter chapter late in the novel,wherein the spring and the exquisite ripening of all growing things in California is described,then harshly and bitterly contrasted with the willful destruction of nature s perfections by those who care only to make profit from the orange or the grape-what the author calls the shopkeepers and manufacturers of the land,who have replaced,for profit s sake,the genuine farmers. 意义:人们认同自然生长的周期,相反地,当土壤侵蚀和耗尽时,人们的精神也同时在侵蚀和耗尽。理想情况下,土地可以成为一种团结的力量,将人们凝聚在一起,带来宁静和福祉——更重要的是,带来一种人的尊严感。正如小说中某处所说,“我就是土地,土地就是我。”但同样地,如果土地被夺走,那么一个人的身份——以及他的自尊——也会被夺走。如果人们被从土地上连根拔起,那么他们的团结也会被摧毁,小说中通过乔德一家族的瓦解得到了证明。小说后期的一章中,有一段对农业主义最有力的呼吁,描述了加利福尼亚春天和所有生长事物的美妙成熟,然后严厉而痛苦地对比了那些只为从橙子或葡萄中获利而故意破坏自然完美的人——作者称他们为土地的店主和制造者,他们为了利润取代了真正的农民。
2.Comment briefly on John Steinbeck's style of writing. 2.简要评论约翰·斯坦贝克的写作风格
In general,Steinbeck seems to alternate between passages of description(frequently included in short separate chapters called inter chapters)and narrative consisting of dialogue and action.The descriptions are often filled with exquisitely observed detail,whether of nature or of the material,man-made world or of human nature.There is a great variety of style in The Grapes of Wrath,and it has been attributed to a number of influences,of which the following seem valid:the Bible, particularly the Old Testament(this is substantiated by the fact of the many paraphrases and analogues to the Old Testament in the novel);American poets such as Walt Whitman and Carl Sandburg;John Dos Passos and his socalled"newsreel technique"(the chapter treating the used car dealers,for example);the chanting,repetitive technique of the chorus in Greek tragedy;and of course the folk idiom itself,from which the dialogue is realistically reproduced. 总体而言,斯坦贝克似乎在描述段落(通常包含在称为插章的短小独立章节中)与由对话和行动组成的叙述之间交替进行。描述部分常常充满了对自然、物质人造世界或人性细致入微的观察细节。《愤怒的葡萄》中的风格多样,这被归因于多种影响,其中以下几种似乎是合理的:圣经,特别是旧约(这一点通过小说中许多对旧约的意译和类比得以证实);美国诗人如沃尔特·惠特曼和卡尔·桑德堡;约翰·多斯·帕索斯及其所谓的“新闻片段技术”(例如处理二手车经销商的章节);希腊悲剧中合唱团的吟唱、重复技巧;当然还有民间语言本身,小说中的对话即是现实地再现了这种语言。
选段及选段分析:(标下划线的词句为识别标志)
John Steinbeck 约翰·斯坦贝克
We're Joads.We don t look up to nobody.Grampa's grampa,he fit in the Revolution.We was farm people till the debt.And then-them people.They done somepin to us.Ever time they come seemed like they was a-whippin me-all of us.An in Needles,that police.He done somepin to me,made me feel mean.Made me feel ashamed.An now I aint ashamed.These folks is our folks-is our folks.An that manager,he come an set an drank coffee,an He says,'Mrs.Joad'this,an'Mrs. Joad'that—an?'How you getting on,Mrs.Joad?'"She stopped and sighed.""Why,I feel like people again." 我们是乔德一家。我们不看谁不起。爷爷的爷爷,他参加过革命。我们以前是农民,直到欠了债。然后——那些人。他们对我们做了些什么。每次他们来,好像都在鞭打我——我们所有人。在尼德尔斯,那警察。他对我做了些什么,让我感到卑微。让我感到羞愧。可现在我不羞愧了。这些人是我们的人——是我们的人。那个经理,他过来坐下喝咖啡,他说,“乔德太太”这个,“乔德太太”那个——“乔德太太,你过得怎么样?”她停下来叹了口气。“为什么,我感觉自己又像个人了。”
The Grapes of Wrath 愤怒的葡萄
分析:
After the Joads arrive in the Weedpatch government camp,Ma discusses the effects of life on the road.It has,she reports, changed her.The open gestures of hostility the family has suffered at the hands of policemen and landowners have made her "mean,"petty,hardened.In Weedpatch,however,for the first time since leaving Oklahoma she is treated like a human being.The camp manager s kindness rekindles her sense of connection in the world:"These is our folks,"she says.Ma s speech underlines the importance of fellowship among the migrants,suggesting that,given their current difficulties,one cannot afford to bear one's burdens alone. 乔德一家抵达韦德帕奇政府营地后,玛谈论了流浪生活的影响。她说,这种生活改变了她。家人在警察和地主手中遭受的公开敌意使她变得“刻薄”、小气、坚硬。然而,在韦德帕奇,自从离开俄克拉荷马以来,她第一次被当做人看待。营地经理的善意重新点燃了她对世界的归属感:“这些是我们的人,”她说。玛的讲话强调了移民之间团结的重要性,暗示在当前的困境中,人们无法独自承担重担
Throughout The Grapes of Wrath,Steinbeck emphasizes the importance of the self-respect and sense of dignity that Ma displays here.The unfair treatment the migrants receive does not simply create hardship for them;it diminishes them as human beings.As long as people maintain a sense of injustice,however-a sense of anger against those who seek to undercut their pride in themselves-they will never lose their dignity.This notion is reinforced particularly at the end of the book,in the images of the festering grapes of wrath and in the last of the short,expository chapters,in which the worker women,watching their husbands and brothers and sons,know that these men will remain strong"as long as fear(can)turn to wrath." 在《愤怒的葡萄》中,斯坦贝克强调了玛所展现的自尊和尊严感的重要性。移民们所遭受的不公待遇不仅仅给他们带来了困难;更是贬低了他们作为人的价值。然而,只要人们保持对不公的意识——对那些试图削弱他们自尊的人怀有愤怒——他们就永远不会失去尊严。这个观点在书的结尾部分得到了特别的强化,通过那腐烂的愤怒葡萄的意象以及最后一章简短的说明性章节表现出来,在那里,工人妇女们注视着她们的丈夫、兄弟和儿子,知道这些男人只要“恐惧能转化为愤怒”,就会保持坚强。
(注:语法表达不规范,多用口语甚至方言是作者的现实主义 or 自然主义特点之一,也是他的写作特点/风格特点)
地位:Regarded as American Shakespeare;Founder of American Drama;Won Nobel Prize in 1936;America's greatest playwright; 4 times won the Pulitzer Prize;Born in a hotel room and died in a hotel room. 地位:被视为美国的莎士比亚;美国戏剧的奠基人;1936 年诺贝尔奖获得者;美国最伟大的剧作家;四次获得普利策奖;出生于酒店房间,逝世于酒店房间。
The Hairy Ape-Concerns the problem of modern man's sense of"belonging". 《毛猿》——关注现代人“归属感”的问题。
Desire under the Elms 《榆树下的欲望》
Days without End 《无尽的日子》
A Moon for the Misbegotten 《为错生者而作的月亮》
The Iceman Cometh-The best work and represents the fact the O'Neill lifelong quest for values ended in failure. 《冰人来了》——最优秀的作品,体现了欧尼尔毕生追求价值观却以失败告终的事实。
Long Day's Journey into Night-Autobiographical.All the four characters suffer frustrations and wish to escape from the harsh reality.It is a metaphor for O'Neill lifelong endeavor to find truth and the way to acceptance. 《漫长的夜晚之旅》——自传体。四个角色都遭受挫折,渴望逃避严酷的现实。它是欧尼尔毕生努力寻找真理和接受之道的隐喻。
作品特点/理论/贡献:
-Introduced the realistic or even the naturalistic aspect of life into the American theater.The stylistic aspect of Neill's art merits notice for its variety and its display of consummate craftsmanship-naturalistic and realistic spirits mingled with symbolic expressionism ——将现实主义甚至自然主义的生活面貌引入美国戏剧。欧尼尔艺术的风格特点值得关注,其多样性和精湛的技艺表现——自然主义与现实主义精神与象征主义表现手法交织融合
-He borrowed freely from the best traditions of European drama,be it Greek tragedies,or the realism of Ibsen,other the expressionism of Strindberg,and fused them into the organic art of his own. -他自由借鉴了欧洲戏剧的最佳传统,无论是希腊悲剧,易卜生的现实主义,还是斯特林堡的表现主义,并将它们融合成他自己的有机艺术。
-He borrowed freely from modern literary techniques such as the stream-of-consciousness device with the help of which he managed to reveal the emotional and psychological complexities of modern man-focus on people's psychological struggles rather than plot or characterization with a frequent use of interior monologues -他自由借用了现代文学技巧,如意识流手法,借助这一手法,他成功揭示了现代人的情感和心理复杂性——关注人的心理斗争,而非情节或人物塑造,频繁使用内心独白。
-His works follows a tragic structure:dream-doubt-defeat -他的作品遵循悲剧结构:梦想-怀疑-失败。
-Puppet characters representing all human beings-The characters appeared to share O'Neill's perplexity about human nature,and frequently commented upon it.Most of his plays were very pessimistic,leaving the characters without illusions and hope. -木偶般的人物代表所有人类——这些人物似乎分享了奥尼尔对人性的困惑,并经常对此发表评论。他的大多数戏剧都非常悲观,使人物失去了幻想和希望
-O'Neill's great purpose was to try and discover the root of human desires and frustrations.He showed most of the characters in his plays as seeking meaning and purpose in their lives,some through love,some through religion,others through revenge,but all met disappointment. -奥尼尔的伟大目标是试图发现人类欲望和挫折的根源。他在戏剧中展示的大多数角色都在寻找生活的意义和目的,有些通过爱情,有些通过宗教,另一些通过复仇,但所有人都遭遇了失望。
> quad>\quad He made use of setting and stage property to help in his dramatic representation > quad>\quad 他利用布景和舞台道具来辅助他的戏剧表现。
地位:Regarded as American Shakespeare;Founder of American Drama;Won Nobel Prize in 1936;America's greatest playwright; 4 times won the Pulitzer Prize;Born in a hotel room and died in a hotel room.
Father-a Shakespearean actor;Mother-good background-Family Tragedy
"在奥尼尔之前,美国只有剧院;奥尼尔以后,美国才有了戏剧。"
作品:
Bound East for Cardiff
Beyond the Horizon
The Emperor Jones
Anna Christie
The Hairy Ape-Concerns the problem of modern man's sense of"belonging".
Desire under the Elms
Days without End
A Moon for the Misbegotten
The Iceman Cometh-The best work and represents the fact the O'Neill lifelong quest for values ended in failure.
Long Day's Journey into Night-Autobiographical.All the four characters suffer frustrations and wish to escape from the harsh reality.It is a metaphor for O'Neill lifelong endeavor to find truth and the way to acceptance.
作品特点/理论/贡献:
-Introduced the realistic or even the naturalistic aspect of life into the American theater.The stylistic aspect of Neill's art merits notice for its variety and its display of consummate craftsmanship-naturalistic and realistic spirits mingled with symbolic expressionism
-He borrowed freely from the best traditions of European drama,be it Greek tragedies,or the realism of Ibsen,other the expressionism of Strindberg,and fused them into the organic art of his own.
-He borrowed freely from modern literary techniques such as the stream-of-consciousness device with the help of which he managed to reveal the emotional and psychological complexities of modern man-focus on people's psychological struggles rather than plot or characterization with a frequent use of interior monologues
-His works follows a tragic structure:dream-doubt-defeat
-Puppet characters representing all human beings-The characters appeared to share O'Neill's perplexity about human nature,and frequently commented upon it.Most of his plays were very pessimistic,leaving the characters without illusions and hope.
-O'Neill's great purpose was to try and discover the root of human desires and frustrations.He showed most of the characters in his plays as seeking meaning and purpose in their lives,some through love,some through religion,others through revenge,but all met disappointment.
> quad He made use of setting and stage property to help in his dramatic representation| 地位:Regarded as American Shakespeare;Founder of American Drama;Won Nobel Prize in 1936;America's greatest playwright; 4 times won the Pulitzer Prize;Born in a hotel room and died in a hotel room. |
| :--- |
| Father-a Shakespearean actor;Mother-good background-Family Tragedy |
| "在奥尼尔之前,美国只有剧院;奥尼尔以后,美国才有了戏剧。" |
| 作品: |
| Bound East for Cardiff |
| Beyond the Horizon |
| The Emperor Jones |
| Anna Christie |
| The Hairy Ape-Concerns the problem of modern man's sense of"belonging". |
| Desire under the Elms |
| Days without End |
| A Moon for the Misbegotten |
| The Iceman Cometh-The best work and represents the fact the O'Neill lifelong quest for values ended in failure. |
| Long Day's Journey into Night-Autobiographical.All the four characters suffer frustrations and wish to escape from the harsh reality.It is a metaphor for O'Neill lifelong endeavor to find truth and the way to acceptance. |
| 作品特点/理论/贡献: |
| -Introduced the realistic or even the naturalistic aspect of life into the American theater.The stylistic aspect of Neill's art merits notice for its variety and its display of consummate craftsmanship-naturalistic and realistic spirits mingled with symbolic expressionism |
| -He borrowed freely from the best traditions of European drama,be it Greek tragedies,or the realism of Ibsen,other the expressionism of Strindberg,and fused them into the organic art of his own. |
| -He borrowed freely from modern literary techniques such as the stream-of-consciousness device with the help of which he managed to reveal the emotional and psychological complexities of modern man-focus on people's psychological struggles rather than plot or characterization with a frequent use of interior monologues |
| -His works follows a tragic structure:dream-doubt-defeat |
| -Puppet characters representing all human beings-The characters appeared to share O'Neill's perplexity about human nature,and frequently commented upon it.Most of his plays were very pessimistic,leaving the characters without illusions and hope. |
| -O'Neill's great purpose was to try and discover the root of human desires and frustrations.He showed most of the characters in his plays as seeking meaning and purpose in their lives,some through love,some through religion,others through revenge,but all met disappointment. |
| $>\quad$ He made use of setting and stage property to help in his dramatic representation |
His first play to employ on stage the motion-picture technique of flashbacks,in this case to present the
地位:noted for his innovative and polemical plays.
作品:On Trial
His first play to employ on stage the motion-picture technique of flashbacks,in this case to present the| 地位:noted for his innovative and polemical plays. |
| :--- |
| 作品:On Trial |
| His first play to employ on stage the motion-picture technique of flashbacks,in this case to present the |
Eugene O’Neill(2006 北语 论述题 Sinclair Lewis,Maxine Hong Kingston,O’Neill,Hardy 选一个评论)
"地位:Regarded as American Shakespeare;Founder of American Drama;Won Nobel Prize in 1936;America's greatest playwright; 4 times won the Pulitzer Prize;Born in a hotel room and died in a hotel room.
Father-a Shakespearean actor;Mother-good background-Family Tragedy
"在奥尼尔之前,美国只有剧院;奥尼尔以后,美国才有了戏剧。"
作品:
Bound East for Cardiff
Beyond the Horizon
The Emperor Jones
Anna Christie
The Hairy Ape-Concerns the problem of modern man's sense of"belonging".
Desire under the Elms
Days without End
A Moon for the Misbegotten
The Iceman Cometh-The best work and represents the fact the O'Neill lifelong quest for values ended in failure.
Long Day's Journey into Night-Autobiographical.All the four characters suffer frustrations and wish to escape from the harsh reality.It is a metaphor for O'Neill lifelong endeavor to find truth and the way to acceptance.
作品特点/理论/贡献:
-Introduced the realistic or even the naturalistic aspect of life into the American theater.The stylistic aspect of Neill's art merits notice for its variety and its display of consummate craftsmanship-naturalistic and realistic spirits mingled with symbolic expressionism
-He borrowed freely from the best traditions of European drama,be it Greek tragedies,or the realism of Ibsen,other the expressionism of Strindberg,and fused them into the organic art of his own.
-He borrowed freely from modern literary techniques such as the stream-of-consciousness device with the help of which he managed to reveal the emotional and psychological complexities of modern man-focus on people's psychological struggles rather than plot or characterization with a frequent use of interior monologues
-His works follows a tragic structure:dream-doubt-defeat
-Puppet characters representing all human beings-The characters appeared to share O'Neill's perplexity about human nature,and frequently commented upon it.Most of his plays were very pessimistic,leaving the characters without illusions and hope.
-O'Neill's great purpose was to try and discover the root of human desires and frustrations.He showed most of the characters in his plays as seeking meaning and purpose in their lives,some through love,some through religion,others through revenge,but all met disappointment.
> quad He made use of setting and stage property to help in his dramatic representation"
Elmer Rice
"地位:noted for his innovative and polemical plays.
作品:On Trial
His first play to employ on stage the motion-picture technique of flashbacks,in this case to present the"| Eugene O’Neill(2006 北语 论述题 Sinclair Lewis,Maxine Hong Kingston,O’Neill,Hardy 选一个评论) |
| :--- |
| 地位:Regarded as American Shakespeare;Founder of American Drama;Won Nobel Prize in 1936;America's greatest playwright; 4 times won the Pulitzer Prize;Born in a hotel room and died in a hotel room. <br> Father-a Shakespearean actor;Mother-good background-Family Tragedy <br> "在奥尼尔之前,美国只有剧院;奥尼尔以后,美国才有了戏剧。" <br> 作品: <br> Bound East for Cardiff <br> Beyond the Horizon <br> The Emperor Jones <br> Anna Christie <br> The Hairy Ape-Concerns the problem of modern man's sense of"belonging". <br> Desire under the Elms <br> Days without End <br> A Moon for the Misbegotten <br> The Iceman Cometh-The best work and represents the fact the O'Neill lifelong quest for values ended in failure. <br> Long Day's Journey into Night-Autobiographical.All the four characters suffer frustrations and wish to escape from the harsh reality.It is a metaphor for O'Neill lifelong endeavor to find truth and the way to acceptance. <br> 作品特点/理论/贡献: <br> -Introduced the realistic or even the naturalistic aspect of life into the American theater.The stylistic aspect of Neill's art merits notice for its variety and its display of consummate craftsmanship-naturalistic and realistic spirits mingled with symbolic expressionism <br> -He borrowed freely from the best traditions of European drama,be it Greek tragedies,or the realism of Ibsen,other the expressionism of Strindberg,and fused them into the organic art of his own. <br> -He borrowed freely from modern literary techniques such as the stream-of-consciousness device with the help of which he managed to reveal the emotional and psychological complexities of modern man-focus on people's psychological struggles rather than plot or characterization with a frequent use of interior monologues <br> -His works follows a tragic structure:dream-doubt-defeat <br> -Puppet characters representing all human beings-The characters appeared to share O'Neill's perplexity about human nature,and frequently commented upon it.Most of his plays were very pessimistic,leaving the characters without illusions and hope. <br> -O'Neill's great purpose was to try and discover the root of human desires and frustrations.He showed most of the characters in his plays as seeking meaning and purpose in their lives,some through love,some through religion,others through revenge,but all met disappointment. <br> $>\quad$ He made use of setting and stage property to help in his dramatic representation |
| Elmer Rice |
| 地位:noted for his innovative and polemical plays. <br> 作品:On Trial <br> His first play to employ on stage the motion-picture technique of flashbacks,in this case to present the |
人物:Mr.Zero only can do the same job,adding figures.At last,a failure and a"waste product"of mechanizing,he remains a"zero"in modern life.
技巧:The author used the flashback technique and every offstage effect such as sound and light; Irony:the modern mechanical civilization
主题:Power of machine or the dehumanization of man in the 20th century:A mechanical device adds automatically,and does the work of man in half the time
Street Scene
His most important play;a starkly realistic tragedy set outside a New York City slum tenement building won a Pulitzer Prize and was adapted into a highly popular musical with lyrics by Langston Hughes and music by Kurt Weill
Counsellor-at-Law
We,the People
Judgment Day
Judgment Day
Dream Girl
The Grand Tour
The Winner
recollections of witnesses at a trial.
The Adding Machine
人物:Mr.Zero only can do the same job,adding figures.At last,a failure and a"waste product"of mechanizing,he remains a"zero"in modern life.
技巧:The author used the flashback technique and every offstage effect such as sound and light; Irony:the modern mechanical civilization
主题:Power of machine or the dehumanization of man in the 20th century:A mechanical device adds automatically,and does the work of man in half the time
Street Scene
His most important play;a starkly realistic tragedy set outside a New York City slum tenement building won a Pulitzer Prize and was adapted into a highly popular musical with lyrics by Langston Hughes and music by Kurt Weill
Counsellor-at-Law
We,the People
Judgment Day
Judgment Day
Dream Girl
The Grand Tour
The Winner| recollections of witnesses at a trial. |
| :--- |
| The Adding Machine |
| 人物:Mr.Zero only can do the same job,adding figures.At last,a failure and a"waste product"of mechanizing,he remains a"zero"in modern life. |
| 技巧:The author used the flashback technique and every offstage effect such as sound and light; Irony:the modern mechanical civilization |
| 主题:Power of machine or the dehumanization of man in the 20th century:A mechanical device adds automatically,and does the work of man in half the time |
| Street Scene |
| His most important play;a starkly realistic tragedy set outside a New York City slum tenement building won a Pulitzer Prize and was adapted into a highly popular musical with lyrics by Langston Hughes and music by Kurt Weill |
| Counsellor-at-Law |
| We,the People |
| Judgment Day |
| Judgment Day |
| Dream Girl |
| The Grand Tour |
| The Winner |
地位:Mother of American drama;Feminist awareness;with her husband,George Cram Cook,founded the Provincetown Players,the first modern American theatre company
作品:
The Verge
Alison's House
Fidelity
The Morning Is Near Us
Trifles-an important feminist work;It includes the tension between women vs.man,woman vs.woman,and woman vs.Self.
地位:Mother of American drama;Feminist awareness;with her husband,George Cram Cook,founded the Provincetown Players,the first modern American theatre company
作品:
The Verge
Alison's House
Fidelity
The Morning Is Near Us
Trifles-an important feminist work;It includes the tension between women vs.man,woman vs.woman,and woman vs.Self.| 地位:Mother of American drama;Feminist awareness;with her husband,George Cram Cook,founded the Provincetown Players,the first modern American theatre company |
| :--- |
| 作品: |
| The Verge |
| Alison's House |
| Fidelity |
| The Morning Is Near Us |
| Trifles-an important feminist work;It includes the tension between women vs.man,woman vs.woman,and woman vs.Self. |
Clifford Odets 克利福德·奥德茨
作品:Waiting for Lefty;Till the Day I Die;Paradise Lost;Awake and Sing 作品:《等待左翼》;《直到我死去》;《失乐园》;《觉醒与歌唱》
地位:One of America's classic playwrights;原名:Thomas Lanier Williams
作品:
The Glass Menagerie-Won him international recognition
It is autobiographical and a pathetic story of a family.The play begins with the image of the world as prison,and it ends with the self as prison.
It is a typical Williams play in that here is a lonely vulnerable woman living in her illusion,which is smashed to pieces by a male intrude,who is the embodiment of reality.
American Blues
Battle of Angels
A Streetcar Named Desire
Summer and Smoke
The Rose Tattoo
Sweet Bird of Youth
地位:One of America's classic playwrights;原名:Thomas Lanier Williams
作品:
The Glass Menagerie-Won him international recognition
It is autobiographical and a pathetic story of a family.The play begins with the image of the world as prison,and it ends with the self as prison.
It is a typical Williams play in that here is a lonely vulnerable woman living in her illusion,which is smashed to pieces by a male intrude,who is the embodiment of reality.
American Blues
Battle of Angels
A Streetcar Named Desire
Summer and Smoke
The Rose Tattoo
Sweet Bird of Youth| 地位:One of America's classic playwrights;原名:Thomas Lanier Williams |
| :--- |
| 作品: |
| The Glass Menagerie-Won him international recognition |
| It is autobiographical and a pathetic story of a family.The play begins with the image of the world as prison,and it ends with the self as prison. |
| It is a typical Williams play in that here is a lonely vulnerable woman living in her illusion,which is smashed to pieces by a male intrude,who is the embodiment of reality. |
| American Blues |
| Battle of Angels |
| A Streetcar Named Desire |
| Summer and Smoke |
| The Rose Tattoo |
| Sweet Bird of Youth |
"recollections of witnesses at a trial.
The Adding Machine
人物:Mr.Zero only can do the same job,adding figures.At last,a failure and a"waste product"of mechanizing,he remains a"zero"in modern life.
技巧:The author used the flashback technique and every offstage effect such as sound and light; Irony:the modern mechanical civilization
主题:Power of machine or the dehumanization of man in the 20th century:A mechanical device adds automatically,and does the work of man in half the time
Street Scene
His most important play;a starkly realistic tragedy set outside a New York City slum tenement building won a Pulitzer Prize and was adapted into a highly popular musical with lyrics by Langston Hughes and music by Kurt Weill
Counsellor-at-Law
We,the People
Judgment Day
Judgment Day
Dream Girl
The Grand Tour
The Winner"
Susan Glaspell
"地位:Mother of American drama;Feminist awareness;with her husband,George Cram Cook,founded the Provincetown Players,the first modern American theatre company
作品:
The Verge
Alison's House
Fidelity
The Morning Is Near Us
Trifles-an important feminist work;It includes the tension between women vs.man,woman vs.woman,and woman vs.Self."
Clifford Odets
作品:Waiting for Lefty;Till the Day I Die;Paradise Lost;Awake and Sing
Tennessee Williams
"地位:One of America's classic playwrights;原名:Thomas Lanier Williams
作品:
The Glass Menagerie-Won him international recognition
It is autobiographical and a pathetic story of a family.The play begins with the image of the world as prison,and it ends with the self as prison.
It is a typical Williams play in that here is a lonely vulnerable woman living in her illusion,which is smashed to pieces by a male intrude,who is the embodiment of reality.
American Blues
Battle of Angels
A Streetcar Named Desire
Summer and Smoke
The Rose Tattoo
Sweet Bird of Youth"| recollections of witnesses at a trial. <br> The Adding Machine <br> 人物:Mr.Zero only can do the same job,adding figures.At last,a failure and a"waste product"of mechanizing,he remains a"zero"in modern life. <br> 技巧:The author used the flashback technique and every offstage effect such as sound and light; Irony:the modern mechanical civilization <br> 主题:Power of machine or the dehumanization of man in the 20th century:A mechanical device adds automatically,and does the work of man in half the time <br> Street Scene <br> His most important play;a starkly realistic tragedy set outside a New York City slum tenement building won a Pulitzer Prize and was adapted into a highly popular musical with lyrics by Langston Hughes and music by Kurt Weill <br> Counsellor-at-Law <br> We,the People <br> Judgment Day <br> Judgment Day <br> Dream Girl <br> The Grand Tour <br> The Winner |
| :--- |
| Susan Glaspell |
| 地位:Mother of American drama;Feminist awareness;with her husband,George Cram Cook,founded the Provincetown Players,the first modern American theatre company <br> 作品: <br> The Verge <br> Alison's House <br> Fidelity <br> The Morning Is Near Us <br> Trifles-an important feminist work;It includes the tension between women vs.man,woman vs.woman,and woman vs.Self. |
| Clifford Odets |
| 作品:Waiting for Lefty;Till the Day I Die;Paradise Lost;Awake and Sing |
| Tennessee Williams |
| 地位:One of America's classic playwrights;原名:Thomas Lanier Williams <br> 作品: <br> The Glass Menagerie-Won him international recognition <br> It is autobiographical and a pathetic story of a family.The play begins with the image of the world as prison,and it ends with the self as prison. <br> It is a typical Williams play in that here is a lonely vulnerable woman living in her illusion,which is smashed to pieces by a male intrude,who is the embodiment of reality. <br> American Blues <br> Battle of Angels <br> A Streetcar Named Desire <br> Summer and Smoke <br> The Rose Tattoo <br> Sweet Bird of Youth |
地位:He led the postwar drama;He visited China in 1978 and again in 1983 to help stage his masterpiece in the country.
A typical theme of Arthur Miller's plays concerns the dilemma of modern man in relation to his family and work.作品:
The Man Who Had All the Luck
All My Sons-Did a good deal in fostering his reputation as an Ibsenian playwright
Death of a Salesman
地位:Miller's most famous work addresses the painful conflicts within one family,but it also tackles larger issues regarding American national values.
主题:The play examines the cost of blind faith in the American Dream.Miller charges America with selling a false myth constructed around a capitalist materialism nurtured by the postwar economy,a materialism that obscured the personal truth and moral vision of the original American Dream described by the country's founders.
人物:
Willy Loman-A traveling salesman who has worked for the Wagner firm for thirty-four years.He is now in his sixties and has been taken off salary and put back on straight commission.
Linda Loman-His wife who loves Willy in spite of all his difficulties.
Biff Loman-The oldest son who was once a star football player in high school with several scholarships,but who for the last fourteen years has been"unable to find himself."He has just returned from somewhere in the west.
Happy Loman-The younger son who works in a department store and has his own apartment in another section of town. It is a sad version of the American dream and a modern classic of the American theater from every conceivable point of view.
The Crucible
A View from the Bridge
The Price
The Creation of the World and Other Business
Broken Glass
地位:He led the postwar drama;He visited China in 1978 and again in 1983 to help stage his masterpiece in the country.
A typical theme of Arthur Miller's plays concerns the dilemma of modern man in relation to his family and work.作品:
The Man Who Had All the Luck
All My Sons-Did a good deal in fostering his reputation as an Ibsenian playwright
Death of a Salesman
地位:Miller's most famous work addresses the painful conflicts within one family,but it also tackles larger issues regarding American national values.
主题:The play examines the cost of blind faith in the American Dream.Miller charges America with selling a false myth constructed around a capitalist materialism nurtured by the postwar economy,a materialism that obscured the personal truth and moral vision of the original American Dream described by the country's founders.
人物:
Willy Loman-A traveling salesman who has worked for the Wagner firm for thirty-four years.He is now in his sixties and has been taken off salary and put back on straight commission.
Linda Loman-His wife who loves Willy in spite of all his difficulties.
Biff Loman-The oldest son who was once a star football player in high school with several scholarships,but who for the last fourteen years has been"unable to find himself."He has just returned from somewhere in the west.
Happy Loman-The younger son who works in a department store and has his own apartment in another section of town. It is a sad version of the American dream and a modern classic of the American theater from every conceivable point of view.
The Crucible
A View from the Bridge
The Price
The Creation of the World and Other Business
Broken Glass| 地位:He led the postwar drama;He visited China in 1978 and again in 1983 to help stage his masterpiece in the country. |
| :--- |
| A typical theme of Arthur Miller's plays concerns the dilemma of modern man in relation to his family and work.作品: |
| The Man Who Had All the Luck |
| All My Sons-Did a good deal in fostering his reputation as an Ibsenian playwright |
| Death of a Salesman |
| 地位:Miller's most famous work addresses the painful conflicts within one family,but it also tackles larger issues regarding American national values. |
| 主题:The play examines the cost of blind faith in the American Dream.Miller charges America with selling a false myth constructed around a capitalist materialism nurtured by the postwar economy,a materialism that obscured the personal truth and moral vision of the original American Dream described by the country's founders. |
| 人物: |
| Willy Loman-A traveling salesman who has worked for the Wagner firm for thirty-four years.He is now in his sixties and has been taken off salary and put back on straight commission. |
| Linda Loman-His wife who loves Willy in spite of all his difficulties. |
| Biff Loman-The oldest son who was once a star football player in high school with several scholarships,but who for the last fourteen years has been"unable to find himself."He has just returned from somewhere in the west. |
| Happy Loman-The younger son who works in a department store and has his own apartment in another section of town. It is a sad version of the American dream and a modern classic of the American theater from every conceivable point of view. |
| The Crucible |
| A View from the Bridge |
| The Price |
| The Creation of the World and Other Business |
| Broken Glass |
地位:Some critics have argued that some of his work constitutes an American variant of what Martin Esslin identified and named the Theater of the Absurd;Albee was openly gay and stated that he first knew he was gay at age 12 and a half.
作品:
The Zoo Story
The Death of Bessie Smith
The Sandbox
The American Dream
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf-The"Virgina Woolf"is used as a homophone for"wolf"and is a metaphor for something terrible like poverty.The three acts,"Fun and Games","Walpurgisnacht"and"The Exorcism"represent the typical structural pattern of Albee's plays.
The Man Had 3 Arms
Three Tall Woman
写作特点:
His works are often considered frank examinations of the modern condition.His early works reflect a mastery and Americanization of the Theatre of the Absurd that found its peak in works by European playwrights such as Samuel Beckett,Eugène Ionesco,and Jean Genet.
His middle period comprised plays that explored the psychology of maturing,marriage,and sexual relationships.Younger
地位:Some critics have argued that some of his work constitutes an American variant of what Martin Esslin identified and named the Theater of the Absurd;Albee was openly gay and stated that he first knew he was gay at age 12 and a half.
作品:
The Zoo Story
The Death of Bessie Smith
The Sandbox
The American Dream
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf-The"Virgina Woolf"is used as a homophone for"wolf"and is a metaphor for something terrible like poverty.The three acts,"Fun and Games","Walpurgisnacht"and"The Exorcism"represent the typical structural pattern of Albee's plays.
The Man Had 3 Arms
Three Tall Woman
写作特点:
His works are often considered frank examinations of the modern condition.His early works reflect a mastery and Americanization of the Theatre of the Absurd that found its peak in works by European playwrights such as Samuel Beckett,Eugène Ionesco,and Jean Genet.
His middle period comprised plays that explored the psychology of maturing,marriage,and sexual relationships.Younger| 地位:Some critics have argued that some of his work constitutes an American variant of what Martin Esslin identified and named the Theater of the Absurd;Albee was openly gay and stated that he first knew he was gay at age 12 and a half. |
| :--- |
| 作品: |
| The Zoo Story |
| The Death of Bessie Smith |
| The Sandbox |
| The American Dream |
| Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf-The"Virgina Woolf"is used as a homophone for"wolf"and is a metaphor for something terrible like poverty.The three acts,"Fun and Games","Walpurgisnacht"and"The Exorcism"represent the typical structural pattern of Albee's plays. |
| The Man Had 3 Arms |
| Three Tall Woman |
| 写作特点: |
| His works are often considered frank examinations of the modern condition.His early works reflect a mastery and Americanization of the Theatre of the Absurd that found its peak in works by European playwrights such as Samuel Beckett,Eugène Ionesco,and Jean Genet. |
| His middle period comprised plays that explored the psychology of maturing,marriage,and sexual relationships.Younger |
Period of Adjustment
Arthur Miller(2020 北语)
"地位:He led the postwar drama;He visited China in 1978 and again in 1983 to help stage his masterpiece in the country.
A typical theme of Arthur Miller's plays concerns the dilemma of modern man in relation to his family and work.作品:
The Man Who Had All the Luck
All My Sons-Did a good deal in fostering his reputation as an Ibsenian playwright
Death of a Salesman
地位:Miller's most famous work addresses the painful conflicts within one family,but it also tackles larger issues regarding American national values.
主题:The play examines the cost of blind faith in the American Dream.Miller charges America with selling a false myth constructed around a capitalist materialism nurtured by the postwar economy,a materialism that obscured the personal truth and moral vision of the original American Dream described by the country's founders.
人物:
Willy Loman-A traveling salesman who has worked for the Wagner firm for thirty-four years.He is now in his sixties and has been taken off salary and put back on straight commission.
Linda Loman-His wife who loves Willy in spite of all his difficulties.
Biff Loman-The oldest son who was once a star football player in high school with several scholarships,but who for the last fourteen years has been"unable to find himself."He has just returned from somewhere in the west.
Happy Loman-The younger son who works in a department store and has his own apartment in another section of town. It is a sad version of the American dream and a modern classic of the American theater from every conceivable point of view.
The Crucible
A View from the Bridge
The Price
The Creation of the World and Other Business
Broken Glass"
Edward Albee
"地位:Some critics have argued that some of his work constitutes an American variant of what Martin Esslin identified and named the Theater of the Absurd;Albee was openly gay and stated that he first knew he was gay at age 12 and a half.
作品:
The Zoo Story
The Death of Bessie Smith
The Sandbox
The American Dream
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf-The"Virgina Woolf"is used as a homophone for"wolf"and is a metaphor for something terrible like poverty.The three acts,"Fun and Games","Walpurgisnacht"and"The Exorcism"represent the typical structural pattern of Albee's plays.
The Man Had 3 Arms
Three Tall Woman
写作特点:
His works are often considered frank examinations of the modern condition.His early works reflect a mastery and Americanization of the Theatre of the Absurd that found its peak in works by European playwrights such as Samuel Beckett,Eugène Ionesco,and Jean Genet.
His middle period comprised plays that explored the psychology of maturing,marriage,and sexual relationships.Younger"| Period of Adjustment |
| :--- |
| Arthur Miller(2020 北语) |
| 地位:He led the postwar drama;He visited China in 1978 and again in 1983 to help stage his masterpiece in the country. <br> A typical theme of Arthur Miller's plays concerns the dilemma of modern man in relation to his family and work.作品: <br> The Man Who Had All the Luck <br> All My Sons-Did a good deal in fostering his reputation as an Ibsenian playwright <br> Death of a Salesman <br> 地位:Miller's most famous work addresses the painful conflicts within one family,but it also tackles larger issues regarding American national values. <br> 主题:The play examines the cost of blind faith in the American Dream.Miller charges America with selling a false myth constructed around a capitalist materialism nurtured by the postwar economy,a materialism that obscured the personal truth and moral vision of the original American Dream described by the country's founders. <br> 人物: <br> Willy Loman-A traveling salesman who has worked for the Wagner firm for thirty-four years.He is now in his sixties and has been taken off salary and put back on straight commission. <br> Linda Loman-His wife who loves Willy in spite of all his difficulties. <br> Biff Loman-The oldest son who was once a star football player in high school with several scholarships,but who for the last fourteen years has been"unable to find himself."He has just returned from somewhere in the west. <br> Happy Loman-The younger son who works in a department store and has his own apartment in another section of town. It is a sad version of the American dream and a modern classic of the American theater from every conceivable point of view. <br> The Crucible <br> A View from the Bridge <br> The Price <br> The Creation of the World and Other Business <br> Broken Glass |
| Edward Albee |
| 地位:Some critics have argued that some of his work constitutes an American variant of what Martin Esslin identified and named the Theater of the Absurd;Albee was openly gay and stated that he first knew he was gay at age 12 and a half. <br> 作品: <br> The Zoo Story <br> The Death of Bessie Smith <br> The Sandbox <br> The American Dream <br> Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf-The"Virgina Woolf"is used as a homophone for"wolf"and is a metaphor for something terrible like poverty.The three acts,"Fun and Games","Walpurgisnacht"and"The Exorcism"represent the typical structural pattern of Albee's plays. <br> The Man Had 3 Arms <br> Three Tall Woman <br> 写作特点: <br> His works are often considered frank examinations of the modern condition.His early works reflect a mastery and Americanization of the Theatre of the Absurd that found its peak in works by European playwrights such as Samuel Beckett,Eugène Ionesco,and Jean Genet. <br> His middle period comprised plays that explored the psychology of maturing,marriage,and sexual relationships.Younger |
American playwrights,such as Paula Vogel,credit Albee's mix of theatricality and biting dialogue with helping to reinvent postwar American theatre in the early 1960s. 美国剧作家,如宝拉·沃格尔,认为艾尔比将戏剧性与尖锐对话相结合,帮助在 20 世纪 60 年代初重新塑造了战后美国戏剧
Sam Shepard(The two preeminent playwrights that have impacted contemporary American theater are Sam Shepard and David Mament) Sam Shepard(对当代美国戏剧产生影响的两位杰出剧作家是 Sam Shepard 和 David Mament)
风格:Shepard's plays are known for their bleak,poetic,surrealist elements,black comedy,and rootless characters living on the outskirts of American society.[3]His style evolved from the absurdism of his early off-off-Broadway work to the realism of later plays like Buried Child and Curse of the Starving Class.
作品:Buried Child;Fool for Love;A Lies of the Mind;Paris,Texas;Motel Chronicles;Geography of a Horse Dreamer
风格:Shepard's plays are known for their bleak,poetic,surrealist elements,black comedy,and rootless characters living on the outskirts of American society.[3]His style evolved from the absurdism of his early off-off-Broadway work to the realism of later plays like Buried Child and Curse of the Starving Class.
作品:Buried Child;Fool for Love;A Lies of the Mind;Paris,Texas;Motel Chronicles;Geography of a Horse Dreamer| 风格:Shepard's plays are known for their bleak,poetic,surrealist elements,black comedy,and rootless characters living on the outskirts of American society.[3]His style evolved from the absurdism of his early off-off-Broadway work to the realism of later plays like Buried Child and Curse of the Starving Class. |
| :--- |
| 作品:Buried Child;Fool for Love;A Lies of the Mind;Paris,Texas;Motel Chronicles;Geography of a Horse Dreamer |
主题:His major thematic concern relates to his pessimistic view of the dilemma with which contemporary America is faced.
作品:House of Games;Sexual Perversity in Chicago;American Buffalo;Glengarry Glen Ross;The Woods;The Shawl; Speed the Plow.
主题:His major thematic concern relates to his pessimistic view of the dilemma with which contemporary America is faced.
作品:House of Games;Sexual Perversity in Chicago;American Buffalo;Glengarry Glen Ross;The Woods;The Shawl; Speed the Plow.| 主题:His major thematic concern relates to his pessimistic view of the dilemma with which contemporary America is faced. |
| :--- |
| 作品:House of Games;Sexual Perversity in Chicago;American Buffalo;Glengarry Glen Ross;The Woods;The Shawl; Speed the Plow. |
Asian American:Laurence Yep,David Henry Hwang(Between Worlds,an anthology of Asian American plays)
Multiethnic American Drama
African Americans:Sonia Sanchez,Alice Childress,Adrienne Kennedy
Native American:Hanay Geiogamah
Asian American:Laurence Yep,David Henry Hwang(Between Worlds,an anthology of Asian American plays)| Multiethnic American Drama |
| :--- |
| African Americans:Sonia Sanchez,Alice Childress,Adrienne Kennedy |
| Native American:Hanay Geiogamah |
| Asian American:Laurence Yep,David Henry Hwang(Between Worlds,an anthology of Asian American plays) |
American playwrights,such as Paula Vogel,credit Albee's mix of theatricality and biting dialogue with helping to reinvent postwar American theatre in the early 1960s.
Sam Shepard(The two preeminent playwrights that have impacted contemporary American theater are Sam Shepard and David Mament)
"风格:Shepard's plays are known for their bleak,poetic,surrealist elements,black comedy,and rootless characters living on the outskirts of American society.[3]His style evolved from the absurdism of his early off-off-Broadway work to the realism of later plays like Buried Child and Curse of the Starving Class.
作品:Buried Child;Fool for Love;A Lies of the Mind;Paris,Texas;Motel Chronicles;Geography of a Horse Dreamer"
David Mament
"主题:His major thematic concern relates to his pessimistic view of the dilemma with which contemporary America is faced.
作品:House of Games;Sexual Perversity in Chicago;American Buffalo;Glengarry Glen Ross;The Woods;The Shawl; Speed the Plow."
"Multiethnic American Drama
African Americans:Sonia Sanchez,Alice Childress,Adrienne Kennedy
Native American:Hanay Geiogamah
Asian American:Laurence Yep,David Henry Hwang(Between Worlds,an anthology of Asian American plays)"| American playwrights,such as Paula Vogel,credit Albee's mix of theatricality and biting dialogue with helping to reinvent postwar American theatre in the early 1960s. |
| :--- |
| Sam Shepard(The two preeminent playwrights that have impacted contemporary American theater are Sam Shepard and David Mament) |
| 风格:Shepard's plays are known for their bleak,poetic,surrealist elements,black comedy,and rootless characters living on the outskirts of American society.[3]His style evolved from the absurdism of his early off-off-Broadway work to the realism of later plays like Buried Child and Curse of the Starving Class. <br> 作品:Buried Child;Fool for Love;A Lies of the Mind;Paris,Texas;Motel Chronicles;Geography of a Horse Dreamer |
| David Mament |
| 主题:His major thematic concern relates to his pessimistic view of the dilemma with which contemporary America is faced. <br> 作品:House of Games;Sexual Perversity in Chicago;American Buffalo;Glengarry Glen Ross;The Woods;The Shawl; Speed the Plow. |
| Multiethnic American Drama <br> African Americans:Sonia Sanchez,Alice Childress,Adrienne Kennedy <br> Native American:Hanay Geiogamah <br> Asian American:Laurence Yep,David Henry Hwang(Between Worlds,an anthology of Asian American plays) |
Unlike the long history of European drama,American drama has a relatively short history.During the Colonial period, William Darby,Cornelius Watkinson,and Philip Howard performed the first known play in America entitled Ye Bare and Ye Cubbe(Modern English :The Bear and the Cub)in 1665,which text was lost .The beginning of the 18^("th ")18^{\text {th }} century witness appearance of some dramas.Robert Hunter's Androboros is the first drama published in America.Robert Rogers'Ponteach or The Savages of America is one of the typical drama with a local theme.And Charlotte Ramsay Lennox is the first female dramatist in American literature history.The second period of the development of American drama is the period of Revolution and Reason,in which the main focus of literature is the Independent War and patriotism and drama was no exception.In the 1920s,the first climax of American drama came with the establishment of Little Theatre Movement. Generally speaking,the Modern Drama is the first time American writers have created true drama with literary value. 'Modern American Drama'is a title used to define some of America's most influential dramatic work throughout the 20th Century.The sweeping economic,political,social and cultural changes that occurred in America began this era of writing and influenced authors such as Arthur Miller,Tennessee Williams,Edward Albee and Eugene O'Neill,to write some of the most influential plays that are still widely known today.One could suggest that it is not just because they are written by and about Americans,or that they comment on its social changes but it is also the idea that all these dramas have distinct 'features'such as language,themes,style,characters and structure of similarity to each other,that allow them to be placed under the title'Modern American Drama'. 与欧洲戏剧悠久的历史不同,美国戏剧的历史相对较短。在殖民时期,威廉·达比、科尼利厄斯·沃特金森和菲利普·霍华德于 1665 年上演了美国已知的第一部戏剧《Ye Bare and Ye Cubbe》(现代英语:The Bear and the Cub),但该剧本已遗失。 18^("th ")18^{\text {th }} 世纪初见证了一些戏剧的出现。罗伯特·亨特的《Androboros》是美国出版的第一部戏剧。罗伯特·罗杰斯的《Ponteach or The Savages of America》是具有地方特色的典型戏剧之一。夏洛特·拉姆齐·伦诺克斯是美国文学史上第一位女性剧作家。美国戏剧发展的第二个时期是革命与理性时期,这一时期文学的主要焦点是独立战争和爱国主义,戏剧也不例外。1920 年代,美国戏剧的第一个高潮随着小剧场运动的建立而到来。总体而言,现代戏剧是美国作家首次创作出具有文学价值的真正戏剧。“现代美国戏剧”是用来定义 20 世纪美国一些最具影响力戏剧作品的称谓。广泛的.. 美国发生的经济、政治、社会和文化变革开启了这一写作时代,并影响了亚瑟·米勒、田纳西·威廉斯、爱德华·奥尔比和尤金·奥尼尔等作家,创作出一些至今仍广为人知的最具影响力的戏剧。有人可能会认为,这不仅仅是因为这些作品是由美国人创作并关于美国,或是它们评论了社会变革,更在于所有这些戏剧都具有独特的“特征”,如语言、主题、风格、人物和结构上的相似性,使它们能够被归类为“现代美国戏剧”
实验性质:American drama can foremost be known for its"experimentalism"in dramatic forms.American Drama would not be known as it is now for its different styles,characters and sets,without this shifting,setting it apart from the last decades of the 19th century American theatre;which had been largely given over to melodramas with naturalistic acting styles.However early Modern American playwrights drew their influences from European constructs,such as those of Chekov;intent on representing life within drama in a more realistic style.Known as Modern Realism,it represented everyday reality in a style that would seem familiar to the audiences that came to see these new plays.This style was carried throughout the Cannon,and particularly became more popular during increasing social and cultural changes such as the 实验性质:美国戏剧首先以其戏剧形式的“实验性”而闻名。美国戏剧如果没有这种不断变化的风格、人物和布景,就不会像现在这样被人们所熟知;这使其区别于 19 世纪末的美国戏剧,当时戏剧大多是带有自然主义表演风格的情节剧。然而,早期现代美国剧作家从欧洲结构中汲取影响,如契诃夫的作品;他们致力于以更现实的风格在戏剧中表现生活。被称为现代现实主义,这种风格以一种观众看了会感到熟悉的方式,展现了日常现实。这种风格贯穿于剧目中,尤其在社会和文化变革加剧的时期变得更加流行,例如
escalation of immigration and poverty,women's rights,the Depression,Crisis in religion,the'machinal'development of America and the continual strive towards the'American Dream'.Realism had an influence on the American stage in this period,but mainly in terms of elaborately realistic sets. 移民和贫困的加剧、妇女权利、大萧条、宗教危机、美国的“机械化”发展以及对“美国梦”的不断追求。现实主义在这一时期对美国舞台产生了影响,但主要体现在精心制作的现实主义布景方面
表现主义:
Expressionism on the American stage represents a critical phase in the development of American dramatic modernism. Eugene O'Neill's The Emperor Jones is an expressionist play.The Emperor Jones has very expressionist settings;it begins and ends with realistic scenes in the present,but its six principal scenes are played out in the emperor's wild,distorted mind, as his trip takes him back into the past.Here the technical devices of expressionism-lighting,setting,sound-are used to project the Emperor's visions,to reveal his state of mind.As in one scene O'Neill achieves the same effect as in Long Days Journey into Night.He used a well-known expressionist technique,of lighting and weather showing the emotions or minds of the characters.He used the weather to show Mary's mind,as the fog becomes thicker,her drug using became more violent and as a consequence so does her haziness.This is used within the'Emperor Jones'too through the use of lighting, going from the blazing sunlight of the first scene,where the hero's mind is clear,to the moonlight"merged into a veil of bluish mist"in the seventh scene,where fear undermines his sanity.Techniques such as this were used throughout the play.自传性质:Another aspect of American Modern Drama that is seen throughout the Cannon,is each authors inclusion of autobiographical content,that could be linked to illusion versus reality.One such play is Eugene O'Neill's Long Days Journey into Night,which resembles O'Neill's life in many aspects particularly in character roles;indeed,some of the parallels between this play and O'Neill's life are striking.The character of Edmund could be seen as a depiction of O'Neill himself who,like the character,suffered from consumption.Like Tyrone,O'Neill's father was an Irish Catholic,an alcoholic,and a Broadway actor.Like Mary,O'Neill's mother was a morphine addict,and she became so around the time O'Neill was born.O'Neill's older brother did not take life seriously,choosing to live a life of alcohol,and the reckless life of Broadway which in the play is like Jamie.Finally,O'Neill had an older brother named Edmund who died in infancy;in the play,Edmund has an older brother named Eugene who died in infancy. 表现主义在美国舞台上代表了美国戏剧现代主义发展的一个关键阶段。尤金·奥尼尔的《皇帝琼斯》是一部表现主义戏剧。《皇帝琼斯》具有非常表现主义的布景;它以现实主义的场景开始和结束,但其中的六个主要场景都发生在皇帝狂野、扭曲的内心世界中,随着他的旅程回到过去。在这里,表现主义的技术手段——灯光、布景、声音——被用来投射皇帝的幻象,揭示他的精神状态。正如在一幕中,奥尼尔达到了与《漫长的日子漫长的夜晚》相同的效果。他使用了一种著名的表现主义技巧,通过灯光和天气来表现人物的情感或内心。他用天气来表现玛丽的心境,随着雾气变得越来越浓,她的吸毒行为变得更加激烈,结果她的迷茫也随之加剧。这种手法也被运用在《皇帝琼斯》中,通过灯光的变化,从第一幕中炽烈的阳光——英雄的心境清晰——到第七幕中“融入蓝色薄雾的月光”,在那里恐惧动摇了他的理智。类似这样的技巧贯穿于整部作品 戏剧。自传性质:美国现代戏剧的另一个方面是,在整个经典作品中,每位作者都包含了可以与幻觉与现实相联系的自传内容。其中一部戏剧是尤金·奥尼尔的《长夜漫漫路迢迢》,在许多方面尤其是角色设定上都与奥尼尔的生活相似;事实上,这部戏剧与奥尼尔生活之间的一些相似之处令人震惊。埃德蒙这个角色可以被看作是奥尼尔本人的写照,他和这个角色一样患有肺结核。像泰隆一样,奥尼尔的父亲是爱尔兰天主教徒,是个酗酒者,也是百老汇演员。像玛丽一样,奥尼尔的母亲是吗啡成瘾者,她在奥尼尔出生时开始染上毒瘾。奥尼尔的哥哥不把生活当回事,选择过酗酒和百老汇的放荡生活,在戏中类似于杰米。最后,奥尼尔有一个名叫埃德蒙的哥哥,婴儿时期夭折;在戏中,埃德蒙有一个名叫尤金的哥哥,也是在婴儿时期去世
共同主题:Most characters within Modern American Drama that have been given the ambition of the dream by their author have ended in some sort of tragedy or downfall;suggesting that the American dream is an"illusion".In his 1998 book Three uses of the Knife Mamet supports this by stating,"Our(America's)world position is not tenuous,but our mental balance is...we are determined to squander all...to defend ourselves against feelings of our own worthlessness,our own powerlessness."Each character(this can also be applied to the American society of the time)denies reality and instead accepts the illusion of success as it is better than accepting the harsh reality in which they live-a representation of society's vain attempts to find hope in hopelessness.By denying this Illusion and instead resulting in the characters harsh acceptance of reality each author could be suggesting the false hope that America gives to its people;how reality is better lived than dreamt of.The Playwright's production is the acceptance of reality,through the story of illusion,"It is in the drama that the critique of the"Dream"has its roots." 共同主题:现代美国戏剧中,大多数被作者赋予梦想抱负的角色最终都以某种悲剧或失败告终;这暗示着美国梦是一种“幻觉”。在他 1998 年的著作《三种用刀法》中,马梅特支持这一观点,他指出:“我们(美国)的世界地位并不脆弱,但我们的心理平衡却是……我们决心挥霍一切……以抵御对自身无价值感、无能感的感受。”每个角色(这也可以应用于当时的美国社会)都否认现实,而接受成功的幻觉,因为这比接受他们所生活的严酷现实要好——这是社会徒劳地试图在绝望中寻找希望的表现。通过否认这种幻觉,转而让角色严酷地接受现实,每位作者都可能在暗示美国给予其人民的虚假希望;现实比梦想更值得生活。剧作家的作品是通过幻觉的故事来接受现实,“正是在戏剧中,对‘梦想’的批判扎根于此。”
简答题表述参考:(标下划线的词句为关键词汇)
1.Eugene O'Neill's expressionism 1.尤金·奥尼尔的表现主义
What is expressionism?(Expressionismus—expressus)(2012 北交) 什么是表现主义?(Expressionismus—expressus)(2012 北交)
定义:It is a movement which first surfaced in fine arts(literature and the other arts,especially the visual arts)in the early 20th century and reached its height between 1910 and 1925.Applied in a stylistic sense,it is known for the use of intense colour,agitated brushstrokes,and disjointed space.It emphasizes the expression of inner experience rather than solely realistic portrayal,seeking to depict not objective reality but the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events 定义:表现主义是一种运动,最早出现在 20 世纪初的美术领域(文学及其他艺术,尤其是视觉艺术),并在 1910 年至 1925 年间达到顶峰。从风格角度来看,它以使用强烈的色彩、激烈的笔触和支离破碎的空间著称。它强调表达内心体验,而不仅仅是现实的描绘,试图表现的不是客观现实,而是物体和事件在艺术家心中激起的主观情感和反应。
arouse in the artist. 激起艺术家情感和反应的对象和事件。
特点:The expressionistic artist or writer undertakes to express a personal vision-usually a troubled or tensely emotional vision-of human life and human society by exaggerating and distorting what,according to the norms of artistic realism, are objective features of the world,and by embodying violent extremes of mood and feeling. 特点:表现主义艺术家或作家致力于表达个人视角——通常是对人类生活和社会的困扰或紧张情感的视角——通过夸张和扭曲根据艺术现实主义规范所认为的世界客观特征,并体现极端激烈的情绪和感受
文学:Expressionism in literature: 文学:文学中的表现主义:
An expressionistic work often implies that what is depicted or described represents the experience of an individual standing alone and afraid in an industrial,technological,and urban society which is disintegrating into chaos.Expressionists who were radical in their politics also projected utopian views of a future community in a degenerate world. 表现主义作品通常暗示所描绘或描述的是一个孤独且恐惧的个体在一个正在解体成混乱的工业化、技术化和城市化社会中的体验。政治上激进的表现主义者也投射出在堕落世界中未来社区的乌托邦式观点。
戏剧:Expressionism in drama: 戏剧:戏剧中的表现主义:
Expressionistic dramatists tended to represent anonymous human types instead of individualized characters,to replace plot by episodic renderings of intense and rapidly oscillating emotional states,often to fragment the dialogue into exclamatory and seemingly incoherent sentences or phrases,and to employ masks and abstract or lopsided(leaning to one side)and sprawling stage sets. 表现主义戏剧家倾向于表现匿名的人类类型而非个性化的人物,用情节的片段化表现强烈且快速波动的情感状态,常常将对话碎片化为感叹句和看似不连贯的句子或短语,并使用面具以及抽象或倾斜(向一侧倾斜)且蔓延的舞台布景
Eugene's Expressionism in The Emperor Jones 尤金在《皇帝琼斯》中的表现主义
地位:It is virtually a one-man drama in which the virtuoso acting of Charles Gilpin was supplemented by a brilliant new stage setting based on extraordinary lighting and sound effects.As an expressionistic psychodrama,it goes beyond language into total theatrical experience,and draws the audience into sensory and emotional participation,aurally(having to do with hearing)by the continually responsive sound of the tom-tom and visually by the repeated action of disrobing as Jones confronts the Little Formless Fears and his later adversaries.Jones makes a personal journey of internal discovery and exemplifies O'Neil's intension to expose the deep unconscious primitivism underlying a thin veneer of civilization. 地位:这几乎是一场一人独角戏,查尔斯·吉尔平的精湛表演辅以基于非凡灯光和音效的新颖舞台布景。作为一部表现主义心理剧,它超越了语言,成为一种全面的戏剧体验,吸引观众在感官和情感上参与——听觉上通过不断响应的通鼓声,视觉上通过琼斯在面对“小无形恐惧”和后来的对手时反复脱衣的动作。琼斯进行了一场内心发现的个人旅程,体现了奥尼尔揭示隐藏在文明薄膜下深层无意识原始性的意图。
表现主义特点/手法:(只讲尤金奥尼尔的表现主义)
No act but only scene:In this play,there are no act at all,only eight scenes and six of which is about Jones running in a forest.O'Neill is not satisfied with objective narration of things,description of characters'behavior and its course.He is interested in the dilemma of human being,the inner conflicts,the psychological motive.Therefore,his book is not focus on the developing of plot,but on the representation of the inner world. 无幕,只有场景:这部戏没有幕,只有八个场景,其中六个场景描写琼斯在森林中奔跑。奥尼尔不满足于对事物的客观叙述、对人物行为及其过程的描述。他关注的是人的困境、内心冲突和心理动机。因此,他的作品不着重于情节的发展,而是着重于内心世界的表现
The use of illusion:From the second scene to the seventh scene,terrified Jones has saw the illusions of fear,gambling,the slave marker,the ship on the rough sea and so on.These illusions reflect Jones'unfortunate history as a labor,slave, murderer.The character's Illusions visualize the torture of Jones'inner world.And on the other hand,they display the black man's suffering under oppression. 幻觉的运用:从第二幕到第七幕,惊恐的琼斯看到了恐惧、赌博、奴隶市场、暴风雨中的船只等幻觉。这些幻觉反映了琼斯作为劳工、奴隶、杀人犯的不幸历史。角色的幻觉形象化了琼斯内心世界的折磨。另一方面,它们展示了黑人在压迫下的痛苦。
The everywhere monologue.His monologue is mainly focus on the emphasis of the subjective feeling. 无处不在的独白。他的独白主要集中在强调主观感受上。
Sound effects:Sound effects is used to enhance the sense of rhythm and externalize the internal conflicts.The gunshot is a signal of danger.Therefore,the gunshot has the role of promoting the development of the plots.The whole play is starting with a gunshot and ended with a gunshot.And during the play,a gunshot means the change of the scene. 音效:音效用于增强节奏感并外化内心冲突。枪声是危险的信号。因此,枪声起到了推动情节发展的作用。整部剧以枪声开始,以枪声结束。在剧中,枪声意味着场景的转换。
Eugene's Expressionism in The Hairy Ape 尤金在《毛猿》中表现主义的运用
情节:Yank is a leading stoker on a transatlantic liner.Strong and brutish,he has won the kind of"grudging respect of fear" from his fellow men.Completely adapted to his environment,Yank is satisfied with the life he leads,and is proud of himself.But when Mildred Douglas,daughter of the ship's owner,displays her horror and terror of him and calls him "filthy beast"on her visit to the stokehole,Yank feels insulted,and denied a position in the world.He goes out to prove his position by insulting noble strollers in New York and is then put to prison.He cannot make himself understood by his fellow prisoners and is later rejected by the Industrial Workers of the World,a labor organization.Frustrated,Yank goes to the zoo to see the ape at night.He sets free the beast,offers to shake hands with it but is killed. 情节:Yank 是一艘跨大西洋班轮上的主要司炉工。强壮而粗野的他赢得了同伴们那种“带着恐惧的勉强尊重”。完全适应了他的环境,Yank 对自己所过的生活感到满足,并为自己感到自豪。但当船主的女儿 Mildred Douglas 访问司炉室时,表现出对他的恐惧和厌恶,并称他为“肮脏的野兽”,Yank 感到被侮辱,觉得自己在世界上被否定了地位。他出去通过侮辱纽约的贵族闲人来证明自己的地位,结果被关进了监狱。他无法让狱友理解自己,后来又被世界工业工人组织拒绝。沮丧之下,Yank 夜晚去动物园看猿猴。他放走了那只野兽,试图与它握手,但最终被杀害。
表现主义特点/手法:
The use of Symbol:Yank is a name by which the audiences are easily reminded of"Yankee"that actually refers to any American male.His adaptation and satisfaction exist only when he is confined to the dirty stokehole.Nevertheless,his 象征的运用:Yank 这个名字让观众很容易联想到“Yankee”,实际上指的是任何美国男性。他的适应和满足仅存在于他被限制在肮脏的司炉室内的情况下。然而,他的
society is far from being the whole world.No longer in harmony with the world he lives in,Yank retrogresses to seek kinship with the apes.The tragic end probably suggests that humanity is already in a predicament by creating a world which he does not belong to.The luxury liner is the symbol of modern industrial society with the ruling class on top while the working class at bottom.And in this play,the shape of"cage"is everywhere,from York's working environment,the prison he caught into,and the cages in the zoo at the end of the play.However,on the deck,there is no limitation and boundary which is similar to the paradise world.Of course,two classes exist in this play:the privileged class Mildred dressing white dress,and the working-class Yank with black clothes.Steel symbolizes power and oppression and Yank is all the while penned in a virtual cage of steel created by the ship around him.Steel creates other cages in the play form Yank's jail cell to the cell of the ape.Steel is also oppressive because it creates jobs like Yank's;It is symbolic of the technology that forces Yank and the Firemen into slave like jobs.At last,Apes are everywhere in The Hairy Ape.The ape may symbolize man in a primitive state in which technology,complex language structures,complex thought or money were not necessary.The ape may also represent man that is not only behind in an evolutionary sense,but is free of class,technology and other elements of modern society.The ape is only concerned with survival.The ape,however,can also stand for modern man who is imprisoned in cage,that is,the modern society. 社会远非整个世界。扬克不再与他所生活的世界和谐相处,退回去寻求与猿类的亲缘关系。悲剧的结局可能暗示人类已经陷入困境,因为他创造了一个自己不属于的世界。豪华邮轮象征着现代工业社会,统治阶级居于顶端,而工人阶级处于底层。在这出戏中,“笼子”的形态无处不在,从约克的工作环境、他被关押的监狱,到戏剧结尾的动物园笼子。然而,在甲板上,没有限制和边界,这类似于天堂世界。当然,这出戏中存在两个阶级:穿白裙的特权阶级米尔德丽德,和穿黑衣的工人阶级扬克。钢铁象征着权力和压迫,扬克始终被船周围创造的虚拟钢铁笼子所困。钢铁在戏中创造了其他笼子,从扬克的牢房到猿类的牢笼。钢铁也是压迫性的,因为它创造了像扬克这样的工作;它象征着迫使扬克和消防员从事奴隶般工作的技术。最后,猿类在《毛猿》中无处不在。猿类可能象征着.. 处于原始状态的人类,在这种状态下,技术、复杂的语言结构、复杂的思维或金钱都不是必需的。猿类也可能代表不仅在进化意义上落后的人类,同时也摆脱了阶级、技术和现代社会的其他元素。猿类只关心生存。然而,猿类也可以象征被囚禁在笼子里的现代人,也就是现代社会。
Grotesque figure:By creating some grotesque figures,O'Neill writes about the theme of dehumanization of the modern world.Most importantly,Yank,as a hairy ape,a"filthy beast"as described by Mildred,is a typical representative of the human condition who is alienated from nature by his isolated consciousness,unable to find belonging in any social group or environment. 怪诞形象:通过创造一些怪诞的形象,欧尼尔探讨了现代世界非人化的主题。最重要的是,作为一只多毛的猿类,被米尔德里德称为“肮脏的野兽”的杨克,是人类处境的典型代表,他因孤立的意识而与自然疏离,无法在任何社会群体或环境中找到归属感
Use of masks:Eugene O'Neill is good at using ironic and absurd mask in many of his works.He mainly uses makes to disclose the inner conflicts,to visualize the invisible thoughts,and to argument the adaptive changes made by people for surviving.In this play,Yank has a posture of a thinker which is also a mask.This posture made Yank looks like the guardian of the Hell and the liner a Hell.Through masks,the writer externalizes the internal conflicts. 面具的使用:尤金·奥尼尔善于在许多作品中使用讽刺和荒诞的面具。他主要通过面具揭示内心的冲突,形象化看不见的思想,并论证人们为生存所做的适应性变化。在这部戏中,杨克摆出思考者的姿态,这也是一种面具。这种姿态使杨克看起来像地狱的守护者,而班轮则像地狱。通过面具,作者将内心的冲突外化。
Monologue:The most famous monologue of O'Neill may be Yank's communication with the ape in the zoo.His monologue not only serves as a kind of sympathy for the ape itself,but also as a resistance against the whole capitalism at all. 独白:奥尼尔最著名的独白可能是杨克与动物园中的猿猴的对话。他的独白不仅表达了对猿猴本身的同情,也是一种对整个资本主义的抵抗。
The sound effects(音响效果):As a modern dramatist,O'Neill makes a good use of the modern technology in his play. Comparing with language,the sound effect is also able to demonstrate the conflicts of the play.For example,after Mildred's humiliation,when Yank intends to fight back,the musical background of his companies'conversation enhance the sense of rhythm which externalizes the internal conflicts 音响效果:作为一位现代剧作家,奥尼尔善于在戏剧中运用现代技术。与语言相比,音响效果同样能够展现戏剧的冲突。例如,在米尔德里德受辱后,当杨克打算反击时,伴随他同伴对话的音乐背景增强了节奏感,从而外化了内心的冲突。
选段及选段分析:(标下划线的词句为识别标志)
Eugene O'Neill: 尤金·奥尼尔:
I'm a busted Ingersoll,dat's what.Steel was me,and I owned de woild.Now I ain't steel,and de woild owns me.Aw,hell!I can't see-it's all dark,get me?It's all wrong! 我是个坏掉的英格索尔,就是这样。钢铁曾是我,我拥有整个世界。现在我不再是钢铁,世界却拥有了我。哎,见鬼!我看不见了——一片黑暗,明白吗?一切都错了!
内容:This quotation appears at the conclusion of Scene eight,immediately after Yank has been thrown out of the I.W.W. office.Yank,talking to himself,attempts to negotiate who he is and his personal importance even after being disgraced by The Secretary and the Wobblies.Yank realizes he is no longer as powerful as he once was.He no longer identifies himself as steel,the symbolic metal Yank equates with power,but rather thinks of himself as a busted machine.This quotation also reveals Yank's progression within the play.In Scene one,Yank boasts that he is steel,the muscles and punch behind the power of the ship.However,by the end of Scene Seven,Yank is stripped of this sense of strength and utility.Yank now sees himself as a machine that does not work,he has been exhausted by his efforts to find belonging and purpose and is left as a "busted Ingersoll."The"darkness"he describes is the result of confusion-now that Yank sees himself devoid of function, 内容:这段引语出现在第八幕的结尾,紧接着扬克被赶出 I.W.W.办公室。扬克自言自语,试图调和自己是谁以及即使被秘书和工会成员羞辱后,他的个人重要性。扬克意识到自己不再像以前那样强大。他不再认同自己是钢铁——扬克将钢铁视为力量的象征金属——而是把自己看作一台坏掉的机器。这段引语也揭示了扬克在剧中的发展。在第一幕,扬克自夸自己是钢铁,是船只力量背后的肌肉和冲击力。然而,到第七幕结束时,扬克失去了这种力量和效用感。扬克现在把自己看作一台不工作的机器,他因寻找归属感和目标的努力而筋疲力尽,最终沦为一个“坏掉的英格索尔”。他所描述的“黑暗”是困惑的结果——现在扬克看到自己失去了功能,
he cannot see the future or any hope for what's ahead. 他看不到未来,也看不到前方的任何希望。
The Hairy Ape 《毛猿》
He slips on the floor and dies.The monkeys set up a chattering,whimpering wail.And,perhaps,the Hairy Ape at last belongs. 他滑倒在地,死了。猴子们开始叽叽喳喳地叫,呜咽着哀号。也许,那个多毛的猿终于找到了归属。
内容:This quote,the final stage direction of the play in Scene Eight,evokes a sense of Yank coming home to the animal world.O'Neill's final reading of the play is clear:Yank is accepted by the animal kingdom,finally discovering the sense of "belonging"he has been searching for.Yank has been rejected from human society and has finally found refuge in the basest form of himself-the animal.However,this refuge is death.Yank finally finds refuge as he lies dead on the floor of the ape's cage.Yank's death can be interpreted in numerous ways.O'Neill reveals that such a bond between a living human and animal is unattainable on Earth,but also suggests that the impetus for Yank's belonging is his death-he has succumbed to nature and been destroyed by it. 内容:这句话是剧本第八场的最后舞台指示,唤起了扬克回归动物世界的感觉。欧尼尔对这部剧的最终解读很明确:扬克被动物王国接受,最终找到了他一直在寻找的“归属感”。扬克被人类社会拒绝,最终在他最原始的自我——动物中找到了庇护。然而,这种庇护就是死亡。扬克最终在猿猴笼子的地板上死去,找到了庇护。扬克的死亡可以有多种解读。欧尼尔揭示了活生生的人类与动物之间的这种联系在地球上是无法实现的,但也暗示扬克归属感的动力是他的死亡——他屈服于自然,被自然摧毁。
第八章:战后诗歌/小说 Literature after WWII 第八章:战后诗歌/小说 战后文学
主要作家作品:
Poets a ter the NNM 战后诗人
Elizabeth Bishop 伊丽莎白·毕晓普
地位:The Poet Laureate of the United States from 1949 to 1950;A Pulitzer Prize winner in 1956 and a National Book Award Winner for Poetry in 1970;One of the most important and distinguished American poets of the 20th century;"The most purely gifted poet of the 20th century." 地位:1949 年至 1950 年美国桂冠诗人;1956 年普利策奖得主,1970 年国家图书奖诗歌类获奖者;20 世纪最重要且杰出的美国诗人之一;“20 世纪最纯粹天赋的诗人。”
作品:
In the Waiting Room-Addressed the chase for identity and individuality within a diverse society as a seven-year-old girl living in Worcester,Massachusetts during World War I. 《在候诊室》——以一名七岁女孩的视角,讲述了第一次世界大战期间生活在马萨诸塞州伍斯特市的她,在多元社会中对身份和个性的追寻
First Death in Nova Scotia-Describes her first encounter with death when her cousin Arthur died.In this poem,her experience of that event is through a child's point of view.The poem highlights that although young and naive the child has some instinctive awareness of the severe impact of death.She combines reality and imagination,a technique also used in her poem Sestina 《新斯科舍的第一次死亡》-描述了她第一次遇到死亡的经历,当时她的表弟亚瑟去世了。在这首诗中,她通过一个孩子的视角来体验那一事件。诗中强调,尽管孩子年幼且天真,但她对死亡的严重影响有某种本能的意识。她将现实与想象结合起来,这也是她在诗作《六行诗》中使用的技巧。
Sestina-Depicts a real-life experience.After her father's death when she was a baby and following her mother's nervous breakdown when she was 5,Bishop's poem notes her experience is after she has gone to live with relatives.The poem is about her living with the knowledge that she would not get to see her mother again.The style of her poem,the Sestina,is a poetry style created by Arnaut Daniel in the 12th century,focused on the emphases of ending words in each line,giving the poem a sense of form and pattern.Bishop is widely known for her skill in the Sestina form 《六行诗》-描绘了一个真实的生活经历。在她还是婴儿时父亲去世,五岁时母亲精神崩溃之后,毕晓普的诗中记述了她搬去与亲戚同住的经历。这首诗讲述了她带着永远无法再见母亲的认知生活。她的诗体“六行诗”是 12 世纪阿尔诺·丹尼尔创造的一种诗歌形式,强调每行结尾词的重复,赋予诗歌形式感和规律性。毕晓普以其在六行诗形式上的高超技巧而闻名。
One Art 《失去的艺术》
Filling Station 《加油站》
Over 2000 Illustrations and a Complete Concordance 2000 多幅插图和完整的索引
The Fish 鱼
写作特色: ✓\checkmark Bishop worked as a painter as well as a poet,and her verse,like visual art,is known for its ability to capture significant scenes. ✓\checkmark 毕晓普既是画家也是诗人,她的诗歌像视觉艺术一样,以捕捉重要场景的能力著称。 ✓\checkmark Bishop did not see herself as a"lesbian poet"or as a"female poet."Although she still considered herself to be"a strong feminist,"she only wanted to be judged based on the quality of her writing and not on her gender or sexual orientation. ✓\checkmark 毕晓普不认为自己是“女同性恋诗人”或“女性诗人”。尽管她仍然认为自己是“坚定的女权主义者”,但她只希望人们根据她作品的质量来评价她,而不是根据她的性别或性取向 ✓\checkmark In contrast to this confessional style involving large amounts of self-exposure,Bishop's style of writing,though it sometimes involved sparse details from her personal life,was known for its highly detailed and objective,distant point of view and for its reticence on the sordid subject matter that obsessed her contemporaries. ✓\checkmark 与这种涉及大量自我暴露的忏悔式风格形成对比的是,毕晓普的写作风格虽然有时涉及她个人生活的零星细节,但以其高度细致且客观、疏离的视角著称,并且对那些困扰她同时代人的肮脏题材保持缄默。 ✓\checkmark Her poetry is in large measure a response to her personal experience.And,Bishop was a widely traveled person.That is the reason why her poetry contains a lot of her traveling experiences and observations. ✓\checkmark 她的诗歌在很大程度上是对她个人经历的回应。而且,毕晓普是一个广泛旅行的人。这就是她的诗歌中包含大量旅行经历和观察的原因。 ✓\checkmark She was a postmodernist both in her acceptance of life for what it is and in her openness in theme and form.One basic feature of her poetry lies in its at once material portrayal of life and immaterial suggestion about it. ✓\checkmark 她既接受生活的本来面貌,又在主题和形式上表现出开放性,因此是一位后现代主义者。她诗歌的一个基本特征在于既对生活进行具体的描绘,又对其进行非物质的暗示。
Richard Wilbur 理查德·威尔伯
地位:An American poet and literary translator;Appointed the sixth Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1987,and twice received the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry,in 1957 and again in 1989;Wilbur's poetry was characterized by a formal and refined beauty that was often imitated but never equaled.So formidable are his verse-making skills and his native wit that even the longest and most philosophical of his poems carry the reader effortlessly along; Continuing and refining the tradition of Robert Frost and W.H.Auden,Wilbur's poetry finds illumination in everyday experiences and expresses it in beautiful,carefully wrought language. 地位:美国诗人及文学翻译家;1987 年被任命为美国国会图书馆第六任桂冠诗人顾问,曾两次获得普利策诗歌奖,分别于 1957 年和 1989 年;威尔伯的诗歌以形式严谨、优雅精致著称,常被模仿却无人能及。他的诗歌技巧和天赋机智极为出众,即使是最长且最具哲理性的诗篇,也能让读者轻松领略其中韵味;继承并完善了罗伯特·弗罗斯特和 W·H·奥登的传统,威尔伯的诗歌在日常生活中寻找灵感,并以优美、精心雕琢的语言表达出来。
作品:《美丽的变化及其他诗篇》《仪式及其他诗篇》《世间事》《抱怨诗》《时代诗》《骨钥匙及其他诗篇》
作品:The Beautiful Changes and Other Poems
Ceremony and other poems
Things of this World
Complaint
Verse on The Times
Bone Key and other Poems
作品:The Beautiful Changes and Other Poems
Ceremony and other poems
Things of this World
Complaint
Verse on The Times
Bone Key and other Poems| 作品:The Beautiful Changes and Other Poems |
| :--- |
| Ceremony and other poems |
| Things of this World |
| Complaint |
| Verse on The Times |
| Bone Key and other Poems |
地位:One of the founders of the Confessional school of poetry;Committed suicide;A poet who is very non-traditional in his form;Berryman often wrote about how he felt about his father's death in his poetry
地位:One of the founders of the Confessional school of poetry;Committed suicide;A poet who is very non-traditional in his form;Berryman often wrote about how he felt about his father's death in his poetry
作品:The Dream Songs;77Dream Songs;His Toy,His Dream,His Rest| 地位:One of the founders of the Confessional school of poetry;Committed suicide;A poet who is very non-traditional in his form;Berryman often wrote about how he felt about his father's death in his poetry |
| :--- |
| 作品:The Dream Songs;77Dream Songs;His Toy,His Dream,His Rest |
地位:the 11th Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress-a position that now bears the title Poet Laureate of the United States;noted for revitalizing the reputations of Robert Frost,Walt Whitman,and William Carlos Williams in the 1950s
创作:
His first collection of poetry,Blood from a Stranger,was published in 1942
The same year he enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps.
He failed to qualify to fly,however,and instead worked for the Army as a control tower operator.His second and third books,Little Friend,Little Friend and Losses,drew heavily on his Army experiences,dealing with the fears and moral struggles of soldiers.The Death of the Ball-Turret Gunner is a particularly famous Jarrell poem in this vein.
His reputation as a poet was not fully established until 1960,when his National Book Award-winning Collection The Woman at the Washington Zoo was published.His final volume,The Lost World,published in 1966,cemented that reputation;many critics consider it his best work.
地位:the 11th Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress-a position that now bears the title Poet Laureate of the United States;noted for revitalizing the reputations of Robert Frost,Walt Whitman,and William Carlos Williams in the 1950s
创作:
His first collection of poetry,Blood from a Stranger,was published in 1942
The same year he enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps.
He failed to qualify to fly,however,and instead worked for the Army as a control tower operator.His second and third books,Little Friend,Little Friend and Losses,drew heavily on his Army experiences,dealing with the fears and moral struggles of soldiers.The Death of the Ball-Turret Gunner is a particularly famous Jarrell poem in this vein.
His reputation as a poet was not fully established until 1960,when his National Book Award-winning Collection The Woman at the Washington Zoo was published.His final volume,The Lost World,published in 1966,cemented that reputation;many critics consider it his best work.| 地位:the 11th Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress-a position that now bears the title Poet Laureate of the United States;noted for revitalizing the reputations of Robert Frost,Walt Whitman,and William Carlos Williams in the 1950s |
| :--- |
| 创作: |
| His first collection of poetry,Blood from a Stranger,was published in 1942 |
| The same year he enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps. |
| He failed to qualify to fly,however,and instead worked for the Army as a control tower operator.His second and third books,Little Friend,Little Friend and Losses,drew heavily on his Army experiences,dealing with the fears and moral struggles of soldiers.The Death of the Ball-Turret Gunner is a particularly famous Jarrell poem in this vein. |
| His reputation as a poet was not fully established until 1960,when his National Book Award-winning Collection The Woman at the Washington Zoo was published.His final volume,The Lost World,published in 1966,cemented that reputation;many critics consider it his best work. |
James Merrill 詹姆斯·梅里尔
地位:普利策奖获奖的美国诗人。他的诗歌分为两大类:早期作品为精致且形式主义的抒情诗,后期则以史诗般的叙事诗《桑多弗的变光》(The Changing Light at Sandover)为主,内容涉及与灵魂和天使的神秘交流。
作品:《第一批诗歌》(First Poems);《千年和平之国》(The Country of a Thousand Years of Peace);《昼夜》(Nights and Days);《勇敢面对元素》(Braving the Elements);《桑多弗的变光》(Changing lights at Sandover)
地位:A Pulitzer Prize winning American poet.
His poetry falls into two distinct bodies of work:the polished and formalist lyric poetry of his early career,and the epic narrative of occult communication with spirits and angels,titled The Changing Light at Sandover,which dominated his later career.
作品:First Poems;The Country of a Thousand Years of Peace;Nights and Days;Braving the Elements;Changing lights at Sandover
地位:A Pulitzer Prize winning American poet.
His poetry falls into two distinct bodies of work:the polished and formalist lyric poetry of his early career,and the epic narrative of occult communication with spirits and angels,titled The Changing Light at Sandover,which dominated his later career.
作品:First Poems;The Country of a Thousand Years of Peace;Nights and Days;Braving the Elements;Changing lights at Sandover| 地位:A Pulitzer Prize winning American poet. |
| :--- |
| His poetry falls into two distinct bodies of work:the polished and formalist lyric poetry of his early career,and the epic narrative of occult communication with spirits and angels,titled The Changing Light at Sandover,which dominated his later career. |
| 作品:First Poems;The Country of a Thousand Years of Peace;Nights and Days;Braving the Elements;Changing lights at Sandover |
地位:Considered the founder of the confessional poetry movement;the sixth Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1946.
Robert Lowell began traditionally but was influenced by experimental currents.Because his life and work span the period between the older modernist masters like Ezra Pound and the contemporary writers,his career places the later experimentalists in a larger context.
作品:In Life Studies-He initiated confessional poetry,a new mode in which he bared his most tormenting personal problems with great honesty and intensity.In essence,he not only discovered his individuality but celebrated it in its most difficult and private manifestations.He transformed himself into a contemporary,at home with the self,the fragmentary, and the form as process.
地位:Considered the founder of the confessional poetry movement;the sixth Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1946.
Robert Lowell began traditionally but was influenced by experimental currents.Because his life and work span the period between the older modernist masters like Ezra Pound and the contemporary writers,his career places the later experimentalists in a larger context.
作品:In Life Studies-He initiated confessional poetry,a new mode in which he bared his most tormenting personal problems with great honesty and intensity.In essence,he not only discovered his individuality but celebrated it in its most difficult and private manifestations.He transformed himself into a contemporary,at home with the self,the fragmentary, and the form as process.| 地位:Considered the founder of the confessional poetry movement;the sixth Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1946. |
| :--- |
| Robert Lowell began traditionally but was influenced by experimental currents.Because his life and work span the period between the older modernist masters like Ezra Pound and the contemporary writers,his career places the later experimentalists in a larger context. |
| 作品:In Life Studies-He initiated confessional poetry,a new mode in which he bared his most tormenting personal problems with great honesty and intensity.In essence,he not only discovered his individuality but celebrated it in its most difficult and private manifestations.He transformed himself into a contemporary,at home with the self,the fragmentary, and the form as process. |
地位:An American poet who vigorously opposed militarism,materialism and sexual repression;A leading figure of the Beat Generation;Homosexual,tried to go straight,but his orientation was primarily gay
名言:"I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness,starving hysterical naked,
地位:An American poet who vigorously opposed militarism,materialism and sexual repression;A leading figure of the Beat Generation;Homosexual,tried to go straight,but his orientation was primarily gay
名言:"I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness,starving hysterical naked,| 地位:An American poet who vigorously opposed militarism,materialism and sexual repression;A leading figure of the Beat Generation;Homosexual,tried to go straight,but his orientation was primarily gay |
| :--- |
| 名言:"I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness,starving hysterical naked, |
"作品:The Beautiful Changes and Other Poems
Ceremony and other poems
Things of this World
Complaint
Verse on The Times
Bone Key and other Poems"
John Berryman
"地位:One of the founders of the Confessional school of poetry;Committed suicide;A poet who is very non-traditional in his form;Berryman often wrote about how he felt about his father's death in his poetry
作品:The Dream Songs;77Dream Songs;His Toy,His Dream,His Rest"
Randall Jarrell
"地位:the 11th Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress-a position that now bears the title Poet Laureate of the United States;noted for revitalizing the reputations of Robert Frost,Walt Whitman,and William Carlos Williams in the 1950s
创作:
His first collection of poetry,Blood from a Stranger,was published in 1942
The same year he enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps.
He failed to qualify to fly,however,and instead worked for the Army as a control tower operator.His second and third books,Little Friend,Little Friend and Losses,drew heavily on his Army experiences,dealing with the fears and moral struggles of soldiers.The Death of the Ball-Turret Gunner is a particularly famous Jarrell poem in this vein.
His reputation as a poet was not fully established until 1960,when his National Book Award-winning Collection The Woman at the Washington Zoo was published.His final volume,The Lost World,published in 1966,cemented that reputation;many critics consider it his best work."
James Merrill
"地位:A Pulitzer Prize winning American poet.
His poetry falls into two distinct bodies of work:the polished and formalist lyric poetry of his early career,and the epic narrative of occult communication with spirits and angels,titled The Changing Light at Sandover,which dominated his later career.
作品:First Poems;The Country of a Thousand Years of Peace;Nights and Days;Braving the Elements;Changing lights at Sandover"
Robert Lowell(Confessional poet)
"地位:Considered the founder of the confessional poetry movement;the sixth Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1946.
Robert Lowell began traditionally but was influenced by experimental currents.Because his life and work span the period between the older modernist masters like Ezra Pound and the contemporary writers,his career places the later experimentalists in a larger context.
作品:In Life Studies-He initiated confessional poetry,a new mode in which he bared his most tormenting personal problems with great honesty and intensity.In essence,he not only discovered his individuality but celebrated it in its most difficult and private manifestations.He transformed himself into a contemporary,at home with the self,the fragmentary, and the form as process."
Allen Ginsberg(Beat Generation)
"地位:An American poet who vigorously opposed militarism,materialism and sexual repression;A leading figure of the Beat Generation;Homosexual,tried to go straight,but his orientation was primarily gay
名言:"I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness,starving hysterical naked,"| 作品:The Beautiful Changes and Other Poems <br> Ceremony and other poems <br> Things of this World <br> Complaint <br> Verse on The Times <br> Bone Key and other Poems |
| :--- |
| John Berryman |
| 地位:One of the founders of the Confessional school of poetry;Committed suicide;A poet who is very non-traditional in his form;Berryman often wrote about how he felt about his father's death in his poetry <br> 作品:The Dream Songs;77Dream Songs;His Toy,His Dream,His Rest |
| Randall Jarrell |
| 地位:the 11th Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress-a position that now bears the title Poet Laureate of the United States;noted for revitalizing the reputations of Robert Frost,Walt Whitman,and William Carlos Williams in the 1950s <br> 创作: <br> His first collection of poetry,Blood from a Stranger,was published in 1942 <br> The same year he enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps. <br> He failed to qualify to fly,however,and instead worked for the Army as a control tower operator.His second and third books,Little Friend,Little Friend and Losses,drew heavily on his Army experiences,dealing with the fears and moral struggles of soldiers.The Death of the Ball-Turret Gunner is a particularly famous Jarrell poem in this vein. <br> His reputation as a poet was not fully established until 1960,when his National Book Award-winning Collection The Woman at the Washington Zoo was published.His final volume,The Lost World,published in 1966,cemented that reputation;many critics consider it his best work. |
| James Merrill |
| 地位:A Pulitzer Prize winning American poet. <br> His poetry falls into two distinct bodies of work:the polished and formalist lyric poetry of his early career,and the epic narrative of occult communication with spirits and angels,titled The Changing Light at Sandover,which dominated his later career. <br> 作品:First Poems;The Country of a Thousand Years of Peace;Nights and Days;Braving the Elements;Changing lights at Sandover |
| Robert Lowell(Confessional poet) |
| 地位:Considered the founder of the confessional poetry movement;the sixth Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1946. <br> Robert Lowell began traditionally but was influenced by experimental currents.Because his life and work span the period between the older modernist masters like Ezra Pound and the contemporary writers,his career places the later experimentalists in a larger context. <br> 作品:In Life Studies-He initiated confessional poetry,a new mode in which he bared his most tormenting personal problems with great honesty and intensity.In essence,he not only discovered his individuality but celebrated it in its most difficult and private manifestations.He transformed himself into a contemporary,at home with the self,the fragmentary, and the form as process. |
| Allen Ginsberg(Beat Generation) |
| 地位:An American poet who vigorously opposed militarism,materialism and sexual repression;A leading figure of the Beat Generation;Homosexual,tried to go straight,but his orientation was primarily gay <br> 名言:"I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness,starving hysterical naked, |
dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn
Looking for an angry fix..."
作品:Howl
An autobiography of Ginsberg up to 1955,and a brief history of the Beat Generation through its references to his relationship to other Beat artists of that time.A long-lined poem in the tradition of Walt Whitman;an outcry of rage and despair against a destructive,abusive society.
结构:
Part1:Adumbrates and immortalizes the Beat Generation with all that is noted for:its anti-mainstream way of living, its vision and its power,its ambition and sense of mission,and the depth of their despair in face of the threat of failure.
Part2:The feeling of doom becomes more intense in section two of the poem when they try to trace their trouble back to its root cause,the Moloch of American civilization.Concentrates its attack on the mechanical civilization of America.Therefore the whole of the second section reinforces the theme of the first and adds touches of tragic pathos to a portrait of the consciousness of a nation definitely gone mad.
Part3:directly addressed to Carl Solomon,whom Ginsberg met during a brief stay at a psychiatric hospital in 1949. Carl Solomon is apparently madder than he is.
dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn
Looking for an angry fix..."
作品:Howl
An autobiography of Ginsberg up to 1955,and a brief history of the Beat Generation through its references to his relationship to other Beat artists of that time.A long-lined poem in the tradition of Walt Whitman;an outcry of rage and despair against a destructive,abusive society.
结构:
Part1:Adumbrates and immortalizes the Beat Generation with all that is noted for:its anti-mainstream way of living, its vision and its power,its ambition and sense of mission,and the depth of their despair in face of the threat of failure.
Part2:The feeling of doom becomes more intense in section two of the poem when they try to trace their trouble back to its root cause,the Moloch of American civilization.Concentrates its attack on the mechanical civilization of America.Therefore the whole of the second section reinforces the theme of the first and adds touches of tragic pathos to a portrait of the consciousness of a nation definitely gone mad.
Part3:directly addressed to Carl Solomon,whom Ginsberg met during a brief stay at a psychiatric hospital in 1949. Carl Solomon is apparently madder than he is.| dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn |
| :--- |
| Looking for an angry fix..." |
| 作品:Howl |
| An autobiography of Ginsberg up to 1955,and a brief history of the Beat Generation through its references to his relationship to other Beat artists of that time.A long-lined poem in the tradition of Walt Whitman;an outcry of rage and despair against a destructive,abusive society. |
| 结构: |
| Part1:Adumbrates and immortalizes the Beat Generation with all that is noted for:its anti-mainstream way of living, its vision and its power,its ambition and sense of mission,and the depth of their despair in face of the threat of failure. |
| Part2:The feeling of doom becomes more intense in section two of the poem when they try to trace their trouble back to its root cause,the Moloch of American civilization.Concentrates its attack on the mechanical civilization of America.Therefore the whole of the second section reinforces the theme of the first and adds touches of tragic pathos to a portrait of the consciousness of a nation definitely gone mad. |
| Part3:directly addressed to Carl Solomon,whom Ginsberg met during a brief stay at a psychiatric hospital in 1949. Carl Solomon is apparently madder than he is. |
地位:A central figure of New York School;noted for the"I do this I do that"type of poems;"A poet among painters"
作品:
The Lunch Poems-Composing in his lunch hours
Second Avenue-Surrealistic/full of wit
Why I Am Not a Painter
The Day Lady Died
Joe's Jacket
特点:
✓\checkmark O'Hara's poetry is personal in tone and content and has been described as sounding"like entries in a diary".His works were a lot of them"occasional"poems written for a birthday,a thank-you etc.his poems are full of namespace of people,place,and literary works without proper introduction.
✓\checkmark Mostly surrealistic;a good deal of wit;painfully obscure;a tragic version of life
✓\checkmark Noted for his language:his language is colloquial,anecdotal,bare of ornaments,so he was very definitely well in step with the contemporary anti-literary,anti-artistic tradition.
地位:A central figure of New York School;noted for the"I do this I do that"type of poems;"A poet among painters"
作品:
The Lunch Poems-Composing in his lunch hours
Second Avenue-Surrealistic/full of wit
Why I Am Not a Painter
The Day Lady Died
Joe's Jacket
特点:
✓ O'Hara's poetry is personal in tone and content and has been described as sounding"like entries in a diary".His works were a lot of them"occasional"poems written for a birthday,a thank-you etc.his poems are full of namespace of people,place,and literary works without proper introduction.
✓ Mostly surrealistic;a good deal of wit;painfully obscure;a tragic version of life
✓ Noted for his language:his language is colloquial,anecdotal,bare of ornaments,so he was very definitely well in step with the contemporary anti-literary,anti-artistic tradition.| 地位:A central figure of New York School;noted for the"I do this I do that"type of poems;"A poet among painters" |
| :--- |
| 作品: |
| The Lunch Poems-Composing in his lunch hours |
| Second Avenue-Surrealistic/full of wit |
| Why I Am Not a Painter |
| The Day Lady Died |
| Joe's Jacket |
| 特点: |
| $\checkmark$ O'Hara's poetry is personal in tone and content and has been described as sounding"like entries in a diary".His works were a lot of them"occasional"poems written for a birthday,a thank-you etc.his poems are full of namespace of people,place,and literary works without proper introduction. |
| $\checkmark$ Mostly surrealistic;a good deal of wit;painfully obscure;a tragic version of life |
| $\checkmark$ Noted for his language:his language is colloquial,anecdotal,bare of ornaments,so he was very definitely well in step with the contemporary anti-literary,anti-artistic tradition. |
Ashbery is probably the most obscure of contemporary American poets.Reading his poetry,the readers frequently toil not so much to discover its surface meaning-his language very often offers little difficulty;It is the undercurrent of meaning that his verbal structure embodies.
Ashbery's poetry,meditative to a fault,serves as a record of these extravagant mental acts.His mind operates in its own way and on its own terms,often defying obvious canons of well-received logic.
His poetry,long or short,is normally a record of consciousness flowing,observing whatever attracts its momentary notice, and commenting profusely along the way,using its own images and language so that it appears discursive,dis-junctive, indeterminate,mysterious,an amalgam of the ration-al with the irrational.
作品:
Some Trees
The Tennis Court Oath
Rivers and Mountains
The Double Dream of Spring
地位:先是纽约派,后是沉思型诗人
Ashbery is probably the most obscure of contemporary American poets.Reading his poetry,the readers frequently toil not so much to discover its surface meaning-his language very often offers little difficulty;It is the undercurrent of meaning that his verbal structure embodies.
Ashbery's poetry,meditative to a fault,serves as a record of these extravagant mental acts.His mind operates in its own way and on its own terms,often defying obvious canons of well-received logic.
His poetry,long or short,is normally a record of consciousness flowing,observing whatever attracts its momentary notice, and commenting profusely along the way,using its own images and language so that it appears discursive,dis-junctive, indeterminate,mysterious,an amalgam of the ration-al with the irrational.
作品:
Some Trees
The Tennis Court Oath
Rivers and Mountains
The Double Dream of Spring| 地位:先是纽约派,后是沉思型诗人 |
| :--- |
| Ashbery is probably the most obscure of contemporary American poets.Reading his poetry,the readers frequently toil not so much to discover its surface meaning-his language very often offers little difficulty;It is the undercurrent of meaning that his verbal structure embodies. |
| Ashbery's poetry,meditative to a fault,serves as a record of these extravagant mental acts.His mind operates in its own way and on its own terms,often defying obvious canons of well-received logic. |
| His poetry,long or short,is normally a record of consciousness flowing,observing whatever attracts its momentary notice, and commenting profusely along the way,using its own images and language so that it appears discursive,dis-junctive, indeterminate,mysterious,an amalgam of the ration-al with the irrational. |
| 作品: |
| Some Trees |
| The Tennis Court Oath |
| Rivers and Mountains |
| The Double Dream of Spring |
"dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn
Looking for an angry fix..."
作品:Howl
An autobiography of Ginsberg up to 1955,and a brief history of the Beat Generation through its references to his relationship to other Beat artists of that time.A long-lined poem in the tradition of Walt Whitman;an outcry of rage and despair against a destructive,abusive society.
结构:
Part1:Adumbrates and immortalizes the Beat Generation with all that is noted for:its anti-mainstream way of living, its vision and its power,its ambition and sense of mission,and the depth of their despair in face of the threat of failure.
Part2:The feeling of doom becomes more intense in section two of the poem when they try to trace their trouble back to its root cause,the Moloch of American civilization.Concentrates its attack on the mechanical civilization of America.Therefore the whole of the second section reinforces the theme of the first and adds touches of tragic pathos to a portrait of the consciousness of a nation definitely gone mad.
Part3:directly addressed to Carl Solomon,whom Ginsberg met during a brief stay at a psychiatric hospital in 1949. Carl Solomon is apparently madder than he is."
Frank O'Hara(New York School)
"地位:A central figure of New York School;noted for the"I do this I do that"type of poems;"A poet among painters"
作品:
The Lunch Poems-Composing in his lunch hours
Second Avenue-Surrealistic/full of wit
Why I Am Not a Painter
The Day Lady Died
Joe's Jacket
特点:
✓ O'Hara's poetry is personal in tone and content and has been described as sounding"like entries in a diary".His works were a lot of them"occasional"poems written for a birthday,a thank-you etc.his poems are full of namespace of people,place,and literary works without proper introduction.
✓ Mostly surrealistic;a good deal of wit;painfully obscure;a tragic version of life
✓ Noted for his language:his language is colloquial,anecdotal,bare of ornaments,so he was very definitely well in step with the contemporary anti-literary,anti-artistic tradition."
John Ashbery(Meditative Poet)
"地位:先是纽约派,后是沉思型诗人
Ashbery is probably the most obscure of contemporary American poets.Reading his poetry,the readers frequently toil not so much to discover its surface meaning-his language very often offers little difficulty;It is the undercurrent of meaning that his verbal structure embodies.
Ashbery's poetry,meditative to a fault,serves as a record of these extravagant mental acts.His mind operates in its own way and on its own terms,often defying obvious canons of well-received logic.
His poetry,long or short,is normally a record of consciousness flowing,observing whatever attracts its momentary notice, and commenting profusely along the way,using its own images and language so that it appears discursive,dis-junctive, indeterminate,mysterious,an amalgam of the ration-al with the irrational.
作品:
Some Trees
The Tennis Court Oath
Rivers and Mountains
The Double Dream of Spring"| dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn <br> Looking for an angry fix..." <br> 作品:Howl <br> An autobiography of Ginsberg up to 1955,and a brief history of the Beat Generation through its references to his relationship to other Beat artists of that time.A long-lined poem in the tradition of Walt Whitman;an outcry of rage and despair against a destructive,abusive society. <br> 结构: <br> Part1:Adumbrates and immortalizes the Beat Generation with all that is noted for:its anti-mainstream way of living, its vision and its power,its ambition and sense of mission,and the depth of their despair in face of the threat of failure. <br> Part2:The feeling of doom becomes more intense in section two of the poem when they try to trace their trouble back to its root cause,the Moloch of American civilization.Concentrates its attack on the mechanical civilization of America.Therefore the whole of the second section reinforces the theme of the first and adds touches of tragic pathos to a portrait of the consciousness of a nation definitely gone mad. <br> Part3:directly addressed to Carl Solomon,whom Ginsberg met during a brief stay at a psychiatric hospital in 1949. Carl Solomon is apparently madder than he is. |
| :--- |
| Frank O'Hara(New York School) |
| 地位:A central figure of New York School;noted for the"I do this I do that"type of poems;"A poet among painters" <br> 作品: <br> The Lunch Poems-Composing in his lunch hours <br> Second Avenue-Surrealistic/full of wit <br> Why I Am Not a Painter <br> The Day Lady Died <br> Joe's Jacket <br> 特点: <br> $\checkmark$ O'Hara's poetry is personal in tone and content and has been described as sounding"like entries in a diary".His works were a lot of them"occasional"poems written for a birthday,a thank-you etc.his poems are full of namespace of people,place,and literary works without proper introduction. <br> $\checkmark$ Mostly surrealistic;a good deal of wit;painfully obscure;a tragic version of life <br> $\checkmark$ Noted for his language:his language is colloquial,anecdotal,bare of ornaments,so he was very definitely well in step with the contemporary anti-literary,anti-artistic tradition. |
| John Ashbery(Meditative Poet) |
| 地位:先是纽约派,后是沉思型诗人 <br> Ashbery is probably the most obscure of contemporary American poets.Reading his poetry,the readers frequently toil not so much to discover its surface meaning-his language very often offers little difficulty;It is the undercurrent of meaning that his verbal structure embodies. <br> Ashbery's poetry,meditative to a fault,serves as a record of these extravagant mental acts.His mind operates in its own way and on its own terms,often defying obvious canons of well-received logic. <br> His poetry,long or short,is normally a record of consciousness flowing,observing whatever attracts its momentary notice, and commenting profusely along the way,using its own images and language so that it appears discursive,dis-junctive, indeterminate,mysterious,an amalgam of the ration-al with the irrational. <br> 作品: <br> Some Trees <br> The Tennis Court Oath <br> Rivers and Mountains <br> The Double Dream of Spring |
Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror
The Vermont Notebook
Houseboat Days
As You Know
Shadow Train
A Wave
Selected Poems
April Galleons
Flow Chart
Hotel L'Autreamont
Can You Hear,Bird| Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror |
| :--- |
| The Vermont Notebook |
| Houseboat Days |
| As You Know |
| Shadow Train |
| A Wave |
| Selected Poems |
| April Galleons |
| Flow Chart |
| Hotel L'Autreamont |
| Can You Hear,Bird |
地位:A scholar in archaeology,education,anthropology;The leading figure of Black Mountain College;The first to call for a new American verse in the postwar period;established the Black Mountain Review with Creeley
作品:
Projective Verse-Olson's landmark essay;the manifesto of Black Mountain College;
In Cold Hell,In Thicket
The Maximus Poems
The Distances
特点:
✓\checkmark Olson defines"the NON-Projective"verse as"closed"verse."Closed"means everything appeared in English and American literature before"the work of Pound and Williams,"or anything in the traditional form.
✓\checkmark The new poet should work in the"OPEN",or engage in"FIELD COMPOSITION",or"COMPOSITION BY FIELD",as opposed to inherited line,stanza,and over-all form what is the"old"base of the non-projective.
✓\checkmark Poetry is energy transferred from where the poem got it all the way to the reader through the poem;the poem must be,at all points,a high-energy construct and an energy discharge.
✓\checkmark Role of breathing:the verse should take note of the breath,and the breathing of the writer;Olson places emphasis on the syllable and feels that it should be allowed to replace rime and meter in the fore of the mind to make the harmony of the poem.
✓\checkmark Form and content:form is never more than an extension of content under hand.The job of the poet is not to describe reality,but to enact it,because reality is infinite.
地位:A scholar in archaeology,education,anthropology;The leading figure of Black Mountain College;The first to call for a new American verse in the postwar period;established the Black Mountain Review with Creeley
作品:
Projective Verse-Olson's landmark essay;the manifesto of Black Mountain College;
In Cold Hell,In Thicket
The Maximus Poems
The Distances
特点:
✓ Olson defines"the NON-Projective"verse as"closed"verse."Closed"means everything appeared in English and American literature before"the work of Pound and Williams,"or anything in the traditional form.
✓ The new poet should work in the"OPEN",or engage in"FIELD COMPOSITION",or"COMPOSITION BY FIELD",as opposed to inherited line,stanza,and over-all form what is the"old"base of the non-projective.
✓ Poetry is energy transferred from where the poem got it all the way to the reader through the poem;the poem must be,at all points,a high-energy construct and an energy discharge.
✓ Role of breathing:the verse should take note of the breath,and the breathing of the writer;Olson places emphasis on the syllable and feels that it should be allowed to replace rime and meter in the fore of the mind to make the harmony of the poem.
✓ Form and content:form is never more than an extension of content under hand.The job of the poet is not to describe reality,but to enact it,because reality is infinite.| 地位:A scholar in archaeology,education,anthropology;The leading figure of Black Mountain College;The first to call for a new American verse in the postwar period;established the Black Mountain Review with Creeley |
| :--- |
| 作品: |
| Projective Verse-Olson's landmark essay;the manifesto of Black Mountain College; |
| In Cold Hell,In Thicket |
| The Maximus Poems |
| The Distances |
| 特点: |
| $\checkmark$ Olson defines"the NON-Projective"verse as"closed"verse."Closed"means everything appeared in English and American literature before"the work of Pound and Williams,"or anything in the traditional form. |
| $\checkmark$ The new poet should work in the"OPEN",or engage in"FIELD COMPOSITION",or"COMPOSITION BY FIELD",as opposed to inherited line,stanza,and over-all form what is the"old"base of the non-projective. |
| $\checkmark$ Poetry is energy transferred from where the poem got it all the way to the reader through the poem;the poem must be,at all points,a high-energy construct and an energy discharge. |
| $\checkmark$ Role of breathing:the verse should take note of the breath,and the breathing of the writer;Olson places emphasis on the syllable and feels that it should be allowed to replace rime and meter in the fore of the mind to make the harmony of the poem. |
| $\checkmark$ Form and content:form is never more than an extension of content under hand.The job of the poet is not to describe reality,but to enact it,because reality is infinite. |
-He is said to be the simplest of the group and of the new verse in general.His usual subject is love and marriage and the intricacies of relationships and human ties between individuals of the two sexes.
-With regard to content,he fully agrees with Williams's"no ideas but in things,"and with Pound's stance that"any tendency to abstract general statement is a greased slide"
-He is suggestive and his poetry connotes superbly at its best.
-In matter of form,Creeley felt that"formal"order could no longer be assumed as a necessary virtue,and that form is no more than an extension of content.Creeley's literary credo is clearly that of open form.
作品:
For Love:Poems 1950-1960
Words
The Charm:Early and Uncollected Poems
Pieces
观点:
-He is said to be the simplest of the group and of the new verse in general.His usual subject is love and marriage and the intricacies of relationships and human ties between individuals of the two sexes.
-With regard to content,he fully agrees with Williams's"no ideas but in things,"and with Pound's stance that"any tendency to abstract general statement is a greased slide"
-He is suggestive and his poetry connotes superbly at its best.
-In matter of form,Creeley felt that"formal"order could no longer be assumed as a necessary virtue,and that form is no more than an extension of content.Creeley's literary credo is clearly that of open form.
作品:
For Love:Poems 1950-1960
Words
The Charm:Early and Uncollected Poems
Pieces| 观点: |
| :--- |
| -He is said to be the simplest of the group and of the new verse in general.His usual subject is love and marriage and the intricacies of relationships and human ties between individuals of the two sexes. |
| -With regard to content,he fully agrees with Williams's"no ideas but in things,"and with Pound's stance that"any tendency to abstract general statement is a greased slide" |
| -He is suggestive and his poetry connotes superbly at its best. |
| -In matter of form,Creeley felt that"formal"order could no longer be assumed as a necessary virtue,and that form is no more than an extension of content.Creeley's literary credo is clearly that of open form. |
| 作品: |
| For Love:Poems 1950-1960 |
| Words |
| The Charm:Early and Uncollected Poems |
| Pieces |
"Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror
The Vermont Notebook
Houseboat Days
As You Know
Shadow Train
A Wave
Selected Poems
April Galleons
Flow Chart
Hotel L'Autreamont
Can You Hear,Bird"
"地位:A scholar in archaeology,education,anthropology;The leading figure of Black Mountain College;The first to call for a new American verse in the postwar period;established the Black Mountain Review with Creeley
作品:
Projective Verse-Olson's landmark essay;the manifesto of Black Mountain College;
In Cold Hell,In Thicket
The Maximus Poems
The Distances
特点:
✓ Olson defines"the NON-Projective"verse as"closed"verse."Closed"means everything appeared in English and American literature before"the work of Pound and Williams,"or anything in the traditional form.
✓ The new poet should work in the"OPEN",or engage in"FIELD COMPOSITION",or"COMPOSITION BY FIELD",as opposed to inherited line,stanza,and over-all form what is the"old"base of the non-projective.
✓ Poetry is energy transferred from where the poem got it all the way to the reader through the poem;the poem must be,at all points,a high-energy construct and an energy discharge.
✓ Role of breathing:the verse should take note of the breath,and the breathing of the writer;Olson places emphasis on the syllable and feels that it should be allowed to replace rime and meter in the fore of the mind to make the harmony of the poem.
✓ Form and content:form is never more than an extension of content under hand.The job of the poet is not to describe reality,but to enact it,because reality is infinite."
Robert Creeley
"观点:
-He is said to be the simplest of the group and of the new verse in general.His usual subject is love and marriage and the intricacies of relationships and human ties between individuals of the two sexes.
-With regard to content,he fully agrees with Williams's"no ideas but in things,"and with Pound's stance that"any tendency to abstract general statement is a greased slide"
-He is suggestive and his poetry connotes superbly at its best.
-In matter of form,Creeley felt that"formal"order could no longer be assumed as a necessary virtue,and that form is no more than an extension of content.Creeley's literary credo is clearly that of open form.
作品:
For Love:Poems 1950-1960
Words
The Charm:Early and Uncollected Poems
Pieces" | Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror <br> The Vermont Notebook <br> Houseboat Days <br> As You Know <br> Shadow Train <br> A Wave <br> Selected Poems <br> April Galleons <br> Flow Chart <br> Hotel L'Autreamont <br> Can You Hear,Bird | |
| :--- | :--- |
| | |
| 地位:A scholar in archaeology,education,anthropology;The leading figure of Black Mountain College;The first to call for a new American verse in the postwar period;established the Black Mountain Review with Creeley <br> 作品: <br> Projective Verse-Olson's landmark essay;the manifesto of Black Mountain College; <br> In Cold Hell,In Thicket <br> The Maximus Poems <br> The Distances <br> 特点: <br> $\checkmark$ Olson defines"the NON-Projective"verse as"closed"verse."Closed"means everything appeared in English and American literature before"the work of Pound and Williams,"or anything in the traditional form. <br> $\checkmark$ The new poet should work in the"OPEN",or engage in"FIELD COMPOSITION",or"COMPOSITION BY FIELD",as opposed to inherited line,stanza,and over-all form what is the"old"base of the non-projective. <br> $\checkmark$ Poetry is energy transferred from where the poem got it all the way to the reader through the poem;the poem must be,at all points,a high-energy construct and an energy discharge. <br> $\checkmark$ Role of breathing:the verse should take note of the breath,and the breathing of the writer;Olson places emphasis on the syllable and feels that it should be allowed to replace rime and meter in the fore of the mind to make the harmony of the poem. <br> $\checkmark$ Form and content:form is never more than an extension of content under hand.The job of the poet is not to describe reality,but to enact it,because reality is infinite. | |
| Robert Creeley | |
| 观点: <br> -He is said to be the simplest of the group and of the new verse in general.His usual subject is love and marriage and the intricacies of relationships and human ties between individuals of the two sexes. <br> -With regard to content,he fully agrees with Williams's"no ideas but in things,"and with Pound's stance that"any tendency to abstract general statement is a greased slide" <br> -He is suggestive and his poetry connotes superbly at its best. <br> -In matter of form,Creeley felt that"formal"order could no longer be assumed as a necessary virtue,and that form is no more than an extension of content.Creeley's literary credo is clearly that of open form. <br> 作品: <br> For Love:Poems 1950-1960 <br> Words <br> The Charm:Early and Uncollected Poems <br> Pieces | |
A Day Book
Thirty Things
Away
Later
Mirrors
The Memory Gardens
Windows
The Bussiness
The Riddle
I Know A Man
Oh No| A Day Book |
| :--- |
| Thirty Things |
| Away |
| Later |
| Mirrors |
| The Memory Gardens |
| Windows |
| The Bussiness |
| The Riddle |
| I Know A Man |
| Oh No |
✓\checkmark She was one member of the Black Mountain group for quite some time,but after career development,she is now evaluated in her own.She can be remarkably Williamsian in some of her works.
✓\checkmark That there is beauty in life has been major thematic concern of her literary creations.
✓\checkmark A lot of her poetry focuses on subject of a more personal and more immediate nature.Another subject is her gloomy view of marriage.
✓\checkmark She had a strong sense of mission as a poet.There is almost a religious intensity to her work.
✓\checkmark Her poetry shows a clear social purpose.She was all along interested in humanitarian politics.
✓\checkmark Some of her poems come close to feminism.
作品:
"Salvation"
"A Poet's View"
"Making Peace"
"The Ache of Marriage"
"Abel's Bride"
"Leaving Forever"
地位:
✓ She was one member of the Black Mountain group for quite some time,but after career development,she is now evaluated in her own.She can be remarkably Williamsian in some of her works.
✓ That there is beauty in life has been major thematic concern of her literary creations.
✓ A lot of her poetry focuses on subject of a more personal and more immediate nature.Another subject is her gloomy view of marriage.
✓ She had a strong sense of mission as a poet.There is almost a religious intensity to her work.
✓ Her poetry shows a clear social purpose.She was all along interested in humanitarian politics.
✓ Some of her poems come close to feminism.
作品:
"Salvation"
"A Poet's View"
"Making Peace"
"The Ache of Marriage"
"Abel's Bride"
"Leaving Forever"| 地位: |
| :--- |
| $\checkmark$ She was one member of the Black Mountain group for quite some time,but after career development,she is now evaluated in her own.She can be remarkably Williamsian in some of her works. |
| $\checkmark$ That there is beauty in life has been major thematic concern of her literary creations. |
| $\checkmark$ A lot of her poetry focuses on subject of a more personal and more immediate nature.Another subject is her gloomy view of marriage. |
| $\checkmark$ She had a strong sense of mission as a poet.There is almost a religious intensity to her work. |
| $\checkmark$ Her poetry shows a clear social purpose.She was all along interested in humanitarian politics. |
| $\checkmark$ Some of her poems come close to feminism. |
| 作品: |
| "Salvation" |
| "A Poet's View" |
| "Making Peace" |
| "The Ache of Marriage" |
| "Abel's Bride" |
| "Leaving Forever" |
✓\checkmark He was an active supporter of Olson's view and became a unique poet of the"projective verse"
✓\checkmark He is a love poet.He has his acquaintance with a great number of writers and styles and his readiness to use and merge these skillfully in his own works(style).
✓\checkmark He was drawn to and immersed in the study of myths and ancient cultures.Fairy tales and myths were to remain the charged ground of his poetic reality.
作品:
"Often I am Permitted to a Meadow"
"Roots and Branches"
"A Poem Beginning with a Line by Pindar"
"Doves"
特点:
✓ He was an active supporter of Olson's view and became a unique poet of the"projective verse"
✓ He is a love poet.He has his acquaintance with a great number of writers and styles and his readiness to use and merge these skillfully in his own works(style).
✓ He was drawn to and immersed in the study of myths and ancient cultures.Fairy tales and myths were to remain the charged ground of his poetic reality.
作品:
"Often I am Permitted to a Meadow"
"Roots and Branches"
"A Poem Beginning with a Line by Pindar"
"Doves"| 特点: |
| :--- |
| $\checkmark$ He was an active supporter of Olson's view and became a unique poet of the"projective verse" |
| $\checkmark$ He is a love poet.He has his acquaintance with a great number of writers and styles and his readiness to use and merge these skillfully in his own works(style). |
| $\checkmark$ He was drawn to and immersed in the study of myths and ancient cultures.Fairy tales and myths were to remain the charged ground of his poetic reality. |
| 作品: |
| "Often I am Permitted to a Meadow" |
| "Roots and Branches" |
| "A Poem Beginning with a Line by Pindar" |
| "Doves" |
w//w//1w / w / 1 索尔·贝娄(Saul Bellow) 地位:20 世纪中叶最杰出的小说家之一;出生于俄裔犹太人家庭;在蒙特利尔和芝加哥的贫民区长大;曾获得普利策奖、诺贝尔文学奖和国家艺术奖章。作品:
Novelists after the w//w//1w / w / 1
Saul Bellow(央民)
地位:One of the most distinguished novelists of the mid-20th century;Born of Russian-Jewish parents;Grew up in the slums of Montreal and Chicago;awarded the Pulitzer Prize,the Nobel Prize for Literature,and the National Medal of Arts.作品:
Novelists after the w//w//1
Saul Bellow(央民)
地位:One of the most distinguished novelists of the mid-20th century;Born of Russian-Jewish parents;Grew up in the slums of Montreal and Chicago;awarded the Pulitzer Prize,the Nobel Prize for Literature,and the National Medal of Arts.作品:| Novelists after the $w / w / 1$ |
| :--- |
| Saul Bellow(央民) |
| 地位:One of the most distinguished novelists of the mid-20th century;Born of Russian-Jewish parents;Grew up in the slums of Montreal and Chicago;awarded the Pulitzer Prize,the Nobel Prize for Literature,and the National Medal of Arts.作品: |
"A Day Book
Thirty Things
Away
Later
Mirrors
The Memory Gardens
Windows
The Bussiness
The Riddle
I Know A Man
Oh No"
"地位:
✓ She was one member of the Black Mountain group for quite some time,but after career development,she is now evaluated in her own.She can be remarkably Williamsian in some of her works.
✓ That there is beauty in life has been major thematic concern of her literary creations.
✓ A lot of her poetry focuses on subject of a more personal and more immediate nature.Another subject is her gloomy view of marriage.
✓ She had a strong sense of mission as a poet.There is almost a religious intensity to her work.
✓ Her poetry shows a clear social purpose.She was all along interested in humanitarian politics.
✓ Some of her poems come close to feminism.
作品:
"Salvation"
"A Poet's View"
"Making Peace"
"The Ache of Marriage"
"Abel's Bride"
"Leaving Forever""
Robert Duncan
"特点:
✓ He was an active supporter of Olson's view and became a unique poet of the"projective verse"
✓ He is a love poet.He has his acquaintance with a great number of writers and styles and his readiness to use and merge these skillfully in his own works(style).
✓ He was drawn to and immersed in the study of myths and ancient cultures.Fairy tales and myths were to remain the charged ground of his poetic reality.
作品:
"Often I am Permitted to a Meadow"
"Roots and Branches"
"A Poem Beginning with a Line by Pindar"
"Doves""
"Novelists after the w//w//1
Saul Bellow(央民)
地位:One of the most distinguished novelists of the mid-20th century;Born of Russian-Jewish parents;Grew up in the slums of Montreal and Chicago;awarded the Pulitzer Prize,the Nobel Prize for Literature,and the National Medal of Arts.作品:"| A Day Book <br> Thirty Things <br> Away <br> Later <br> Mirrors <br> The Memory Gardens <br> Windows <br> The Bussiness <br> The Riddle <br> I Know A Man <br> Oh No |
| :--- |
| |
| 地位: <br> $\checkmark$ She was one member of the Black Mountain group for quite some time,but after career development,she is now evaluated in her own.She can be remarkably Williamsian in some of her works. <br> $\checkmark$ That there is beauty in life has been major thematic concern of her literary creations. <br> $\checkmark$ A lot of her poetry focuses on subject of a more personal and more immediate nature.Another subject is her gloomy view of marriage. <br> $\checkmark$ She had a strong sense of mission as a poet.There is almost a religious intensity to her work. <br> $\checkmark$ Her poetry shows a clear social purpose.She was all along interested in humanitarian politics. <br> $\checkmark$ Some of her poems come close to feminism. <br> 作品: <br> "Salvation" <br> "A Poet's View" <br> "Making Peace" <br> "The Ache of Marriage" <br> "Abel's Bride" <br> "Leaving Forever" |
| Robert Duncan |
| 特点: <br> $\checkmark$ He was an active supporter of Olson's view and became a unique poet of the"projective verse" <br> $\checkmark$ He is a love poet.He has his acquaintance with a great number of writers and styles and his readiness to use and merge these skillfully in his own works(style). <br> $\checkmark$ He was drawn to and immersed in the study of myths and ancient cultures.Fairy tales and myths were to remain the charged ground of his poetic reality. <br> 作品: <br> "Often I am Permitted to a Meadow" <br> "Roots and Branches" <br> "A Poem Beginning with a Line by Pindar" <br> "Doves" |
| Novelists after the $w / w / 1$ <br> Saul Bellow(央民) <br> 地位:One of the most distinguished novelists of the mid-20th century;Born of Russian-Jewish parents;Grew up in the slums of Montreal and Chicago;awarded the Pulitzer Prize,the Nobel Prize for Literature,and the National Medal of Arts.作品: |
Dangling Man-first book 《悬挂的人》——第一本书
The Adventures of Augie March-a picaresque novel,a Bildungsroman 《奥吉·马奇的冒险》——一部流浪汉小说,成长小说
Seize the Day 把握今天
Henderson the Rain King 雨王亨德森
Herzog 赫尔佐格
Mosby's Memoirs 莫斯比回忆录
The Last Analysis 最终分析
主题:
He views contemporary society as a threat to human life and human integrity. 他将当代社会视为对人类生命和人类完整性的威胁。
Living in such an environment,people tend to become paranoid,high-strung,and impotent,and lose their sanity. 生活在这样的环境中,人们往往变得多疑、紧张、无力,并失去理智。
There is the quest motif,a quest for truth and values,difficult,excruciating,but successful in a way. 存在着寻求主题,即对真理和价值的追求,艰难、痛苦,但在某种程度上是成功的
风格/内容:
He reminds his readers in ways subtle or apparent that his characters are Jews. 他以微妙或明显的方式提醒读者,他的角色是犹太人
His works are in essence affirmatively humanistic. 他的作品本质上是肯定人文主义的。
Most of his heroes are Jewish intellectuals or writers who,facing violence and victimization,try to discover"the queerness of existence"and overcome it. 他的大多数英雄都是犹太知识分子或作家,他们面对暴力和受害,试图发现“存在的奇异性”并克服它。
There is an obvious postmodern element in his works. 他的作品中明显带有后现代元素。
观点:
Saul Bellow's quest as a literary artist is essentially for the human. 索尔·贝娄作为文学艺术家的追求,本质上是为了人性
His vision of disoriented modern man in an urban society:Humanism is under determining pressures. 他对都市社会中迷失方向的现代人的看法:人文主义正受到决定性压力的影响。
His credo:Art aims at achieving stillness in the midst of chaos. 他的信条:艺术旨在混乱中实现宁静。
Saul Bellow and his literature features.(中央民族大学考研真题) 索尔·贝娄及其文学特点。(中央民族大学考研真题)
Saul Bellow is famous for his narrative skills and for his studies of Jewish-American life.His career reached its exciting climax in 1976 when he was awarded the Pulitzer Price and the Nobel Prize for literature. 索尔·贝娄以其叙事技巧和对美籍犹太人生活的研究而闻名。他的职业生涯在 1976 年达到高潮,当年他获得了普利策奖和诺贝尔文学奖
Saul Bellow's basic themes are essentially three-fold:First,he views contemporary society as a threat to human life and human integrity.Then,living in such an environment,people tend to become paranoid,high-strong and impotent,and so lose their sanity.Finally,there is the quest motif,a quest for truth and values,difficult,excruciating,but successful in a way.To Saul Bellow,the human search for affirmation should end happily,and people should see the light at the end of the tunnel.His fictional world is full of people both tragic and comic,but happy in the end.He is a very human writer indeed. 索尔·贝娄的基本主题本质上有三方面:首先,他将当代社会视为对人类生命和人类完整性的威胁。然后,生活在这样的环境中,人们往往变得偏执、高强度且无力,从而失去理智。最后,是寻求主题,即对真理和价值的追求,虽然艰难、痛苦,但在某种程度上是成功的。对索尔·贝娄来说,人类对肯定的追求应当有一个幸福的结局,人们应当看到隧道尽头的光明。他的虚构世界充满了既悲剧又喜剧的人物,但最终是幸福的。他确实是一位非常有人情味的作家。
Saul Bellow is keenly aware of his Jewish heritage.He reminds his readers in ways subtle or apparent taht his characters are Jews.The Jewish condition offers a valid metaphor for Bellow to talk about human existence.His strength lies in his faith in man and man's ability to offer"a spirited resistance to the forces of our time".His works are in essence affirmatively humanistic.Bellow's credo is that art aims at achieving stillness in the midst of chaos,and a novelist, beginning with disorder and disharmony,goes toward order by"an unknown process of the imagination". 索尔·贝娄敏锐地意识到自己的犹太血统。他以微妙或明显的方式提醒读者,他的角色是犹太人。犹太人的处境为贝娄提供了一个有效的隐喻,用以谈论人类的存在。他的力量在于他对人类的信念以及人类“对我们时代力量的有力抵抗”的能力。他的作品本质上是肯定人文主义的。贝娄的信条是,艺术旨在在混乱中实现宁静,而小说家从无序和不和谐开始,通过“一种未知的想象过程”走向秩序
The bridging of the traditions of Realism and Modernism with Postmodernism has put Saul Bellow at the center of contemporary American literary experience.He has transcended the Jewish label and reached general humanity well.He will be remembered as one of those whose works have helped people people to stay a more alert to their situation. 现实主义和现代主义传统与后现代主义的桥接,使索尔·贝娄成为当代美国文学体验的核心人物。他超越了犹太人的标签,触及了更广泛的人类。他将被铭记为那些作品帮助人们更加警觉自身处境的作家之一。
Norman Mailer 诺曼·梅勒
地位:a part of the American consciousness 意识流文学中的一员;One of the American naturalist writers. 地位:美国意识中的一部分;意识流文学中的一员;美国自然主义作家之一。
评价:Mailer is a multi-faceted talent.He is a philosopher-metaphysician,a poet,a playwright,a filmmaker,a journalist,a politician,and a performer,in addition to be a novelist. 评价:梅勒是一个多面手。他既是哲学家-形而上学家,也是诗人、剧作家、电影制片人、记者、政治家和表演者,此外还是一位小说家
作品:The Naked and the Dead-first book 作品:《赤裸与死者》-第一本
Barbary shore 巴巴里海岸
The Armies of the Night
An American Dream
Why Are We In Vietnam?
The White Negro-the existential hero 存在主义英雄
The Novel as History,History as a Novel| The Armies of the Night |
| :--- |
| An American Dream |
| Why Are We In Vietnam? |
| The White Negro-the existential hero 存在主义英雄 |
| The Novel as History,History as a Novel |
地位:American novelist and short-story writer;Born in Manhattan,New York to a Jewish father and an Irish Catholic mother;Entered the Valley Forge Military Academy in Wayne,Pennsylvania at 15.He started his freshman year at New York University but dropped out;
主题:Salinger depicts the loneliness and frustration of individuals caught in a world of banalities and restricting conformity.作品:The Catcher in the Rye-His best-known work;a picaresque novel(意象分析见后面的简答题)
内容:the adventures of a schoolboy at odds with society
影响:It remains an extremely popular novel among adolescents,who view it as a testament to the purity and honesty of youth
地位:American novelist and short-story writer;Born in Manhattan,New York to a Jewish father and an Irish Catholic mother;Entered the Valley Forge Military Academy in Wayne,Pennsylvania at 15.He started his freshman year at New York University but dropped out;
主题:Salinger depicts the loneliness and frustration of individuals caught in a world of banalities and restricting conformity.作品:The Catcher in the Rye-His best-known work;a picaresque novel(意象分析见后面的简答题)
内容:the adventures of a schoolboy at odds with society
影响:It remains an extremely popular novel among adolescents,who view it as a testament to the purity and honesty of youth| 地位:American novelist and short-story writer;Born in Manhattan,New York to a Jewish father and an Irish Catholic mother;Entered the Valley Forge Military Academy in Wayne,Pennsylvania at 15.He started his freshman year at New York University but dropped out; |
| :--- |
| 主题:Salinger depicts the loneliness and frustration of individuals caught in a world of banalities and restricting conformity.作品:The Catcher in the Rye-His best-known work;a picaresque novel(意象分析见后面的简答题) |
| 内容:the adventures of a schoolboy at odds with society |
| 影响:It remains an extremely popular novel among adolescents,who view it as a testament to the purity and honesty of youth |
Bernard Malamud 伯纳德·马拉默德
地位:生于纽约市,1936 年毕业于纽约学院,获文学学士学位,1942 年获得哥伦比亚大学文学硕士学位;其作品关注犹太传统和卑微者的高贵;是战后犹太作家群体中的重要作家之一;基本上是自传体作家;写作有明确目的。其作品模式通常是从痛苦和绝望中产生顿悟和最终成长。人们学会智慧,承担责任,变得更加宽容和有爱心。
作品:《天才》(The Natural)——第一部小说、《助手》(The Assistant)、《新生活》(A New Life)、《修理工》(The Fixer)
地位:born in New York City,graduated B.A.,College of the New York,1936,M.A.,Columbia University, 1942
His works reflect a concern with Jewish tradition and the nobility of the humble man
One of the major writers of the Jewish group in the postwar period
Basically an autobiographical writer
Wrote for a purpose.The pattern is generally that out of suffering and despair come epiphany and eventual growth. People learn wisdom,accept responsibility,and become more loving and tolerant.
作品:The Natural—1st novel
The Assistant
A New Life
The Fixer
地位:born in New York City,graduated B.A.,College of the New York,1936,M.A.,Columbia University, 1942
His works reflect a concern with Jewish tradition and the nobility of the humble man
One of the major writers of the Jewish group in the postwar period
Basically an autobiographical writer
Wrote for a purpose.The pattern is generally that out of suffering and despair come epiphany and eventual growth. People learn wisdom,accept responsibility,and become more loving and tolerant.
作品:The Natural—1st novel
The Assistant
A New Life
The Fixer| 地位:born in New York City,graduated B.A.,College of the New York,1936,M.A.,Columbia University, 1942 |
| :--- |
| His works reflect a concern with Jewish tradition and the nobility of the humble man |
| One of the major writers of the Jewish group in the postwar period |
| Basically an autobiographical writer |
| Wrote for a purpose.The pattern is generally that out of suffering and despair come epiphany and eventual growth. People learn wisdom,accept responsibility,and become more loving and tolerant. |
| 作品:The Natural—1st novel |
| The Assistant |
| A New Life |
| The Fixer |
地位:His novels and stories,written in a well-modulated prose of extraordinary beauty and dazzling fluidity,usually treat the tensions and frustrations of middle-class life,often mingling the joys and sorrows of suburban life with a current of existential dread.
作品:
The Centaur
Couples
Marry Me
Rabbit-pentalogy 兔子五部曲
Rabbit,Run;
Rabbit Redux
Rabbit Is Rich
Rabbit at Rest
Licks of Love
地位:His novels and stories,written in a well-modulated prose of extraordinary beauty and dazzling fluidity,usually treat the tensions and frustrations of middle-class life,often mingling the joys and sorrows of suburban life with a current of existential dread.
作品:
The Centaur
Couples
Marry Me
Rabbit-pentalogy 兔子五部曲
Rabbit,Run;
Rabbit Redux
Rabbit Is Rich
Rabbit at Rest
Licks of Love| 地位:His novels and stories,written in a well-modulated prose of extraordinary beauty and dazzling fluidity,usually treat the tensions and frustrations of middle-class life,often mingling the joys and sorrows of suburban life with a current of existential dread. |
| :--- |
| 作品: |
| The Centaur |
| Couples |
| Marry Me |
| Rabbit-pentalogy 兔子五部曲 |
| Rabbit,Run; |
| Rabbit Redux |
| Rabbit Is Rich |
| Rabbit at Rest |
| Licks of Love |
John Cheeve 约翰·奇弗
地位:Born in Quincy,Massachusetts,he grew up in what he describes as shabby gentility,with his father departing the family when his son was fifteen.Two years later his father lost his money in the crash of 1929,and by that time Cheever had been expelled from Thayer Academy,in Braintree.The expulsion marked the end of his formal education and the beginning of his career as a writer.He was a frequent contributor to The New Yorker,and was considered one of the purest examples of"the New Yorker writer". 地位:生于马萨诸塞州昆西,他在一个他形容为破败的绅士家庭中长大,十五岁时父亲离开了家庭。两年后,父亲在 1929 年股市崩盘中失去了所有财产,那时奇弗已被布雷恩特里的泰耶学院开除。被开除标志着他正规教育的结束和作家生涯的开始。他是《纽约客》的常客,被认为是“纽约客作家”的纯正典范之一
"The Armies of the Night
An American Dream
Why Are We In Vietnam?
The White Negro-the existential hero 存在主义英雄
The Novel as History,History as a Novel"
J.D.Salinger
"地位:American novelist and short-story writer;Born in Manhattan,New York to a Jewish father and an Irish Catholic mother;Entered the Valley Forge Military Academy in Wayne,Pennsylvania at 15.He started his freshman year at New York University but dropped out;
主题:Salinger depicts the loneliness and frustration of individuals caught in a world of banalities and restricting conformity.作品:The Catcher in the Rye-His best-known work;a picaresque novel(意象分析见后面的简答题)
内容:the adventures of a schoolboy at odds with society
影响:It remains an extremely popular novel among adolescents,who view it as a testament to the purity and honesty of youth"
Bernard Malamud
"地位:born in New York City,graduated B.A.,College of the New York,1936,M.A.,Columbia University, 1942
His works reflect a concern with Jewish tradition and the nobility of the humble man
One of the major writers of the Jewish group in the postwar period
Basically an autobiographical writer
Wrote for a purpose.The pattern is generally that out of suffering and despair come epiphany and eventual growth. People learn wisdom,accept responsibility,and become more loving and tolerant.
作品:The Natural—1st novel
The Assistant
A New Life
The Fixer"
John Updike
"地位:His novels and stories,written in a well-modulated prose of extraordinary beauty and dazzling fluidity,usually treat the tensions and frustrations of middle-class life,often mingling the joys and sorrows of suburban life with a current of existential dread.
作品:
The Centaur
Couples
Marry Me
Rabbit-pentalogy 兔子五部曲
Rabbit,Run;
Rabbit Redux
Rabbit Is Rich
Rabbit at Rest
Licks of Love"
John Cheeve
地位:Born in Quincy,Massachusetts,he grew up in what he describes as shabby gentility,with his father departing the family when his son was fifteen.Two years later his father lost his money in the crash of 1929,and by that time Cheever had been expelled from Thayer Academy,in Braintree.The expulsion marked the end of his formal education and the beginning of his career as a writer.He was a frequent contributor to The New Yorker,and was considered one of the purest examples of"the New Yorker writer".| The Armies of the Night <br> An American Dream <br> Why Are We In Vietnam? <br> The White Negro-the existential hero 存在主义英雄 <br> The Novel as History,History as a Novel |
| :--- |
| J.D.Salinger |
| 地位:American novelist and short-story writer;Born in Manhattan,New York to a Jewish father and an Irish Catholic mother;Entered the Valley Forge Military Academy in Wayne,Pennsylvania at 15.He started his freshman year at New York University but dropped out; <br> 主题:Salinger depicts the loneliness and frustration of individuals caught in a world of banalities and restricting conformity.作品:The Catcher in the Rye-His best-known work;a picaresque novel(意象分析见后面的简答题) <br> 内容:the adventures of a schoolboy at odds with society <br> 影响:It remains an extremely popular novel among adolescents,who view it as a testament to the purity and honesty of youth |
| Bernard Malamud |
| 地位:born in New York City,graduated B.A.,College of the New York,1936,M.A.,Columbia University, 1942 <br> His works reflect a concern with Jewish tradition and the nobility of the humble man <br> One of the major writers of the Jewish group in the postwar period <br> Basically an autobiographical writer <br> Wrote for a purpose.The pattern is generally that out of suffering and despair come epiphany and eventual growth. People learn wisdom,accept responsibility,and become more loving and tolerant. <br> 作品:The Natural—1st novel <br> The Assistant <br> A New Life <br> The Fixer |
| John Updike |
| 地位:His novels and stories,written in a well-modulated prose of extraordinary beauty and dazzling fluidity,usually treat the tensions and frustrations of middle-class life,often mingling the joys and sorrows of suburban life with a current of existential dread. <br> 作品: <br> The Centaur <br> Couples <br> Marry Me <br> Rabbit-pentalogy 兔子五部曲 <br> Rabbit,Run; <br> Rabbit Redux <br> Rabbit Is Rich <br> Rabbit at Rest <br> Licks of Love |
| John Cheeve |
| 地位:Born in Quincy,Massachusetts,he grew up in what he describes as shabby gentility,with his father departing the family when his son was fifteen.Two years later his father lost his money in the crash of 1929,and by that time Cheever had been expelled from Thayer Academy,in Braintree.The expulsion marked the end of his formal education and the beginning of his career as a writer.He was a frequent contributor to The New Yorker,and was considered one of the purest examples of"the New Yorker writer". |
✓\checkmark Cheeve wrote mainly about the suburban middle-class people.He was authentic in depicting their manners and morals.
✓\checkmark Cheeve is a Jamesian narrator and in his descriptions of people,manners,and scenes.
✓\checkmark As a"New Yorker writer"because he published most of the time in that entertaining magazine.
✓\checkmark Cheeve is a faithful follower of realism in his use of a Jamesian narrator.
作品:The Stories of John Cheever
The Wapshot Chronicle
The Wapshot Scandal
Bullet Park
Falconer
Oh What a Paradise It Seems
The Swimmer
特色:
✓ Cheeve wrote mainly about the suburban middle-class people.He was authentic in depicting their manners and morals.
✓ Cheeve is a Jamesian narrator and in his descriptions of people,manners,and scenes.
✓ As a"New Yorker writer"because he published most of the time in that entertaining magazine.
✓ Cheeve is a faithful follower of realism in his use of a Jamesian narrator.| 作品:The Stories of John Cheever |
| :--- |
| The Wapshot Chronicle |
| The Wapshot Scandal |
| Bullet Park |
| Falconer |
| Oh What a Paradise It Seems |
| The Swimmer |
| 特色: |
| $\checkmark$ Cheeve wrote mainly about the suburban middle-class people.He was authentic in depicting their manners and morals. |
| $\checkmark$ Cheeve is a Jamesian narrator and in his descriptions of people,manners,and scenes. |
| $\checkmark$ As a"New Yorker writer"because he published most of the time in that entertaining magazine. |
| $\checkmark$ Cheeve is a faithful follower of realism in his use of a Jamesian narrator. |
✓\checkmark As a writer,O'Connor is highly regarded for her bizarre imagination,uncompromising moral vision,and superb literary style.
✓\checkmark Combing the grotesque and the gothic,her fiction treats contemporary Southern life in terms of stark,brutal comedy and violent tragedy.
✓\checkmark Her characters,although often deformed in both body and spirit,are impelled toward redemption.
✓\checkmark All of O'Connor's fiction reflects her strong Roman Catholic faith.
✓\checkmark The narrative is simple,lucid and quiet,with the easy flow of the colloquial speech of her native south.
✓\checkmark Complex themes and rather difficult symbolism.
作品:Wise Blood;A Good Man Is Hard to Find;The Violent Bear Is Away;Everything That Rises Must Converge;The Complete Stories
特点:
✓ As a writer,O'Connor is highly regarded for her bizarre imagination,uncompromising moral vision,and superb literary style.
✓ Combing the grotesque and the gothic,her fiction treats contemporary Southern life in terms of stark,brutal comedy and violent tragedy.
✓ Her characters,although often deformed in both body and spirit,are impelled toward redemption.
✓ All of O'Connor's fiction reflects her strong Roman Catholic faith.
✓ The narrative is simple,lucid and quiet,with the easy flow of the colloquial speech of her native south.
✓ Complex themes and rather difficult symbolism.
作品:Wise Blood;A Good Man Is Hard to Find;The Violent Bear Is Away;Everything That Rises Must Converge;The Complete Stories| 特点: |
| :--- |
| $\checkmark$ As a writer,O'Connor is highly regarded for her bizarre imagination,uncompromising moral vision,and superb literary style. |
| $\checkmark$ Combing the grotesque and the gothic,her fiction treats contemporary Southern life in terms of stark,brutal comedy and violent tragedy. |
| $\checkmark$ Her characters,although often deformed in both body and spirit,are impelled toward redemption. |
| $\checkmark$ All of O'Connor's fiction reflects her strong Roman Catholic faith. |
| $\checkmark$ The narrative is simple,lucid and quiet,with the easy flow of the colloquial speech of her native south. |
| $\checkmark$ Complex themes and rather difficult symbolism. |
| 作品:Wise Blood;A Good Man Is Hard to Find;The Violent Bear Is Away;Everything That Rises Must Converge;The Complete Stories |
The Confessions of Nat Turner-A fictional recreation of the 1831 slave rebellion in Virginia led by Nat Turner. Because Styron's account does not strictly adhere to historical fact and because he is a white man depicting a black man's experience,the novel elicited harsh criticism,especially from black intellectuals.
Sophie's Choice
The Long March
In the Clap Shack
This Quit Dust and Other Writings
风格:
✓\checkmark The structure is seldom strictly chronological.
✓\checkmark The story is often deliberately fractured.
✓\checkmark There is always a stream of consciousness built into the fabric of the narrative.
作品:
Lie Down in Darkness
Set This House on Fire
The Confessions of Nat Turner-A fictional recreation of the 1831 slave rebellion in Virginia led by Nat Turner. Because Styron's account does not strictly adhere to historical fact and because he is a white man depicting a black man's experience,the novel elicited harsh criticism,especially from black intellectuals.
Sophie's Choice
The Long March
In the Clap Shack
This Quit Dust and Other Writings
风格:
✓ The structure is seldom strictly chronological.
✓ The story is often deliberately fractured.
✓ There is always a stream of consciousness built into the fabric of the narrative.| 作品: |
| :--- |
| Lie Down in Darkness |
| Set This House on Fire |
| The Confessions of Nat Turner-A fictional recreation of the 1831 slave rebellion in Virginia led by Nat Turner. Because Styron's account does not strictly adhere to historical fact and because he is a white man depicting a black man's experience,the novel elicited harsh criticism,especially from black intellectuals. |
| Sophie's Choice |
| The Long March |
| In the Clap Shack |
| This Quit Dust and Other Writings |
| 风格: |
| $\checkmark$ The structure is seldom strictly chronological. |
| $\checkmark$ The story is often deliberately fractured. |
| $\checkmark$ There is always a stream of consciousness built into the fabric of the narrative. |
✓\checkmark A south writer by theme.Most of his work is set in the Louisiana-Mississippi-Alabama area.
✓\checkmark His works has a Gothic and violent world.
✓\checkmark He is an autobiographical writer in the sense that some motifs basic to his works replicate his own life experience over
作品特点:
✓ A south writer by theme.Most of his work is set in the Louisiana-Mississippi-Alabama area.
✓ His works has a Gothic and violent world.
✓ He is an autobiographical writer in the sense that some motifs basic to his works replicate his own life experience over| 作品特点: |
| :--- |
| $\checkmark$ A south writer by theme.Most of his work is set in the Louisiana-Mississippi-Alabama area. |
| $\checkmark$ His works has a Gothic and violent world. |
| $\checkmark$ He is an autobiographical writer in the sense that some motifs basic to his works replicate his own life experience over |
"作品:The Stories of John Cheever
The Wapshot Chronicle
The Wapshot Scandal
Bullet Park
Falconer
Oh What a Paradise It Seems
The Swimmer
特色:
✓ Cheeve wrote mainly about the suburban middle-class people.He was authentic in depicting their manners and morals.
✓ Cheeve is a Jamesian narrator and in his descriptions of people,manners,and scenes.
✓ As a"New Yorker writer"because he published most of the time in that entertaining magazine.
✓ Cheeve is a faithful follower of realism in his use of a Jamesian narrator."
Flannery O'Connor
"特点:
✓ As a writer,O'Connor is highly regarded for her bizarre imagination,uncompromising moral vision,and superb literary style.
✓ Combing the grotesque and the gothic,her fiction treats contemporary Southern life in terms of stark,brutal comedy and violent tragedy.
✓ Her characters,although often deformed in both body and spirit,are impelled toward redemption.
✓ All of O'Connor's fiction reflects her strong Roman Catholic faith.
✓ The narrative is simple,lucid and quiet,with the easy flow of the colloquial speech of her native south.
✓ Complex themes and rather difficult symbolism.
作品:Wise Blood;A Good Man Is Hard to Find;The Violent Bear Is Away;Everything That Rises Must Converge;The Complete Stories"
William Styron
"作品:
Lie Down in Darkness
Set This House on Fire
The Confessions of Nat Turner-A fictional recreation of the 1831 slave rebellion in Virginia led by Nat Turner. Because Styron's account does not strictly adhere to historical fact and because he is a white man depicting a black man's experience,the novel elicited harsh criticism,especially from black intellectuals.
Sophie's Choice
The Long March
In the Clap Shack
This Quit Dust and Other Writings
风格:
✓ The structure is seldom strictly chronological.
✓ The story is often deliberately fractured.
✓ There is always a stream of consciousness built into the fabric of the narrative."
Truman Capote
"作品特点:
✓ A south writer by theme.Most of his work is set in the Louisiana-Mississippi-Alabama area.
✓ His works has a Gothic and violent world.
✓ He is an autobiographical writer in the sense that some motifs basic to his works replicate his own life experience over"| 作品:The Stories of John Cheever <br> The Wapshot Chronicle <br> The Wapshot Scandal <br> Bullet Park <br> Falconer <br> Oh What a Paradise It Seems <br> The Swimmer <br> 特色: <br> $\checkmark$ Cheeve wrote mainly about the suburban middle-class people.He was authentic in depicting their manners and morals. <br> $\checkmark$ Cheeve is a Jamesian narrator and in his descriptions of people,manners,and scenes. <br> $\checkmark$ As a"New Yorker writer"because he published most of the time in that entertaining magazine. <br> $\checkmark$ Cheeve is a faithful follower of realism in his use of a Jamesian narrator. |
| :--- |
| Flannery O'Connor |
| 特点: <br> $\checkmark$ As a writer,O'Connor is highly regarded for her bizarre imagination,uncompromising moral vision,and superb literary style. <br> $\checkmark$ Combing the grotesque and the gothic,her fiction treats contemporary Southern life in terms of stark,brutal comedy and violent tragedy. <br> $\checkmark$ Her characters,although often deformed in both body and spirit,are impelled toward redemption. <br> $\checkmark$ All of O'Connor's fiction reflects her strong Roman Catholic faith. <br> $\checkmark$ The narrative is simple,lucid and quiet,with the easy flow of the colloquial speech of her native south. <br> $\checkmark$ Complex themes and rather difficult symbolism. <br> 作品:Wise Blood;A Good Man Is Hard to Find;The Violent Bear Is Away;Everything That Rises Must Converge;The Complete Stories |
| William Styron |
| 作品: <br> Lie Down in Darkness <br> Set This House on Fire <br> The Confessions of Nat Turner-A fictional recreation of the 1831 slave rebellion in Virginia led by Nat Turner. Because Styron's account does not strictly adhere to historical fact and because he is a white man depicting a black man's experience,the novel elicited harsh criticism,especially from black intellectuals. <br> Sophie's Choice <br> The Long March <br> In the Clap Shack <br> This Quit Dust and Other Writings <br> 风格: <br> $\checkmark$ The structure is seldom strictly chronological. <br> $\checkmark$ The story is often deliberately fractured. <br> $\checkmark$ There is always a stream of consciousness built into the fabric of the narrative. |
| Truman Capote |
| 作品特点: <br> $\checkmark$ A south writer by theme.Most of his work is set in the Louisiana-Mississippi-Alabama area. <br> $\checkmark$ His works has a Gothic and violent world. <br> $\checkmark$ He is an autobiographical writer in the sense that some motifs basic to his works replicate his own life experience over |
and again.In most of Capote's short stories,the same theme is recurrent,always a boy,thirsting for love,seeking it, and failing in his attempt.
作品:
Other Voices,Other Rooms
The Grass Harp
A Christmas Memory
Breakfast at Tiffany's
In Cold Blood-His best-known work.
Capote calls it"a nonfiction novel".
It was as a symbol of violence in American life and of the failure of the failure of the American Dream.
It was as a study of criminal behavior.
and again.In most of Capote's short stories,the same theme is recurrent,always a boy,thirsting for love,seeking it, and failing in his attempt.
作品:
Other Voices,Other Rooms
The Grass Harp
A Christmas Memory
Breakfast at Tiffany's
In Cold Blood-His best-known work.
Capote calls it"a nonfiction novel".
It was as a symbol of violence in American life and of the failure of the failure of the American Dream.
It was as a study of criminal behavior.| and again.In most of Capote's short stories,the same theme is recurrent,always a boy,thirsting for love,seeking it, and failing in his attempt. |
| :--- |
| 作品: |
| Other Voices,Other Rooms |
| The Grass Harp |
| A Christmas Memory |
| Breakfast at Tiffany's |
| In Cold Blood-His best-known work. |
| Capote calls it"a nonfiction novel". |
| It was as a symbol of violence in American life and of the failure of the failure of the American Dream. |
| It was as a study of criminal behavior. |
地位:He is a major American Jewish writer.He has written a good deal of his personal Jewish experience into his fiction. His childhood in Newark,New Jersey,his college education,his brief military career,his marriage,his college teaching,his psychoanalysis,and his travel-all these find their way into his works.
主题:Self and social commitment;License and repression;Sexual desire and failure
作品:Goodbye,Columbus;Five short stories;Portnoy's Complaint;The Conversion of the Jews;Defender of the Faith;Eli,
The Fanatic
地位:He is a major American Jewish writer.He has written a good deal of his personal Jewish experience into his fiction. His childhood in Newark,New Jersey,his college education,his brief military career,his marriage,his college teaching,his psychoanalysis,and his travel-all these find their way into his works.
主题:Self and social commitment;License and repression;Sexual desire and failure
作品:Goodbye,Columbus;Five short stories;Portnoy's Complaint;The Conversion of the Jews;Defender of the Faith;Eli,
The Fanatic| 地位:He is a major American Jewish writer.He has written a good deal of his personal Jewish experience into his fiction. His childhood in Newark,New Jersey,his college education,his brief military career,his marriage,his college teaching,his psychoanalysis,and his travel-all these find their way into his works. |
| :--- |
| 主题:Self and social commitment;License and repression;Sexual desire and failure |
| 作品:Goodbye,Columbus;Five short stories;Portnoy's Complaint;The Conversion of the Jews;Defender of the Faith;Eli, |
| The Fanatic |
Joyce Carol Oates 乔伊斯·卡罗尔·欧茨
地位:一位才华横溢、多产的作家;她已出版超过 30 卷短篇小说集、小说、诗歌、戏剧和散文集,且仍在不知疲倦地创作。作品:《Them》《Wonderland》《Do with Me What You Will》
地位:A talented,prolific writer;She has published over 30 volumes of collections of collection of short stories,novels, poetry,plays,and essays,and is still tirelessly writing.
作品:Them;Wonderland;Do with Me What You Will
地位:A talented,prolific writer;She has published over 30 volumes of collections of collection of short stories,novels, poetry,plays,and essays,and is still tirelessly writing.
作品:Them;Wonderland;Do with Me What You Will| 地位:A talented,prolific writer;She has published over 30 volumes of collections of collection of short stories,novels, poetry,plays,and essays,and is still tirelessly writing. |
| :--- |
| 作品:Them;Wonderland;Do with Me What You Will |
Anne Beattic 安妮·比蒂
特点:比蒂的世界充满了欲望和性堕落。作品:《Chilly Scenes of Winter》《Distortions》《Secrets and Surprises》《Falling in Place》《Love Always》《Picturing Will》《Another You》
特点:Beattie's world is one that is dominated by desire and sexual depravity.
作品:Chilly Scenes of Winter;Distortions;Secrets and Surprises;Falling in Place;Love Always;Picturing Will;Another You
特点:Beattie's world is one that is dominated by desire and sexual depravity.
作品:Chilly Scenes of Winter;Distortions;Secrets and Surprises;Falling in Place;Love Always;Picturing Will;Another You| 特点:Beattie's world is one that is dominated by desire and sexual depravity. |
| :--- |
| 作品:Chilly Scenes of Winter;Distortions;Secrets and Surprises;Falling in Place;Love Always;Picturing Will;Another You |
地位:Most of his books focus on legal matters such as murder,betrayal,tax evasion,and organized crime.
作品:A Time to Kill;The Firm;The Pelican Brief;The Partner;The Street lawyer;The Testament
地位:Most of his books focus on legal matters such as murder,betrayal,tax evasion,and organized crime.
作品:A Time to Kill;The Firm;The Pelican Brief;The Partner;The Street lawyer;The Testament| 地位:Most of his books focus on legal matters such as murder,betrayal,tax evasion,and organized crime. |
| :--- |
| 作品:A Time to Kill;The Firm;The Pelican Brief;The Partner;The Street lawyer;The Testament |
地位:The most prominent American novelist of the absurd in the postwar period;He is an American satirical novelist,short story writer and playwright;He served in the US Air Force during WWII and wrote a book about his experience in the war called Catch-22
作品:Catch-22
特色:
✓\checkmark Through burlesque,the ruthless burlesque of the military unreason to expose the absurd.
✓\checkmark Another object of ridicule is the military logic inherent in the monstrous establishment.
✓\checkmark He used an absurd linguistic surface to reflect the depth of the absurdity of the modern world.
✓\checkmark The book is apparent formlessness.
地位:The most prominent American novelist of the absurd in the postwar period;He is an American satirical novelist,short story writer and playwright;He served in the US Air Force during WWII and wrote a book about his experience in the war called Catch-22
作品:Catch-22
特色:
✓ Through burlesque,the ruthless burlesque of the military unreason to expose the absurd.
✓ Another object of ridicule is the military logic inherent in the monstrous establishment.
✓ He used an absurd linguistic surface to reflect the depth of the absurdity of the modern world.
✓ The book is apparent formlessness.| 地位:The most prominent American novelist of the absurd in the postwar period;He is an American satirical novelist,short story writer and playwright;He served in the US Air Force during WWII and wrote a book about his experience in the war called Catch-22 |
| :--- |
| 作品:Catch-22 |
| 特色: |
| $\checkmark$ Through burlesque,the ruthless burlesque of the military unreason to expose the absurd. |
| $\checkmark$ Another object of ridicule is the military logic inherent in the monstrous establishment. |
| $\checkmark$ He used an absurd linguistic surface to reflect the depth of the absurdity of the modern world. |
| $\checkmark$ The book is apparent formlessness. |
A science fiction,satire,and black comedy writer,good at combining black humor with science fiction.
He was known for his humanist beliefs as well as being honorary president of the American Humanist Association.
He is widely considered one of the most influential American writers of the 20th century.
作品:
地位:
A science fiction,satire,and black comedy writer,good at combining black humor with science fiction.
He was known for his humanist beliefs as well as being honorary president of the American Humanist Association.
He is widely considered one of the most influential American writers of the 20th century.
作品:| 地位: |
| :--- |
| A science fiction,satire,and black comedy writer,good at combining black humor with science fiction. |
| He was known for his humanist beliefs as well as being honorary president of the American Humanist Association. |
| He is widely considered one of the most influential American writers of the 20th century. |
| 作品: |
"and again.In most of Capote's short stories,the same theme is recurrent,always a boy,thirsting for love,seeking it, and failing in his attempt.
作品:
Other Voices,Other Rooms
The Grass Harp
A Christmas Memory
Breakfast at Tiffany's
In Cold Blood-His best-known work.
Capote calls it"a nonfiction novel".
It was as a symbol of violence in American life and of the failure of the failure of the American Dream.
It was as a study of criminal behavior."
Philip Roth
"地位:He is a major American Jewish writer.He has written a good deal of his personal Jewish experience into his fiction. His childhood in Newark,New Jersey,his college education,his brief military career,his marriage,his college teaching,his psychoanalysis,and his travel-all these find their way into his works.
主题:Self and social commitment;License and repression;Sexual desire and failure
作品:Goodbye,Columbus;Five short stories;Portnoy's Complaint;The Conversion of the Jews;Defender of the Faith;Eli,
The Fanatic"
Joyce Carol Oates
"地位:A talented,prolific writer;She has published over 30 volumes of collections of collection of short stories,novels, poetry,plays,and essays,and is still tirelessly writing.
作品:Them;Wonderland;Do with Me What You Will"
Anne Beattic
"特点:Beattie's world is one that is dominated by desire and sexual depravity.
作品:Chilly Scenes of Winter;Distortions;Secrets and Surprises;Falling in Place;Love Always;Picturing Will;Another You"
John Grisham
"地位:Most of his books focus on legal matters such as murder,betrayal,tax evasion,and organized crime.
作品:A Time to Kill;The Firm;The Pelican Brief;The Partner;The Street lawyer;The Testament"
Joseph Heller
"地位:The most prominent American novelist of the absurd in the postwar period;He is an American satirical novelist,short story writer and playwright;He served in the US Air Force during WWII and wrote a book about his experience in the war called Catch-22
作品:Catch-22
特色:
✓ Through burlesque,the ruthless burlesque of the military unreason to expose the absurd.
✓ Another object of ridicule is the military logic inherent in the monstrous establishment.
✓ He used an absurd linguistic surface to reflect the depth of the absurdity of the modern world.
✓ The book is apparent formlessness."
Kurt Vonnegut
"地位:
A science fiction,satire,and black comedy writer,good at combining black humor with science fiction.
He was known for his humanist beliefs as well as being honorary president of the American Humanist Association.
He is widely considered one of the most influential American writers of the 20th century.
作品:"| and again.In most of Capote's short stories,the same theme is recurrent,always a boy,thirsting for love,seeking it, and failing in his attempt. <br> 作品: <br> Other Voices,Other Rooms <br> The Grass Harp <br> A Christmas Memory <br> Breakfast at Tiffany's <br> In Cold Blood-His best-known work. <br> Capote calls it"a nonfiction novel". <br> It was as a symbol of violence in American life and of the failure of the failure of the American Dream. <br> It was as a study of criminal behavior. |
| :--- |
| Philip Roth |
| 地位:He is a major American Jewish writer.He has written a good deal of his personal Jewish experience into his fiction. His childhood in Newark,New Jersey,his college education,his brief military career,his marriage,his college teaching,his psychoanalysis,and his travel-all these find their way into his works. <br> 主题:Self and social commitment;License and repression;Sexual desire and failure <br> 作品:Goodbye,Columbus;Five short stories;Portnoy's Complaint;The Conversion of the Jews;Defender of the Faith;Eli, <br> The Fanatic |
| Joyce Carol Oates |
| 地位:A talented,prolific writer;She has published over 30 volumes of collections of collection of short stories,novels, poetry,plays,and essays,and is still tirelessly writing. <br> 作品:Them;Wonderland;Do with Me What You Will |
| Anne Beattic |
| 特点:Beattie's world is one that is dominated by desire and sexual depravity. <br> 作品:Chilly Scenes of Winter;Distortions;Secrets and Surprises;Falling in Place;Love Always;Picturing Will;Another You |
| John Grisham |
| 地位:Most of his books focus on legal matters such as murder,betrayal,tax evasion,and organized crime. <br> 作品:A Time to Kill;The Firm;The Pelican Brief;The Partner;The Street lawyer;The Testament |
| Joseph Heller |
| 地位:The most prominent American novelist of the absurd in the postwar period;He is an American satirical novelist,short story writer and playwright;He served in the US Air Force during WWII and wrote a book about his experience in the war called Catch-22 <br> 作品:Catch-22 <br> 特色: <br> $\checkmark$ Through burlesque,the ruthless burlesque of the military unreason to expose the absurd. <br> $\checkmark$ Another object of ridicule is the military logic inherent in the monstrous establishment. <br> $\checkmark$ He used an absurd linguistic surface to reflect the depth of the absurdity of the modern world. <br> $\checkmark$ The book is apparent formlessness. |
| Kurt Vonnegut |
| 地位: <br> A science fiction,satire,and black comedy writer,good at combining black humor with science fiction. <br> He was known for his humanist beliefs as well as being honorary president of the American Humanist Association. <br> He is widely considered one of the most influential American writers of the 20th century. <br> 作品: |
Influence by the French symbolists,European surrealism of the 1920's,Barthelme has been renowned for his comic and surreal vision,his portrayal of the grotesque and the fragmented,his experimental style of montage,visual effects and graphic play and his parody of traditional forms of storytelling,all that classified him definitely as postmodernist and avant-gardist. 受法国象征主义者和 1920 年代欧洲超现实主义的影响,巴塞尔梅以其滑稽和超现实的视角、对怪诞与支离破碎的描绘、实验性的蒙太奇风格、视觉效果和图形游戏以及对传统叙事形式的戏仿而闻名,这些都明确将他归类为后现代主义者和先锋派艺术家。
作品:
City Life 《城市生活》
Sadness 悲伤
Amateurs 业余爱好者
Great Days 美好时光
Snow White-(2018 人大)First bought him to national attention.This novel is both comic and erotic. 白雪公主-(2018 人大)首次让他获得全国关注。这部小说既有喜剧色彩又带有情色元素
It is full of ironies pastiches and parodies of modern fiction. 它充满了讽刺、模仿和对现代小说的戏仿。
Barthelme is poking fun at the function of the storytelling form. 巴塞尔姆在嘲弄叙事形式的功能。
His novel,At the End of the Mechanical Age,is the same stylistic novel. 他的小说《机械时代的终结》也是同样风格的小说。
The Dead Father 《死去的父亲》
The Dead Father 死去的父亲
Overnight to Many Distant Cities 一夜之间到许多遥远的城市
Paradise 天堂
The King 国王
风格:
-The anti-novel feature of his works is glaringly evident in his short stories for which he is better known. -他作品中的反小说特征在他的短篇小说中尤为明显,这也是他更为人所知的原因。
-His language and its overtones,his unique sentences,his crosscutting,his collage and avant-garde techniques and his surrealism-all these might make him a little difficult. -他的语言及其内涵、他独特的句式、他的交叉剪辑、拼贴和先锋派技巧以及他的超现实主义——所有这些可能使他显得有些难懂。
-There is always his pleasant humor,black-comedy kind of humor,a kind of unexpected,not always warranted funniness,which serves to dispel depression and gloom on the part of the readers. -他总带有一种令人愉快的幽默感,类似黑色喜剧的幽默,一种意想不到的、不总是合情合理的滑稽感,这种幽默有助于驱散读者的抑郁和阴郁。
Thomas Pynchon 托马斯·品钦
地位:His life is little known,born on Long land,major in English.In his writing career Pynchon has borrowed theories from science and technology and employed them as some informing principle in his writings include entropy and the quantum theory. 地位:他的生平鲜为人知,出生于长岛,主修英语。在他的写作生涯中,品钦借鉴了科学和技术的理论,并将其作为某种指导原则应用于作品中,包括熵和量子理论。
作品:
V
The Crying of Lot49 《第 49 号拍卖的哭泣》
Gravity's Rainbow 《重力的彩虹》 ✓\checkmark This novel offers a horrific picture of entropy on all levels of existence. ✓\checkmark 这部小说在存在的各个层面上描绘了一幅令人恐惧的熵增图景。 ✓\checkmark The scene of uncertainty is enhanced by the narrative strategies employed in the storytelling. ✓\checkmark 叙事中采用的叙述策略增强了不确定的氛围。 ✓\checkmark The novel's fantastic mode of narrative adds an element of perplexity. ✓\checkmark 小说奇幻的叙述方式增添了一种困惑感。 ✓\checkmark First,the narrator does not seem to be reliable,we deal rather with a flowing consciousness.Then the text is fragmented,incoherent and often obscure. ✓\checkmark 首先,叙述者似乎不可靠,我们面对的是一种流动的意识。然后,文本支离破碎,语无伦次且常常晦涩难懂 ✓\checkmark The novel's language also makes for uncertainty. ✓\checkmark 小说的语言也带来了不确定性。 ✓\checkmark The novel is highly self-conscious ✓\checkmark 这部小说高度自我意识。
Vineland
Mason and Dixon
Slow Learner:Earlier Stories 慢热型学习者:早期故事
William Burroughs(Beat Generation) 威廉·巴勒斯(垮掉的一代)
地位:The oldest Beat writer have a good education at Harvard.His works reveal a mind thinking and communicating differently from accepted standards. 地位:作为最年长的垮掉一代作家,他曾在哈佛接受良好教育。他的作品展现了一种不同于传统标准的思维和表达方式。
作品:
Junkie 瘾君子
The Exterminator 灭虫者
The Wild Boys 狂野男孩
The Naked Lunch 裸午餐
This novel is Burroughs's well-known novel,it appears to be all confusion and chaos. 这部小说是伯勒斯著名的小说,似乎充满了混乱和无序。
There can be different ways in which to evaluate the book.One is to see it as the self-indulgence of Burroughs at its worst.The other is think that the novel states the author's view of life and society that reveals a different facet of things. 评价这本书可以有不同的方式。一种是将其视为伯勒斯最糟糕的自我放纵。另一种则认为这部小说表达了作者对生活和社会的看法,揭示了事物的另一面。
In terms of narrative techniques,Burroughs is subversively innovative.There is little structure and montage and collage. 在叙事技巧方面,伯勒斯具有颠覆性的创新。结构很少,采用蒙太奇和拼贴手法。
Cities of the Red Night 红夜之城
Queer 酷儿
Mind War 心灵战争
Place of Dead Roads 死路之地
Jack Kerouac(Beat Generation) 杰克·凯鲁亚克(垮掉的一代)
地位:Born in French Canadian family.Went to Columbia but did finish there.Meet the member of the Beat group and lived a stormy life.Through his works people can get a peek at the behavior of a young generation,angry,depressed, directionless,but trying to make sense of life and of themselves and get somewhere eventually. 地位:出生于法裔加拿大家庭。曾就读于哥伦比亚大学,但未完成学业。结识了垮掉的一代成员,过着动荡的生活。通过他的作品,人们可以一窥年轻一代的行为,他们愤怒、沮丧、迷茫,但试图理解生活和自我,并最终有所成就。
作品:
The Subterraneans 《地下人》
Maggie Cassady 《玛吉·卡萨迪》
The Lonesome Traveler 孤独的旅行者
On the Road 在路上
风格:Kerouac's experimental writing style is known as"spontaneous prose"which evidently enabled him to enjoy a freedom from accepted rules and limitations in writing.On the Road is a good example of writing in this style.There is an air of a stream of consciousness in which he memory with dreams 风格:Kerouac 的实验性写作风格被称为“自发散文”,显然使他能够摆脱传统写作规则和限制的束缚。《在路上》就是这种风格写作的一个很好的例子。作品中带有意识流的气息,将记忆与梦境交织在一起。
Vladimir Nabokov 弗拉基米尔·纳博科夫
地位:He was a multilingual Russian-American novelist and short story writer.He was a highly conscious literary artist comic and witty,writing in a self-conscious language and maximum indirection. 地位:他是一位多语种的俄裔美国小说家和短篇小说作家。他是一位高度自觉的文学艺术家,幽默风趣,使用自觉的语言和极度间接的表达方式创作。
作品:
Dar,or the Gift 《达尔,或礼物》
Pale Fire 《苍白的火焰》
Lolita 洛丽塔 ✓\checkmark This novel is Nabokov's most sensational and influential work,which has been profusely commented upon since its first appearance in print. ✓\checkmark 这部小说是纳博科夫最轰动且最具影响力的作品,自首次出版以来便引发了大量评论。 ✓\checkmark This novel may be the vehicle by which Nabokov puts out to air in the sun something that Americans and people in general are unaware of having in them and,if any happen to be,would try to keep in the closet.It is the impulse on which humans act at their most instinctual ✓\checkmark 这部小说或许是纳博科夫用来揭示一种美国人乃至普罗大众未曾察觉却潜藏于内心深处的冲动的载体,如果有人确实存在这种冲动,也会试图将其隐藏起来。这是人类在最本能状态下所驱使的冲动。 ✓\checkmark The novel helped to increase human self-awareness and the level of tolerance and compassion,and pushed back the thematic boundaries of literature in no small measure ✓\checkmark 这部小说帮助提升了人类的自我意识、宽容与同情心的水平,并在很大程度上推动了文学主题边界的拓展
风格:He was a typical postmodern and metafiction writer.He used metafictional techniques such as frame-breaking, emphasis on reading rather than the writing of fiction and text within text in his writings 风格:他是一个典型的后现代主义和元小说作家。他在作品中使用了元小说技巧,如打破叙事框架,强调阅读而非小说创作,以及文本中的文本。
文学流派特点介绍:
历史背景:
✓\checkmark The rise of Fascism in Europe during the 1930s;Auschwitz Concentration Camp ✓\checkmark 1930 年代欧洲法西斯主义的兴起;奥斯维辛集中营 ✓\checkmark WWII 1939-1945 ✓\checkmark 第二次世界大战 1939-1945 年 ✓\checkmark Postwar:the Cold War,the anti-Communist McCarthy—a period of prosperity,growth,and peacefulness ✓\checkmark 战后:冷战,反共麦卡锡主义——一个繁荣、增长与和平的时期
战后诗歌文化背景:
✓\checkmark Postwar American poetry has been amazingly different from its immediate predecessor.Human perceptions could never remain the same.Neither could human sensibility and values.Experiences becomes more individualized,and expression tends to be more personal,even idiosyncratic. ✓\checkmark 战后美国诗歌与其直接前身有着惊人的不同。人类的感知永远无法保持不变。人类的感性和价值观也同样如此。经历变得更加个性化,表达趋向于更加个人化,甚至带有特立独行的色彩。 ✓\checkmark In addition,the poetic scene of the 1950s encouraged rebellion from the younger generation. ✓\checkmark 此外,1950 年代的诗歌界鼓励年轻一代的反叛。 ✓\checkmark The New Criticism's dominance as an academic orthodoxy deserves special mention as a contributing factor to the change. ✓\checkmark 新批评作为学术正统的主导地位值得特别提及,它是变革的一个促成因素。 ✓\checkmark In taste and values:we begin with the change in the very idea of art.Now art and poetry are seen as open,on-going, not as the end of thought,but as the process of the mind thinking,stressing motion,created on the impulse of the moment,and not previously well-planned.And these is not much of the finely metered Modernist poem in the new verse that,instead of aiming at an elite readership,endeavors to reach the comon people as much as possible. ✓\checkmark 在品味和价值观上:我们从艺术观念的变化开始。现在艺术和诗歌被视为开放的、持续进行的,不是思想的终结,而是思维过程,强调运动,是在当下冲动中创造的,而非事先精心策划的。在新的诗歌中,几乎没有精细格律的现代主义诗歌,这些新诗不再以精英读者为目标,而是尽可能地努力接触普通大众 ✓\checkmark Thematically,the new poetry normally portrays everyday experiences,events,and emotions. ✓\checkmark 从主题上看,新诗通常描绘日常经历、事件和情感。 ✓\checkmark As regards formal considerations,the new verse embraces open forms. ✓\checkmark 在形式方面,新诗采用开放式结构。 ✓\checkmark On major characteristic of postwar poetry is its diversity. ✓\checkmark 战后诗歌的一个主要特征是其多样性。
诗歌流派:
Confessional poetry 忏悔诗
定义:Confessional poetry emphasizes the intimate,and sometimes unflattering,information about details of the poet's personal life,such as in poems about mental illness,sexuality,and despondence. 定义:忏悔诗强调诗人个人生活中亲密且有时不讨人喜欢的细节信息,如关于精神疾病、性取向和沮丧的诗篇。
特点:Many people seems to share common features such as a ruthless,excruciating self-analysis of one's own background and heritage,one's most private desires and fantasies etc.,and the urgent"I'll-tell-it-all-to-you"impulse.To some extent,it is Lowell who gave the Confessional poetry a new life and a new level of popularity with his ruthless self-dissection. 特点:许多人似乎具有共同特征,如对自身背景和传承、最私密的欲望和幻想等进行无情、痛苦的自我剖析,以及那种迫切的“我会把一切都告诉你”的冲动。在某种程度上,正是洛威尔通过他无情的自我解剖赋予了忏悔诗新的生命和新的流行高度。
人物:The modern school traces its immediate roots to Robert Lowell and his part prose,part poetry book Life Studies, published in 1959;aside from Lowell,two of the most famous confessional poets were Anne Sexton and Sylvia Plath. 人物:现代流派的直接根源可追溯到罗伯特·洛威尔及其 1959 年出版的半散文半诗集《生活研究》;除了洛威尔,最著名的忏悔诗人还有安妮·塞克斯顿和西尔维娅·普拉斯。
Beat Generation(这一流派也包括小说家)(2012/2011 北语 2018 兰大 2020 中国矿业)
定义:In the fifties,there was a widespread discontentment among the post-war generation,whose voice was one of protest against all the mainstream culture America had come to represent. 定义:在五十年代,战后世代普遍存在不满情绪,他们的声音是对美国所代表的主流文化的抗议
观点:The Beats looked upon modern American life as so cruel,selfish and impersonal that writers and artists were being driven to madness.They wanted to create an alternative,free,loving way of life,i.e.a"counter-culture",which would replace it.Unfortunately,the high ideal became very degenerate in practice. 观点:垮掉的一代认为现代美国生活是如此残酷、自私和冷漠,以至于作家和艺术家们被逼得几近疯狂。他们想创造一种替代的、自由的、充满爱的生活方式,即“反文化”,以取代现有的生活方式。不幸的是,这一崇高理想在实践中变得非常堕落。
诗歌特点:Beat poetry is oral,repetitive,and immensely effective in readings,largely because it developed out of poetry readings in underground clubs.Beat poetry was the most anti-establishment form of literature in the United States,but beneath its shocking words lies a love of country.The poetry is a cry of pain and rage at what the poets see as the loss of America's innocence and the tragic waste of its human and material resources. 诗歌特点:垮掉诗歌具有口语化、重复性强的特点,在朗诵时极具感染力,这主要是因为它起源于地下俱乐部的诗歌朗诵会。垮掉诗歌是美国最反体制的文学形式,但在其震撼人心的词句背后,隐藏着对国家的热爱。这些诗歌是对诗人们所见的美国纯真丧失以及其人力和物质资源悲剧性浪费的痛苦和愤怒的呐喊。
历程:Most of the important Beats(beatniks)migrated to San Francisco from the East Coast,gaining their initial national recognition in California. 历程:大多数重要的垮掉一代成员(垮掉族)从东海岸迁移到旧金山,并在加利福尼亚获得了最初的全国认可。
代表(包括小说家+诗人):The major works of Beat writing are Allen Ginsberg's Howl,William S.Burroughs's Naked Lunch and Jack Kerouac's On the Road. 代表(包括小说家+诗人):垮掉文学的主要作品有艾伦·金斯堡的《嚎叫》、威廉·S·伯罗斯的《裸体午餐》和杰克·凯鲁亚克的《在路上》
The New York School 纽约学派
定义 The New York School was an informal group of American poets,painters,dancers,and musicians active in the 1950s and 1960s in New York City. 定义 纽约学派是一个非正式的美国诗人、画家、舞者和音乐家团体,活跃于 20 世纪 50 年代和 60 年代的纽约市。
观点:Critics argues that their work was a reaction to the Confessionalist movement in contemporary poetry.Their poetic 观点:批评家认为他们的作品是对当代诗歌中忏悔派运动的反应。他们的诗歌
subject matter was often light,violent,or observational,while their writing style was often described as cosmopolitan and world-traveled.The poets often wrote in an immediate and spontaneous manner reminiscent of stream of consciousness writing,often using vivid imagery. 主题常常轻松、暴力或观察性强,而他们的写作风格常被描述为世界主义和见多识广。诗人们常以一种即时且自发的方式写作,类似于意识流写作,常使用生动的意象
特点:
a)They were all vehemently up against the dominant new critical values such as the impersonal presentation of images, and tried to assert their individual poetic voice a)他们都强烈反对主流的新批评价值观,比如客观呈现意象,试图彰显他们个人的诗歌声音
b)They also introduced the popular and the low features of life into their writings like popular songs,comic strip figures, and Hollywood movies. b)他们还将生活中的流行和低俗元素引入作品,如流行歌曲、漫画人物和好莱坞电影。
c)Thirdly,they exhibited a huge sense of humor,offering room as their poems did for elements like the vulgar and the sentimental c)第三,他们展现了极强的幽默感,诗中容纳了粗俗和感伤等元素
d)Finally,they experimented with Surrealism for a while. d)最后,他们曾短暂尝试过超现实主义
e)They are also commonalities between the New York School and the earlier Beat Generation poets active in 1940s.代表:Frank O'Hara;Kenneth Koch;John Ashbery,James Schuyler' e)纽约学派与 20 世纪 40 年代活跃的早期垮掉的一代诗人之间也存在共性。代表人物:Frank O'Hara;Kenneth Koch;John Ashbery,James Schuyler
The Black Mountain Poets 黑山诗人
定义:The Black Mountain poets,sometimes called projectivist poets,were a group of mid-20th century American avant-garde or Postmodern poets centered on Black Mountain College in North Carolina or associated with Black Mountain Reviews. 定义:黑山诗人,有时被称为投射主义诗人,是 20 世纪中期美国先锋派或后现代诗人群体,主要集中在北卡罗来纳州的黑山学院,或与《黑山评论》有关联。
代表:Charles Olson
二战后小说流派
Literature of the Absurd(这一流派也包含戏剧和小说)(2012/2008 北语 术语:The Theater of Absurd)
定义:The term is applied to a number of works in drama and prose fiction which have in common the sense that the human condition is essentially absurd,and that this condition can be adequately represented only in works of literature that are themselves absurd. 定义:该术语适用于许多戏剧和散文小说作品,这些作品共有的特点是认为人类的处境本质上是荒诞的,而这种处境只能通过本身具有荒诞性的文学作品来充分表现
Both the mood and dramaturgy of absurdity were anticipated as early as 1896 in Alfred Jarry,French play Ubu roi (Ubu the King).The literature has its roots also in the movements of expressionism and surrealism,as well as in the fiction, written in the 1920s,of Franz Kafka(The Trial,Metamorphosis).The current movement,however,emerged in France after the horrors of WWII,as a rebellion against essential beliefs and values of traditional culture and traditional literature,This earlier tradition had included the assumptions that human beings are fairly rational creatures who live in an at least partially intelligible universe,that they are part of an ordered social structure,and that they may be capable of heroism and dignity even in defeat.After the 1940s,however,there was a widespread tendency,especially prominent in the existential philosophy of men of letters such as Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus,to view a human being as an isolated existent who is cast into an alien universe,to conceive the universe as possessing no inherent truth,value,or meaning,and to represent human life-in its fruitless search for purpose and meaning,as it moves from the nothingness Whence it came toward the nothingness where it must end-as an existence which is both anguished and absurd. 荒诞的情绪和戏剧性早在 1896 年就已在阿尔弗雷德·贾里(Alfred Jarry)的法国戏剧《乌布王》(Ubu roi)中有所预示。荒诞文学的根源还包括表现主义和超现实主义运动,以及弗朗茨·卡夫卡(Franz Kafka)在 1920 年代创作的小说(如《审判》、《变形记》)。然而,当前的荒诞文学运动是在二战的恐怖之后于法国兴起的,作为对传统文化和传统文学基本信仰与价值观的反叛。早期的传统包括这样一些假设:人类是相当理性的生物,生活在一个至少部分可理解的宇宙中;他们是有序社会结构的一部分;即使在失败中,人类也可能表现出英雄气概和尊严。然而,20 世纪 40 年代以后,尤其是在让-保罗·萨特(Jean-Paul Sartre)和阿尔贝·加缪(Albert Camus)等文学哲学家的存在主义哲学中,普遍出现了一种倾向,即将人视为被抛入陌生宇宙的孤立存在,认为宇宙本身不具备内在的真理、价值或意义,并将人类生活表现为在无果的寻找目的和意义的过程中,从其起源的虚无走向…… 那必须终结于虚无——作为一种既痛苦又荒诞的存在。
原则:
Regard the conventional novel as literature of exhaustion 将传统小说视为一种枯竭的文学。
The old ways of presentation should be updated,and the new devices should be found. 旧的表现方式应当更新,新的手法应当被发现。
The novelists of absurd tend to burlesque traditional novelistic devices,they like to use the black humor. 荒诞小说家倾向于讽刺传统小说手法,他们喜欢使用黑色幽默
The attitude of them is not always an unmitigated"No"for them uncertainty is the rule. 他们的态度并不总是绝对的“否定”,因为对他们来说,不确定性才是常态
Magic Realism(2018/2019 人大) 魔幻现实主义(2018/2019 人大)
定义:Magical realism,magic realism,or marvelous realism is a style of fiction that paints a realistic view of the modern 定义:魔幻现实主义、魔法现实主义或奇妙现实主义是一种描绘现代现实的小说风格
world while also adding magical elements. 在现实世界的基础上融入魔法元素
特点: ✓\checkmark It is sometimes called fabulism,in reference to the conventions of fables,myths,and allegory."Magical realism", perhaps the most common term,often refers to fiction and literature in particular,with magic or the supernatural presented in an otherwise real-world or mundane setting. ✓\checkmark 有时被称为寓言主义,指的是寓言、神话和寓意的惯例。“魔幻现实主义”,也许是最常见的术语,通常指的是小说和文学,特别是在一个现实世界或平凡环境中呈现魔法或超自然现象。 ✓\checkmark The terms are broadly descriptive rather than critically rigorous.Matthew Strecher defines magic realism as"what happens when a highly detailed,realistic setting is invaded by something too strange to believe". ✓\checkmark 这些术语更多是广义描述,而非严格的批评定义。马修·斯特雷彻将魔幻现实主义定义为“当一个高度细致、现实的环境被某种难以置信的奇异事物侵入时所发生的事情”。 ✓\checkmark Characteristics of magical realism include five primary traits: ✓\checkmark 魔幻现实主义的特征包括五个主要方面: ✓\checkmark An"irreducible"magic which cannot be explained by typical notions of natural law. ✓\checkmark 一种“不可简化”的魔法,无法用典型的自然法则来解释 ✓\checkmark A realist description that stresses normal,common,every-day phenomena,which is then revised or"reflect"by the marvelous.Extreme or amplified states of mind or setting are often used to accomplish this.(This distinguishes the genre from pure myth or fantasy.) ✓\checkmark 一种现实主义的描述,强调正常的、普通的、日常的现象,然后被奇妙的元素修正或“反映”。通常使用极端或放大的心理状态或环境来实现这一点。(这将该体裁与纯神话或幻想区分开来。) ✓\checkmark It causes the reader to be drawn between the two views of reality. ✓\checkmark 它使读者在两种现实观之间徘徊。 ✓\checkmark These two visions or realms nearly merge or intersect. ✓\checkmark 这两种视角或领域几乎融合或交叉。 ✓\checkmark Time is both history and the timeless;space is often challenged;identity is broken down at times. ✓\checkmark 时间既是历史又是永恒;空间常常受到挑战;身份有时被瓦解
举例:Gabriel García Márquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude 举例:加布里埃尔·加西亚·马尔克斯的《百年孤独》
Metafiction(元小说,或译成超小说)(2018 兰大)
定义:A form of literature that emphasizes its own constructedness in a way that continually reminds the reader to be aware that they are reading or viewing a fictional work.Metafiction is self-conscious about language,literary form,and storytelling,and works of metafiction directly or indirectly draw attention to their status as artifacts.Metafiction is frequently used as a form of parody or a tool to undermine literary conventions and explore the relationship between literature and reality,life,and art. 定义:一种文学形式,强调其自身的构造性,持续提醒读者意识到他们正在阅读或观看一部虚构作品。元小说对语言、文学形式和叙事具有自觉性,元小说作品直接或间接地引起人们对其作为艺术品身份的关注。元小说常被用作一种模仿形式或工具,以破坏文学惯例,探索文学与现实、生活和艺术之间的关系
历史:Although metafiction is most commonly associated with postmodern literature,its use can be traced back to much earlier works of fiction,such as Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales,Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote,William Shakespeare's Pericles,Prince of Tyre,Laurence Sterne's The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy,Gentleman,William Makepeace Thackeray's Vanity Fair,as well as more recent works such as Douglas Adams'The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy and Mark Z.Danielewski's House of Leaves.Metafiction,however,became particularly prominent in the 1960s, with authors and works such as John Barth's Lost in the Funhouse,Robert Coover's"The Babysitter"and"The Magic Poker",Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five,John Fowles'The French Lieutenant's Woman,Thomas Pynchon's The Crying of Lot 49 and William H.Gass's Willie Master's Lonesome Wife. 历史:虽然元小说最常与后现代文学相关联,但其使用可以追溯到更早的小说作品,如杰弗里·乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》、米格尔·德·塞万提斯的《堂吉诃德》、威廉·莎士比亚的《提尔王子佩里克利斯》、劳伦斯·斯特恩的《特里斯特拉姆·山迪的生平与观点》、威廉·梅克皮斯·萨克雷的《名利场》,以及更近的作品如道格拉斯·亚当斯的《银河系漫游指南》和马克·Z·丹尼尔斯基的《叶之屋》。然而,元小说在 20 世纪 60 年代变得尤为突出,代表作家和作品包括约翰·巴斯的《迷失在游乐场》、罗伯特·库弗的《保姆》和《魔术扑克》、库尔特·冯内古特的《第五号屠宰场》、约翰·福尔斯的《法国中尉的女人》、托马斯·品钦的《第 49 号拍卖的哭泣》和威廉·H·加斯的《威利大师的孤独妻子》。
分类:According to Werner Wolf,metafiction can be differentiated into four pairs of forms. 分类:根据沃纳·沃尔夫的说法,元小说可以分为四对形式。
Explicit/implicit metafiction 显性/隐性元小说
Explicit metafiction is identifiable through its use of clear metafictional elements on the surface of a text.It comments on its own artificiality and is quotable.Explicit metafiction is described as a mode of telling.An example would be a narrator explaining the process of creating the story they are telling. 显性元小说通过在文本表面使用明显的元小说元素而易于识别。它评论自身的人工性,并且可以被引用。显性元小说被描述为一种叙述方式。一个例子是叙述者解释他们正在讲述的故事的创作过程。
Rather than commenting on the text,implicit metafiction foregrounds the medium or its status as an artefact through various,for example disruptive,techniques such as metalepsis.It relies more than other forms of metafiction on the reader's ability to recognize these devices in order to evoke a metafictional reading.Implicit metafiction is described as a mode of showing. 隐性元小说不是评论文本,而是通过各种技巧(例如破坏性技巧如元渗透)将媒介或其作为人工制品的地位置于前景。它比其他形式的元小说更依赖读者识别这些手法的能力,以激发元小说式的阅读。隐性元小说被描述为一种展示方式。
Direct/indirect metafiction 直接/间接元小说
Direct metafiction establishes a reference within the text one is just reading.In contrast to this,indirect metafiction consists in metareferences external to this text,such as reflections on specific other literary works or genres(as in parodies)and 直接元小说在正在阅读的文本内部建立引用。与此相反,间接元小说则包含文本外的元引用,例如对特定其他文学作品或体裁的反思(如模仿作品)和
general discussions of aesthetic issues;since there is always a relationship between the text in which indirect metafiction occurs and the referenced external texts or issues,indirect metafiction always also impacts the text one is reading,albeit in an indirect way. 关于美学问题的一般讨论;由于间接元小说发生的文本与所引用的外部文本或问题之间总是存在关系,间接元小说总是以间接的方式影响读者正在阅读的文本。
Critical/non-critical metafiction 批判性/非批判性元小说
Critical metafiction aims to find the artificiality or fictionality of a text in some critical way,which is frequently done in postmodernist fiction.Non-critical metafiction does not criticize or undermine the artificiality or fictionality of a text and can,for example,be used to"suggest that the story one is reading is authentic". 批判性元小说旨在以某种批判性的方式揭示文本的人工性或虚构性,这在后现代主义小说中经常出现。非批判性元小说则不批判或破坏文本的人工性或虚构性,例如,可以用来“暗示所读故事的真实性”。
Generally media centered/truth or fiction centered metafiction 一般以媒介为中心/以真相或虚构为中心的元小说
While all metafiction somehow deals with the medial quality of fiction or narrative and is thus generally media-centered,in some cases there is an additional focus on the truthfulness or inventedness(fictionality)of a text,which merits mention as a specific form.The suggestion of a story being authentic(a device frequently used in realistic fiction)would be an example of(non-critical)truth-centered metafiction. 虽然所有元小说在某种程度上都涉及小说或叙事的媒介特性,因此通常以媒介为中心,但在某些情况下,还会额外关注文本的真实性或虚构性(小说性),这值得作为一种特定形式加以提及。暗示故事的真实性(这是现实主义小说中常用的手法)就是(非批判性)以真实性为中心的元小说的一个例子。
特点:
Tell the readers that the fiction is the fiction 告诉读者这部小说就是小说
Burlesque and parody are use as means to reject 滑稽模仿和仿拟被用作拒绝的手段
The text of the novel is often self-subversive 小说文本常常具有自我颠覆性
文学特点/手法:
Black humor(2005/2011/2014 北语 2018 北二外 2010 中国矿业)
定义:Black humor is a literary device used in novels and plays to discuss taboo subjects while adding an element of comedy.Cambridge dictionary defines it as a non-serious way of treating or dealing with serious subjects.It is often used to present any serious,gruesome or painful incidents lightly.The writers use it as a tool to explore serious issues,inciting serious thoughts and discomfort in the audience. 定义:黑色幽默是一种文学手法,常用于小说和戏剧中,以讨论禁忌话题,同时加入喜剧元素。剑桥词典将其定义为以一种不严肃的方式处理严肃话题。它常被用来轻描淡写地呈现任何严重、令人毛骨悚然或痛苦的事件。作家们将其作为探索严肃问题的工具,激发观众的深思和不适感。
In literature,this term is often associated with tragedies and is sometimes equated with tragic farce.In this sense,it makes the serious incident or event bit lighter in intensity.Although it is often inserted to induce laughter,it plays a significant role in advancing the action of the play or novel.Etymologically,black humor is a phrase of two words black and humor.The meanings are clear that it is a humorous way of treating something that is serious.It is also called black comedy,dark comedy or gallows humor. 在文学中,这个术语常与悲剧相关,有时被等同于悲剧闹剧。从这个意义上讲,它使严重的事件或情节的强度稍显轻松。虽然它常被插入以引发笑声,但在推动戏剧或小说情节发展中起着重要作用。从词源上看,黑色幽默由“black”和“humor”两个词组成,含义明确,即以幽默的方式处理严肃的事物。它也被称为黑色喜剧、黑暗喜剧或绞刑幽默
举例:Catch-22
Parody(2006 北语 2019 人大)
定义:A parody imitates the serious manner and characteristic features of a particular literary work or the distinctive style of a particular author,or the typical stylistic and other features of a serious literary genre,and deviates the original by applying the imitation to a lowly or comically inappropriate subject. 定义:仿作模仿某一特定文学作品的严肃风格和典型特征,或某一特定作者的独特风格,或严肃文学体裁的典型风格及其他特征,并通过将这种模仿应用于卑微或滑稽不当的主题,从而偏离原作。
举例:John Phillips The Splendid Shilling parodied the epic style of John Milton's Paradise Lost by exaggerating its high formality and applying it to the description of a tattered poet composing in a drafty attic.Henry Fielding in Joseph parodied Samuel Richardson's novel Pamela by putting a hearty male hero in place of Richardson's sexually beleaguered heroine, and later on Jane Austen poked good-natured fun at the genre of the gothic novel in Northanger Abbey. 举例:约翰·菲利普斯的《华丽的先令》通过夸张其高度正式的史诗风格,并将其应用于描述一位在寒冷阁楼中创作的破旧诗人,讽刺了约翰·弥尔顿的《失乐园》的史诗风格。亨利·菲尔丁在《约瑟夫》中通过用一个健壮的男性英雄代替塞缪尔·理查森小说《帕梅拉》中性受困扰的女主角,讽刺了理查森的小说;后来简·奥斯汀在《诺桑觉寺》中善意地戏谑了哥特小说这一体裁。
(注:parody 并不是现代主义特有的术语,而是确实现代主义这块出现得比较多。)
简答题表述参考:(标下划线的词句为关键词汇)
1.What are the themes of The Catcher in the Rye? 1.《麦田里的守望者》的主题是什么?
a.Alienation as a Form of Self-Protection a.疏离作为一种自我保护的形式
Throughout the novel,Holden seems to be excluded from and victimized by the world around him.As he says to Mr. Spencer,he feels trapped on"the other side"of life,and he continually attempts to find his way in a world in which he feels he doesn't belong to. 在整部小说中,霍尔顿似乎被周围的世界排斥并成为受害者。正如他对斯宾塞先生所说,他感觉自己被困在生活的“另一边”,并不断试图在一个他觉得自己不属于的世界中找到自己的路。
As the novel progresses,we begin to perceive that Holden's alienation is his way of protecting himself.Just as he wears his hunting hat to advertise his uniqueness,he uses his isolation as proof that he is better than everyone else around him and therefore above interacting with them.The truth is that interactions with other people usually confuse and overwhelm him, and his cynical sense of superiority serves as a type of self-protection.Thus,Holden's alienation is the source of what little stability he has in his life. 随着小说的发展,我们开始意识到霍尔顿的疏离感是他保护自己的方式。正如他戴着猎帽来展示自己的独特性一样,他用自己的孤立作为证明,表明自己比周围的所有人都要优秀,因此高于与他们互动。事实是,与他人的互动通常让他感到困惑和不知所措,而他那愤世嫉俗的优越感则是一种自我保护。因此,霍尔顿的疏离感是他生活中为数不多的稳定来源
As readers,we can see that Holden's alienation is the cause of most of his pain.He never addresses his own emotions directly,nor does he attempt to discover the source of his troubles.He desperately needs human contact and love,but his protective wall of bitterness prevents him from looking for such interaction.Alienation is both the source of Holden's strength and the source of his problems.For example,his loneliness propels him into his date with Sally Hayes,but his need for isolation causes him to insult her and drive her away.Similarly,he longs for the meaningful connection he once had with Jane Gallagher,but he is too frightened to make any real effort to contact her.He depends upon his alienation,but it destroys him. 作为读者,我们可以看到霍尔顿的疏离感是他大部分痛苦的根源。他从不直接面对自己的情感,也不试图去发现自己烦恼的来源。他极度渴望人际接触和爱,但他那由苦涩筑起的保护墙阻止了他去寻求这种互动。疏离既是霍尔顿力量的来源,也是他问题的根源。例如,他的孤独推动他去与莎莉·海耶斯约会,但他对孤立的需求又使他侮辱她并将她赶走。同样,他渴望与简·加拉格曾经拥有的那种有意义的联系,但他又害怕去真正努力联系她。他依赖于自己的疏离感,但它却毁灭了他。
c.The Painfulness of Growing Up c.成长的痛苦
According to most analyses,The Catcher in the Rye is a bildungsroman,a novel about a young character's growth into maturity.While it is appropriate to discuss the novel in such terms,Holden Caulfield is an unusual protagonist for a bildungsroman because his central goal is to resist the process of maturity itself.As his thoughts about the Museum of Natural History demonstrate,Holden fears change and is overwhelmed by complexity.He wants everything to be easily understandable and eternally fixed,like the statues of Eskimos and Indians in the museum.He is frightened because he is guilty of the sins he criticizes in others,and because he can't understand everything around him.But he refuses to acknowledge this fear,expressing it only in a few instances-for example,when he talks about sex and admits that"sex is something I just don't understand.I swear to God I don't".Instead of acknowledging that adulthood scares and mystifies him,Holden invents a fantasy that adulthood is a world of superficiality and hypocrisy("phoniness"),while childhood is a world of innocence,curiosity,and honesty.Nothing reveals his image of these two worlds better than his fantasy about the catcher in the rye:he imagines childhood as an idyllic field of rye in which children romp and play;adulthood,for the children of this world,is equivalent to death-a fatal fall over the edge of a cliff.His created understandings of childhood and adulthood allow Holden to cut himself off from the world by covering himself with a protective armor of cynicism.But as the book progresses,Holden's experiences,particularly his encounters with Mr.Antolini and Phoebe,reveal the shallowness of his conceptions. 根据大多数分析,《麦田里的守望者》是一部成长小说,讲述了一个年轻角色成长为成熟的过程。虽然用这样的角度来讨论这部小说是合适的,但霍尔顿·考尔菲尔德作为成长小说的主人公却很不寻常,因为他的核心目标是抵抗成熟的过程。正如他对自然历史博物馆的看法所展示的那样,霍尔顿害怕变化,被复杂性所压倒。他希望一切都能轻松理解并永远固定,就像博物馆里爱斯基摩人和印第安人的雕像一样。他感到害怕,因为他对自己批评他人的罪过感到内疚,也因为他无法理解周围的一切。但他拒绝承认这种恐惧,只在少数情况下表达出来——例如,当他谈论性时承认“性是我根本不理解的东西,我发誓我不懂”。霍尔顿没有承认成年让他感到害怕和困惑,而是创造了一个幻想,认为成年是一个充满表面功夫和虚伪(“虚假”)的世界,而童年则是一个充满纯真、好奇和诚实的世界。没有什么比他关于“麦田守望者”的幻想更能揭示他对这两个世界的形象了 黑麦田:他想象童年是一个理想化的黑麦田,孩子们在其中嬉戏玩耍;而成年,对于这个世界的孩子们来说,相当于死亡——一次致命的从悬崖边缘跌落。他对童年和成年的创造性理解使霍尔顿能够通过披上一层愤世嫉俗的保护盔甲,将自己与世界隔绝开来。但随着故事的发展,霍尔顿的经历,特别是他与安托利尼先生和菲比的相遇,揭示了他观念的浅薄。
d.The Phoniness of the Adult World d.成人世界的虚伪
"Phoniness,"which is probably the most famous phrase from The Catcher in the Rye,is one of Holden's favorite concepts. It is his catch-all for describing the superficiality,hypocrisy,pretension,and shallowness that he encounters in the world around him.Just before he reveals his fantasy of the catcher in the rye,Holden explains that adults are inevitably phonies, and,what is worse,they can't see their own phoniness.Phoniness,for Holden,stands as an emblem of everything that is wrong in the world around him and provides an excuse for him to withdraw into his cynical isolation. “虚伪”可能是《麦田里的守望者》中最著名的词汇,是霍尔顿最喜欢的概念之一。它是他用来描述周围世界中遇到的表面功夫、虚伪、做作和浅薄的总称。在他揭示“麦田守望者”的幻想之前,霍尔顿解释说成年人不可避免地都是虚伪的,更糟的是,他们看不到自己的虚伪。对霍尔顿来说,虚伪象征着他周围世界中一切错误的根源,也为他退缩到愤世嫉俗的孤立中提供了借口
Though oversimplified,Holden's observations are not entirely inaccurate.He can be a highly insightful narrator,and he is very aware of superficial behavior in those around him.Throughout the novel he encounters many characters who do seem affected,pretentious,or superficial Sally Hayes,Carl Luce,Maurice and Sunny,and even Mr.Spencer stand out as examples.Some characters,like Maurice and Sunny,are genuinely harmful.But although Holden expends so much energy searching for phoniness in others,he never directly observes his own phoniness.His deceptions are generally pointless and 虽然过于简化,霍尔顿的观察并非完全不准确。他可以是一个非常有洞察力的叙述者,并且他非常清楚周围人的表面行为。在整部小说中,他遇到了许多看起来虚伪、做作或肤浅的角色,莎莉·海耶斯、卡尔·卢斯、莫里斯和桑尼,甚至斯宾塞先生都成为了例子。有些角色,如莫里斯和桑尼,确实有害。但尽管霍尔顿花费大量精力寻找他人虚伪之处,他从未直接察觉到自己的虚伪。他的欺骗通常毫无意义,且..
cruel,and he notes that he is a compulsive liar.For example,on the train to New York,he perpetrates a mean-spirited and needless prank on Mrs.Morrow.He'd like us to believe that he is a paragon of virtue in a world of phoniness,but that simply isn't the case.Although he'd like to believe that the world is a simple place,and that virtue and innocence rest on one side of the fence while superficiality and phoniness rest on the other,Holden is his own counter evidence.The world is not as simple as he'd like-and needs-it to be;Even he cannot adhere to the same black-and-white standards with which he judges other people. 残忍,他也承认自己是个强迫性说谎者。例如,在去纽约的火车上,他对莫罗夫人恶作剧,既刻薄又毫无必要。他想让我们相信自己是在虚伪世界中的道德典范,但事实根本不是这样。虽然他希望相信世界是简单的,善良和纯真在一边,肤浅和虚伪在另一边,但霍尔顿本身就是反例。世界并不像他希望的那样简单——也不是他所需要的那样;即使是他自己,也无法遵守用来评判他人的那种非黑即白的标准。
2.The symbols used in The Catcher in the Rye. 2.《麦田里的守望者》中使用的象征。
The"Catcher in the Rye" “麦田里的守望者”
It first appears in Chapter 16,when a kid Holden admires for walking in the street rather than on the sidewalk is singing the Robert Burns song"Comin Thro the Rye."In Chapter 22,when Phoebe asks Holden what he wants to do with his life,he replies with his image,from the song,of a"catcher in the rye.Holden imagines a field of rye perched high on a cliff,full of children romping and playing.He says he would like to protect the children from falling off the edge of the cliff by"catching"them if they were on the verge of tumbling over.As Phoebe points out,Holden has misheard the lyric.He thinks the line is"If a body catch a body comin through the rye,"but the actual lyric is"If a body meet a body,coming through the rye." 它首次出现在第 16 章,当时一个霍尔顿钦佩的孩子走在街上而不是人行道上,正在唱罗伯特·彭斯的歌曲《穿过黑麦田》。在第 22 章,当菲比问霍尔顿他想要怎样度过一生时,他用歌曲中的形象回答了自己是“黑麦田的守望者”。霍尔顿想象着一片高悬在悬崖上的黑麦田,里面满是嬉戏玩耍的孩子们。他说他想保护孩子们不从悬崖边跌落,如果他们快要摔下去,他会“接住”他们。正如菲比指出的,霍尔顿听错了歌词。他以为歌词是“如果有人能接住穿过黑麦田的人”,但实际的歌词是“如果有人遇见穿过黑麦田的人”
The song"Comin Thro the Rye"asks if it is wrong for two people to have a romantic encounter out in the fields,away from the public eye,even if they don t plan to have a commitment to one another.It is highly ironic that the word"meet" refers to an encounter that leads to recreational sex,because the word that Holden substitutes-"catch"-takes on the exact opposite meaning in his mind.Holden wants to catch children before they fall out of innocence into knowledge of the adult world,including knowledge of sex. 歌曲《穿过黑麦地》质问两个人在田野里私下发生浪漫邂逅是否错误,即使他们并不打算对彼此承担责任。极具讽刺意味的是,单词“meet”指的是导致娱乐性行为的相遇,而 Holden 替换的单词“catch”在他心中却具有完全相反的含义。Holden 想要在孩子们从纯真堕入对成人世界的认知,包括对性的认知之前“抓住”他们。
Holden's Red Hunting Hat Holden 的红色猎帽
The red hunting hat is one of the most recognizable symbols from twentieth-century American literature.It is inseparable from our image of Holden,with good reason:it is a symbol of his uniqueness and individuality.The hat is outlandish,and it shows that Holden desires to be different from everyone around him.At the same time,he is very self-conscious about the hat-he always mentions when he is wearing it,and he often doesn't wear it if he is going to be around people he knows. The presence of the hat,therefore,mirrors the central conflict in the book:Holden's need for isolation versus his need for companionship. 红色猎帽是二十世纪美国文学中最具辨识度的象征之一。它与我们对 Holden 的形象密不可分,原因很充分:它象征着他的独特性和个性。这顶帽子显得古怪,显示出 Holden 渴望与周围所有人不同。与此同时,他对这顶帽子非常在意——他总是提到自己戴着它,而且如果周围是熟人,他常常不戴。因此,帽子的存在反映了书中的核心冲突:Holden 对孤独的需求与对陪伴的渴望之间的矛盾
It is worth noting that the hat's color,red,is the same as that of Allie's and Phoebe's hair.Perhaps Holden associates it with the innocence and purity he believes these characters represent and wears it as a way to connect to them.He never explicitly comments on the hat s significance other than to mention its unusual appearance. 值得注意的是,帽子的颜色——红色——与 Allie 和 Phoebe 的头发颜色相同。也许 Holden 将它与他认为这些角色所代表的纯真和纯洁联系在一起,并戴着它作为与他们连接的一种方式。他从未明确评论过这顶帽子的意义,除了提到它外观不寻常。
The Museum of Natural History 自然历史博物馆
Holden tells us the symbolic meaning of the museum's displays:they appeal to him because they are frozen and unchanging.He also mentions that he is troubled by the fact that he has changed every time Holden 告诉我们博物馆展品的象征意义:它们吸引他是因为它们是冻结且不变的。他还提到,每次回到那里时,他都会为自己已经改变而感到困扰。
He returns to them.The museum represents the world Holden wishes he could live in it's the world of his"catcher in the rye "fantasy,a world where nothing ever changes,where everything is simple,understandable,and infinite.Holden is terrified by the unpredictable challenges of the world-he hates conflict,he is confused by Allie s senseless death,and he fears interaction with other people. 博物馆代表了 Holden 希望自己能生活的世界——这是他“麦田里的守望者”幻想中的世界,一个永远不变、简单、易懂且无限的世界。Holden 害怕这个世界中不可预测的挑战——他讨厌冲突,对 Allie 毫无意义的死亡感到困惑,并且害怕与他人交往
The Ducks in the Central Park Lagoon 中央公园湖中的鸭子
Holden's curiosity about where the ducks go during the winter reveals a genuine,more youthful side to his character. For most of the book,he sounds like a grumpy old man who is angry at the world,but his search for the ducks represents the curiosity of youth and a joyful willingness to encounter the mysteries of the world.It is a memorable moment,because 霍尔顿对冬天鸭子去向的好奇,展现了他性格中真实且更年轻的一面。在书的大部分时间里,他听起来像个对世界愤怒的脾气暴躁的老人,但他对鸭子的寻找代表了青春的好奇心和乐于探索世界奥秘的快乐心态。这是一个令人难忘的时刻,因为
Holden clearly lacks such willingness in other aspects of his life. 霍尔顿在生活的其他方面显然缺乏这种意愿
The ducks and their pond are symbolic in several ways.Their mysterious perseverance in the face of an inhospitable environment resonates with Holden's understanding of his own situation.In addition,the ducks prove that some vanishings are only temporary.Traumatized and made accurately aware of the fragility of life by his brother Allie s death,Holden is terrified by the idea of change and disappearance.The ducks vanish every winter,but they return every spring,thus symbolizing change that isn't permanent,but cyclical.Finally,the pond itself becomes a minor metaphor for the world as Holden sees it,because it is"partly frozen and partly not frozen".The pond is in transition between two states,just as Holden is in transition between childhood and adulthood. 鸭子和它们的池塘在多方面具有象征意义。它们在恶劣环境中神秘的坚持,与霍尔顿对自己处境的理解产生共鸣。此外,鸭子证明有些消失只是暂时的。霍尔顿因兄弟艾利的去世而受到创伤,深刻意识到生命的脆弱,他害怕变化和消失的想法。鸭子每年冬天消失,但每年春天都会回来,因此象征着变化不是永久的,而是周期性的。最后,池塘本身成为霍尔顿眼中世界的一个小小隐喻,因为它“部分结冰,部分未结冰”。池塘正处于两种状态的过渡中,就像霍尔顿正处于童年与成年之间的过渡期。
3.In what literary tradition can The Catcher in the Rye be placed?Is the theme in The Catcher in the Rye the mainstream in American literature? 3.《麦田里的守望者》可以归属于哪种文学传统?《麦田里的守望者》中的主题是否是美国文学的主流?
The Catcher in the Rye is a novel about the development or maturation of the hero.There are many examples of this type in American and world literature,such as Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,Crane's The Red Badge of Courage,Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man,Lawrence's Sons and Lovers,Faulkner's The Bear,and Mann's The Magic Mountain.In a rapidly changing world this type of novel has a strong universal appeal. 《麦田里的守望者》是一部关于主人公成长或成熟的小说。在美国及世界文学中,这类作品有许多例子,如马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》、克兰的《勇气之红徽章》、乔伊斯的《一个青年艺术家的画像》、劳伦斯的《儿子与情人》、福克纳的《熊》和曼恩的《魔山》。在这个快速变化的世界里,这类小说具有强烈的普遍吸引力。
Yes.Many prominent American novelists have used the theme of a young person s initiation to experience.The loneliness that Holden feels in his quest is also the reason that Ishmael in Melville's Moby Dick goes on the whaling voyage. The adventures and moral quest in Twain's Huckleberry Finn also parallel the continual search for order that Holden undertakes.Crane's The Red Badge of Courage,as well as other novels,shows the same preoccupation with psychological growth and moral awareness as The Catcher in the Rye does.The rebellion against genteel language and the subjective, individualistic way of telling the story also are very American.It is probable that in his use of colloquial language,Salinger was radically influenced by Ring Lardner. 是的。许多著名的美国小说家都采用了年轻人经历启蒙的主题。霍尔顿在追寻中的孤独感,也是梅尔维尔《白鲸》中伊什梅尔踏上捕鲸之旅的原因。吐温《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》中的冒险和道德探索,也与霍尔顿不断寻求秩序的过程相呼应。克兰的《勇气之红徽章》以及其他小说,表现出与《麦田里的守望者》相同的对心理成长和道德觉醒的关注。对优雅语言的反叛以及以主观、个性化方式讲述故事的手法,也极具美国特色。塞林格在使用口语化语言时,很可能深受林德纳的激进影响
4.The features of The Theatre of the Absurd. 4.荒诞派戏剧的特点
The Theatre of the Absurd is a term applied to a group of dramatists who were active in the 50s.The name was probably coined by Martin Esslin in his book The Theatre of the Absurd,published in 1961. 荒诞派戏剧是指一群活跃于 20 世纪 50 年代的剧作家所创作的戏剧。这个名称很可能是由马丁·埃斯林在他 1961 年出版的《荒诞派戏剧》一书中提出的。
"Absurd"originally means"out of harmony"or"inharmonious"in a musical context.Here it means"out of harmony with reason or propriety".It is a step further from what Joyce wrote in his works.Joyce was interested in depicting the psychology of the irrational,but at least the reader can understand the subconscious or even preconscious mind of the character described in his works.The generation after the first World War regarded the world as a waste land,but the generation after the second World War regarded the world as an irrational one. “荒诞”一词最初在音乐语境中意为“失调”或“不和谐”。在这里,它指的是“与理性或适当性不和谐”。这比乔伊斯作品中所表达的更进一步。乔伊斯关注描绘非理性的心理,但至少读者能够理解其作品中所描述人物的潜意识甚至前意识。第一次世界大战后的一代人将世界视为废墟,而第二次世界大战后的一代人则将世界视为一个非理性的世界。
The word"absurd"was first suggested by Camus in 1942 in The Myth of Sisyphus,in which Camus tries to diagnose the human situation in the world of shattered belief,as he said:"A world that can be explained by reasoning,however faulty,is a familiar world.But in a universe that is suddenly deprived of illusions and of light,man feels a stranger.He is an irremediable exile,because he is deprived of memories of a lost homeland as much as he lacks the hope of a promised land to come.This divorce between man and life,the actor and his setting,truly constitutes the feeling of Absurdity".According to Ionesco,who was born in Rumania but lived in Paris,"absurd"means"devoid of purpose...Cut off from his religious, metaphysical,and transcendental roots,man is lost,all his actions become senseless,absurd,and useless".The absurdity of human conditions is the main theme of the plays of the school of the Theatre of the Absurd.In the plays the dramatists express that life has no pattern of meaning or ultimate significance and that no activity is more or less valuable than another. “荒诞”一词最早由加缪在 1942 年的《西西弗神话》中提出,加缪试图诊断在信仰破碎的世界中人类的处境,他说:“一个可以用推理解释的世界,无论推理多么有缺陷,都是一个熟悉的世界。但在一个突然失去幻觉和光明的宇宙中,人感到陌生。他是一个无可救药的流亡者,因为他既失去了对失落故乡的记忆,也缺乏对未来应许之地的希望。人和生命之间,这个演员与其舞台之间的这种分离,真正构成了荒诞感。”根据出生于罗马尼亚但生活在巴黎的尤内斯库的说法,“荒诞”意味着“毫无目的……脱离了宗教、形而上学和超验根基的人迷失了,他的所有行为都变得毫无意义、荒诞且无用。”人类处境的荒诞性是荒诞派戏剧流派的主要主题。在这些戏剧中,剧作家表达了生活没有意义模式或终极意义,没有哪种活动比另一种更有价值。
5.Discuss Laura Wingfield in The Glass Menagerie. 5.讨论《玻璃动物园》中的劳拉·温菲尔德
The physically and emotionally crippled Laura is the only character in the play who never does anything to hurt anyone else.Despite the weight of her own problems,she displays a pure compassion-as with the tears she sheds over Tom's unhappiness,described by Amanda-that stands in stark contrast to the selfishness and grudging sacrifices that 身体和情感上都有残疾的劳拉是剧中唯一一个从未伤害过他人的角色。尽管她自身问题沉重,她却表现出纯粹的同情心——正如阿曼达所描述的,她为汤姆的不幸流下的眼泪——这与温菲尔德家中的自私和勉强的牺牲形成了鲜明对比。
characterize the Wingfield household.Laura also has the fewest lines in the play,which contributes to her aura of selflessness.Yet she is the axis around which the plot turns,and the most prominent symbols-blue roses,the glass unicorn, the entire glass menagerie-all in some sense represent her.Laura is as rare and peculiar as a blue rose or a unicorn,and she is as delicate as a glass figurine. 劳拉在剧中台词最少,这也增强了她无私的气质。然而,她是剧情转折的轴心,最显著的象征——蓝玫瑰、玻璃独角兽、整个玻璃动物园——在某种意义上都代表着她。劳拉如同蓝玫瑰或独角兽一样稀有而奇特,她也如同玻璃小雕像般脆弱
Other characters seem to assume that,like a piece of transparent glass,which is colorless until light shines upon it, Laura can take on whatever color they wish.Thus,Amanda both uses the contrast between herself and Laura to emphasize the glamour of her own youth and to fuel her hope of re-creating that youth through Laura.Tom and Jim both see Laura as an exotic creature,completely and rather quaintly foreign to the rest of the world.Yet Laura's crush on the high school hero, Jim,is a rather ordinary schoolgirl sentiment,and a girl as supposedly fragile as Laura could hardly handle the day she spends walking the streets in the cold to avoid going to typing class.Through actions like these,Laura repeatedly displays a will of her own that defies other's perceptions of her,and this will repeatedly go unacknowledged. 其他人物似乎认为,劳拉就像一块透明的玻璃,直到光线照射时才显现颜色,她可以呈现出他们希望的任何色彩。因此,阿曼达既利用自己与劳拉的对比来强调自己青春的光彩,也借此寄托通过劳拉重现青春的希望。汤姆和吉姆都将劳拉视为一种异国情调的生物,完全且颇为古怪地与世隔绝。然而,劳拉对高中英雄吉姆的暗恋其实是一种相当普通的少女情感,而一个被认为如此脆弱的女孩,几乎无法应对她那天为了躲避打字课而在寒冷中漫步街头的经历。通过这些行为,劳拉反复展现出一种与他人对她的看法相违背的自主意志,而这种意志却屡屡被忽视。
6.What does Laura's Glass Menagerie symbolize in The Glass Menagerie? 6.劳拉的玻璃动物园在《玻璃动物园》中象征着什么?
As the title of the play informs us,the glass menagerie,or collection of animals,is the play s central symbol.Laura's collection of glass animal figurines represents a number of facets of her personality.Like the figurines,Laura is delicate, fanciful,and somehow old-fashioned.Glass is transparent,but,when light is shined upon it correctly,it refracts an entire rainbow of colors.Similarly,Laura,though quiet and bland around strangers,is a source of strange,multifaceted delight to those who choose to look at her in the right light.The menagerie also represents the imaginative world to which Laura devotes herself-a world that is colorful and enticing but based on fragile illusions. 正如剧名所示,《玻璃动物园》中的玻璃动物收藏是剧中的核心象征。劳拉的玻璃动物小雕像代表了她个性的多个方面。像这些小雕像一样,劳拉既脆弱、富有幻想,又有些过时。玻璃是透明的,但当光线以正确的角度照射时,会折射出整道彩虹的色彩。同样,劳拉虽然在陌生人面前沉默寡言、平淡无奇,但对那些选择以正确眼光看待她的人来说,她是一个奇异、多面的快乐源泉。这个动物园也象征着劳拉所沉浸的想象世界——一个色彩斑斓、诱人却建立在脆弱幻象之上的世界。
7.What does The Glass Unicorn symbolize in The Glass Menagerie? 7.《玻璃动物园》中的玻璃独角兽象征着什么?
The glass unicorn in Laura s collection-significantly,her favorite figure-represents her peculiarity.As Jim points out,unicorns are"extinct"in modern times and are lonesome as a result of being different from other horses.Laura too is unusual,lonely,and ill-adapted to existence in the world in which she lives.The fate of the unicorn is also a smaller-scale version of Laura's fate.When Jim dances with and then kisses Laura,the unicorn s horn breaks off,and it becomes just another horse.Jim's advances endow Laura with a new normalcy,making her seem more like just another girl,but the violence with which this normalcy is thrust upon her means that Laura cannot become normal without somehow-shattering. Eventually,Laura gives Jim the unicorn as a"souvenir."Without its horn,the unicorn is more appropriate for him than for her,and the broken figurine represents all that he has taken from her and destroyed in her. 劳拉收藏中的玻璃独角兽——显著的是,她最喜欢的雕像——代表了她的特殊性。正如吉姆指出的,独角兽在现代已经“灭绝”,由于与其他马不同而孤独。劳拉同样不同寻常,孤独,并且难以适应她所生活的世界。独角兽的命运也是劳拉命运的一个缩影。当吉姆与劳拉跳舞并亲吻她时,独角兽的角断了,它变成了普通的马。吉姆的追求赋予了劳拉一种新的常态,使她看起来更像是普通女孩,但这种常态被强加的暴力意味着劳拉无法在不以某种方式——破碎——的情况下变得正常。最终,劳拉把独角兽作为“纪念品”送给了吉姆。没有了角的独角兽对他来说比对她更合适,而破碎的雕像代表了他从她身上夺走并摧毁的一切。
8.The themes in A Streetcar Named Desire. 8.《欲望号街车》中的主题。
a.Fantasy s Inability to Overcome Reality a.幻想无法战胜现实
Although Williams's protagonist in A Streetcar Named Desire is the romantic Blanche DuBois,the play is a work of social realism.Blanche explains to Mitch that she fibs because she refuses to accept the hand fate has dealt her.Lying to herself and to others allows her to make life appear as it should be rather than as it is.Stanley,a practical man firmly grounded in the physical world,disdains Blanche's fabrications and does everything he can to unravel them.The antagonistic relationship between Blanche and Stanley is a struggle between appearances and reality.It propels the play's plot and creates an overarching tension.Ultimately,Blanche s attempts to remake her own and Stella s existences-to rejuvenate her life and to save Stella from a life with Stanley-fail. 虽然威廉斯在《欲望号街车》中塑造的主角是浪漫的布兰奇·杜波依斯,但这部戏剧是一部社会现实主义作品。布兰奇向米奇解释说,她撒谎是因为她拒绝接受命运给予她的处境。对自己和他人撒谎使她能够让生活看起来应有的样子,而非现实的样子。斯坦利是一个脚踏实地、注重现实的人,他鄙视布兰奇的虚构故事,并尽一切努力揭穿它们。布兰奇与斯坦利之间的对立关系,是外表与现实之间的斗争。这推动了剧情的发展,并制造了整体的紧张氛围。最终,布兰奇试图重塑自己和斯特拉的生活——重振自己的生命并拯救斯特拉免于与斯坦利共度一生——都以失败告终
Williams suggests that fantasy is an important and useful tool.At the end of the play,Blanche's retreat into her own private fantasies enables her to partially shield herself from reality's harsh blows.Blanche's insanity emerges as she retreats fully into herself,leaving the objective world behind in order to avoid accepting reality.In order to escape fully,however, Blanche must come to perceive the exterior world as that which she imagines in her head.Thus,objective reality is not an antidote to Blanche's fantasy world;rather,Blanche adapts the exterior world to fit her delusions.In both the physical and the psychological realms,the boundary between fantasy and reality is permeable.Blanche's final,deluded happiness 威廉姆斯认为,幻想是一种重要且有用的工具。在剧末,布兰奇退回到她自己的私人幻想中,使她能够部分地保护自己免受现实的严酷打击。布兰奇的疯狂显现出来,当她完全退回到自我之中,抛弃客观世界以避免接受现实。然而,为了完全逃避,布兰奇必须将外部世界视为她脑海中所想象的那样。因此,客观现实并不是布兰奇幻想世界的解药;相反,布兰奇调整外部世界以适应她的妄想。在物理和心理领域中,幻想与现实之间的界限是渗透的。布兰奇最终的妄想幸福
suggests that,to some extent,fantasy is a vital force at play in every individual s experience,despite reality is inevitable triumph. 表明,在某种程度上,幻想是每个人经历中一种重要的力量,尽管现实不可避免地会胜利。
b.The Relationship between Sex and Death b.性与死亡的关系
Blanche's fear of death manifests itself in her fears of aging and of lost beauty.She refuses to tell anyone her true age or to appear in harsh light that will reveal her faded looks.She seems to believe that by continually asserting her sexuality, especially toward men younger than her-self,she will be able to avoid death and return to the world of teenage bliss she experienced before her husband's suicide. 布兰奇对死亡的恐惧表现为她对衰老和失去美貌的恐惧。她拒绝告诉任何人自己的真实年龄,也不愿出现在会暴露她憔悴容貌的强光下。她似乎相信,通过不断地宣示自己的性感,尤其是对比自己年轻的男性,她能够逃避死亡,回到丈夫自杀前她所经历的青春幸福世界
Williams suggests that Blanche's sexual history is in fact.Sex leads to death for others Blanche knows as well. Throughout the play,Blanche is haunted by the deaths of her ancestors,which she attributes to their"epic fornications".Her husband's suicide results from her disapproval of his homosexuality.The message is that indulging one's desire in the form of unrestrained promiscuity leads to forced departures and unwanted ends.In the play,when the Mexican woman appears selling"flowers for the dead",Blanche reacts with horror because the woman announces Blanche's fate.Her fall into madness can be read as the ending brought about by her dual flaws-her inability to act appropriately on her desire and her desperate fear of human mortality.Sex and death are intricately and fatally linked in Blanche's experience. 威廉姆斯认为,布兰奇的性历史实际上是如此。性对布兰奇认识的其他人来说同样意味着死亡。在整部剧中,布兰奇被她祖先的死亡所困扰,她将这些死亡归因于他们的“史诗般的乱交”。她丈夫的自杀源于她对他同性恋的反感。其信息是,放纵欲望,以无节制的滥交形式表现出来,会导致被迫离开和不愿意的结局。在剧中,当墨西哥女人出现卖“死者的花”时,布兰奇惊恐地反应,因为这女人预示了布兰奇的命运。她陷入疯狂可以被解读为由她的双重缺陷导致的结局——她无法恰当地处理自己的欲望,以及她对人类死亡的极度恐惧。性与死亡在布兰奇的经历中紧密且致命地联系在一起。
c.Dependence on Men c.对男性的依赖
A Streetcar Named Desire presents a sharp critique of the way the institutions and attitudes of postwar America placed restrictions on women's lives.Williams uses Blanche's and Stella's dependence on men to expose and criticize the treatment of women during the transition from the old to the new South.Both Blanche and Stella see male companions as their only means to achieve happiness,and they depend on men for both their sustenance and their self-image. 《欲望号街车》尖锐地批判了战后美国的制度和观念如何限制了女性的生活。威廉斯通过布兰奇和斯特拉对男性的依赖,揭示并批评了旧南方向新南方过渡时期女性所受到的待遇。布兰奇和斯特拉都将男性伴侣视为获得幸福的唯一途径,她们依赖男性来维持生活和自我形象
For herself,Blanche sees marriage to Mitch as her means of escaping destitution.Men's exploitation of Blanche's sexuality has left her with a poor reputation.This reputation makes Blanche an unattractive marriage prospect,but,because she is destitute,Blanche sees marriage as her only possibility for survival.When Mitch rejects Blanche because of Stanley's gossip about her reputation,Blanche immediately thinks of another man-the millionaire Shep Huntleigh-who might rescue her.Because Blanche cannot see around her dependence on men,she has no realistic conception of how to rescue herself.Blanche does not realize that her dependence on men will lead to her downfall rather than her salvation.By relying on men,Blanche puts her fate in the hands of others. 对她自己来说,布兰奇将与米奇的婚姻视为摆脱贫困的手段。男人对布兰奇性魅力的利用使她名声不佳。这个名声使布兰奇成为一个不受欢迎的婚姻对象,但因为她一贫如洗,布兰奇将婚姻视为她唯一的生存可能。当米奇因为斯坦利关于她名声的流言而拒绝布兰奇时,布兰奇立刻想到了另一个男人——百万富翁谢普·亨特利——可能会救她。由于布兰奇无法摆脱对男人的依赖,她对如何自救没有现实的认识。布兰奇没有意识到,她对男人的依赖将导致她的毁灭而非救赎。通过依赖男人,布兰奇将自己的命运交到了他人手中。
9.Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire. 9.《欲望号街车》中的布兰奇·杜波依斯
When the play begins,Blanche is already a fallen woman in society's eyes.Her family fortune and estate are gone,she lost her young husband to suicide years earlier,and she is a social pariah due to her in-discreet sexual behavior.She also has a bad drinking problem,which she covers up poorly.Behind her veneer of social snobbery and sexual propriety,Blanche is an insecure,dislocated individual.She is an aging Southern belle who lives in a state of perpetual panic about her fading beauty.Her manner is dainty and frail,and she sports a wardrobe of showy but cheap evening clothes.Stanley quickly sees through Blanche s act and seeks out information about her past. 当戏剧开始时,布兰奇在社会眼中已经是一个堕落的女人。她的家族财富和庄园已经消失,多年前她年轻的丈夫自杀身亡,由于她不检点的性行为,她成为了社会的弃儿。她还有严重的酗酒问题,但掩饰得很差。在她表面的社会势利和性端庄背后,布兰奇是一个不安全、迷失自我的人。她是一个逐渐老去的南方美女,生活在对自己逐渐消逝的美貌的持续恐慌中。她的举止娇嫩而脆弱,穿着一套华而不实但廉价的晚礼服。斯坦利很快看穿了布兰奇的伪装,并开始打听她的过去
In the Kowalski household,Blanche pretends to be a woman who has never known indignity.Her false propriety is not simply snobbery,however;it constitutes a calculated attempt to make herself appear attractive to new male suitors.Blanche depends on male sexual admiration for her sense of self-esteem,which means that she has often succumbed to passion.By marrying,Blanche hopes to escape poverty and the bad reputation that haunts her.But because the chivalric Southern gentleman savior and caretaker(represented by Shep Huntleigh)she hopes will rescue her is extinct,Blanche is left with no realistic possibility of future happiness.As Blanche sees it,Mitch is her only chance for contentment,even though he is far from her ideal. 在科瓦尔斯基家中,布兰奇假装自己是一个从未遭受屈辱的女性。然而,她的虚假端庄不仅仅是势利;这是一种经过计算的尝试,旨在让自己在新的男性追求者面前显得有吸引力。布兰奇依赖男性的性赞赏来维持自尊,这意味着她经常屈服于激情。通过结婚,布兰奇希望逃离贫困和困扰她的坏名声。但由于她希望拯救她的骑士般的南方绅士救星和照顾者(以谢普·亨特利为代表)已经灭绝,布兰奇没有现实的未来幸福可能性。在布兰奇看来,米奇是她获得满足的唯一机会,尽管他远非她的理想对象
Stanley's relentless persecution of Blanche foils her pursuit of Mitch as well as her attempts to shield herself from the harsh truth of her situation.The play chronicles the subsequent crumbling of Blanche's self-image and sanity.Stanley himself takes the final stabs at Blanche,destroying the remainder of her sexual and mental esteem by raping her and then committing her to an insane asylum.In the end,Blanche blindly allows herself to be led away by a kind doctor,ignoring her 斯坦利对布兰奇的无情迫害挫败了她追求米奇的努力,也破坏了她试图保护自己免受现实残酷真相伤害的尝试。剧本记录了布兰奇自我形象和理智随之崩溃的过程。斯坦利本人对布兰奇进行了最后的打击,通过强奸她并将她送进精神病院,摧毁了她剩余的性尊严和精神尊严。最终,布兰奇盲目地让一位善良的医生带走自己,忽视了她姐姐的呼喊。
sister's cries.This final image is the sad culmination of Blanche's vanity and total dependence upon men for happiness. 这个最终画面是布兰奇虚荣心和完全依赖男性获得幸福的悲惨顶点。
10.Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman. 10.《推销员之死》中的威利·洛曼
Despite his desperate searching through his past,Willy does not achieve the self-realization or self-knowledge typical of the tragic hero.The quasi-resolution that his suicide offers him represents only a partial discovery of the truth.While he achieves a professional understanding of himself and the fundamental nature of the sales profession,Willy fails to realize his personal failure and betrayal of his soul and family through the meticulously constructed artifice of his life.He cannot grasp the true personal,emotional,spiritual understanding of himself as a literal"lo-man"or"low man."Willy is too driven by his own"willy"-ness or perverse"willfulness"to recognize the slanted reality that his desperate mind has forged.Still, many critics,focusing on Willy's entrenchment in a quagmire of lies,delusions,and self-deceptions,ignore the significant accomplishment of his partial self-realization.Willy's failure to recognize the anguished love offered to him by his family is crucial to the climax of his torturous day,and the play presents this incapacity as the real tragedy.Despite this failure,Willy makes the most extreme sacrifice in his attempt to leave an inheritance that will allow Biff to fulfill the American Dream. 尽管威利拼命地回顾过去,但他并未达到悲剧英雄典型的自我觉醒或自我认知。他自杀所带来的准解决方案仅代表对真相的部分发现。虽然他对自己以及销售职业的基本本质有了专业的理解,但威利未能意识到自己通过精心构筑的生活假象所造成的个人失败和对灵魂及家庭的背叛。他无法真正理解自己作为一个字面意义上的“低人一等”或“卑微之人”的个人、情感和精神层面的真实自我。威利过于被自己的“威利性”或扭曲的“任性”所驱使,无法认清他那绝望心灵所构建的歪曲现实。然而,许多批评家专注于威利陷入谎言、妄想和自我欺骗的泥潭,忽视了他部分自我觉醒这一重要成就。威利未能识别家人给予他的痛苦之爱,这一点对他那折磨人的一天的高潮至关重要,戏剧将这种无能视为真正的悲剧。尽管如此,威利仍做出了最极端的牺牲,试图留下遗产以便让… 比夫实现美国梦。
11.Biff in Death of a Salesman. 11.《推销员之死》中的比夫
Unlike Willy and Happy,Biff feels compelled to seek the truth about himself.While his father and brother are unable to accept the miserable reality of their respective lives,Biff acknowledges his failure and eventually manages to confront it. Even the difference between his name and theirs reflects this polarity:whereas Willy and Happy willfully and happily delude themselves,Biff bristles stiffly at self-deception.Biff's discovery that Willy has a mistress strips him of his faith in Willy and Willy's ambitions for him.Consequently,Willy sees Biff as an underachiever,while Biff sees himself as trapped in Willy's grandiose fantasies.After his epiphany in Bill Oliver's office,Biff determines to break through the lies surrounding the Loman family in order to come to realistic terms with his own life.Intent on revealing the simple and humble truth behind Willy's fantasy,Biff longs for the territory(the symbolically free West)obscured by his father's blind faith in a skewed,materialist version of the American Dream.Biff's identity crisis is a function of his and his father's disillusionment,which,in order to reclaim his identity,he must expose. 与威利和哈皮不同,比夫感到有必要去寻找关于他自己的真相。虽然他的父亲和兄弟无法接受各自生活中悲惨的现实,比夫承认了自己的失败,并最终设法面对它。甚至他的名字与他们的不同也反映了这种对立:威利和哈皮自愿且快乐地自我欺骗,而比夫则对自我欺骗感到强烈反感。比夫发现威利有情妇,这剥夺了他对威利以及威利对他的抱负的信任。因此,威利认为比夫是个不成器的人,而比夫则觉得自己被困在威利宏伟幻想中。在比尔·奥利弗办公室的顿悟之后,比夫决心打破围绕洛曼家族的谎言,以便现实地面对自己的生活。比夫渴望揭示威利幻想背后简单而谦卑的真相,渴望那个被他父亲对扭曲的、物质主义版本的美国梦盲目信仰所遮蔽的领域(象征性地自由的西部)。比夫的身份危机是他和他父亲幻灭的结果,为了重新找回自我,他必须揭露这一切。
12.Happy in Death of a Salesman. 12.《推销员之死》中的哈皮
Happy shares none of the poetry that erupts from Biff and that is buried in Willy-he is the stunted incarnation of Willy's worst traits and the embodiment of the lie of the happy American Dream.As such,Happy is a difficult character with whom to empathize.He is one-dimensional and static throughout the play.His empty vow to avenge Willy's death by finally"beat[ing]this racket"provides evidence of his critical condition:for Happy,who has lived in the shadow of the inflated expectations of his brother,there is no escape from the Dream's indoctrinated lies.Happy's diseased condition is irreparable-he lacks even the tiniest spark of self-knowledge or capacity for self-analysis.He does share Willy's capacity for self-delusion,trumpeting himself as the assistant buyer at his store,when,in reality,he is only an assistant to the assistant buyer.He does not possess a hint of the latent thirst for knowledge that proves Biff's salvation.Happy is a doomed,utterly duped figure,destined to be swallowed up by the force of blind ambition that fuels his insatiable sex drive. 哈皮一点也没有比夫身上迸发出的诗意,也没有威利心中埋藏的诗意——他是威利最糟糕性格的畸形化身,是虚假的美国梦的化身。因此,哈皮是一个难以引起同情的角色。他在整部剧中都是单一维度且静止不变的。他空洞的誓言,要通过最终“打败这场骗局”来为威利的死复仇,证明了他的危急状态:对于哈皮来说,他一直生活在哥哥膨胀的期望阴影下,无法逃脱梦境灌输的谎言。哈皮的病态状况是无法修复的——他甚至缺乏最微小的自我认知火花或自我分析能力。他确实拥有威利的自我欺骗能力,自夸自己是商店的助理买手,而实际上他只是助理买手的助理。他没有比夫那种潜在的求知欲,这种求知欲证明了比夫的救赎。哈皮是一个注定失败、彻底被愚弄的人物,注定被盲目野心的力量吞噬,而这种野心驱动着他永不满足的性欲。
13.Linda and Charley in Death of a Salesman. 13.《推销员之死》中的琳达和查理
Linda and Charley serve as forces of reason throughout the play.Linda is probably the most enigmatic and complex character in Death of a Salesman,or even in all of Miller's work.Linda views freedom as an escape from debt,the reward of total ownership of the material goods that symbolize success and stability.Willy's prolonged obsession with the American Dream seems,over the long years of his marriage,to have left Linda internally conflicted.Nevertheless,Linda, by far the toughest,most realistic,and most levelheaded character in the play,appears to have kept her emotional life intact. As such,she represents the emotional core of the drama. 琳达和查理在整部剧中充当理性的力量。琳达可能是《推销员之死》中,甚至是米勒所有作品中最神秘复杂的角色。琳达将自由视为摆脱债务的逃脱,是对象征成功与稳定的物质财富完全拥有的回报。威利对美国梦的长期执着,似乎在他漫长的婚姻岁月中,使琳达内心产生了矛盾。然而,琳达作为剧中最坚强、最现实、最冷静的角色,似乎保持了她的情感生活完整。因此,她代表了这部戏剧的情感核心。
If Linda is a sort of emotional prophet,overcome by the inevitable end that she foresees with startling clarity,then Charley 如果说琳达是一位情感上的先知,被她以惊人清晰度预见到的不可避免的结局所压倒,那么查理
functions as a sort of poetic prophet or sage.Miller portrays Charley as ambiguously gendered or effeminate,much like Tiresias,the mythological seer in Sophocles'Oedipus plays.Whereas Linda's lucid diagnosis of Willy's rapid decline is made possible by her emotional sanity,Charley's prognosis of the situation is logical,grounded firmly in practical reasoned analysis.He recognizes Willy's financial failure,and the job offer that he extends to Willy constitutes a commonsense solution.Though he is not terribly fond of Willy,Charley understands his plight and shields him from blame. 充当一种诗意的先知或智者。米勒将查理描绘成性别模糊或女性化的形象,类似于索福克勒斯《俄狄浦斯王》中神话中的预言者提瑞西阿斯。琳达对威利迅速衰退的清晰诊断源于她的情感理智,而查理对局势的预判则是逻辑性的,牢牢基于实际的理性分析。他认识到威利的经济失败,他向威利提出的工作邀请构成了一个常识性的解决方案。尽管他并不特别喜欢威利,查理理解他的困境并为他挡责。
14.Themes of Death of a Salesman. 14.《推销员之死》的主题
The American Dream:Willy believes wholeheartedly in what he considers the promise of the American Dream-that a "well liked"and"personally attractive"man in business will indubitably and deservedly acquire the material comforts offered by modern American life.Oddly,his fixation with the superficial qualities of attractiveness and likeability is at odds with a more gritty,more rewarding understanding of the American Dream that identifies hard work without complaint as the key to success.Willy's interpretation of likeability is superficial-he childishly dislikes Bernard because he considers Bernard a nerd.Willy's blind faith in his stunted version of the American Dream leads to his rapid psychological decline when he is unable to accept the disparity between the Dream and his own life. 美国梦:威利全心全意相信他所认为的美国梦的承诺——一个“受欢迎的”和“个人有魅力的”商人必然且理应获得现代美国生活所提供的物质享受。奇怪的是,他对外表吸引力和受欢迎程度的执着,与对美国梦更为坚韧、更有价值的理解相矛盾,后者认为不抱怨的辛勤工作才是成功的关键。威利对受欢迎程度的理解是肤浅的——他幼稚地不喜欢伯纳德,因为他认为伯纳德是书呆子。威利对他那狭隘版本的美国梦的盲目信仰导致了他的心理迅速崩溃,因为他无法接受梦想与自己生活之间的差距
Abandonment:Willy's life charts a course from one abandonment to the next,leaving him in greater despair each time. Willy's father leaves him and Ben when Willy is very young,leaving Willy neither a tangible(money)nor an intangible (history)legacy.Ben eventually departs for Alaska,leaving Willy to lose himself in a warped vision of the American Dream.Likely a result of these early experiences,Willy develops a fear of abandonment,which makes him want his family to conform to the American Dream.His efforts to raise perfect sons,however,reflect his inability to understand reality.The young Biff,whom Willy considers the embodiment of promise,drops Willy and Willy's zealous ambitions for him when he finds out about Willy's adultery.Biff's ongoing inability to succeed in business furthers his estrangement from Willy.When, at Frank's Chop House,Willy finally believes that Biff is on the cusp of greatness,Biff shatters Willy's illusions and,along with Happy,abandons the deluded,babbling Willy in the washroom. 遗弃:威利的人生轨迹是一段接一段的遗弃,每一次都让他陷入更深的绝望。威利的父亲在他很小的时候就离开了他和本,既没有留下实质的(金钱)遗产,也没有留下无形的(历史)遗产。本最终前往阿拉斯加,留下威利沉迷于扭曲的美国梦。很可能正是这些早期经历导致威利产生了对遗弃的恐惧,这使得他希望自己的家庭能够符合美国梦。然而,他努力培养完美儿子的行为,反映出他无法理解现实。年轻时的比夫,被威利视为希望的化身,但当他发现威利的不忠行为后,便放弃了威利和威利对他的狂热期望。比夫在商业上的持续失败进一步加深了他与威利的疏远。当威利在弗兰克的牛排馆终于相信比夫即将取得伟大成就时,比夫却粉碎了威利的幻想,并与哈皮一起,在洗手间里遗弃了这个妄想且喃喃自语的威利
Betrayal:Willy's primary obsession throughout the play is what he considers to be Biff's betrayal of his ambitions for him. Willy believes that he has every right to expect Biff to fulfill the promise inherent in him.When Biff walks out on Willy's ambitions for him,Willy takes this rejection as a personal affront(he associates it with"insult"and"spite").Willy,after all, is a salesman,and Biff's ego-crushing rebuff ultimately reflects Willy's inability to sell him on the American Dream-the product in which Willy himself believes most faithfully.Willy assumes that Biff's betrayal stems from Biff's discovery of Willy's affair with The Woman-a betrayal of Linda's love.Whereas Willy feels that Biff has betrayed him,Biff feels that Willy,a"phony little fake,"has betrayed him with his unending stream of ego-stroking lies. 背叛:威利在整部剧中主要执着于他认为比夫对他抱负的背叛。威利相信他完全有权期待比夫实现他内在的承诺。当比夫放弃了威利对他的期望时,威利将这种拒绝视为对他个人的侮辱(他将其与“侮辱”和“恶意”联系在一起)。毕竟,威利是个推销员,而比夫对他的自尊心的打击最终反映了威利无法向他推销美国梦——威利自己最忠实信仰的产品。威利认为比夫的背叛源于比夫发现了威利与那个女人的婚外情——对琳达爱的背叛。威利觉得比夫背叛了他,而比夫则觉得威利这个“虚伪的小骗子”用他那无休止的自我吹嘘的谎言背叛了他。
15.Discuss"The American Dream"in Death of a Salesman. 15.讨论《推销员之死》中的“美国梦”
Willy believes wholeheartedly in what he considers the promise of the American Dream-that a"well liked"and "personally attractive"man in business will indubitably and deservedly acquire the material comforts offered by modern American life.Oddly,his fixation with the superficial qualities of attractiveness and like ability is at odds with a gritty,more rewarding understanding of the American Dream that identifies hard work without complaint as the key to success.Willy's interpretation of like ability is superficial-he childishly dislikes Bernard because he considers Bernard a nerd.Willy's blind faith in his stunted version of the American Dream leads to his rapid psychological decline when he is unable to accept the disparity between the Dream and his own life. 威利全心全意地相信他所认为的美国梦的承诺——一个“受人喜爱”和“个人魅力十足”的商人无疑会理所当然地获得现代美国生活所提供的物质享受。奇怪的是,他对外表吸引力和受欢迎程度的执着,与一种更为坚韧且更有价值的美国梦理解相矛盾,后者认为不抱怨的辛勤工作才是成功的关键。威利对受欢迎程度的理解是肤浅的——他幼稚地不喜欢伯纳德,因为他认为伯纳德是个书呆子。威利对他那狭隘版本的美国梦的盲目信仰导致了他的心理迅速崩溃,因为他无法接受梦想与自己生活之间的差距。
16.Discuss the meanings of symbols in Death of a Salesman.(当然这个答案也可以作为 writing features 的回答) 16.讨论《推销员之死》中象征的意义。(当然这个答案也可以作为写作特点的回答)
Seeds:Seeds represent for Willy the opportunity to prove the worth of his labor,both as a salesman and a father.His desperate,nocturnal attempt to grow vegetables signifies his shame about barely being able to put food on the table and having nothing to leave his children when he passes.Willy feels that he has worked hard but fears that he will not be able to help his offspring any more than his own abandoning father helped him.The seeds also symbolize Willy's sense of failure 种子:种子对威利来说代表着证明自己劳动价值的机会,无论是作为推销员还是作为父亲。他那绝望的夜间种菜尝试,象征着他对自己勉强维持生计、几乎无法养家糊口以及死后无物留给子女的羞愧感。威利觉得自己努力工作,但又害怕自己无法帮助子女,正如他被遗弃的父亲当年未能帮助他一样。种子也象征着威利对自己与比夫关系的失败感。
with Biff.Despite the American Dream's formula for success,which Willy considers infallible,Willy's efforts to cultivate and nurture Biff went awry.Realizing that his all-American football star has turned into a lazy bum,Willy takes Biff's failure and lack of ambition as a reflection of his abilities as a father. 尽管美国梦有一套成功的公式,威利认为这套公式是万无一失的,但他培养和呵护比夫的努力却失败了。意识到他那全美橄榄球明星儿子变成了一个懒汉,威利将比夫的失败和缺乏抱负视为自己作为父亲能力的反映
Diamonds:To Willy,diamonds represent tangible wealth and,hence,both validation of one's labor(and life)and the ability to pass material goods on to one's offspring,two things that Willy desperately craves.Correlatively,diamonds,the discovery of which made Ben a fortune,symbolize Willy's failure as a salesman.Despite Willy's belief in the American Dream,a belief unwavering to the extent that he passed up the opportunity to go with Ben to Alaska,the Dream's promise of financial security has eluded Willy.At the end of the play,Ben encourages Willy to enter the"jungle"finally and retrieve this elusive diamond-that is,to kill himself for insurance money in order to make his life meaningful. 钻石:对威利来说,钻石代表着实实在在的财富,因此既是对自己劳动(和生命)的肯定,也是将物质财富传给后代的能力,这两点是威利极度渴望的。相应地,钻石——本因发现钻石而发家致富——象征着威利作为推销员的失败。尽管威利坚信美国梦,这种信念坚定到他放弃了跟本去阿拉斯加的机会,但美国梦所承诺的经济保障始终未能实现。在剧末,本鼓励威利最终进入“丛林”,去取回这颗难以捉摸的钻石——也就是通过自杀获取保险金,从而赋予自己生命意义
Linda's and The Woman's Stockings:Willy's strange obsession with the condition of Linda's stockings foreshadows his later flashback to Biff's discovery of him and The Woman in their Boston hotel room.The teenage Biff accuses Willy of giving away Linda's stockings to The Woman.Stockings assume a metaphorical weight as the symbol of betrayal and sexual infidelity.New stockings are important for both Willy's pride in being financially successful and thus able to provide for his family and for Willy's ability to ease his guilt about,and suppress the memory of,his betrayal of Linda and Biff. 琳达的丝袜与那个女人的丝袜:威利对琳达丝袜状况的奇怪执着预示了他后来回忆起比夫发现他与那个女人在波士顿酒店房间的情景。少年比夫指责威利把琳达的丝袜送给了那个女人。丝袜在这里具有隐喻意义,象征背叛和性不忠。新丝袜对威利来说既是他经济成功、能够养家糊口的自豪感的体现,也是他缓解内疚、压抑对背叛琳达和比夫记忆的手段。
(注:Linda 是男主的妻子,the Woman 是男主出轨的对象)
The Rubber Hose(橡胶管):The rubber hose is a stage prop that reminds the audience of Willy's desperate attempts at suicide.He has apparently attempted to kill himself by inhaling gas,which is,ironically,the very substance essential to one of the most basic elements with which he must equip his home for his family's health and comfort-heat.Literal death by inhaling gas parallels the metaphorical death that Willy feels in his struggle to afford such a basic necessity. 橡胶管:橡胶管是一个舞台道具,提醒观众威利绝望自杀的尝试。他显然曾试图通过吸入煤气自杀,讽刺的是,煤气正是他为了家人的健康和舒适必须为家中配备的最基本元素之一——取暖所必需的。通过吸入煤气而导致的字面上的死亡,与威利在努力负担这一基本生活必需品时所感受到的隐喻性死亡相呼应
选段及选段分析:(标下划线的词句为识别标志)
1.Joseph Heller 1.约瑟夫·海勒
He was a hero now,the biggest hero the Air Force had,Yossarian felt,for he had flown more combat tours of duty than any other hero the Air Force had.He had flown six combat tours of duty.Hungry Joe had finished flying his first combat tour of duty when twenty-five missions were all that were necessary for him to pack his bags,write happy letters home and begin hounding Sergeant Towser humorously for the arrival of the orders rotating him back to the States. 约萨连觉得,他现在是英雄,是空军中最大的英雄,因为他执行的战斗任务比空军中任何其他英雄都多。他执行了六次战斗任务。饥饿乔完成了他的第一次战斗任务,当时只需完成二十五次任务,他就可以收拾行李,给家里写快乐的信,并开始幽默地催促陶瑟中士,催促调令快点到来,让他轮换回国。
Catch-22(2013 北语)
2.Arthur Miller 2.亚瑟·米勒
ILLY:Why did he come home I would like to know what brought him home. 伊利:我想知道他为什么回来了,我想知道是什么让他回来的
LINDA:I don't know.I think he's still lost,Willy.I think he's very lost. 琳达:我不知道。我觉得他还是迷失了,威利。我觉得他非常迷失。
WILLY:Biff Lowman is lost.In the greatest country in the world a young man with such personal attractiveness,gets lost. And such a hard worker.There's one thing about Biff-he's not lazy. 威利:比夫·洛曼迷失了。在这个世界上最伟大的国家里,一个有着如此个人魅力的年轻人,竟然迷失了。还是这么勤奋的人。比夫有一点——他不懒。
Death of a Salesman(2013 北语) 《推销员之死》(2013 北语)
WILLY:(turning on him now in an uncontrolled outburst)I am not a dime a dozen!I am Willy Loman,and you are Biff Loman.Biff starts for Willy,but is blocked by Happy.In his fury,Biff seems on the verge of attacking his father. 威利:(现在失控地转向他,爆发出怒火)我不是随便一个!我是威利·洛曼,你是比夫·洛曼。比夫向威利冲去,但被哈皮挡住了。在愤怒中,比夫似乎快要攻击他的父亲了
BIFF:I am not a leader of men,Willy,and neither are you.You were never anything but a hard-working drummer who landed in the ash can like all the rest of them!I'm one dollar an hour,Willy!I tried seven states and couldn't raise it.A buck an hour!Do you gather my meaning?I'm not bringing home any prizes anymore,and you're going to stop waiting for me to bring them home! 比夫:我不是领导者,威利,你也不是。你从来不过是个勤奋的鼓手,最后和他们一样落得个垃圾堆里!我一小时才挣一美元,威利!我跑了七个州都没能涨工资。一小时一美元!你明白我的意思吗?我不再带回任何奖品了,你得停止等我带奖品回家!
WILLY:(directly to Biff)you vengeful,spiteful mut!Biff breaks from Happy .Willy,in fright,starts up the stairs.Biff 威利:(直接对比夫说)你这个怀恨在心、恶毒的混蛋!比夫挣脱了哈皮。威利害怕地开始往楼上走。比夫
grabs him. 抓住了他。
BIFF:(at the peak of his fury)Pop,I'm nothing!I'm nothing,Pop.Can't you understand that?There's no spite in it anymore.I'm just what I am,that's all. 比夫:(怒火中烧)爸,我什么都不是!我什么都不是,爸。你难道不明白吗?我已经不带任何怨恨了。我就是我,仅此而已
WILLY:(astonished)What're you doing?What're you doing?(To Linda)Why is he crying? WILLY:(惊讶地)你在做什么?你在做什么?(对琳达说)他为什么哭?
BIFF:(crying,broken)Will you let me go,for Christ's sake?Will you take that phony dream and burn it before something happens?(Struggling to contain himself,he pulls away and moves to the stars.)I'll go in the morning.Put him-put him to bed.(Exhausted,Biff moves up the stairs to his room.) BIFF:(哭泣,哽咽)你能放过我吗,求你了?你能把那个虚假的梦想烧掉吗,免得出事?(努力控制自己,他挣脱开,走向星星。)我明天早上走。把他——把他哄睡吧。(筋疲力尽,毕夫上楼回自己的房间。)
Death of a Salesman(2020 北语) 《推销员之死》(2020 北语)
(2020 年是以上段落,但画线部分能确定的只有第二个,第一个也很有名,所以附了这两句的分析。题如下: Explain the underlines words
Explain the title of this play 解释这部戏剧的标题
Relate this play to a very important theme in American literature and use other works from American literature to elaborate on this theme.(这道题结合美国梦、资本主义、劳动的价值、梦想的幻灭等等主题来讲都可以,因为前面对主题有过论述,在此就不赘述了))
1)Analysis this quote"I am not a leader of men,Willy,and neither are you.You were never anything but a hard-working drummer who landed in the ash can like all the rest of them!" 1)分析这句话:“我不是领导者,威利,你也不是。你不过是个勤奋的推销员,最终和其他人一样落得个被丢进垃圾桶的下场!”
Biff Loman makes this admission to his father near the end of Death of a Salesman.Throughout the play,Willy consistently berates his adult son for not living up to the potential Willy saw in him as a young man.Willy believes that Biff is obstinate and has become a failure as an act of rebellion. 比夫·洛曼在《推销员之死》结尾处向他的父亲坦白了这番话。在整部剧中,威利不断责备他成年的儿子没有达到他年轻时对他的期望。威利认为比夫固执己见,成为失败者是出于反抗。
We see in a flashback that Biff,at a critical turning point in his life,was deeply affected by seeing his father with another woman during one of his sales trips.Willy believes that the falling-out he had with his son is the reason that Biff is still not successful.He accuses Biff of ruining his life with"spite."From Biff's interactions with other characters,however,we can observe that he no longer holds a grudge and is actually distant because of his father's relentless criticism. 我们在回忆中看到,比夫在人生的关键转折点上,因看到父亲在一次销售旅行中与另一名女子在一起而深受打击。威利认为他与儿子的决裂是比夫至今未能成功的原因。他指责比夫用“怨恨”毁了他的生活。然而,从比夫与其他角色的互动中,我们可以观察到,他不再怀恨在心,实际上是因为父亲无休止的批评而保持距离
From this quote,we learn that Biff has struggled throughout adult life and now sees himself honestly-as a shiftless man in his thirties who lacks the talent,work ethic,and temperament for the kind of commercial success his father expects.He now knows that,contrary to his father's beliefs,good looks and charm are not enough,and that the easy triumphs of youth are gone,never to come again.Biff has accepted his limitations and just wants to live in peace,working with his hands under the open sky. 从这段话中,我们了解到比夫在成年后一直在挣扎,现在他诚实地看待自己——一个三十多岁的游手好闲者,缺乏父亲所期望的那种商业成功所需的才能、职业道德和性格。他现在明白了,与父亲的信念相反,外表和魅力并不足够,青春时期的轻松胜利已经过去,永远不会再来。比夫接受了自己的局限,只想平静地生活,在开阔的天空下用双手劳动
The true barrier between Willy and Biff is Willy's refusal to see his son as the man he really is.Biff knows his life is not going to get much better,so it's pointless for him to go around feeling bad about himself.His father's lingering disappointment is not motivating him at this point,it's just hurting them both.So in a final plea,Biff speaks the above quote, hoping to break down the barrier by disabusing his father of his delusions so that they can-for once-love and accept one another without the burden of unrealistic expectations.Biff's words are effective,and Willy is taken aback,stunned at the knowledge that his son really loves him.Ironically,it is this final moment of connection that spurs Willy to kill himself, believing that his son will be able to use the insurance money to finally set himself up. 威利和比夫之间真正的障碍是威利拒绝看到他的儿子真实的样子。比夫知道他的生活不会有太大改善,所以他觉得自怨自艾毫无意义。他父亲持续的失望此刻并没有激励他,反而只是在伤害他们俩。因此,在最后的恳求中,比夫说出了上述的话,希望通过打破父亲的幻想来打破他们之间的隔阂,这样他们才能——至少这一次——在没有不切实际期望的负担下相爱并接受彼此。比夫的话起了作用,威利感到震惊,惊讶于儿子真的爱他。具有讽刺意味的是,正是这最后的连接时刻促使威利自杀,他相信儿子能够用保险赔偿金最终安顿好自己。
2)Analysis this quote"Will you take that phony dream and burn it before something happens?" 2)分析这句台词“你会把那个虚假的梦想烧掉吗,免得发生什么事?”
This sentence is Biff's criticism of his father's unrealistic dream.Unlike Willy and Happy,Biff feels compelled to seek the truth about himself.While his father and brother are unable to accept the miserable reality of their respective lives,Biff acknowledges his failure and eventually manages to confront it.After much realization and thinking,he comes to the conclusion that his life has been nothing but a byproduct of Willy Loman's personal dreams.That his father's eternal quest for his own idea of the American Dream has somehow trespassed into Biff's own psyche,making Biff almost make the same mistakes as Willy has.In this sentence,Biff points out the unreality of his father's dreams.Willy is neither a successful man nor has he ever had a chance to be successful.Moreover,"before something happens"is also a hint of the tragic development of the plot:the suicide of Willy Loman. 这句话是比夫对他父亲不切实际梦想的批评。与威利和哈皮不同,比夫感到有必要去寻找关于他自己的真相。虽然他的父亲和兄弟无法接受各自生活中悲惨的现实,比夫却承认了自己的失败,并最终设法面对它。经过多次觉悟和思考,他得出结论:他的生活不过是威利·洛曼个人梦想的副产品。他父亲对自己心中美国梦的永恒追求,不知不觉侵入了比夫的内心,使比夫几乎犯下了与威利相同的错误。在这句话中,比夫指出了他父亲梦想的不现实。威利既不是一个成功的人,也从未有机会成功。此外,“在某事发生之前”也暗示了剧情的悲剧发展:威利·洛曼的自杀。
3)Explain the title of this play. 3)解释这部戏剧的标题。
The title has several layers of meaning. 这个标题有多层含义。
Physical death of a salesman:On the literal level,it is,indeed,about the death of the salesman,Willy Loman.At the end of this play,Willy Loman decides to end his life for leaving a lot of money for his family. 推销员的肉体死亡:从字面上看,这确实是关于推销员威利·洛曼的死亡。在这部戏剧的结尾,威利·洛曼决定结束自己的生命,以便为家人留下大量的钱
The death of Willy's American Dream:The title also refers to the death of Willy's salesman dream-the dream to be financially successful and a father to hotshot sons.Willy Loman realizes that as a salesman,he doesn't"put a bolt to a nut, he don't tell you the law or give you medicine";a salesman just sells,with nothing to show for his efforts,except,at the highest level,money,a materialistic reward that can be gone in a moment.Willy spends his life working for material goods, and at the end of the play,after his suicide to provide the family with money,his wife only has a house that is paid for Linda says,"We're free and clear,"yet her husband is dead.Thus,the American Dream,to have more things is actually the death of what once defined America,the strength of the American spirit.Willy Loman represents us all-those who become entrapped by the wrong dream and sacrifice life.This point is illustrated best by Willy's garden:his attempt to actually grow something,yet his house is surrounded by a"solid vault of apartment houses."Obviously,Miller uses strong imagery in the opening scene description illustrating Willy Loman's prison. 威利美国梦的破灭:标题也指向了威利推销员梦想的破灭——成为经济成功者和拥有出色儿子的父亲的梦想。威利·洛曼意识到,作为一名推销员,他“不装配螺栓,也不告诉你法律或开药方”;推销员只是卖东西,除了最高层次的金钱——一种物质奖励,瞬间可能消失——之外,没有任何成果可展示。威利一生为物质财富而工作,在戏剧结尾,他为了给家人留钱而自杀,妻子手里只有一栋已付清的房子。琳达说:“我们自由了,清清楚楚的”,但她的丈夫已经去世。因此,美国梦——拥有更多物质——实际上是曾经定义美国的东西的死亡,即美国精神的力量。威利·洛曼代表了我们所有人——那些被错误梦想困住并为之牺牲生命的人。这一点通过威利的花园得到了最好的体现:他试图真正种植些什么,但他的房子被“一座座公寓楼的坚固围墙”包围。显然,米勒在开场景的描述中使用了强烈的意象,展示了威利·洛曼的囚笼
Attacking American capitalism(American dream):On a larger level,the title could be taking yet another swipe at capitalism and the American Dream.Miller's focus on Willy's identity as a salesman not as a father or a husband can be explained as his awareness of the dangers of modernity.Modernity that has kicked off during the decades of the 50s was taking firm roots in the United States,making various professionals entirely obsolete.In this background,it was posing serious threats to different professions.Willy Loman's profession was one of them. 攻击美国资本主义(美国梦):从更广泛的层面来看,标题可能是在再次抨击资本主义和美国梦。米勒对威利作为推销员身份的关注,而非作为父亲或丈夫的身份,可以解释为他对现代性危险的意识。现代性在 50 年代的几十年间开始兴起,并在美国扎根,使得各种职业变得完全过时。在这种背景下,它对不同职业构成了严重威胁。威利·洛曼的职业就是其中之一
The ironical color of the word"death":Finally,the word"death"in the title draws the reader's attention to the death of the protagonist,especially his funeral.And Willy Loman's ideal funeral and the fact of the funeral is completely different. He wants a massive funeral with everyone weeping and beating their chests and so forth.Willy models this dream funeral on the service held for an old salesman named Dave Singleman.Singleman's funeral is in fact part of what inspired Willy to become a salesman in the first place.Willy says that it was huge and well-attended,making it totally obvious to all that Singleman was successful and well-liked.In some ways,Willy seems to measure the worth of a man by size of his funeral. Unfortunately for Willy,his funeral is nothing like the way he describes Singleman's.Hardly anybody comes at all.By Willy's own standards,his funeral shows that he wasn't very successful and wasn't particularly liked.The massive chasm between how Willy dreams that his death will be received and how it actually goes down makes this title sadly ironic. (这道题要从"否定"的角度去思考答题思路,即,为什么不叫 Death of Willy Loman or Father or Husband?Death 什么意思?是表面上的死亡吗?另外,这道题的答案也可以用来回答:"How does the play's title contradict the ideal and the real in the play?") “死亡”一词的讽刺色彩:最后,标题中的“死亡”一词吸引了读者对主人公死亡的关注,尤其是他的葬礼。而威利·洛曼理想中的葬礼与实际的葬礼完全不同。他希望有一个盛大的葬礼,所有人都在哭泣、捶胸顿足等等。威利将这个理想的葬礼模仿成一位名叫戴夫·辛格尔曼的老推销员的葬礼。辛格尔曼的葬礼实际上是激励威利最初成为推销员的部分原因。威利说那场葬礼规模庞大,出席者众多,显而易见地表明辛格尔曼既成功又受人喜爱。在某种程度上,威利似乎以葬礼的规模来衡量一个人的价值。不幸的是,对于威利来说,他的葬礼与他描述的辛格尔曼的葬礼截然不同。几乎没有人来参加。按照威利自己的标准,他的葬礼显示出他并不成功,也不特别受欢迎。威利梦想中的死亡被人们如何看待与实际情况之间的巨大鸿沟,使得这个标题显得格外讽刺。(这道题需要从“否定”的角度思考答题思路,即,为什么不叫《威利·洛曼之死》或《父亲之死》或《丈夫之死》?“死亡”是什么意思?是表面上的死亡吗?)另外,这道题的答案也可以用来回答:“这部戏剧的标题如何与戏剧中的理想与现实相矛盾?”)
地位:the grandson of slaves and raised by his mother;
作品:
Invisible Man(注:The Invisible Man 是英国科幻小说家 H.G.Wells 写的科幻小说,注意区分)一His first novel and the only one published during his lifetime(2019 西外)
The Collected Essays of Ralph Ellison
Flying Home and Other Stories
Juneteenth-his second novel but never completed
奖项:
1953 National Book Award"Invisible Man"
1969 Medal of Freedom
1970 Chevalier de l'Ordre des Artes et Lettres
1985 National Medal of Arts
The invisibility of the invisible in Invisible Man(中央民族大学真题)
Invisible Man is a novel written by Ralph Ellison,an African-American writer.It tells an archetypal existential story of modern times.The protagonist narrator is nameless apparently because he is invisible.The book ends with the narrator's awareness that even an invisible man has a socially responsible role to play.It concerns the plight,not merely of an African American race alone,but of the modern existence of man as a whole.The repeated rejection that the protagonist suffers at the hands of so many people and institutions becomes a metaphor for the rejection of the individual by society.The question that the book ultimately raises is one of a universal nature.It is the question of the relationship between gyoung African American boy's life into an odyssey of modern man's quest for self-realization.The book can be read as one African American book on racial discrimination,black-white relationship on the one hand.On the other hand,Invisible Man means much more than that.Its popularity is its consummate craft,too.The formal and the technical resourcefulness that it exhibits is simply amazing.The symbolism of the book is impressive and amazing or fascinating.It may have owned its title to H . G.Wells'The Invisible Man,but it is more than that.
地位:the grandson of slaves and raised by his mother;
作品:
Invisible Man(注:The Invisible Man 是英国科幻小说家 H.G.Wells 写的科幻小说,注意区分)一His first novel and the only one published during his lifetime(2019 西外)
The Collected Essays of Ralph Ellison
Flying Home and Other Stories
Juneteenth-his second novel but never completed
奖项:
1953 National Book Award"Invisible Man"
1969 Medal of Freedom
1970 Chevalier de l'Ordre des Artes et Lettres
1985 National Medal of Arts
The invisibility of the invisible in Invisible Man(中央民族大学真题)
Invisible Man is a novel written by Ralph Ellison,an African-American writer.It tells an archetypal existential story of modern times.The protagonist narrator is nameless apparently because he is invisible.The book ends with the narrator's awareness that even an invisible man has a socially responsible role to play.It concerns the plight,not merely of an African American race alone,but of the modern existence of man as a whole.The repeated rejection that the protagonist suffers at the hands of so many people and institutions becomes a metaphor for the rejection of the individual by society.The question that the book ultimately raises is one of a universal nature.It is the question of the relationship between gyoung African American boy's life into an odyssey of modern man's quest for self-realization.The book can be read as one African American book on racial discrimination,black-white relationship on the one hand.On the other hand,Invisible Man means much more than that.Its popularity is its consummate craft,too.The formal and the technical resourcefulness that it exhibits is simply amazing.The symbolism of the book is impressive and amazing or fascinating.It may have owned its title to H . G.Wells'The Invisible Man,but it is more than that.| 地位:the grandson of slaves and raised by his mother; |
| :--- |
| 作品: |
| Invisible Man(注:The Invisible Man 是英国科幻小说家 H.G.Wells 写的科幻小说,注意区分)一His first novel and the only one published during his lifetime(2019 西外) |
| The Collected Essays of Ralph Ellison |
| Flying Home and Other Stories |
| Juneteenth-his second novel but never completed |
| 奖项: |
| 1953 National Book Award"Invisible Man" |
| 1969 Medal of Freedom |
| 1970 Chevalier de l'Ordre des Artes et Lettres |
| 1985 National Medal of Arts |
| The invisibility of the invisible in Invisible Man(中央民族大学真题) |
| Invisible Man is a novel written by Ralph Ellison,an African-American writer.It tells an archetypal existential story of modern times.The protagonist narrator is nameless apparently because he is invisible.The book ends with the narrator's awareness that even an invisible man has a socially responsible role to play.It concerns the plight,not merely of an African American race alone,but of the modern existence of man as a whole.The repeated rejection that the protagonist suffers at the hands of so many people and institutions becomes a metaphor for the rejection of the individual by society.The question that the book ultimately raises is one of a universal nature.It is the question of the relationship between gyoung African American boy's life into an odyssey of modern man's quest for self-realization.The book can be read as one African American book on racial discrimination,black-white relationship on the one hand.On the other hand,Invisible Man means much more than that.Its popularity is its consummate craft,too.The formal and the technical resourcefulness that it exhibits is simply amazing.The symbolism of the book is impressive and amazing or fascinating.It may have owned its title to H . G.Wells'The Invisible Man,but it is more than that. |
Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance.(中央民族大学考研真题)
Harlem Renaissance is a period of remarkable creativity in literature,music,dance,painting and sculpture by African-Americans,from the end of the First World War in 1918 to the 1920s.Distinguished writers who are part include Langston Hughes and Richard Wright.During the Harlem Renaissance,African American writers come together and wrote free of conventional restrictions,to say what they wanted to say without suffering any oppression by the whites and without even seeing any whites.They belonged with the African Americans,and so moved over to write for them.As a result they managed to build a counter culture,a battle literature,a literature which reflects the feelings,the experience,the history,and
Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance.(中央民族大学考研真题)
Harlem Renaissance is a period of remarkable creativity in literature,music,dance,painting and sculpture by African-Americans,from the end of the First World War in 1918 to the 1920s.Distinguished writers who are part include Langston Hughes and Richard Wright.During the Harlem Renaissance,African American writers come together and wrote free of conventional restrictions,to say what they wanted to say without suffering any oppression by the whites and without even seeing any whites.They belonged with the African Americans,and so moved over to write for them.As a result they managed to build a counter culture,a battle literature,a literature which reflects the feelings,the experience,the history,and| Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance.(中央民族大学考研真题) |
| :--- |
| Harlem Renaissance is a period of remarkable creativity in literature,music,dance,painting and sculpture by African-Americans,from the end of the First World War in 1918 to the 1920s.Distinguished writers who are part include Langston Hughes and Richard Wright.During the Harlem Renaissance,African American writers come together and wrote free of conventional restrictions,to say what they wanted to say without suffering any oppression by the whites and without even seeing any whites.They belonged with the African Americans,and so moved over to write for them.As a result they managed to build a counter culture,a battle literature,a literature which reflects the feelings,the experience,the history,and |
https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_06_03_ce9d1693e29a9d2959c3g-159.jpg?height=83&width=1778&top_left_y=398&top_left_x=161
"地位:the grandson of slaves and raised by his mother;
作品:
Invisible Man(注:The Invisible Man 是英国科幻小说家 H.G.Wells 写的科幻小说,注意区分)一His first novel and the only one published during his lifetime(2019 西外)
The Collected Essays of Ralph Ellison
Flying Home and Other Stories
Juneteenth-his second novel but never completed
奖项:
1953 National Book Award"Invisible Man"
1969 Medal of Freedom
1970 Chevalier de l'Ordre des Artes et Lettres
1985 National Medal of Arts
The invisibility of the invisible in Invisible Man(中央民族大学真题)
Invisible Man is a novel written by Ralph Ellison,an African-American writer.It tells an archetypal existential story of modern times.The protagonist narrator is nameless apparently because he is invisible.The book ends with the narrator's awareness that even an invisible man has a socially responsible role to play.It concerns the plight,not merely of an African American race alone,but of the modern existence of man as a whole.The repeated rejection that the protagonist suffers at the hands of so many people and institutions becomes a metaphor for the rejection of the individual by society.The question that the book ultimately raises is one of a universal nature.It is the question of the relationship between gyoung African American boy's life into an odyssey of modern man's quest for self-realization.The book can be read as one African American book on racial discrimination,black-white relationship on the one hand.On the other hand,Invisible Man means much more than that.Its popularity is its consummate craft,too.The formal and the technical resourcefulness that it exhibits is simply amazing.The symbolism of the book is impressive and amazing or fascinating.It may have owned its title to H . G.Wells'The Invisible Man,but it is more than that."
"Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance.(中央民族大学考研真题)
Harlem Renaissance is a period of remarkable creativity in literature,music,dance,painting and sculpture by African-Americans,from the end of the First World War in 1918 to the 1920s.Distinguished writers who are part include Langston Hughes and Richard Wright.During the Harlem Renaissance,African American writers come together and wrote free of conventional restrictions,to say what they wanted to say without suffering any oppression by the whites and without even seeing any whites.They belonged with the African Americans,and so moved over to write for them.As a result they managed to build a counter culture,a battle literature,a literature which reflects the feelings,the experience,the history,and"|  |
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| 地位:the grandson of slaves and raised by his mother; <br> 作品: <br> Invisible Man(注:The Invisible Man 是英国科幻小说家 H.G.Wells 写的科幻小说,注意区分)一His first novel and the only one published during his lifetime(2019 西外) <br> The Collected Essays of Ralph Ellison <br> Flying Home and Other Stories <br> Juneteenth-his second novel but never completed <br> 奖项: <br> 1953 National Book Award"Invisible Man" <br> 1969 Medal of Freedom <br> 1970 Chevalier de l'Ordre des Artes et Lettres <br> 1985 National Medal of Arts <br> The invisibility of the invisible in Invisible Man(中央民族大学真题) <br> Invisible Man is a novel written by Ralph Ellison,an African-American writer.It tells an archetypal existential story of modern times.The protagonist narrator is nameless apparently because he is invisible.The book ends with the narrator's awareness that even an invisible man has a socially responsible role to play.It concerns the plight,not merely of an African American race alone,but of the modern existence of man as a whole.The repeated rejection that the protagonist suffers at the hands of so many people and institutions becomes a metaphor for the rejection of the individual by society.The question that the book ultimately raises is one of a universal nature.It is the question of the relationship between gyoung African American boy's life into an odyssey of modern man's quest for self-realization.The book can be read as one African American book on racial discrimination,black-white relationship on the one hand.On the other hand,Invisible Man means much more than that.Its popularity is its consummate craft,too.The formal and the technical resourcefulness that it exhibits is simply amazing.The symbolism of the book is impressive and amazing or fascinating.It may have owned its title to H . G.Wells'The Invisible Man,but it is more than that. |
| Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance.(中央民族大学考研真题) <br> Harlem Renaissance is a period of remarkable creativity in literature,music,dance,painting and sculpture by African-Americans,from the end of the First World War in 1918 to the 1920s.Distinguished writers who are part include Langston Hughes and Richard Wright.During the Harlem Renaissance,African American writers come together and wrote free of conventional restrictions,to say what they wanted to say without suffering any oppression by the whites and without even seeing any whites.They belonged with the African Americans,and so moved over to write for them.As a result they managed to build a counter culture,a battle literature,a literature which reflects the feelings,the experience,the history,and |
the ambitions of the African American people. 非裔美国人民的抱负
By far the most important person in the Harlem Renaissance was Langston Hughes known as African Americans' poet laureate,who ultimately outgrew the movement and developed into one of the major African American authors to help make African American culture.The collection of The Weary Blues marks a stage in Hughes's development as an author. The poems,like the blues songs,are sad in tone,describing the fact of having to live in a very cruel and oppressive world. But there is not much fight in them.Merely describing how things are,they read as if Hughes were trying to relieve himself and his race of a mental load and to achieve a degree of reconciliation with the wicked world.His other famous poems include The Negro Speaks of Rivers and As I Grew Older. 哈莱姆文艺复兴时期最重要的人物无疑是兰斯顿·休斯,他被誉为非裔美国人的桂冠诗人,最终超越了这一运动,成为帮助塑造非裔美国人文化的主要作家之一。《疲惫的蓝调》这部诗集标志着休斯作为作家的一个发展阶段。这些诗歌像蓝调歌曲一样,语调悲伤,描述了生活在一个极其残酷和压迫的世界中的事实。但其中并没有太多斗争的意味。它们仅仅是描述现实,读来仿佛休斯试图减轻自己和他的族群的精神负担,并与这个邪恶的世界达成某种和解。他的其他著名诗作还包括《黑人谈河流》和《随着年龄的增长》
Hughes's thematic concerns go far beyond racial issues.He wrote in praise of the October Revolution,sympathized with the Chinese and their revolution,and visited Spain and wrote to support the Spanish people in their fighting against the Fascist Regime of Franco.In form Hughes's poetry is noted for the fresh simplicity and its notable features of the free verse of Whitman,Sandburg,and Paul Dunbar.He was the heir to the tradition of the African American folklore and Jazz and wrote in a brisk,rhythmic manner so that many of his poems have become popular songs.His creative career has helped,in no small way,pave the way for the further development of African American literature. 休斯的主题关切远远超出了种族问题。他赞美十月革命,同情中国及其革命,曾访问西班牙并写信支持西班牙人民对抗弗朗哥的法西斯政权。在形式上,休斯的诗歌以清新简洁著称,其显著特点是惠特曼、桑德堡和保罗·邓巴的自由诗体。他继承了非裔美国人民间传说和爵士乐的传统,以轻快、有节奏的方式创作,许多诗歌已成为流行歌曲。他的创作生涯在很大程度上为非裔美国文学的进一步发展铺平了道路。
Toni Morrison 托尼·莫里森
地位:
Won the 1993 Nobel Prize for literature,the eighth woman and the first black woman to receive the prize. 获得 1993 年诺贝尔文学奖,是第八位获奖女性,也是首位获得该奖的黑人女性
"Who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import,gives life to an essential aspect of American reality" “谁在具有远见卓识和诗意内涵的小说中,赋予了美国现实的一个本质方面生命”
Grew up during the Great Depression of the 1930s in a poor and close-knit family. 在 20 世纪 30 年代大萧条时期,在一个贫穷且紧密团结的家庭中长大。
"Black literature is taught as sociology,as tolerance,not as a serious,rigorous art form." “黑人文学被当作社会学、宽容来教授,而不是作为一种严肃、严格的艺术形式。”
"Freeing yourself was one thing;claiming ownership of that freed self was another." “解放自己是一回事;宣称对那个被解放的自我拥有所有权则是另一回事。”
小说
The Bluest Eye-her first novel;based on elements of Morrison's own experience,contrasts two black families:the dysfunctional breed loves and the healthy,loving McTeers. 《最蓝的眼睛》——她的第一部小说;基于莫里森自身经历的元素,对比了两个黑人家庭:功能失调的 Breed 家族和健康、充满爱的 McTeer 家族。
Sula-about a woman who refuses to conform to community mores;portrays two black women who choose different paths in life;nominated for the National Book Award 《苏拉》——讲述一个拒绝遵从社区习俗的女性;描绘了两个选择不同人生道路的黑人女性;曾被提名为国家图书奖。
Song of Solomon-was hailed by critics as a major literary achievement.It tells the story of a character named Milkman Dead,who in his search for his family's lost fortune discovers instead his family history.Theme:Flight as a Means of Escape;Abandoned Women;The Alienating Effects of Racism 《所罗门之歌》——被评论家誉为重大文学成就。讲述了名为 Milkman Dead 的角色,在寻找家族失落财富的过程中,反而发现了家族历史。主题:飞翔作为逃避手段;被遗弃的女性;种族主义的疏离效应。
Tar Baby-about a tense romance between a man and a woman,was equally well received;A novel about contentions and conflicts based on learned biases and prejudices.These biases exist on a race level,gender level,and a class level. 《焦油婴儿》——讲述一段紧张的男女恋情,同样获得好评;一部关于基于习得的偏见和成见所引发的争执和冲突的小说。这些偏见存在于种族、性别和阶级层面
Beloved-(Pulitzer Prize,1988)Regarded by many as Morrison's most successful novel.The book's epigraph reads:"Sixty Million and more,"by which Morrison refers to the estimated number of slaves who died in the slave trade.(2019 西外) 《宠儿》-(普利策奖,1988 年)被许多人认为是莫里森最成功的小说。书的题词写道:“六千万及以上”,莫里森借此指的是估计在奴隶贸易中死亡的奴隶人数。(2019 西外)
Jazz 《爵士乐》
Paradise 《天堂》
Love 《爱》
A Mercy 一份恩惠
Alice Walker 爱丽丝·沃克
地位:an American novelist,short-story writer,poet,essayist,and activist;Her most famous novel,The Color Purple,was awarded the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award in 1983 身份:美国小说家、短篇小说作家、诗人、散文家及社会活动家;她最著名的小说《紫色姐妹花》于 1983 年获得普利策奖和国家图书奖
特点: ✓\checkmark 内容:She has written at length on issues of race and gender ✓\checkmark 内容:她广泛撰写关于种族和性别问题的作品 ✓\checkmark 地位:Walker is a respected figure in the liberal political community for her support of unconventional and unpopular views as a matter of principle. ✓\checkmark 地位:沃克因坚持原则支持非传统且不受欢迎的观点,在自由派政治圈中备受尊敬。
they begin to reconsider their identity and reevaluate their cultural heritage.They discover that their mothers are"in their bones",and that heritage is not something they can ignore and shake off easily."Two Kinds"is fiction. Although this passage is taken from a novel,it can be read as a complete short story.It has a complete plot of its own.The different points of view enable us to look at the bittersweet mother-daughter relations from different angles.The mothers and daughters treat one another cautiously,playing a game of love and fear,need and rejection. 他们开始重新审视自己的身份,重新评价自己的文化遗产。他们发现母亲“刻在骨子里”,遗产不是他们可以轻易忽视和摆脱的。“两种人”是小说。虽然这段文字摘自一部小说,但它可以被视为一个完整的短篇故事。它有自己完整的情节。不同的视角使我们能够从不同角度审视苦乐参半的母女关系。母亲和女儿彼此小心翼翼,玩弄着爱与恐惧、需求与拒绝的游戏。
The Kitchen God's Wife 《灶神的妻子》
The Bonesetter's Daughter 《骨头匠的女儿》
-African American Literature(Black Literature) -非裔美国文学(黑人文学)
-Jewish American Literature -犹太裔美国文学
-Native American Literature or Indian American literature -美洲原住民文学或印第安裔美国文学
-Chinese American Literature -华裔美国文学
-American Mexican Literature -美墨裔美国文学
注 1:少数族裔可分为五组,其中非裔可以以哈莱姆文艺复兴、Tony Morrison 和 Alice Walker 为主线,犹太裔可以以 Saul Bellow 为主线,亚裔以华裔中的 Maxine Hong Kingston 和 Amy Tan 为主线,其他美国本土印第安文学与美西文学由于涉及较少可以忽略。
注 2:因为各种族遭遇历史众多,所以我在"历史背景"部分只选择了相对来讲最重要的事件。
黑人文学历史关键词:American Civil War;Harlem Renaissance;Toni Morrison as the First Black woman to win a Nobel Prize 黑人文学历史关键词:美国内战;哈莱姆文艺复兴;托尼·莫里森作为首位获得诺贝尔奖的黑人女性
(注:在历史上一共只有三位黑人获得了诺贝尔文学奖,1986年尼日利亚(西非国家)作家渥雷•索因卡 Wole Soyinka是第一个获诺贝尔文学奖的黑人作家; 1992 年圣卢西亚(是东加勒比海临近大西洋的岛国,曾是英国殖民地)诗人 Derek Walcott 是第二个获奖的黑人作家,Toni Morrison 是第三个而且是唯一的女性,死于2019年8月5日,离我们比较近,请大家重点关注)
黑人文学流派和特点:African American Literature 黑人文学流派和特点:非裔美国文学
作家:African-American literature is the body of literature produced in the United States by writers of African descent. 作家:非裔美国文学是指由非洲血统的美国作家创作的文学作品。
历程:The genre traces its origins to the works of such late 18th century writers as Phillis Wheatley and Olaudah Equiano, reaching early high points with slave narratives and the Harlem Renaissance,and continuing today with authors such as Toni Morrison,Maya Angelou and Walter Mosley being ranked among the top writers in the United States. 历程:该流派起源于 18 世纪末的作家如菲利斯·惠特利和奥劳达·埃奎亚诺的作品,早期高峰包括奴隶叙事和哈莱姆文艺复兴,至今仍在延续,托尼·莫里森、玛雅·安吉罗和沃尔特·莫斯利等作家被评为美国顶尖作家之一
发展阶段:
Early Stage :Oral tradition(songs,ballads and spirituals) 早期阶段:口头传统(歌曲、叙事歌谣和灵歌)
18th century:Abolitionist movement and the Civil War 18 世纪:废奴运动和内战
Later part of the 19th century and the early 1920s(Harlem Renaisssance) 19 世纪后期至 20 世纪初(哈莱姆文艺复兴)
定义:an African American cultural movement of the 1920s and early 1930s that was centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. 定义:20 世纪 20 年代至 30 年代初期的一场非裔美国人文化运动,中心位于纽约市的哈莱姆社区。
历史:Variously known as the New Negro movement,the New Negro Renaissance,and the Negro Renaissance,the movement emerged toward the end of World War I in 1918,blossomed in the mid-to late 1920s,and then faded in the mid-1930s. 历史:这场运动有多种称呼,如新黑人运动、新黑人文艺复兴和黑人文艺复兴,起始于 1918 年第一次世界大战结束之际,于 20 世纪 20 年代中后期达到鼎盛,随后在 30 年代中期逐渐消退。
地位:The Harlem Renaissance marked the first time that mainstream publishers and critics took African American literature seriously and that African American literature and arts attracted significant attention from the nation at large. 地位:哈莱姆文艺复兴是主流出版商和评论家首次认真对待非裔美国人文学的时期,非裔美国人的文学和艺术也因此吸引了全国范围内的广泛关注。
Although it was primarily a literary movement,it was closely related to developments in African American music,theater, art,and politics. 尽管它主要是一场文学运动,但与非裔美国人的音乐、戏剧、艺术和政治发展密切相关
构成:From 1920 to 1940,based in the African American community in Harlem in New York City,existed as a larger flowering of social thought and culture-with numerous Black artists,musicians,and others producing classic works in fields from jazz to theater-the renaissance is perhaps best known for the literature that came out of it. 构成:从 1920 年到 1940 年,基于纽约市哈莱姆的非裔美国人社区,作为社会思想和文化的一个更大繁荣阶段——众多黑人艺术家、音乐家及其他人在爵士乐到戏剧等领域创作了经典作品——这场文艺复兴或许最为人所知的是其产生的文学作品。
特点:use of dialect and folklore,image of"New Negro",celebrating the black literature 特点:使用方言和民间传说,“新黑人”形象,庆祝黑人文学
代表:Langston Hughes is the Poet Laureate of Harlem 代表:兰斯顿·休斯是哈莱姆的桂冠诗人
华裔文学历史关键词:
-The decade of the 1960s had a huge influence on the direction of Chinese American Literature -20 世纪 60 年代对华裔美国文学的发展方向产生了巨大影响
-The civil rights movement-The focus was to improved conditions for black Americans;Apply the same standards to whites and blacks -民权运动-重点是改善黑人美国人的生活条件;对白人和黑人实行相同的标准
>New immigration laws >新的移民法
-Resistance to the Vietnam War -反对越南战争
-Rise of feminism -女权主义的兴起
-Ethnic literary activism and challenge to the"canon" -族裔文学激进主义与对“经典”的挑战
-Women quickly become recognized in literature and other fields -女性迅速在文学及其他领域获得认可
-New Left challenges democratic ideals,objects and methods of literary studies -新左派挑战民主理想、文学研究的对象和方法
-Mainstream literature teachers(and readers)quickly picked up the call to look at neglected material -主流文学教师(及读者)迅速响应,开始关注被忽视的材料
(注:以上也可以作为后现代/其他族裔文学的历史背景)
华裔文学共同关注的主题 Common topics of Chinese American Literature: 华裔文学共同关注的主题:
-Generation gap between parents and their daughters and sons; -父母与子女之间的代沟;
-Culture conflicts bewteen Western culture and Asian culture; -西方文化与亚洲文化之间的文化冲突;
-Identity crisis -身份认同危机
犹太裔文学历史关键词:
-Enormous contributions in every fields -在各个领域的巨大贡献
-Persecutions and racial discrimination(diaspora) -迫害和种族歧视(侨民)
-Holocaust around World War II -二战期间的大屠杀
-Great immigration to America -大量移民美国
简答题表述参考:(标下划线的词句为关键词汇)
1.Writing features of Toni Morrison: 1.托尼·莫里森的写作特点:
She always writes about African American women,celebrating their strength and vitality and revealing their struggles. Her novels are known for their epic themes,vivid dialogue,and richly detailed black characters.Appeal to find the lost culture and rebuild the nationalism.In Sula,she is the pariah of her hometown with the discovery at the age of 12 that she and her friend Nel Wright"were neither white nor male,and that all freedom and triumph was forbidden to them,life evolved into an unlimited experiment.Not bound by any social codes,Sula was first thought to be unusual,then outrageous, and eventually evil.In Song of Solomon,Morrison expresses her nationalism.The Milkman's Macon odyssey became a kind of cultural epic for all African American people;it mapped in symbolic fashion the heritage of a people,from a mythic African past,through a heritage obscured by slavery,to a present built upon questioned values. 她总是写非裔美国女性,歌颂她们的坚韧与活力,揭示她们的挣扎。她的小说以史诗般的主题、生动的对话和丰富细腻的黑人角色著称。旨在寻找失落的文化并重建民族主义。在《苏拉》中,她是家乡的弃儿,12 岁时发现自己和朋友内尔·赖特“既非白人也非男性,所有自由和胜利对他们都是禁忌,生活变成了无限的实验”。不受任何社会规范约束,苏拉起初被认为不同寻常,随后变得令人震惊,最终被视为邪恶。在《所罗门之歌》中,莫里森表达了她的民族主义。《牛奶人》麦肯的奥德赛成为所有非裔美国人的一种文化史诗;它以象征性的方式描绘了一个民族的传承,从神话般的非洲过去,通过被奴役掩盖的遗产,到建立在被质疑价值观之上的现在。
其他特点:
Symbolism and metaphor 象征主义与隐喻
Stream of consciousness,interior monologue 意识流,内心独白
Narrative techniques:multiple points of view,manipulation of narrative time,and flashback 叙事技巧:多重视角,叙事时间的操控,以及闪回
Traditional African culture 传统非洲文化
2.Analysis of The Bluest Eye 2.《最蓝的眼睛》分析
信息:Morrison's first novel;based on elements of Morrison's own experience,contrasts two black families:The dysfunctional breedloves and the healthy,loving McTeers. 信息:莫里森的第一部小说;基于莫里森自身经历的元素,对比了两个黑人家庭:功能失调的布里德洛夫家族和健康、充满爱的麦克蒂尔家族
人物:
Pecola Breedlove:The protagonist of the novel,a poor black girl who believes she is ugly because she and her community base their ideals of beauty on"whiteness".The title The Bluest Eye is based on Pecola's fervent wishes for beautiful blue eyes.Her insanity at the end of the novel is her only way to escape the world where she cannot be beautiful and to get the blue eyes she desires from the beginning of the novel.During the novel,she suffers the bewildering onset of bitter racial harassment,and the tragedy of rape and incest. 佩科拉·布里德洛夫:小说的主人公,一个贫穷的黑人女孩,她认为自己丑陋,因为她和她的社区将美的标准建立在“白人”身上。《最蓝的眼睛》这个标题源自佩科拉对拥有美丽蓝眼睛的强烈渴望。小说结尾她的疯狂是她逃避这个无法变美的世界的唯一方式,也是她从小说一开始就渴望得到的蓝眼睛。在小说中,她经历了令人困惑的种族骚扰的开始,以及强奸和乱伦的悲剧。
Claudia and Frieda:The two sisters who befriend Pecola;Claudia,nine years old when the events of the novel take place, one of the novel's narrators 克劳迪娅和弗里达:与佩科拉成为朋友的两姐妹;克劳迪娅在小说事件发生时九岁,是小说的叙述者之一。
Cholly Breedlove:Pecola's abusive father,an alcoholic man who rapes his daughter at the end of the novel.Rejected by his father and discarded by his mother as a four-day old baby,Cholly was raised by his Great Aunt Jimmy.After she dies, Cholly runs away and pursues the life of a"free man",yet he is never able to escape his painful past,nor can he live with the mistakes of his present.Tragically,he rapes his daughter in a gesture of madness mingled with affection.He escaped and died in the end. 乔利·布里德洛夫:佩科拉的虐待父亲,一个酗酒的男人,在小说结尾强奸了他的女儿。乔利在四天大的时候被父亲遗弃,母亲抛弃,由他的曾姑妈吉米抚养长大。吉米去世后,乔利逃跑,追求“自由人”的生活,但他从未能逃脱痛苦的过去,也无法面对现在的错误。悲剧的是,他在疯狂与情感交织的状态下强奸了自己的女儿。最终他逃走并去世
Pauline Breedlove:Pecola's mother,who only feels alive and happy when she is working for a rich white family. 保琳·布里德洛夫:佩科拉的母亲,只有在为一个富有的白人家庭工作时,她才感到活着和快乐。
主题:
Racialism;National amnesia(民族的记忆缺失症);Whiteness is beauty(In this book whiteness stands for beauty.This is a standard that the black girls cannot meet,especially Pecola,who has darker skin than the rest.Pecola connects beauty with being loved and believes that if she would just have blue eyes all the bad things in her life would be replaced with love and affection.This desire that is obviously hopeless leads her to madness by the end of the novel.) 种族主义;民族记忆缺失症;白即美(在这本书中,白色代表美。这是黑人女孩无法达到的标准,尤其是佩科拉,她的肤色比其他人更黑。佩科拉将美与被爱联系在一起,并相信如果她拥有蓝色眼睛,生活中的所有坏事都会被爱和关怀取代。这种显然无望的渴望最终使她在小说结尾陷入疯狂。)
3.Analysis of Beloved 3.《宠儿》分析
The book's epigraph reads:"Sixty Million and more,"by which Morrison refers to the estimated number of slaves who died in the slave trade. 这本书的题词写道:“六千万及更多”,莫里森借此指代估计在奴隶贸易中死亡的奴隶人数
内容:It is a story which examines both the mental and physical trauma caused by slavery as well as its effect on survivors. The book follows the story of Sethe and her daughter Denver as they try to rebuild their lives after having escaped from 内容:这是一个探讨奴隶制所造成的精神和身体创伤及其对幸存者影响的故事。书中讲述了 Sethe 和她的女儿 Denver 在逃离奴隶制后试图重建生活的故事。
slavery. 奴隶制。
重要性:The novel follows in the tradition of slave narratives,but also confronts the more painful and taboo aspects of slavery,such as sexual abuse and violence,which Morrison pushes to the edge of questioning the idea of being human and of being a mother.She explores the effects slavery exerted on the characters and the painful memories of their past. 重要性:这部小说继承了奴隶叙事的传统,但也直面奴隶制中更为痛苦和禁忌的方面,如性虐待和暴力,莫里森将这些推向质疑作为人类和母亲身份的边缘。她探讨了奴隶制对人物的影响以及他们对过去痛苦记忆的折磨。
特色:
She was affected by such modernist masters as Faulkner or Joyce.The novel follows in the tradition of slave narratives,but also confronts the more painful and taboo aspects of slavery,such as sexual abuse and violence,which Morrison pushes to the edge of questioning the idea of being human and of being a mother.She explores the effects slavery exerted on the characters,Paul D and Sethe,of trying to repress-and then coming to terms with-the painful memories of their past.主题: 她受到了福克纳和乔伊斯等现代主义大师的影响。小说继承了奴隶叙事的传统,但也直面奴隶制中更为痛苦和禁忌的方面,如性虐待和暴力,莫里森将这些推向质疑作为人类和母亲身份的边缘。她探讨了奴隶制对人物 Paul D 和 Sethe 的影响,他们试图压抑——然后接受——过去痛苦记忆的过程。主题:
Identity:Toni Morrison's Beloved is the construction of one's identity.Once free,the slaves attempt to reclaim their individual identities,but the effects of slavery still taint and haunt them,preventing them from being able to live in and enjoy the present or think about the future.Morrison states,"Freeing yourself was one thing;claiming ownership of that freed self was another".The novel illustrates the characters'immense struggle to obtain a true sense of self and self-worth,a process that can only be successful if done both individually and on a collective level. 身份认同:托尼·莫里森的《宠儿》是对个人身份的构建。一旦获得自由,奴隶们试图重新找回他们的个体身份,但奴隶制的影响依然污染并困扰着他们,阻止他们能够活在当下、享受生活或思考未来。莫里森指出,“解放自己是一回事;宣称对那个被解放的自我拥有所有权则是另一回事”。小说展示了角色们为获得真正的自我感和自我价值所经历的巨大挣扎,这一过程只有在个人和集体层面同时进行时才能成功。
Psychological Impact of Slavery:Because of the painful nature of the experiences of slavery,most slaves repressed these memories in an attempt to leave behind a horrific past.This repression and dissociation from the past cause a fragmentation of the self and a loss of true identity.Sethe,Paul D.and Denver all experience this loss of self,which could only be remedied by the acceptance of the past and the memory of their original identities. 奴隶制的心理影响:由于奴隶经历的痛苦性质,大多数奴隶试图通过压抑这些记忆来摆脱可怕的过去。这种对过去的压抑和分离导致了自我的分裂和真实身份的丧失。塞斯、保罗·D 和丹佛都经历了这种自我丧失,只有接受过去和记忆他们最初的身份才能弥补这一缺失
Motherhood:The concept of motherhood within Beloved is as an overwhelming love that can conquer all,strongly typified within the novel by the character Sethe.Further,Sethe's escape from the slave plantation(ironically named'Sweet Home') stems from her desire to keep the"mother of her children alive"and not from any personal survival instinct.Sethe's maternal instincts almost lead to her own destruction.Beloved is a wrathful character looking to wreak revenge on Sethe for killing her,despite the fact that the murder was,in Sethe's mind,an entirely loving act.Sethe's guilt at Beloved's death means that she is willing to"give up her life,every minute,hour and second of it,to take back just one of Beloved's tears". 母性:《宠儿》中母性的概念是一种能够战胜一切的压倒性爱,这一点在小说中通过角色 Sethe 得到了强烈体现。此外,Sethe 逃离奴隶种植园(讽刺地名为“甜蜜之家”)源于她想要让“她孩子的母亲活着”的愿望,而非任何个人的生存本能。Sethe 的母性本能几乎导致了她自身的毁灭。Beloved 是一个愤怒的角色,想要为 Sethe 杀死她而复仇,尽管在 Sethe 看来,这场谋杀完全是出于爱。Sethe 对 Beloved 之死的内疚使她愿意“放弃她的生命,每一分钟、每一小时、每一秒,只为换回 Beloved 的一滴泪”。
4.Analysis of The Color Purple 4.《紫色姐妹花》分析
情节:It tells the story of Celie,a Black woman in the South.Celie writes letters to God in which she tells about her life--her roles as daughter,wife,sister,and mother.In the course of her story,Celie meets a series of other Black women who shape her life:Nettie,Celie's sister,who becomes a missionary teacher in Africa;Shug Avery,the Blues singer her husband"Mr." is in love with,and who becomes Celie's salvation.Throughout the story,however,Celie is the center of this community of women,the one who learns how to survive. 情节:讲述了南方黑人女性 Celie 的故事。Celie 给上帝写信,讲述她的生活——作为女儿、妻子、姐妹和母亲的角色。在她的故事中,Celie 遇到了一系列塑造她生活的黑人女性:她的妹妹 Nettie,成为非洲的传教教师;她丈夫“先生”爱慕的蓝调歌手 Shug Avery,后来成为 Celie 的救赎。然而,在整个故事中,Celie 是这群女性社区的中心,是那个学会如何生存的人
主题:
The Power of Narrative and Voice:Walker emphasizes throughout the novel that the ability to express one's thoughts and feelings is crucial to developing a sense of self.Initially,Celie is completely unable to resist those who abuse her. Remembering Alphonso's warning that she"better not never tell nobody but God"about his abuse of her,Celie feels that the only way to persevere is to remain silent and invisible.Celie is essentially an object,an entirely passive party who has no power to assert herself through action or words.In Shug,Celie learns lessons that enable her to find her voice.Shug shows Celie that she can create her own narrative,a new interpretation of herself and her history that counters the interpretations forced upon her.Walker clearly wishes to emphasize the power of narrative and speech to assert selfhood and resist oppression, 叙事与声音的力量:沃克在整部小说中强调,表达自己思想和感情的能力对于建立自我意识至关重要。起初,西莉完全无法抵抗那些虐待她的人。记得阿方索警告她“最好除了上帝之外谁都别告诉”他对她的虐待,西莉觉得坚持下去的唯一方法就是保持沉默和隐形。西莉本质上是一个物体,一个完全被动的角色,没有通过行动或言语表达自我的力量。在舒格身上,西莉学到了能够找到自己声音的课程。舒格向西莉展示了她可以创造自己的叙事,对自己和历史进行新的诠释,以反驳强加给她的解读。沃克显然希望强调叙事和言语的力量,以确立自我并抵抗压迫
The Power of Strong Female Relationships:Throughout The Color Purple,Walker portrays female friendships as a means for women to summon the courage to tell stories.In turn,these stories allow women to resist oppression and dominance. Relationships among women form a refuge,providing mutual love in a world filled with male violence.Celie's ties to Shug bring about Celie's gradual redemption and her attainment of a sense of self. 强大女性关系的力量:《紫色姐妹花》中,沃克将女性友谊描绘为女性鼓起勇气讲述故事的途径。反过来,这些故事使女性能够抵抗压迫和统治。女性之间的关系形成了一个避难所,在充满男性暴力的世界中提供相互的爱。塞莉与舒格的关系带来了塞莉的逐渐救赎和她自我意识的获得。
5.Analysis of the narrator of Invisible Man 5.《隐形人》叙述者分析
The narrator not only tells the story of Invisible Man,he is also its principal character.Because Invisible Man is a bildungsroman(a type of novel that chronicles a character's moral and psychological growth),the narrative and thematic concerns of the story revolve around the development of the narrator as an individual.Additionally,because the narrator relates the story in the first person,the text doesn't truly probe the consciousness of any other figure in the story.Ironically, though he dominates the novel,the narrator remains somewhat obscure to the reader;most notably,he never reveals his name.The names that he is given in the hospital and in the Brotherhood,the name of his college,even the state in which the college is located-these all go unidentified.The narrator remains a voice and never emerges as an external and quantifiable presence.This obscurity emphasizes his status as an"invisible man." 叙述者不仅讲述了《隐形人》的故事,他也是故事的主要人物。因为《隐形人》是一部成长小说(一种记录人物道德和心理成长的小说类型),故事的叙述和主题关注点都围绕着叙述者作为个体的发展展开。此外,由于叙述者以第一人称讲述故事,文本并未真正探究故事中其他人物的意识。具有讽刺意味的是,尽管他主导了整部小说,叙述者对读者来说仍然有些模糊;最显著的是,他从未透露自己的名字。他在医院和兄弟会中被赋予的名字、他所在大学的名称,甚至大学所在的州——这些都未被明确指出。叙述者始终是一个声音,从未以外在且可量化的存在出现。这种模糊性强调了他作为“隐形人”的身份
For much of the story,and especially in the chapters before he joins the Brotherhood,the narrator remains extremely innocent and inexperienced.He is prone to think the best of people even when he has reason not to,and he remains consistently respectful of authority.The narrator's innocence sometimes causes him to misunderstand important events in the story,often making it necessary for the reader to look past the narrator's own interpretation of events in order to see Ellison's real intentions.Ellison uses heavy irony to allow the reader to see things that the narrator misses.After the"battle royal"in Chapter 1,for instance,the narrator accepts his scholarship from the brutish white men with gladness and gratitude.Although he passes no judgment on the white men's behavior,the men's actions provide enough evidence for the reader to denounce the men as appalling racists.While the narrator can be somewhat unreliable in this regard,Ellison makes sure that the reader perceives the narrator's blindness. 在故事的大部分时间里,尤其是在他加入兄弟会之前的章节中,叙述者保持着极其天真和缺乏经验的状态。他倾向于对人抱有最好的看法,即使有理由不这样想,他仍然始终尊重权威。叙述者的天真有时导致他误解故事中的重要事件,常常使读者不得不超越叙述者对事件的自身解读,才能看到埃利森的真实意图。埃利森大量使用讽刺手法,让读者看到叙述者所忽视的事物。例如,在第一章的“皇家之战”之后,叙述者满怀喜悦和感激地接受了那些粗暴白人的奖学金。虽然他没有对这些白人的行为作出评判,但这些人的行为为读者提供了足够的证据,谴责他们是令人震惊的种族主义者。尽管叙述者在这方面可能有些不可靠,埃利森确保读者能够察觉到叙述者的盲点
Further,because the narrator supposedly writes his story as a memoir and not while it is taking place,he also comes to recognize his former blindness.As a result,just as a division exists between Ellison and the narrator,a division arises between the narrator as a narrator and the narrator as a character.Ellison renders the narrator's voice as that of a man looking back on his experiences with greater perspective,but he ensures that the reader sees into the mind of the still-innocent character.He does so by having the narrator recall how he perceived of events when they happened rather than offer commentary on these events with the benefit of hindsight. 此外,因为叙述者据说是以回忆录的形式写下他的故事,而不是在事件发生时写作,他也开始意识到自己过去的盲目。因此,正如埃利森与叙述者之间存在分歧一样,叙述者作为叙述者与叙述者作为角色之间也产生了分歧。埃利森将叙述者的声音塑造成一个以更广阔视角回顾自己经历的人,但他确保读者能够洞察那个仍然天真的角色的内心。他通过让叙述者回忆自己当时如何看待事件,而不是利用事后诸葛亮的视角对这些事件进行评论,来实现这一点
The narrator's innocence prevents him from recognizing the truth behind others'errant behavior and leads him to try to fulfill their misguided expectations.He remains extremely vulnerable to the identity that society thrusts upon him as an African American.He plays the role of the servile black man to the white men in Chapter 1;he plays the industrious, uncomplaining disciple of Booker T.Washington during his college years;he agrees to act as the Brotherhood's black spokesperson,which allows the Brotherhood to use him.But the narrator also proves very intelligent and deeply introspective,and as a result,he is able to realize the extent to which his social roles limit him from discovering his individual identity.He gradually assumes a mask of invisibility in order to rebel against this limitation. 叙述者的天真使他无法识别他人错误行为背后的真相,并促使他试图满足他们误导的期望。他对社会强加给他作为非裔美国人的身份极为脆弱。在第一章中,他扮演了对白人顺从的黑人角色;在大学期间,他扮演了布克·T·华盛顿勤奋、不抱怨的门徒;他同意作为兄弟会的黑人代言人,这使兄弟会得以利用他。但叙述者也表现出极高的智慧和深刻的自省,因此他能够意识到他的社会角色在多大程度上限制了他发现个人身份的可能性。他逐渐戴上了隐形的面具,以反抗这种限制
The narrator first dons the mask after his falling-out with the Brotherhood,in Chapter 22.He becomes even more invisible in Chapter 23,when,escaping Ras's henchmen,he disguises himself behind dark glasses and a hat,unintentionally inducing others to mistake him for the nebulous Rinehart.Finally,in Chapter 25,he retreats underground.Yet,in the act of telling his story,the narrator comes to realize the danger of invisibility:while it preempts others'attempts to define him,it also preempts his own attempts to define and express himself.He concludes his story determined to honor his own complexity rather than subdue it in the interest of a group or ideology.Though most of the narrator's difficulties arise from the fact that he is black,Ellison repeatedly emphasized his intent to render the narrator as a universal character,a representation of the struggle to define oneself against societal expectations. 叙述者在与兄弟会决裂后,于第 22 章首次戴上了面具。在第 23 章中,他为了逃避拉斯的手下,戴上了墨镜和帽子,变得更加隐形,无意中让别人误以为他是神秘的莱因哈特。最终,在第 25 章,他退入地下。然而,在讲述自己的故事的过程中,叙述者意识到了隐形的危险:虽然它阻止了他人对他的定义,但也阻止了他自己对自我定义和表达的尝试。他在故事的结尾决心尊重自己的复杂性,而不是为了某个团体或意识形态而压抑它。尽管叙述者的大部分困难源于他的黑人身份,埃利森却反复强调,他意在将叙述者塑造成一个普遍性的角色,代表着在社会期望中努力定义自我的斗争。
6.Themes of The Joy Luck Club 6.《喜福会》的主题
The Power of Storytelling 讲故事的力量
Because the barriers between the Chinese and the American cultures are exacerbated by imperfect translation of language,the mothers use storytelling to circumvent these barriers and communicate with their daughters.The stories they tell are often educational,warning against certain mistakes or giving advice based on past successes.For instance, 由于中美文化之间的障碍因语言翻译的不完善而加剧,母亲们通过讲故事来绕过这些障碍,与女儿们交流。她们讲述的故事往往具有教育意义,警示某些错误或基于过去的成功给予建议。例如,
Ying-ying's decision to tell Lena about her past is motivated by her desire to warn Lena against the passivity and fatalism that Ying-ying suffered.Storytelling is also employed to communicate messages of love and pride,and to illumine one's inner self for others. 英英决定告诉莉娜她的过去,是出于想警告莉娜不要像她那样消极和宿命。讲故事也被用来传达爱与自豪的信息,并向他人展示内心的自我
Another use of storytelling concerns historical legacy.By telling their daughters about their family histories,the mothers ensure that their lives are remembered and understood by subsequent generations,so that the characters who acted in the story never die away completely.In telling their stories to their daughters,the mothers try to instill them with respect for their Chinese ancestors and their Chinese pasts.Suyuan hopes that by finding her long-lost daughters and telling them her story,she can assure them of her love,despite her apparent abandonment of them.When Jing-mei sets out to tell her half-sisters Suyuan's story,she also has this goal in mind,as well as her own goal of letting the twins know who their mother was and what she was like. 讲故事的另一个用途涉及历史传承。通过向女儿们讲述家族历史,母亲们确保她们的生活被后代记住和理解,使故事中的人物永远不会完全消失。在向女儿们讲述她们的故事时,母亲们试图灌输她们对中国祖先和中国过去的尊重。素媛希望通过找到她失散多年的女儿们并讲述她的故事,向她们保证自己的爱,尽管表面上看似抛弃了她们。当晶梅开始向她的同父异母姐妹讲述素媛的故事时,她也怀有同样的目标,同时还有让这对双胞胎了解她们母亲是谁以及她是怎样的人的目的
Storytelling is also used as a way of controlling one's own fate.In many ways,the original purpose of the Joy Luck Club was to create a place to exchange stories.Faced with pain and hardship,Suyuan decided to take control of the plot of her life.The Joy Luck Club did not simply serve as a distraction;it also enabled transformation-of community,of love and support,of circumstance.Stories work to encourage a certain sense of independence.They are a way of forging one's own identity and gaining autonomy.Waverly understands this:while Lindo believes that her daughter's crooked nose means that she is ill-fated,Waverly dismisses this passive interpretation and changes her identity and her fate by reinventing the story that is told about a crooked nose. 讲故事也是控制自己命运的一种方式。在许多方面,《喜福会》的最初目的是创造一个交换故事的场所。面对痛苦和艰难,苏元决定掌控自己人生的情节。《喜福会》不仅仅是一个消遣的场所;它还促成了转变——社区的转变,爱与支持的转变,环境的转变。故事能够激发一种独立感。它们是锻造自我身份和获得自主权的方式。韦弗利理解这一点:当琳多认为女儿的歪鼻子意味着她命运不好时,韦弗利否定了这种被动的解读,通过重新讲述关于歪鼻子的故事,改变了自己的身份和命运。
The Problem of Immigrant Identity 移民身份的问题
At some point in the novel,each of the major characters expresses anxiety over her inability to reconcile her Chinese heritage with her American surroundings.Indeed,this reconciliation is the very aim of Jing-mei's journey to China.While the daughters in the novel are genetically Chinese(except for Lena,who is half Chinese)and have been raised in mostly Chinese households,they also identify with and feel at home in modern American culture.Waverly,Rose,and Lena all have white boyfriends or husbands,and they regard many of their mothers'customs and tastes as old-fashioned or even ridiculous.Most of them have spent their childhoods trying to escape their Chinese identities:Lena would walk around the house with her eyes opened as far as possible so as to make them look European.Jing-mei denied during adolescence that she had any internal Chinese aspects,insisting that her Chinese identity was limited only to her external features.Lindo meditates that Waverly would have clapped her hands for joy during her teen years if her mother had told her that she did not look Chinese. 在小说的某个阶段,每个主要角色都表达了对无法调和其中国血统与美国环境的焦虑。事实上,这种调和正是晶梅前往中国旅程的目的。虽然小说中的女儿们在基因上是中国人(除了莱娜,她是半个中国人),并且大多在中国家庭中长大,但她们也认同并感到现代美国文化是她们的家。韦弗利、罗斯和莱娜都有白人男友或丈夫,她们认为许多母亲的习俗和品味过时甚至可笑。她们大多数人在童年时期都试图逃避自己的中国身份:莱娜会尽量睁大眼睛走来走去,以使眼睛看起来更像欧洲人。晶梅在青春期否认自己有任何内在的中国特质,坚持认为她的中国身份仅限于外表特征。琳多沉思道,如果她的母亲在韦弗利青少年时期告诉她她看起来不像中国人,韦弗利当时一定会高兴地拍手叫好。
选段及选段分析:(标下划线的词句为识别标志)
1.Ralph Ellison 1.拉尔夫·埃里森
And my problem was that I always tried to go in everyone s way but my own.I have also been called one thing and then another while no one really wished to hear what I called myself.So after years of trying to adopt the opinions of others I finally rebelled.I am an invisible man. 而我的问题是,我总是试图走别人的路,而不是自己的路。我也曾被人贴上各种标签,但没有人真正想听我如何称呼自己。所以,在多年试图接受别人的看法后,我终于反抗了。我是一个隐形人。
Invisible Man 隐形人
分析:This quote is from the Epilogue.The narrator very neatly encapsulates the main source of his difficulties throughout the twenty-five chapters of the novel.He has not been himself and has not lived his own life but rather has allowed the complexity of his identity to be limited by the social expectations and prejudices of others.He has followed the ideology of the college and the ideology of the Brotherhood without trusting or developing his own identity.Now,however,he has realized that his own identity,both in its flexibility and authenticity,is the key to freedom.Rinehart,a master of many identities,first suggests to the narrator the limitless capacity for variation within oneself.However,Rinehart ultimately 分析:这段话摘自尾声。叙述者非常简洁地概括了他在小说二十五章中所经历的主要困难。他没有做自己,也没有过自己的生活,而是让自己身份的复杂性被他人的社会期望和偏见所限制。他遵循了学院的意识形态和兄弟会的意识形态,却没有信任或发展自己的身份。然而,现在他意识到,自己的身份,无论是灵活性还是真实性,都是通向自由的关键。莱因哈特,一个多重身份的大师,最初向叙述者暗示了自我内在无限变化的可能性。然而,莱因哈特最终…
proves an unsatisfactory model for the narrator because Rinehart s life lacks authenticity.The meaning of the narrator s assertion that he is"an invisible man"has changed slightly since he made the same claim at the beginning of the novel: whereas at the outset he means to call attention to the fact that others cannot see him,he now means to call attention to the fact that his identity,his inner self,is real,even if others cannot see it. 对叙述者来说,Rinehart 的生活缺乏真实性,因此证明了他是一个不令人满意的榜样。叙述者声称自己是“隐形人”的含义自小说开头他作出同样声明以来略有变化:起初,他意在强调别人看不见他,而现在他意在强调他的身份,他的内心自我是真实的,即使别人看不见。
I looked at Ras on his horse and at their handful of guns and recognized the absurdity of the whole night and of the simple yet confoundingly complex arrangement of hope and desire,fear and hate,that had brought me here still running, and knowing now who I was and where I was and knowing too that I had no longer to run for or from the Jacks and the Emersons and the Bledsoes and Nortons,but only from their confusion,impatience,and refusal to recognize the beautiful absurdity of their American identity and mine....And I knew that it was better to live out one's own absurdity than to die for that of others,whether for Ras's or Jack's. 我看着骑在马上 Ras 和他们那几把枪,意识到整晚的荒谬,以及那种简单却令人困惑复杂的希望与欲望、恐惧与仇恨的交织,正是这些把我带到了这里,我依然在奔跑,现在知道自己是谁,身处何地,也知道我不再需要为 Jacks、Emersons、Bledsoes 和 Nortons 奔跑或逃避,而只需逃避他们的困惑、不耐烦以及拒绝承认他们和我那美丽荒诞的美国身份……我知道,活出自己的荒诞比为他人的荒诞而死要好,无论是为 Ras 的还是 Jack 的。
Invisible Man 隐形人
分析:The narrator experiences this moment of epiphany during his confrontation with Ras in Chapter 25.This scene represents a key moment in the narrator's existential breakthrough,as he realizes that his own identity is the source of meaning in his life and that acting to fulfill the expectations of others can only prove destructive.Ras's threatening to kill the narrator makes the narrator see the world as meaningless and absurd and the complexity of American life as equally absurd.(Ellison borrows the word"absurd"directly from the work of the French existentialists,who characterized the universe as such and claimed that the only meaning to be found in existence is that with which the individual invests his own life.)The only motivation to which the narrator can cling is an affirmation that his own absurdity is more important to him than Jack's or Ras's.The action of hurling Ras's spear back at him demonstrates the narrator's refusal to be subject any longer to others'visions and demands-he finally commits himself fully to an attempt to assert his true identity. 分析:叙述者在第 25 章与拉斯对峙时经历了这一顿悟时刻。这个场景代表了叙述者存在主义突破的关键时刻,他意识到自己的身份是他生命意义的源泉,而为了满足他人的期望而行动只会带来破坏。拉斯威胁要杀死叙述者,使叙述者看到世界是无意义和荒谬的,美国生活的复杂性同样荒谬。(艾利森直接借用了法国存在主义者的“荒谬”一词,他们将宇宙描述为荒谬,并声称存在中唯一的意义是个体赋予自己生命的意义。)叙述者唯一能依附的动力是肯定自己的荒谬性比杰克或拉斯的更重要。将拉斯的矛掷回给他的行为,展示了叙述者拒绝再受他人观点和要求支配——他终于完全致力于尝试确立自己的真实身份
I am an invisible man.No,I am not a spook like those who haunted Edgar Allan Poe;nor am I one of your Hollywood-movie ectoplasms.I am a man of substance,of flesh and bone,fiber and liquids--and I might even be said to possess a mind.I am invisible,understand,simply because people refuse to see me.Like the bodiless heads you see sometimes in circus sideshows,it is as though I have been surrounded by mirrors of hard,distorting glass.When they approach me they see only my surroundings,themselves,or figments of their imagination-indeed,everything and anything except me. 我是一个隐形人。不,我不是像那些困扰埃德加·爱伦·坡的幽灵;我也不是你们好莱坞电影里的幽灵形象。我是一个有实体的人,有血有肉,有纤维和液体——甚至可以说我拥有一颗头脑。我之所以隐形,是因为人们拒绝看见我。就像你有时在马戏团边展览中看到的无头人一样,仿佛我被一面面坚硬、扭曲的玻璃镜子包围着。当他们靠近我时,他们只看到我的周围、他们自己,或者他们想象中的幻影——实际上,看到的除了我之外的任何东西。
Invisible Man(2018 兰大) 《隐形人》(2018 兰大)
And my problem was that I always tried to go in everyone's way but my own.I have also been called one thing and then another while no one really wished to hear what I called myself.So after years of trying to adopt the opinions of others I finally rebelled.I am an invisible man. 而我的问题是,我总是试图走别人的路,而不是自己的路。我也被人称作这个那个,但没有人真正想听我怎么称呼自己。所以,在多年试图接受别人的看法后,我终于反抗了。我是一个隐形人。
Invisible Man 《隐形人》
分析:In this quote from the Epilogue,the narrator very neatly encapsulates the main source of his difficulties throughout the twenty-five chapters of the novel.He has not been himself and has not lived his own life but rather has allowed the complexity of his identity to be limited by the social expectations and prejudices of others.He has followed the ideology of the college and the ideology of the Brotherhood without trusting or developing his own identity.Now,however,he has realized that his own identity,both in its flexibility and authenticity,is the key to freedom.Rinehart,a master of many identities,first suggests to the narrator the limitless capacity for variation within oneself.However,Rinehart ultimately proves an unsatisfactory model for the narrator because Rinehart's life lacks authenticity.The meaning of the narrator's assertion that he is"an invisible man"has changed slightly since he made the same claim at the beginning of the novel: whereas at the outset he means to call attention to the fact that others cannot not see him,he now means to call attention to the fact that his identity,his inner self,is real,even if others cannot see it. 分析:在这段摘自尾声的引述中,叙述者非常简洁地概括了他在小说二十五章中所经历的主要困难。他并非做自己,也没有过自己的生活,而是让自己身份的复杂性被他人的社会期望和偏见所限制。他遵循了学院的意识形态和兄弟会的意识形态,却没有信任或发展自己的身份。然而,现在他意识到,自己的身份,无论是灵活性还是真实性,都是通向自由的关键。莱因哈特,拥有多重身份的大师,最初向叙述者暗示了自我内在无限变化的可能性。然而,莱因哈特最终被证明并不是叙述者满意的榜样,因为莱因哈特的生活缺乏真实性。叙述者宣称自己是“隐形人”的含义自小说开头时的说法略有变化:起初,他意在强调别人看不见他,而现在,他意在强调他的身份,他的内心自我是真实的,即使别人看不见它。
2.Langston Hughes 2.兰斯顿·休斯
We younger Negro artists who create now intend to express our individual dark-skinned selves without fear or shame.If white people are pleased we are glad.If they are not,it doesn't matter.We know we are beautiful.And ugly too. 我们这些现在创作的年轻黑人艺术家,打算无所畏惧、无所羞愧地表达我们各自深色的自我。如果白人感到高兴,我们也很高兴。如果他们不高兴,那也无所谓。我们知道我们是美丽的,也有丑陋的一面。
The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain 《黑人艺术家与种族高峰》
I've known rivers: 我曾认识河流:
I've known rivers ancient as the world and older than the flow of human blood in human veins. 我曾认识那些古老如世界、比人类血液在血管中流动还要古老的河流
My soul has grown deep like the rivers. 我的灵魂像江河一样深邃。
I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young. 当黎明初现时,我曾在幼发拉底河中沐浴。
I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep. 我在刚果河畔建了小屋,河水轻轻摇篮着我入睡。
I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it. 我眺望尼罗河,耸立起金字塔于其上
I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln went down to New Orleans,and I've seen its muddy bosom turn all golden in the sunset. 我听见密西西比河的歌声,那是在亚伯·林肯去新奥尔良的时候,
我也见过它那浑浊的胸膛在夕阳下变得金光闪闪。
I've known rivers: 我认识河流:
Ancient,dusky rivers. 古老的,黝黑的河流。
My soul has grown deep like the rivers. 我的灵魂已像河流一样深邃
The Negro Speaks of Rivers 黑人谈河流
背景:"The Negro Speaks of Rivers"is Langston Hughes's first mature poem.He wrote it at the age of seventeen,while traveling by train to visit his father in Mexico.The young Hughes was inspired to pen this verse when his train crossed over the Mississippi River.Although Hughes did not technically write"The Negro Speaks of Rivers"in or about Harlem,he addresses themes that would later become closely associated with the Harlem Renaissance. 背景:“黑人谈河流”是兰斯顿·休斯的第一首成熟诗作。他在十七岁时写下这首诗,当时正乘火车前往墨西哥探望父亲。年轻的休斯在火车穿越密西西比河时,受到启发写下了这首诗。虽然休斯并非在哈莱姆或关于哈莱姆写作《黑人谈河流》,但他探讨的主题后来与哈莱姆文艺复兴密切相关。
继承:When Langston Hughes was writing"The Negro Speaks of Rivers,"he was most influenced by the work of Carl Sandburg and Walt Whitman.He particularly cited Whitman's"Song of Myself"as an inspiration for the longer lines in "Negro."The poem is free verse but has the rhythm of a gospel preacher.Hughes utilizes anaphora,which is the repetition of words or phrases at the start of each line,like"I built,""I looked,"and"I heard." 继承:当兰斯顿·休斯创作《黑人谈河流》时,他受到卡尔·桑德堡和沃尔特·惠特曼作品的影响最大。他特别提到惠特曼的《我歌唱自己》是《黑人谈河流》中较长诗句的灵感来源。该诗为自由诗,但具有福音布道者的节奏感。休斯运用了首语重复法,即在每行开头重复使用词语或短语,如“我建造了”、“我看见了”和“我听见了”
内容:In this poem,the speaker links himself to his ancestors,firmly placing them in important historical,religious,and cultural sites all over the world.The speaker begins by claiming a connection to the world's ancient rivers that predated human beings,and that has made his soul grow"deep like the rivers."This insightful and articulate description indicates the speaker's immense intellect,and allows him to make a definitive connection between people of his race and the rest of human civilization.In the early 20th Century,white Americans often viewed their darker-skinned counterparts as less than human,and here,Hughes offers concrete proof of historical equality. 在这首诗中,叙述者将自己与祖先联系起来,坚定地将他们置于世界各地重要的历史、宗教和文化遗址中。叙述者首先声称与早于人类存在的世界古老河流有联系,这使他的灵魂“像河流一样深邃”。这一深刻且表达清晰的描述显示了叙述者的巨大智慧,并使他能够明确地将自己种族的人与整个人类文明联系起来。在 20 世纪初,白人美国人常常将肤色较深的同胞视为不完全是人类,而在这里,休斯提供了历史平等的确凿证据
河流:The speaker mentions four great rivers,starting with the Euphrates,which historians and archaeologists often label as the birthplace of human civilization.Then,he mentions the strong and mighty Congo,along which many great African kingdoms have flourished.The speaker then cites the long,winding Nile and the great Egyptian pyramids.He witnessed the creation of these structures,which are amongst man's greatest feats of architecture.Finally,he writes about the muddy and golden Mississippi,which he links American slavery and Abraham Lincoln. 河流:演讲者提到了四条伟大的河流,首先是幼发拉底河,历史学家和考古学家常将其称为人类文明的发源地。接着,他提到了强大而雄伟的刚果河,沿岸曾繁荣过许多伟大的非洲王国。然后,演讲者引用了漫长曲折的尼罗河和伟大的埃及金字塔。他目睹了这些建筑的诞生,这些建筑是人类最伟大的建筑成就之一。最后,他写到了泥泞而金黄的密西西比河,将美国奴隶制和亚伯拉罕·林肯联系在一起。
解 读:Although the speaker shares many of Langston Hughes's beliefs,he is a universal figure rather than an autobiographical depiction of Hughes himself.The speaker serves as a voice for all African Americans,as he traces their lineage to the cradles of civilization. 解读:尽管演讲者分享了许多兰斯顿·休斯的信念,但他是一个普遍的形象,而非休斯本人的自传式描写。演讲者作为所有非裔美国人的代言人,追溯他们的血脉至文明的摇篮
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