P5

The three major socio-culture elements that directly influence perception and communication are 1. culture values, 2. worldview (religion) and 3. social organization (family and state)
直接影响感知和交流的三个主要社会文化要素是 1.文化价值观， 2.世界观（宗教）和 3.社会组织（家庭和国家）

Values inform a members of a culture about what is good and bad, right or wrong, true and false, positive and negative. Most important, culture values guide both perception and behavior. Values are learned, they are not universal.
价值观告诉文化成员什么是好的和坏的，对的或错的，对的和错的，积极的和消极的。最重要的是，文化价值观指导着感知和行为。价值观是后天习得的，它们不是普遍的。

A worldview is a culture's orientation toward such things as God, nature, life, death, the universe, and other philosophical issues that are concerned with the meaning of life and with "being".
世界观是一种文化对上帝、自然、生命、死亡、宇宙和其他与生命意义和“存在”有关的哲学问题的取向。

Social organization. The manner in which a culture organizes itself is directly related to the institutions within that culture. The families who raise you and the governments with which you associate and hold allegiance to all help determine how you perceive the world and how you behave within the world. The family is among the oldest and most fundamental of all human institutions.
社会组织。一种文化的自我组织方式与该文化中的制度直接相关。抚养你的家庭，以及你所联系和效忠的政府，都有助于决定你如何看待世界，以及你在世界上的行为方式。家庭是人类所有机构中最古老、最基本的机构之一。

P26 stumbling blocks in intercultural communication 跨文化交际中的绊脚石

Assumption of similarities 相似性假定

Many people naively assume there are sufficient similarities among peoples of the world to make community easy. They overlook the fact that the forms of adaptation to these common biological and social needs and the values, beliefs and attitudes surrounding them are vastly different from culture to culture.
许多人天真地认为世界各国人民之间有足够的相似之处，使社区变得容易。他们忽视了这样一个事实，即适应这些共同的生物和社会需要的形式以及围绕它们的价值观、信仰和态度因文化而异。

Language differences 语言差异

Vocabulary, syntax, idioms, slang, dialects and so on all cause difficulty. A greater language problem is the tenacity with which some people will cling to just one meaning of a word or phase in the new language regardless of connotation or context. There are other language problems including the different styles of using language and so on.
词汇、句法、成语、俚语、方言等都会造成困难。一个更大的语言问题是，有些人会执着于新语言中一个词或一个阶段的一种含义，而不管其内涵或上下文如何。还有其他语言问题，包括使用语言的不同风格等。

Nonverbal misinterpretations 非言语行为的误解

People from different cultures inhabit different sensory realities. The misinterpretation of observable nonverbal signs and symbols is a definite communication barrier. It is more difficult to understand the less obvious unspoken codes of the other culture.
来自不同文化的人们生活在不同的感官现实中。对可观察到的非语言符号和符号的误解是一个明确的沟通障碍。要理解其他文化中不那么明显的潜规则就更难了。

Preconceptions and stereotypes 先入之见和刻板印象

Stereotypes are overgeneralized, secondhand beliefs that provide conceptual bases from which we make sense out of what goes on around us, whether or not they are accurate or fit the circumstances. Stereotypes persist because they are firmly established as myths or truisms by one's own culture and because they sometimes rationalize prejudices.
刻板印象是过于笼统的二手信念，它提供了概念基础，我们从中理解我们周围发生的事情，无论它们是否准确或是否适合环境。刻板印象之所以持续存在，是因为它们被自己的文化牢固地确立为神话或真理，并且因为它们有时会使偏见合理化。

Tendency to evaluate 评估趋向

It means to approve or disapprove, the statements and actions of the other person or group. We assume our own culture or way of life is the most natural. The miscommunication caused before immediate evaluation is height-ened when feelings and emotions are deeply involved; yet this is just the time when listening with understanding is most needed. The admonition to resist the tendency to immediately evaluate not mean that one should not develop one's own sense of right and wrong. The goal is to look and listen empathetically rather than through the thick screen of value judgements that impede a fair and total understanding.
它意味着批准或不批准其他人或团体的言论和行为。我们假设我们自己的文化或生活方式是最自然的。当感觉和情绪深入接触时，在立即评估之前造成的沟通不畅会加剧;然而，这正是最需要理解倾听的时候。劝诫人们不要立即评估的倾向，并不意味着一个人不应该发展自己的是非观念。目标是以同理心去看和听，而不是通过厚厚的价值判断屏幕，阻碍公平和全面的理解。

High anxiety 高度紧张

Too much anxiety or tension requires some form of relief, which too often comes in the form of defenses, such as the skewing of perceptions, withdrawal, or hostility. That's why it is considered a serious stumbling block.
过多的焦虑或紧张需要某种形式的缓解，而这种缓解往往以防御的形式出现，例如感知的扭曲、退缩或敌意。这就是为什么它被认为是一个严重的绊脚石。

p39

1对于文化的多个定义

2马斯洛需求层次理论

The physiological needs 生理需求

The safety needs 安全需求

The belongingness needs 归属需求
归属需求 归属需求

The esteem needs 尊重需求

The self-actualization needs 自我实现需求
自我实现需要自我实现需求

3 Every culture has its ways of doing things in daily life.
3 每一种文化在日常生活中都有其做事的方式。

P 45
第 45 页

Culture can be defined as the coherent, learned, shared view of a group of people about life's concerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behavior. This definition contains three characteristics of culture; then it outlines three things culture does.
文化可以被定义为一群人对生活关注点的连贯、学习、共享的观点，它对重要的事情进行排序，提供对事情适当的态度，并决定行为。该定义包含文化的三个特征;然后它概述了文化所做的三件事。

Culture is coherent
文化是连贯的

Each culture, past or present, is coherent and complete within itself an entire view of the universe.
每一种文化，无论是过去的还是现在的，都是连贯的，在它自身内就完成了一个完整的宇宙观。

Culture is learned
文化是学习的

Culture is not something we are born with, but rather it is learned.
文化不是我们与生俱来的，而是后天习得的。

Culture is the view of a group of people
文化是一群人的观点

A culture is shaped by a society.
一种文化是由一个社会塑造的。

Culture ranks what is important
文化对重要事物进行排序

What is of paramount importance to one group may be virtually meaningless to another. Cultures rank what is important. In other words, cultures teach values or priorities.
对一个群体来说最重要的事情对另一个群体来说可能几乎毫无意义。文化对重要的东西进行排序。換句話說，文化教導價值觀或優先事順序。

Culture furnishes attitudes
文化提供态度

Attitudes are based on beliefs as well as values. Beliefs are convictions or certainties based on subjective and often personal ideas rather than on proof or fact. Belief systems or religions are powerful sources of values and attitudes in cultures.
态度基于信仰和价值观。信念是基于主观的、通常是个人的想法而不是证据或事实的信念或确定性。信仰体系或宗教是文化中价值观和态度的强大来源。

Culture dictates how to behave
文化决定了如何行事

Behavior comes directly from attitudes about how significant something is how it is valued. Values drive actions. Our life is mostly a composite of actions. Cultural priorities motivate our behavior. In intercultural contacts, cultural differences usually make themselves known first by behavior, which is related to attitudes and which springs from priorities (values) in the culture.
行为直接来自对某事的重要性、价值程度的态度。价值观驱动行动。我们的生活大多是行动的复合体。文化优先事项激励着我们的行为。在跨文化交往中，文化差异通常首先通过行为来体现，这与态度有关，源于文化中的优先事项（价值观）。

p49 Elements of communication
p49 沟通要素

Context
上下文

① One aspect of context is the physical setting, including location, time, light, temperature, distance between communicators, and any seating arrangements. Each of these factors affects communication.
（1） 上下文的一个方面是物理环境，包括位置、时间、光线、温度、通信者之间的距离以及任何座位安排。这些因素中的每一个都会影响沟通。

② A second aspect of context is historical. Previous communication episodes affect the meanings currently being shared.
（2）语境的第二个方面是历史的。以前的交流事件会影响当前共享的含义。

③ A third aspect of context is psychological. The manner in which people perceive both themselves and those with whom they communicate will affect the meaning that is shared.
（3）语境的第三个方面是心理上的。人们看待自己和与他们交流的人的方式将影响共享的意义。

④ A fourth aspect of context is culture. Culture may be defined as"systems of knowledge" shared by a relatively large group of people. It includes a system of shared beliefs, values, symbols, and behaviors.
（4）语境的第四个方面是文化。文化可以被定义为由相对较大的人群共享的“知识系统”。它包括一个由共同的信仰、价值观、符号和行为组成的系统。

Although all aspects of a culture are part of the context, one of the most important aspects of culture is the establishment of the communication norms within the culture.
尽管文化的所有方面都是背景的一部分，但文化最重要的方面之一是在文化中建立沟通规范。

Participants
参与者

The participants in communication play the roles of sender and receiver, sometimes as in face-to-face communication-of the messages simultaneously. As senders, we form messages and attempt to communicate them to others through verbal and nonverbal symbols. As receivers, we process the messages sent to us and react to them both verbally and nonverbally.
通信的参与者扮演着发送者和接收者的角色，有时就像在面对面的交流中一样——同时传递信息。作为发送者，我们形成信息并尝试通过语言和非语言符号将其传达给他人。作为接收者，我们处理发送给我们的信息，并以口头和非口头方式对它们做出反应。

Three especially important variables affecting participants are relationship, gender, and culture.
影响参与者的三个特别重要的变量是关系、性别和文化。

Messages
消息

Communication takes place through the sending and receiving of messages. Actually, messages are far more complex. They include the elements of meanings, symbols, encoding and decoding.
通信是通过发送和接收消息进行的。实际上，消息要复杂得多。它们包括意义、符号、编码和解码的元素。

① Meanings. The pure ideas and feelings that exist in a person's mind represent meanings.
（1）含义。存在于一个人头脑中的纯粹想法和感受代表意义。

② Symbols. The words, sounds, and actions that communicate meaning are known as symbols because they stand for the meanings intended by the person using them.
（2）符号。传达意义的文字、声音和动作被称为符号，因为它们代表使用它们的人想要表达的含义。

③ Encoding and Decoding. The process of transforming ideas and feelings into symbols and organizing them is called encoding a message; the process of transforming messages back into ideas and feelings is called decoding.
（3）编码和解码。将想法和感觉转化为符号并组织它们的过程称为对信息进行编码;将信息转换回想法和感觉的过程称为解码。

Channels
渠道

A channel is both the route traveled by the message and the means of transportation. Messages are transmitted through a variety of sensory channels. We may use sound, sight, smell, taste, touch, or any combination of these to carry a message.
通道既是消息传播的路线，也是运输工具。信息通过各种感官渠道传递。我们可以使用声音、视觉、嗅觉、味觉、触觉或这些的任意组合来传递信息。

Noise
噪声

Noise is any stimulus, external or internal to the participants, that interferes with the sharing of meaning. Much of our success as communicators depends on how we cope with external, internal, and semantic noises, each of which can create blocks in the sensory channels and interfere with the decoding process.
噪音是任何干扰意义分享的外部或内部刺激。作为沟通者，我们的成功很大程度上取决于我们如何应对外部、内部和语义噪音，每一种噪音都会在感觉通道中产生阻塞并干扰解码过程。

① External Noise. Sights, sounds, and other stimuli in the environment that draw people's attention away from intended meaning are known as external noise.
（1）外部噪声。环境中将人们的注意力从预期含义上移开的景象、声音和其他刺激被称为外部噪音。

② Internal Noise.Thoughts and feelings that interfere with the communication process are known as internal noise.
（2）内部噪音：干扰沟通过程的思想和感受被称为内部噪音。

③ Semantic Noise. Unintended meanings aroused by certain verbal symbols can inhibit the accuracy of decoding. This is known as semantic noise.
（3）语义噪声。某些口头符号引起的意外含义会抑制解码的准确性。这被称为语义噪声。

Feedback
反馈

As receivers attempt to decode the meaning of messages, they are likely to give some kind of verbal or nonverbal response.This response, called feedback, tells the sender whether the message has been heard, seen, or understood.
当接收者试图解码信息的含义时，他们可能会给出某种语言或非语言回应。这种响应称为反馈，它告诉发件人消息是否已被听到、看到或理解。

p99 Culture dimensions
p99 文化维度

Individualism versus collectivism
个人主义与集体主义

Uncertainty avoidance
不确定性规避

Power distance
电源距离

Masculinity versus femininity
男性气质与女性气质

Long-term versus short-term orientation to time
长期与短期的时间导向

p110 High-context and low-context cultures
p110 高语境和低语境文化

A high-context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is either in the context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. A low-context (LC) communication is just the opposite; i.e., the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code, and the context or situation plays a minimal role.
高上下文 （HC） 通信或消息是指大部分信息要么在上下文中，要么在人中内化，而很少信息在消息的编码、显式、传输部分。低上下文 （LC） 通信恰恰相反;也就是说，信息量归属于显式代码，上下文或情况起的作用很小。

In general, low-context communication refers to communication patterns of direct verbal mode, while high-context communication refers to communication patterns of indirect verbal mode.
一般来说，低语境交际是指直接言语模式的交际模式，而高语境交际是指间接言语模式的交际模式。

When we use low-context communication we stress the importance of explicit verbal messages to convey personal thoughts, opinions, and feelings. When we use high-context communication we stress the importance of multilayered contexts (e.g-, historical context, social norms, roles, situational and relational contexts) that frame the interaction encounter.
当我们使用低语境交流时，我们强调明确的口头信息对于传达个人想法、意见和感受的重要性。当我们使用高语境沟通时，我们强调构建互动遭遇的多层语境（例如，历史语境、社会规范、角色、情境和关系语境）的重要性。

p146 The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说

Language becomes our shaper of ideas rather than simply our tool for reporting ideas, language influenced or even determined the ways in which people thought.
语言成为我们思想的塑造者，而不仅仅是我们报告思想的工具，语言影响甚至决定了人们的思维方式。

The central idea of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that language functions, not simply as a device for reporting experience, but also, and more significantly, as a way of defining experience for its speakers.
萨皮尔-沃尔夫假说的中心思想是，语言的功能不仅仅是作为报告经验的工具，而且更重要的是，作为为其说话者定义经验的一种方式。

p253 Culture conceptions of time
p253 文化时间观

A culture's conception of time can be examined from three different perspectives: (1) informal time; (2) perceptions of past, present, and future; and (3) monochronic and polychronic classifications.
一种文化的时间概念可以从三个不同的角度来考察：（1）非正式时间;（2）对过去、现在和未来的感知;（3）单时和多时分类。

Informal time
非正式时间

Most of the rules for informal time, such as pace and tardiness, are not explicitly taught. Like most of culture, these rules usually function below the level of consciousness.
大多数非正式时间的规则，如节奏和迟到，都没有明确教授。像大多数文化一样，这些规则通常在意识水平以下发挥作用。

We can ascertain a culture's attitude toward time by examining the pace at which members of that culture perform specific acts and respond to certain events.
我们可以通过检查一种文化的成员执行特定行为和对某些事件做出反应的速度来确定该文化对时间的态度。

Past, present and future
过去、现在和未来

Past-orientated cultures place much emphasis on tradition and are often perceived as resisting change.
以过去为导向的文化非常强调传统，通常被认为是抵制变革。

Filipinos and Latin Americans are present oriented and emphasize living in the moment. There cultures tend to be more impulsive and spontaneous than others and have a casual, relaxed lifestyle.
菲律宾人和拉丁美洲人以当下为导向，强调活在当下。那里的文化往往比其他文化更冲动和自发，并且拥有休闲、轻松的生活方式。

The third orientation, which puts great faith in the future, is the one most Americans have.
第三种取向对未来充满信心，是大多数美国人所拥有的取向。

Monochronic (M-time) and polychronic (P-time)
单时 （M-time） 和多时 （P-time）

As the word monochronic implies, this approach sees time as lineal, segmented, and manageable. Time is something people must not waste; they must be dong something or they feel guilty.
正如单时性这个词所暗示的那样，这种方法将时间视为线性的、分段的和可管理的。时间是人们不能浪费的东西;他们一定是东某物，否则他们会感到内疚。

P-time cultures, for example, deal with time holistically.They can interact with more than one person or do more than one thing at a time. They also take great stock in the activity that is occurring at the moment and emphasize people more than schedules. They do not perceive appointments as iron-clad commitments and therefore often break them. For P-time cultures, time is less tangible; hence, feelings of wasted time are not as prevalent as in M-time cultures. This leads, of course, to a lifestyle that is more spontaneous and unstructured.
例如，P-time 文化从整体上处理时间。他们可以与多个人互动或一次做多件事。他们还非常重视当前正在进行的活动，并强调人而不是日程安排。他们不认为任命是铁定的承诺，因此经常违反这些承诺。对于 P 时间文化，时间不那么有形;因此，浪费时间的感觉并不像在M-time文化中那样普遍。当然，这导致了一种更加自发和非结构化的生活方式。

p268 关于国家的俚语

excuse my French 原谅我说粗话

talk to sb like a Dutch uncle 严厉地告诫某人

it's all Greek to me 一窍不通

say in plain English 直率地说，通俗地说

scratch a Russian and you will find a Tartar 外表不能改变本质
刮一个俄罗斯人，你会发现一个鞑靼人 外表不能改变本质

his Irish is up 他生气了

Dutch courage 酒后之勇

an Indian summer 风和日丽的日子/心情很好/兴旺的晚期

French kiss
法式接吻

Welsh on debts 赖账

p292 Stereotype and prejudice
p292 刻板印象和偏见

A stereotype is a fixed notion about persons in a certain category, with no distinctions made among individuals. In other words, it is an overgeneralized and oversimplified belief we use to categorize a group of people.
刻板印象是关于某一类别的人的固定概念，个人之间没有区别。换句话说，这是一种过于笼统和过于简单化的信念，我们用来对一群人进行分类。

We form stereotypes in three ways.
我们以三种方式形成刻板印象。

First, we may categorize people or things by the most obvious characteristics they possess.
首先，我们可以根据人或事物所具有的最明显的特征对他们进行分类。

Second, we may apply a set of characteristics to a whole group of people.
其次，我们可以将一组特征应用于一整群人。

Third, we may give the same treatment to each member of the group.
第三，我们可以给予小组中每个成员相同的待遇。

Stereotypes may vary along four dimensions: direction, intensity, accuracy, and content.
刻板印象可能在四个维度上有所不同：方向、强度、准确性和内容。

The direction of stereotypes refers to the positive/favorable and negative/ unfavorable aspects of statements.
刻板印象的方向是指陈述的积极/有利和消极/不利方面。

The intensity of a stereotype indicates the strength of a belief about a group of people.
刻板印象的强度表明对一群人的信念的强度。

Stereotypes also vary in their accuracy. Although stereotypes are exaggerated and overgeneralized beliefs, they are not always false. Some of them may be half-truths, and others may be partially inaccurate.
刻板印象的准确性也各不相同。尽管刻板印象是夸大和过度概括的信念，但它们并不总是错误的。其中一些可能是半真半假的，而另一些可能是部分不准确的。

Finally, stereotypes may vary in their specific content, for example, in the specific traits attributed to a group of people.
最后，刻板印象的具体内容可能会有所不同，例如，归因于一群人的特定特征。

Stereotypes naturally develop from a set of oversimplified beliefs into a rigid attitude toward a group of people. Such an attitude based on erroneous beliefs or preconceptions is called prejudice. Stereotypes and prejudice often occur together. In other words, when we hold beliefs (stereotypes), for example, about Italians, we also tend to have prejudice toward them. While beliefs refer to the likelihood that a group of people possesses certain characteristics, they contribute to the formation of attitude systems that directly affect the way we treat the group of people. Thus, prejudice is a learned tendency by which we respond to a given group of people or event in a consistent (usually negative) way. When cognitions (stereotypes) are assigned values (prejudice), we may enact biased action (e.g. discrimination).
刻板印象自然而然地从一套过于简单化的信念发展成对一群人的僵化态度。这种基于错误信念或先入之见的态度称为偏见。刻板印象和偏见经常同时发生。换句话说，当我们持有信念（刻板印象）时，例如，关于意大利人，我们也倾向于对他们有偏见。虽然信念指的是一群人拥有某些特征的可能性，但它们有助于形成态度系统，直接影响我们对待这群人的方式。因此，偏见是一种习得的倾向，我们通过这种倾向以一致（通常是消极的）方式对给定的人群或事件做出反应。当认知（刻板印象）被赋予价值（偏见）时，我们可能会采取有偏见的行为（例如歧视）。

Prejudice varies principally along the dimension of intensity. Five common forms of prejudice can be identified in terms of intensity: verbal abuse, physical avoidance, discrimination, physical attack, and massacre.
偏见主要在强度方面有所不同。从强度上可以确定五种常见的偏见形式：辱骂、身体回避、歧视、身体攻击和屠杀。

verbal abuse
辱骂

Verbal abuse is often accompanied by ethnic jokes and name-labeling
辱骂往往伴随着种族笑话和辱骂

physical avoidance
物理回避

Physical avoidance occurs when we dislike a group of people. Because of different religious beliefs, language systems, and behavioral patterns, we may intentionally avoid making friends, going out studying, or working with certain people.
当我们不喜欢一群人时，就会发生身体回避。由于不同的宗教信仰、语言系统和行为模式，我们可能会故意避免结交朋友、外出学习或与某些人一起工作。

discrimination
歧视

Discrimination refers to the denial of equal opportunities to outgroup members.
歧视是指剥夺外群体成员的平等机会。

Discrimination often occurs in the areas of employment, residential housing, political rights, educational and recreational opportunities, and other social privileges.
歧视往往发生在就业、住房、政治权利、教育和娱乐机会以及其他社会特权领域。

physical attack
物理攻击

As the degree of discrimination intensifies, physically punishing the group of people who are disliked becomes inevitable.
随着歧视程度的加剧，体罚被不喜欢的人群变得不可避免。

massacre
大屠杀

Finally, the worst result of prejudice is massacre.
最后，偏见的最坏结果是大屠杀。

We gradually develop our stereotypes and prejudices through the process of learning and socialization. We also develop stereotypes from our personal experiences. Finally, mass media also play an important role in the development of stereotypes and prejudice.
我们通过学习和社会化的过程逐渐发展出我们的刻板印象和偏见。我们还从个人经历中发展出刻板印象。最后，大众媒体在形成陈规定型观念和偏见方面也发挥着重要作用。

Because stereotypes and prejudice are based on our belief and attitude systems, they affect the way we communicate in intercultural encounters. They may prevent us from interacting with people of different backgrounds; they tend to produce negative feelings during the interactions; and they can lead to unnecessary conflicts when they are intense. To solve the problems of stereotypes and prejudice, we suggest that empathy is the main communication skill we should learn.
因为刻板印象和偏见是基于我们的信仰和态度体系，它们会影响我们在跨文化交流中的沟通方式。它们可能会阻止我们与不同背景的人互动;他们往往会在互动中产生负面情绪;当它们激烈时，它们会导致不必要的冲突。为了解决刻板印象和偏见的问题，我们建议同理心是我们应该学习的主要沟通技巧。

p298 Adapting to a new culture
p298 适应新文化

Culture shock refers to the transition period and the accompanying feelings of stress and anxiety a person experiences during the early period upon entering a new culture. Several terms apply to this concept including culture stress, adaptation, transition shock adjustment, socialization, and so on.
文化冲击是指一个人在进入新文化的早期阶段所经历的过渡期以及随之而来的压力和焦虑感。有几个术语适用于这个概念，包括文化压力、适应、过渡冲击调整、社会化等。

Any number of symptoms can occur during cycles of culture shock. These symptoms can be (1) physiological such as a constant headache, an upset stomach, and sleeplessness. The symptoms can be (2) emotionally based such as anxiety, irritability, paranoia, extreme homesickness, loneliness, excessive concern over health and safety, and feelings of powerlessness and helplessness.The symptoms can also be (3) communication based such as withdrawal from relationship and conversation, excessive complaining, frustration1, and defensive communication.
在培养休克周期中可能出现任何数量的症状。这些症状可能是 （1） 生理性的，例如持续头痛、胃部不适和失眠。症状可以是（2）基于情绪的，如焦虑、易怒、偏执、极度思乡、孤独、过度关注健康和安全，以及无力感和无助感。症状也可以是 （3） 基于沟通的，例如退出关系和对话、过度抱怨、沮丧1 和防御性沟通。

Predeparture stage分离前阶段

stage 1: everything is beautiful
第 1 阶段：一切都很美好

stage 2: everything is awful
第 2 阶段：一切都很糟糕

stage 3: everything is ok
第 3 阶段：一切正常

Adaptation and reentry适应和再入

How to deal with culture shock
如何应对文化冲击

Do not become over-reactionary
不要变得过度反动

Meet new people
结识新朋友

Try new things
尝试新事物

Give yourself periods of rest and thought
给自己一些休息和思考的时间

Work on your self-concept
在自我概念上下功夫

Write
写

Observe body language
观察肢体语言

Learn the verbal language
学习口头语言

p344 Metaphors of U. S. culture diversity 有关美国文化多样性的暗喻

When people talk about the blend of U.S.cultural groups, their ideas are often condensed into a few key words or phrases. These summary images, called metaphors, imply both descriptions of what is and, less obviously, prescriptions of what should be. We would like to focus now on four metaphors that have been used to describe the cultural mix within the United States: a melting pot, a set of tributaries, a tapestry, and a garden salad.
当人们谈论美国文化群体的融合时，他们的想法往往被浓缩成几个关键词或短语。这些总结图像被称为隐喻，既暗示了对“是什么”的描述，也暗示了对“应该是什么”的处方。我们现在想重点谈谈用来描述美国文化融合的四个隐喻：一个大熔炉、一组支流、一幅挂毯和一份花园沙拉。

The Melting Pot metaphor 熔炉

According to this view, immigrants from many cultures came to the United States
根据这种观点，来自多种文化的移民来到美国

to work, live, mix, and blend together into one great assimilated culture that is stronger and better than the unique individual cultures of which it is composed.
工作、生活、混合和融合成一种伟大的同化文化，这种文化比它所构成的独特个人文化更强大、更好。

不足之处It has never been an accurate description. The tendency for diverse cultures to melt together and assimilate their unique heritages into a single cultural entity has never really existed. Rather, the many cultural groups within the United States have continuously adapted to one another as they accommodated and perhaps adopted some of the practices and preferences of other groups while maintaining their own unique and distinctive heritages.
不足之处它从来都不是准确的描述。不同文化融合在一起并将其独特遗产同化为一个单一文化实体的趋势从未真正存在过。相反，美国境内的许多文化群体在保持自己独特和独特的遗产的同时，不断相互适应，适应并可能采用其他群体的一些做法和偏好。

The Tributaries 支流

America, according to this image, is like a huge cultural watershed, providing numerous paths in which the many tributary cultures can flow. The tributaries maintain their unique identities as they surge toward their common destination. The tributary image seems to suggest that it is acceptable and desirable for cultural groups to maintain their unique identities.
根据这个形象，美国就像一个巨大的文化分水岭，为许多支流文化提供了许多可以流动的路径。支流在奔向共同目的地时保持着独特的身份。朝贡的形象似乎表明，文化群体保持其独特身份是可以接受和可取的。

不足之处Our difficulty with this notion tests in the hidden assumption that the cultural groups will ultimately and inevitably blend together into a single, common current. Further, the idea of tributaries blending together to form one main stream suggests that the tributaries are somehow subordinate to or less important than the mighty river into which they flow.
不足之处我们对这一概念的困难在于一个隐藏的假设，即文化群体最终将不可避免地融合成一个单一的、共同的潮流。此外，支流融合在一起形成一条干流的想法表明，支流在某种程度上从属于或不如它们流入的强大河流重要。

The Tapestry 挂毯

Although the metaphor of a tapestry has much to commend it, the image is not flawless. After all, a tapestry is rather static and unchangeable. Cultural groups in the
虽然挂毯的隐喻有很多值得称赞的地方，但图像并非完美无瑕。毕竟，挂毯是静态的，不可改变的。文化团体

United States are more fluid than the tapestry metaphor might imply. Migrations, immigrations, and mortality patterns all alter the cultural landscape. Despite its limitations, however, we find this metaphor preferable to the previous two.
美国比挂毯隐喻所暗示的更灵活。移民、移民和死亡模式都会改变文化景观。然而，尽管有其局限性，我们发现这个比喻比前两个比喻更可取。

The Garden Salad metaphor 沙拉

Some see the United States as made up of a complex array of distinct cultures that are blended into a unique, and one hopes tasteful, mixture. Substitute one ingredient for another, or even change how much of each ingredient is present, and the entire flavor of the salad may be changed. Mix the salad differently and the look and feel will also differ.
一些人认为美国是由一系列复杂的不同文化组成的，这些文化融合成一种独特的、人们希望有品位的混合体。用一种成分代替另一种成分，甚至改变每种成分的含量，沙拉的整个风味可能会改变。以不同的方式混合沙拉，外观和感觉也会有所不同。

Cultural groups in the United States, however, are not always moving, mixing, and mingling with the speed and alacrity that the metaphor would suggest.
然而，美国的文化群体并不总是像这个比喻所暗示的那样快速、混合和融合。

Nevertheless, we recommend this metaphor, and that of the tapestry, as the two images that are likely to be most useful in characterizing the diversity of cultural groups in the Unites states.
尽管如此，我们还是推荐这个比喻和挂毯的比喻，作为描述美国各州文化群体多样性的两个最有用的图像。