The first machine described by al-Jazari in his famous treatise of mechanics Al-Jami‘ bayn al-‘ilm wa 'l-‘amal al-nafi‘ fi sina‘at al-hiyal (A Compendium on the Theory and Useful Practice of the Mechanical Arts) is a monumental water clock known as the castle clock.
al-Jazari 在其著名的力学论文 Al-Jami' bayn al-'ilm wa 'l-'amal al-nafi' fi sina'at al-hiyal（《机械理论与实用实践纲要》）中描述了第一台机器机械艺术）是一个巨大的水钟，被称为城堡钟。
By Professor Salim T. S. Al-Hassani
作者：Salim T.S. Al-Hassani 教授
Table of contents 目录
1. Introduction 一、简介
2. Clock’s Appearance
2. 时钟的外观
3. How it Works: Mechanism of the Castle Clock
3. 工作原理：城堡时钟的机制
4. Servicing and Maintenance
4. 维修和保养
5. Notes on Construction
5、施工注意事项
6. Appendix: Different Line Drawings and Views of the Computer Assisted Reconstruction of the Castle Clock
6. 附录：计算机辅助重建城堡钟的不同线条图和视图
7. Acknowledgement 7. 致谢
8. Bibliography and References
8. 参考书目和参考文献
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| Figure 1: Manuscript view of the castle clock. Source: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Egyptian manuscript, Mamluk period, Accession number: 14.533 (ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper, 39.37 x 27.62 cm). (Source). 图 1：城堡时钟的手稿视图。来源：波士顿美术博物馆，埃及手稿，马穆鲁克时期，收藏号：14.533（墨水、不透明水彩和纸本金质，39.37 x 27.62 厘米）。 （ 来源）。 |
The castle water clock is one of the grandest clocks mentioned in al-Jazari’s book. Details of its construction and operation have been described quite explicitly at the beginning of Al-Jami ‘ bayn al-‘ilm wa ‘l-‘amal al-nafi ‘ fi sina ‘at al-hiyal (A Compendium on the Theory and Useful Practice of the Mechanical Arts). The first chapter of Category I of the treatise devotes to this detailed description ten sections [1]. We follow in our study of al-Jazari’s device his own narrative, but our description given below is not concerned with exact details of its construction but concerned with how components are linked with each other and with the purpose of the clock and its functioning. The analysis thus provided is conceived to accompany computer animations; it is also an interpretation of the clock’s appearance to viewers and a study of its internal workings. Further, basic notes on the clock’s operating system have been provided to aid understanding of components and some are referenced to technical drawings found at the end.
城堡水钟是贾扎里书中提到的最宏伟的时钟之一。其构造和操作的细节在 Al-Jami ' bayn al-'ilm wa 'l-'amal al-nafi ' fi sina 'at al-hiyal（理论和实用实践概要机械艺术）。论文第一类的第一章十节对此进行了详细描述[1]。在对贾扎里装置的研究中，我们遵循他自己的叙述，但我们下面给出的描述并不涉及其构造的确切细节，而是涉及组件如何相互连接以及时钟的目的及其功能。由此提供的分析被设想为伴随计算机动画；它也是对观众外观的诠释以及对其内部运作的研究。此外，还提供了有关时钟操作系统的基本注释，以帮助理解组件，其中一些注释参考了最后找到的技术图纸。
2. Clock’s Appearance 2. 时钟的外观
2.1. What an Observer Would Have Seen During the Day
2.1.观察者白天会看到什么
The clock has many motions throughout the day, and would have been very pleasing to watch and listen to. From the point of view of an observer, he would have seen the sun’s disc on the eastern horizon about to rise, the moon will not be seen at all and six zodiac signs are visible, while the first point of the constellation Libra is about to set.
时钟全天有很多运动，观看和聆听都会非常愉快。从观察者的角度来看，他会看到东方地平线上的太阳圆盘即将升起，根本看不到月亮，可见六个黄道带星座，而天秤座的第一个点即将升起。放。
The crescent moon would steadily be travelling from left to right on the frieze, and when in between two doors the upper door opens to reveal a figure of a man, the lower door flips round to reveal a different colour. This will occur as each solar hour of sunlight has passed. Soon after this happens, the two falcons will tilt forward and spread their wings, and a ball will drop out of their beaks and into the vase. The observer will hear a cymbal like sound, and both falcons will lean back to their original position and close their wings.
新月会在饰带上稳定地从左向右移动，当在两扇门之间时，上门打开，露出一个男人的身影，下门翻转，露出不同的颜色。当阳光的每个太阳小时过去时，就会发生这种情况。发生这种情况后不久，两只猎鹰就会向前倾斜并展开翅膀，一个球将从它们的喙中掉入花瓶中。观察者会听到铙钹般的声音，两只猎鹰都会向后倾斜到原来的位置并合上翅膀。
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| Figure 2: View of the computer assisted reconstruction of the castle clock. 图 2：计算机辅助重建城堡时钟的视图。 |
At the point when the sixth door is about to open, the sun is at its highest altitude, and three zodiac signs have risen from the east, and three have set on the west. The crescent moon would be between the sixth and seventh doors as the sixth door opens. It is now that the musicians will begin to play their instruments. The observer would hear and see the percussionists beat their drums very lively, and a brief moment later the observer would hear the sound of the trumpets. The two falcons would still perform their duty on this hour, and it can be concluded that the clash of cymbals would have occurred together as the percussionists started to beat their drums. This would be a fair assumption judging from the distance travelled by the lead ball, and the flow of water over the water wheel.
当第六扇门即将打开时，太阳处于最高高度，三个星座从东方升起，三个星座从西方落下。当第六扇门打开时，新月将位于第六扇门和第七扇门之间。现在音乐家们将开始演奏他们的乐器。观察者会听到并看到打击乐手非常活跃地敲鼓，片刻之后观察者会听到喇叭的声音。此时两只猎鹰仍会履行职责，由此可以推断，当打击乐手开始敲鼓时，铙钹的碰撞会同时发生。从铅球行进的距离以及水轮上的水流来看，这是一个合理的假设。
The musicians would play at the ninth and twelfth hour. On the twelfth hour, the sun would be about to set on the western horizon, and all the zodiac signs at the start of the day would have set too. In this configuration, the zodiac disc has rotated about 180o. At this point it would have been the start of night, as the sun has set. The servant must now very quickly prepare the clock for the night ahead.
音乐家们将在上午九时和十二时演奏。正午时分，太阳即将在西方地平线上落下，一天开始时的所有星座也将落下。在此配置中，黄道带圆盘旋转了约 180 度。这时，太阳已经落山，夜幕降临了。仆人现在必须尽快准备好今晚的时钟。
2.2. What an Observer Would Have Seen During the Night
2.2.观察者在夜间会看到什么
At the beginning of night the observer would see the moon on the east horizon of the clock. Light will begin to show through the first glass roundel and the crescent moon will again be moving from the left to the right of the observer. Due to the disc with 28 holes and the lamps, the moon roundel will be illuminated such that it looks similar to the phase of the actual moon for that night.
入夜时，观察者会看到时钟东方地平线上的月亮。光线将开始透过第一个玻璃圆环显示，新月将再次从观察者的左侧移动到右侧。由于有 28 个孔的圆盘和灯，月亮圆盘将被照亮，使其看起来与当晚的实际月相相似。
When it is midnight, the crescent moon will be between the sixth and seventh door, and the sixth door figure will have fallen and opened the door. This will trigger the mechanism for the musicians to play, and also rotates the plate to deposit water in the second trough. It must be noted again that the bronze balls are not placed back in their slots for the night, as this could have been quite disturbing to hear clashing cymbals during the night. The musicians only play twice during the night, at midnight, and at daybreak, which coincides with the opening of the twelfth door.
到了午夜时分，新月将在第六扇门和第七扇门之间，第六扇门人物已经落下并打开了门。这将触发音乐家演奏的机制，并旋转盘子以将水沉积到第二个槽中。必须再次指出的是，青铜球不会在晚上放回插槽中，因为在夜间听到铙钹的碰撞声可能会非常令人不安。音乐家只在夜间、午夜和黎明演奏两次，这与第十二扇门的打开时间一致。
When the musicians first play at midnight, the observer would see six glass roundels illuminated with light, and by daybreak all twelve roundels would have illuminated. The servant must quickly repeat the process as it did at the beginning of the day, and this is repeated throughout the days of the year.
当音乐家在午夜第一次演奏时，观察者会看到六个玻璃圆球被灯光照亮，到黎明时所有十二个圆球都会被照亮。仆人必须快速重复这一过程，就像在一天开始时所做的那样，并且这一过程在一年中的每一天都要重复。
3. How it Works: Mechanism of the Castle Clock
3. 工作原理：城堡时钟的机制
3.1. The Main Reservoir 3.1.主水库
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| Figure 3 |
All the power is from the main reservoir, which is an adaptation to the outflow clepsydra (Fig. 3). The float inside uses two semi-spheres of copper soldered together to form a ‘turnip-like’ shape and the reservoir uses four cylinders of copper welded together and a tap placed at its base. The two semi-spheres are sealed with wax to enable it to float, but sufficiently heavy to power the mechanics of the clock by pouring sand into it through a hole at the top. Water constantly flows out of the reservoir and the float will move down with the surface of the water. The force due to the floats’ weight is transmitted throughout the clock via ropes and pulleys.
所有动力均来自主水库，该水库是对流出漏壶的改造（图 3）。内部的浮子使用两个半球铜焊接在一起形成“萝卜状”形状，储液器使用四个焊接在一起的铜圆柱体，并在其底部放置一个水龙头。这两个半球用蜡密封，使其能够漂浮，但其重量足以通过顶部的孔将沙子倒入其中来为时钟的机械装置提供动力。水不断地从水库中流出，浮子会随着水面向下移动。浮体重量产生的力通过绳索和滑轮在整个时钟中传递。
The reservoir is filled with enough water for that day, as the hours are unequal for each day. As the float moves downwards, its linear motion is converted to angular motion and provides the means to trigger various mechanisms around the clock for users to observe the time. The flow chamber and its regulator can adjust for the unequal hours.
由于每天的时间不等，水库里的水足够当天使用。当浮标向下移动时，其线性运动转换为角运动，并提供全天候触发各种机制的手段，以便用户观察时间。流室及其调节器可以针对不等小时进行调节。
3.2. The Float Chamber and the Flow Regulator
3.2.浮子室和流量调节器
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| Figure 4 |
The float chamber is placed directly below the main reservoir’s tap and will regulate the outflow from the reservoir (Fig. 4). Its purpose is to maintain a constant outflow from the main reservoir, by overcoming the always-changing head of pressure. This is done by the use of a float, which also acts as a bung for the reservoir’s tap. Due to its plug like shape, if the float is at the top of the chamber, i.e. when the chamber is full, it would stop the outflow of water from the reservoir temporarily. This chamber is an adaptation of an inflow clepsydra and also an example of a feedback system. This chamber maintains a constant head of pressure and outflow rate from the reservoir.
浮子室直接放置在主水库水龙头下方，用于调节水库的流出量（图 4）。其目的是通过克服不断变化的压头来保持主水库的恒定流出量。这是通过使用浮子来完成的，浮子也充当水库水龙头的塞子。由于其形状像塞子，如果浮子位于腔室的顶部，即当腔室充满时，它会暂时阻止水从蓄水池流出。该室是流入漏壶的改造，也是反馈系统的一个例子。该室保持恒定的压力水头和储层的流出速率。
A flow regulator is connected to the base of the chamber, and this device allows users to change the outflow rate but still maintaining the constant head of pressure in the float chamber. Allowing the user to change the outflow rate from the main reservoir, the hours of daylight can be adjusted accordingly throughout the year. The regulator will have twelve unequal divisions (or markings) on its face to represent each sign of the zodiac. It was further sub-divided into even more divisions, and these divisions act as a guide to the positioning of the regulator for a particular day of the year. Through a process of trial and error, al-Jazari perfected his design for the castle clock.
流量调节器连接到腔室的底部，该装置允许用户改变流出速率，但仍保持浮子腔室中恒定的压头。用户可以改变主水库的出水量，全年的日照时间也可以相应调整。调节器的表面有十二个不等的刻度（或标记），代表黄道十二宫的每个星座。它被进一步细分为更多部门，这些部门可以指导监管机构在一年中特定日期的定位。通过反复试验，贾扎里完善了他的城堡时钟设计。
To adjust the clock, the user would simply have to rotate the regulator so that the onyx would be in the position of the required division. The position of the onyx determines the hydraulic gradient of the flow out of the chamber. Water flows out of the onyx, and it is collected on to a ‘plate’.
要调整时钟，用户只需旋转调节器，使缟玛瑙处于所需刻度的位置。缟玛瑙的位置决定了流出腔室的水流梯度。水从缟玛瑙中流出，被收集到一个“盘子”上。
3.3. Plate and Valve Trough
3.3.板式和阀槽
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| Figure 5 |
This plate is round in shape with a lip around its perimeter and is mounted on a pole, which gives it freedom of rotation about its centre. Extending from the plate is a spout approximately 0.25m in length. Water from the plate will flow out through this and is directed into a particular division of the valve trough.
该板呈圆形，周边有唇缘，安装在一根杆上，使其可以绕中心自由旋转。从板上延伸出一个长约 0.25m 的喷嘴。板上的水将通过此流出并被引导到阀槽的特定部分。
The plate is rotated by the motion of the sixth, ninth, and twelfth doors. Rope is attached between these doors and a plug in the valve trough.
该板通过第六、第九和第十二扇门的运动而旋转。这些门和阀槽中的塞子之间连接有绳索。
The trough consists of an upper and lower deck, and the upper deck is further divided into three separate compartments (Fig. 5). The upper deck is to contain the water obtained from the plate, and the three compartments correspond to the sixth, ninth, and twelfth hour doors respectively.
槽体由上层和下层甲板组成，上层甲板又分为三个独立的隔间（图5）。上层甲板用于容纳从盘子中获得的水，三个隔间分别对应第六、第九和第十二个小时的门。
A plug prevents flow into the common lower deck, which earlier mentioned was connected to the figures at the back of the doors. So in the first trough, the plug would be attached to the sixth door figure, the second to the ninth, and the third to the twelfth. When these doors are released or opened, they drop the figure, and due to the lead weight attached to these figures, will pull the plug away and release the water into the lower compartment, which is common to all the other troughs.
塞子可防止水流进入公共下层甲板，前面提到的下层甲板与门后的数字相连。因此，在第一个槽中，插头将连接到第六个门形，第二个到第九个，第三个到第十二个。当这些门被释放或打开时，它们会掉落人物，并且由于附着在这些人物上的铅重量，会将塞子拉开并将水释放到下部隔间中，这对于所有其他槽来说都是常见的。
When the plug is released, it only has restricted movement, so this will make the rope taut, and will redirect the plate to deposit its water in the next trough, i.e. the ninth hour trough and so on.
当塞子被释放时，它仅具有受限的运动，因此这将使绳子拉紧，并且将重定向板以将其水沉积在下一个槽中，即第九个小时的槽等。
When the water is allowed to flow into the lower compartment, it will flow out of a spout and on to a small water-scoop-wheel causing it to turn.
当水流入下部隔间时，水会从喷嘴流出并流到小水瓢轮上，使其转动。
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| Figure 6 |
3.4. The Waterwheel and The Five Musicians
3.4.水车和五位音乐家
The waterwheel is axially connected to a series of cams and provides motion to the musicians’ arms (Fig. 6). It is now clear that the musicians only play on the sixth, ninth, and twelfth hours of daylight. The cams are configured in a way so that the musicians play in unison a melodic tune. The cams only provide motion to the percussionists’ arms, as the two trumpeters do not move. The use of real drums has been employed to give a more authentic sound.
水车轴向连接到一系列凸轮，为音乐家的手臂提供运动（图 6）。现在很清楚，音乐家只在白天的第六、第九和第十二个小时演奏。凸轮的配置方式使音乐家能够齐声演奏旋律。凸轮只为打击乐手的手臂提供运动，因为两个小号手不移动。使用真实的鼓来发出更真实的声音。
An over-shoot waterwheel is over a trough, and so the water is again contained. The water in the trough will flow into an air vessel that will eventually fill up. This air vessel has a siphon and also at the top is an airline that is connected to a flute. So when the vessel is filled with water, the water will start to siphon out of the vessel into a cistern. The siphoning of water occurs faster than the incoming of water, and so causes a change in pressure within the vessel. This will draw in air from the outside via a flute, and this mimics the sound of the trumpeters. This flute is placed on the wall of the clock between the two trumpeters, again to give a more authentic sound.
过冲水车位于槽上方，因此水再次被容纳。槽中的水将流入空气容器中，最终将充满。该空气容器有一个虹吸管，顶部还有一个与笛子相连的空气管。因此，当容器装满水时，水将开始从容器中虹吸到水箱中。水的虹吸速度比水的流入速度快，因此会导致容器内的压力发生变化。这将通过长笛从外部吸入空气，从而模仿号手的声音。这根笛子被放置在两个号手之间的钟壁上，再次发出更真实的声音。
The cistern is the end of the power transferred by the water, and so the transmission of power from the float is now described to complete the internal motions of the clock.
水箱是水传递动力的末端，因此现在描述的是浮子传递动力来完成时钟的内部运动。
3.5. The Float in the Main Reservoir
3.5.主水库的浮标
As a reminder, the float is made of two semi-spheres welded together, sealed and placed in the main reservoir. It is of sufficient weight to power the clock as it moves down with the water level of the reservoir.
提醒一下，浮子由两个焊接在一起的半球体制成，密封并放置在主水箱中。当时钟随水库水位下降时，它的重量足以为时钟提供动力。
A rope connects the float to the main pulley that provides motion to the rest of the clock that was not previously mentioned. Between the float and the main pulley is a small pulley that is directly above the reservoir. This is to keep the rope taut as the float moves down as the pulleys turn.
一根绳子将浮子连接到主滑轮，为主滑轮提供之前未提及的时钟其余部分的运动。浮子和主滑轮之间有一个小滑轮，位于水箱正上方。这是为了在滑轮转动时浮子向下移动时保持绳索拉紧。
3.6. The Main Pulley and the Crescent Disc
3.6.主滑轮和月牙盘
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| Figure 7 |
There are in fact two pulleys separated by an axle of about 1 meter long (Fig. 7). The pulley that is connected to the float is at the rear of the clock, and the rope is tied to a ring in the pulley and looped around once before being tied to the float. This allows the pulley to turn relatively and proportionately to the float as it moves down.
实际上有两个滑轮，由约 1 米长的轴隔开（图 7）。连接到浮子的滑轮位于时钟的后部，绳子绑在滑轮中的环上，在绑到浮子上之前绕一圈。这使得滑轮在浮子向下移动时能够相对且成比例地转动。
There are two grooves in the main pulley, and the second groove provides motion to the sun, moon, and zodiac spheres that are at the top of the clock, but this will be described in more detail later.
主滑轮上有两个凹槽，第二个凹槽为时钟顶部的太阳、月亮和黄道带球体提供运动，但这将在稍后更详细地描述。
On the other end of the axle to this pulley there is a crescent shaped disc for the revealing of light through the roundels. The disc is situated just behind the front wall of the clock behind the glass roundels.
该滑轮轴的另一端有一个新月形圆盘，用于通过圆盘显示光线。该圆盘位于时钟前壁后面玻璃圆盘后面。
The crescent disc has a crescent shape cut out of half its perimeter, and then an iron bar is bent to regain the shape of the disc. The purpose of the iron ring is to have the centre of gyration at the centre, and also the void will reveal a candle’s light through the roundels. A candle is placed behind the disc in such a way that during the night, the light will illuminate the roundels for people to see that one hour of solar night has passed. During the hours of sunlight, the roundels are of little use but will still be operative, because the crescent-disc provides the motion to open the doors of sunlight hours.
新月形圆盘的周长一半被切掉了新月形状，然后将一根铁棒弯曲以恢复圆盘的形状。铁环的目的是使旋转中心位于中心，并且空隙将通过圆环显示出蜡烛的光芒。圆盘后面放置了一支蜡烛，这样在夜间，灯光就会照亮圆盘，让人们看到一小时的太阳之夜已经过去。在阳光照射的时候，圆盘几乎没有什么用处，但仍然可以发挥作用，因为新月形圆盘提供了在阳光照射时打开门的运动。
3.7. The Zodiac, Sun and Moon Spheres
3.7.黄道带、日球和月球
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| Figure 8 |
The motion of the spheres is provided by a pulley connected to the rear pulley mentioned in the previous section (Fig. 8). The spheres are only simple models that mimic the sky’s motion and serve no real use, except to look very appealing and attractive.
球体的运动由连接到上一节中提到的后滑轮的滑轮提供（图 8）。这些球体只是模仿天空运动的简单模型，除了看起来非常吸引人之外没有任何实际用途。
Its operation is quite simple, but its construction is rather complicated, and has been exhaustively described by al-Jazari in section 9 of his description of the castle clock [1]. To best describe it, we mention that it has the form of a large dial with several rotating bezels to position the sun, moon and zodiac relative to each other. The rotating dial is the Zodiac, and it rotates with the pulley because it is fixed to it with bent iron bars. The rear pulley has 360 holes drilled around its perimeter, and this is for the purpose of aligning the zodiac for the day. A rope attached to a hoop in the second groove of the main pulley is connected to a nail. The rope is then wound around the groove of the spheres’ pulley once, and the nail is slotted firmly into the hole. This nail can be slotted into any of the holes in the zodiac pulley quite firmly. It provides motion to the zodiac, the sun and the moon bezels.
它的操作非常简单，但结构却相当复杂，al-Jazari 在他对城堡钟的描述的第 9 节中对此进行了详尽的描述 [1]。为了最好地描述它，我们提到它具有一个大表盘的形式，带有多个旋转表圈，用于定位太阳、月亮和黄道带的相对位置。旋转表盘是黄道十二宫，它随着滑轮一起旋转，因为它是用弯曲的铁条固定在滑轮上的。后滑轮的周边钻了 360 个孔，这是为了对齐当天的黄道十二宫。附在主滑轮第二凹槽中的环上的绳索与钉子连接。然后将绳子绕在球体滑轮的凹槽上一次，并将钉子牢固地插入孔中。这颗钉子可以非常牢固地插入十二生肖滑轮上的任何一个孔中。它为黄道十二宫、太阳和月亮表圈提供运动。
The middle bezel represents the sun and this can be rotated about its centre. A hole is bored into the disc, and a glass roundel is placed into this hole with a thin layer of gold on its back. During the day, the sunlight reflects on the gold layer, and it is made bright just like the sun itself.
中间的表圈代表太阳，可以绕其中心旋转。在圆盘上钻一个孔，并将一个玻璃圆形物放入该孔中，玻璃圆形物的背面有一层薄薄的金。白天，阳光反射在金色层上，就像太阳本身一样明亮。
The inner bezel represents the moon, and a hole similar to the sun but slightly smaller is bored. A clear glass roundel is placed into this hole, but the moon has an additional feature to the others. Behind the moon bezel is another bezel with twenty-eight cut-outs spaced evenly around its front face. The holes are cut in such a way that when light passes through the holes, it projects light similar to the phases of the moon. This would be seen at night, as a candle within the clock house is lit, and on-lookers will see the illuminated roundel with a phase similar to the moon of that night.
内表圈代表月亮，并钻有一个与太阳类似但稍小一些的孔。一个透明的玻璃圆形物被放置在这个洞中，但月亮比其他洞还有一个额外的特征。月亮表圈后面是另一个表圈，其正面周围均匀分布着 28 个切口。这些孔的切割方式使得当光线穿过这些孔时，它会投射出类似于月相的光。这可以在晚上看到，因为钟楼内的蜡烛被点燃，旁观者会看到发光的圆环，其相位与当晚的月亮相似。
3.8. The Clock Door and Cart
3.8.钟门和推车
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| Figure 9a |
A cart is made and a track for it to travel on is fixed near the twelve doors of solar sun hours. The cart is directly connected to the crescent-disc by a strong in-elastic string, and the crescent-disc will pull the cart as it rotates around. To ensure that the string is taut, the other end of the cart has a string that has a lead weight attached. On this cart is an arm that extends from the top of the cart to the nails on the back of the figures.
制作了一辆小车，并在太阳十二个太阳时门附近固定了一条供其行驶的轨道。小车通过一根强力的无弹性绳子直接连接到月牙盘上，月牙盘在旋转时会拉动小车。为了确保绳子拉紧，手推车的另一端有一根绳子，上面附有铅锤。推车上有一条手臂，从推车顶部延伸到人物背面的钉子。
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| Figure 9b-9c: The left and right figures show the upper door figure and lower door graphic, respectively. The Arabic sentence reads: “Dominions is God’s”. 图9b-9c：左图和右图分别显示上门图和下门图。阿拉伯语的句子是：“领土是上帝的”。 |
The upper sets of doors have figures with nails attached that help prompt up the doors on hooks attached to the clock wall. As the cart moves, it will travel along its track that is parallel to the twelve doors (Fig. 9a). The figure is connected to the upper doors, and as long as the figure is propped up, the door will remain closed. So the cart moves along, and will ‘knock’ the figure off its hook. The upper doors will open and the figure drops on to a catch releasing the lower doors. This happens very quickly and indicates to observers that a solar hour of sunlight has passed. Both sets of doors are configured in such a way that they favour gravity. The upper doors are tilted slightly, and will open if there is no tension in the string, and the lower doors are pivoted in the middle across its width, but is tapered larger at the top. The pictures used on the upper and lower doors can be seen in the figures 9b and 9c.
上面几组门上有带有钉子的人物，有助于将门挂在挂在钟墙上的挂钩上。当小车移动时，它将沿着与十二扇门平行的轨道行驶（图 9a）。人物与上面的门相连，只要人物撑起，门就会保持关闭状态。因此，小车会向前移动，并将人物从钩子上“撞”下来。上层门将打开，人物落到释放下层门的锁扣上。这种情况发生得非常快，向观察者表明一个太阳时的阳光已经过去了。两组门的配置方式都有利于重力。上门稍微倾斜，如果绳子没有张力，就会打开，下门在其宽度的中间枢转，但顶部逐渐变大。上门和下门上使用的图片可以在图9b和9c中看到。
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| Figure 9d |
The falling of the figure triggers various other mechanisms around the clock. Each figure dropping triggers the motion of the falcons, and the musicians are triggered by the opening of the sixth, ninth and twelfth figures dropping. These are the figures that have lead weights fixed to the back to give a greater force to trigger the above mechanisms.
人物的坠落会全天候触发各种其他机制。每个人物下落都会触发猎鹰的运动，而音乐家则由第六个、第九个和第十二个人物下落的开场触发。这些人物的背部固定有铅锤，以提供更大的力量来触发上述机构。
The cart also gives motion to the crescent-moon. The crescent-moon projects out from the cart through a slit in the front wall of the clock, and moves along the width of the clock. It is a visual guide for people to see when the next hour is coming because it moves with the cart, and thus the doors open as the crescent-moon passes each door (Fig. 9d).
车也让新月运动。新月通过时钟前壁上的一个缝隙从车上伸出，并沿着时钟的宽度移动。它是人们看到下一个小时何时到来的视觉指南，因为它随着手推车移动，因此当新月经过每扇门时，门就会打开（图 9d）。
3.9. The Falcons and the Vase
3.9.猎鹰与花瓶
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| Figure 10a |
On each hour of sunlight that passes, the falcons will tilt forward, spread their wings, and release a bronze ball out of their mouth. The ball will drop onto a cymbal for all to hear. The cymbal is concealed in a vase, and also acts as a catchment for the balls (Fig. 10a).
每过一个小时的阳光，猎鹰就会向前倾斜，展开翅膀，并从嘴里释放出一个青铜球。球将落到铙钹上，所有人都能听到。铙钹隐藏在花瓶中，也可作为球的集水器（图 10a）。
Above the propped up figures is a piece of wood as wide as the sets of doors. Two rows of twelve slots are drilled, and a bronze ball is placed into each. There is a thin blade that prevents the ball from falling out, and the blade is connected to the figure via a slack string (Fig. 10b). When the figure falls on the hour, this string will become taut and rotate the blade such as to release two balls simultaneously. The ball drops into another channel that is common to all, and from here one ball will travel to one falcon, and the other ball to the other falcon. This is done by directing the balls from the slots to the falcons’ head via a thin copper tube.
在支撑的人物上方是一块与门一样宽的木头。钻出两排，每排十二个槽，并在每排中放入一个青铜球。有一个薄刀片可以防止球掉出，刀片通过一根松弛的绳子连接到人物上（图 10b）。当数字落在小时时，该绳子将拉紧并旋转刀片，以便同时释放两个球。球落入另一个所有人都共用的通道，从这里一个球将到达一只猎鹰，另一个球将到达另一只猎鹰。这是通过一根细铜管将球从槽引导到猎鹰的头部来完成的。
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| Figure 10b |
The falcons are made of copper and pivoted at their feet. They are kept at a rest position so that the head is tilted back towards the clock (Fig. 10c). The wings and tail are separate and are pivoted similarly to a real falcon, and the string is attached at the ends of the wing and tail to the wall behind. When a bronze ball is in its head, the whole falcon will rotate about its perch, as if it is tilting forward. The bird will seem like it is spreading its wings and curling its tail as the strings get taut. When far enough forward, the ball drops out of the beak into the vase, creating a clashing sound. The falcon is again at an imbalance, and will return to its original position due to a counterweight attached to the perch like a cantilever with a weight at the end. Its wings and tail also return to their initial position.
猎鹰由铜制成，在脚上旋转。它们保持静止位置，使头部向后倾斜，朝向时钟（图 10c）。翅膀和尾巴是分开的，并且像真正的猎鹰一样旋转，并且绳子在翅膀和尾巴的末端连接到后面的墙上。当一个青铜球进入它的头部时，整个猎鹰就会围绕它的栖息地旋转，就好像它向前倾斜一样。当琴弦绷紧时，这只鸟看起来就像是在展开翅膀并卷曲尾巴。当向前足够远时，球从喙中掉入花瓶中，产生碰撞声。猎鹰再次处于不平衡状态，并且由于附着在栖息处的配重（如末端带有重物的悬臂梁）而返回到其原始位置。它的翅膀和尾巴也回到原来的位置。
3.10. The Triggering of Motion to the Musicians
3.10.触发音乐家的动作
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| Figure 10c |
When the sixth, ninth, and twelfth figures are released, they drop with much greater force due to a lead weight attached to its back. This has been mentioned repeatedly within the description but it must be strongly emphasized to fully understand the motions occurring. The weight must be sufficiently heavy to pull the plug from the valve trough, and also be sufficiently taut, so that the taut rope will push against the long spout of the plate, causing it to rotate and redirect its flow to the next trough. This prepares the musicians for the ninth hour, and so on. The water will then flow over the waterwheel causing it to turn, and give life to the arms of the percussionists. The flow of water after the waterwheel was described previously and details of the function of the clock shall end here.
当第六个、第九个和第十二个人物被释放时，由于其背部附有铅重，它们会以更大的力量下落。描述中已多次提到这一点，但必须强烈强调以充分理解发生的运动。重物必须足够重，以便将塞子从阀槽中拉出，并且也必须足够拉紧，以便拉紧的绳子将推动板的长喷嘴，使其旋转并将其流动重定向到下一个槽。这让音乐家们为第九个小时做好准备，依此类推。然后水会流过水车，使其转动，并为打击乐手的手臂赋予生命。前面已经描述了水车之后的水的流动，时钟的功能的细节到此结束。
4. Servicing and Maintenance
4. 维修和保养
4.1. The Servants Job for the Day Ahead
4.1.未来一天的仆人工作
This clock would not be possible without regular maintenance, and daily set up of all the parts mentioned so far. The servant must first ensure that half a days worth of water is in the reservoir, and this is crucial for the setting up of the spheres of the zodiac. The servant must take a strong cord and tie it to the nail for the sphere’s pulley. With the zodiac positioned from the previous day, the nail is placed firmly into the hole of the pulley that corresponds to the sign that is rising from the horizon of the clock. For example, from the previous day, Aries was just about to rise from the horizon, the nail would be placed at the first point of Aries. The cord would then be wound once around the pulley and attached to a ring on the pulley directly below, i.e. the pulley for the crescent moon.
如果没有定期维护和每日设置到目前为止提到的所有部件，这款时钟就不可能实现。仆人首先要确保水库里有半天的水量，这对于黄道十二宫的设置至关重要。仆人必须拿一根结实的绳子，把它系在球体滑轮的钉子上。根据前一天的黄道十二宫定位，将钉子牢固地放入滑轮的孔中，该孔与从时钟地平线上升起的星座相对应。例如，从前一天开始，白羊座即将从地平线升起，钉子就会放在白羊座的第一点。然后，绳索将在滑轮上缠绕一圈，并连接到正下方滑轮（即新月形滑轮）上的环上。
Going back to the example with Aries just about to rise from the horizon, the servant must next set the sun sphere so that it is opposite to the first point of Aries. This is done by having a firm grip of the iron bars, and turning the sun sphere by its handle. The moon is then set to the degrees of Taurus, which is the sign just after Aries. The ring with twenty-eight holes is rotated round so that the blank is behind the moon roundel. This will prevent observers from noticing the moon roundel during the day, and will rotate with the moon.
回到白羊座即将从地平线升起的例子，仆人接下来必须设置太阳球，使其与白羊座的第一个点相对。这是通过牢牢握住铁棒并通过手柄转动太阳球来完成的。然后月亮被设置在金牛座的度数上，金牛座是紧随白羊座之后的星座。将有二十八个孔的环旋转一圈，使坯件位于月亮圆环的后面。这将防止观察者在白天注意到月亮的圆环，并且会随着月亮旋转。
With the example of Aries, the flow regulator would be set to the point of Aries, and this would ensure that water would flow such that the hours of sun and night correspond to that particular day of the year.
以白羊座为例，流量调节器将设置在白羊座点，这将确保水的流动使得日照和夜间的时间与一年中的特定日期相对应。
Now that the zodiac, sun, moon spheres, and flow regulator are now set ready for the day ahead, the rest of the components within the clock are now placed back to their starting positions. Therefore the servant must now ensure the following:
现在，黄道十二宫、太阳球、月亮球和流量调节器已为未来一天做好准备，时钟内的其余组件现在已放回其起始位置。因此，仆人现在必须确保以下事项：
a. The plate is directing it’s pipe to the first of three sections in the valve trough;
A。该板将其管道引导至阀槽中三个部分中的第一个；
b. all figures are suspended on their hooks;
b.所有人物都悬挂在挂钩上；
c. the lower doors are positioned so that the heavier end is at the top and held in place by the catch;
C。下门的位置使较重的一端位于顶部并通过卡扣固定到位；
d. the cart and crescent moon are at the left of the clock while looking from the front;
d.从正面看，车和新月位于时钟的左侧；
e. the string connecting the plugs in the valve trough to the sixth and ninth doors are lifted through the angle of the cross-pipe, and the twelfth door string connects directly to the plug in the last section of the valve trough;
e.阀槽内堵头与第六、九门的连接串通过横管角度提升，第十二门串直接与阀槽最后一段堵头连接。
f. lead balls are placed in every each slot, and all the blades are in their slits.
F。每个槽中都放置有铅球，所有刀片均位于其狭缝中。
Al-Jazari describes what should be done during the beginning of the day at sunrise [2].
Al-Jazari 描述了一天开始时日出时应该做的事情 [2]。
4.2. The Servants Job for the Night Ahead
4.2.今晚仆人的工作
All the water from the reservoir should now be in the cistern, and all the lead balls collected in a container on the floor of the house. The servant must now take the water from the cistern and pour it back into the main reservoir, and the water passed through a strainer at the top. No lead balls are placed back into their slots, so the falcons will serve little purpose during the night. The cross-pipe of the plate is rotated back so that it will deposit water into the first of the valve trough partitions. The sixth door figure will be hung up, but this time the weight behind to release the plug for the musicians to play will not be hung up with it. Instead this weight is hung up with the ninth door figure, and its string is passed through the angle of the pipe. The weight for the plug in the second trough is now placed and hung up with the twelfth figure door, but its string is not passed through the angle of the pipe.
水库中的所有水现在都应该在水箱中，所有铅球都收集在房子地板上的一个容器中。仆人现在必须从水箱中取出水并将其倒回到主水库中，然后水通过顶部的过滤器。没有铅球被放回它们的槽中，因此猎鹰在夜间没有什么作用。板的横管向后旋转，以便将水沉积到第一个阀槽隔板中。第六个门的人物会被挂起来，但这次释放插头供音乐家演奏的后面的重量不会被挂起来。相反，这个重物挂在第九个门上，并且它的绳子穿过管道的角度。现在将第二个槽中的塞子的重物放置并挂在第十二个数字门上，但其绳子没有穿过管道的角度。
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| Figure 11: Schematic chart of the castle clock. 图11：城堡钟示意图。 |
The servant must now put the crescent moon/cart back to its original position on the left of the clock, if looking from the front. The moon roundel must be put on to its degree for that night, and its backing ring is rotated until the appropriate moon shape is behind the roundel. The sun disc is not moved. Going back to the example with Aries, the nail from the sphere’s pulley must now be placed into the hole corresponding to the first point of Libra. The glass roundels for the hours of night should be covered, so that the crescent disc has its solid part uppermost behind the roundels.
如果从前面看，仆人现在必须将新月/手推车放回到时钟左侧的原始位置。月亮圆盘必须安装到当晚的度数，并旋转其支撑环，直到月亮圆盘后面出现适当的月亮形状。太阳圆盘不动。回到白羊座的例子，球体滑轮上的钉子现在必须放入与天秤座第一个点相对应的孔中。夜间使用的玻璃圆盘应被覆盖，以便新月形圆盘的实心部分位于圆盘后面的最上面。
Two lamps are now lit and placed inside the clock such that the light is spread throughout the clock. Al-Jazari describes their placing one on the left and the other on the right, so to spread light over the iron bows of the spheres. This was all the servicing that was required for the night ahead.
现在，两盏灯被点亮并放置在时钟内，以便光线遍布整个时钟。 Al-Jazari 描述了他们将一个放在左侧，另一个放在右侧，以便将光线传播到球体的铁弓上。这就是前一天晚上所需的所有服务。
To conclude the description of how this clock works, a schematic chart of the clock and its components is given in Figure 11.
为了总结该时钟工作原理的描述，图 11 给出了时钟及其组件的示意图。
5. Notes on Construction 5、施工注意事项
5.1. General Arrangement 5.1.总体安排
The castle clock is quite a complex device, with lots of parts interconnected in some way to each other, and construction details are not given here, but can be found in al-Jazari’s treatise, The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices [3]. The clock described by al-Jazari suggests it should stand about 3.5m high, and 3m wide. It is not typically necessary to build a clock of such size, so there are a few factors to consider when scaling it down.
城堡钟是一个相当复杂的装置，有许多部件以某种方式相互连接，这里没有给出构造细节，但可以在 al-Jazari 的论文《巧妙机械装置知识之书》中找到[3] 。 al-Jazari 描述的时钟表明它应该高约 3.5m，宽约 3m。通常不需要构建如此尺寸的时钟，因此在缩小其尺寸时需要考虑一些因素。
The most important part of the clock is the main reservoir and how far the main float travels within it. The amount of water held within the reservoir is not as important, because the outflow rate can be carefully adjusted using the flow regulator, but it is very important that there is sufficient water to momentarily give ‘life’ to the musicians.
时钟最重要的部分是主水库以及主浮子在其中移动的距离。水库中的水量并不那么重要，因为可以使用流量调节器仔细调节流出速度，但非常重要的是，有足够的水来暂时为音乐家提供“生命”。
As a reminder, the main float descends to its full length of travel in 12 hours, and all the connected pulleys would have rotated 180o, and the cart would have travelled the whole length of its road.
提醒一下，主浮子在 12 小时内下降到其完整行程，所有连接的滑轮将旋转 180 o ，并且小车将行驶完整的道路长度。
For example, if the float travels a distance x, then the cart travels a distance x too. So the circumference of the crescent disc is equal to 2x, because only half the disc is used to move the cart its full distance (see Fig. 12).
例如，如果浮子移动了 x 距离，则小车也移动了 x 距离。因此，新月形圆盘的周长等于 2x，因为仅使用一半圆盘即可将小车移动完整距离（见图 12）。
All the pulleys are of the same radius. There should be some allowance for the stretching of the ropes used, but ideally there should be none to ensure accurate time keeping.
所有滑轮的半径相同。所使用的绳索应该有一定的伸展余量，但理想情况下不应有任何伸展余量，以确保准确的计时。
The twelve sets of doors can now be equally spaced along the distance x, and knowing the radius of all the pulleys, the rest of the clock can be constructed relative to major components.
现在，十二组门可以沿着距离 x 等距分布，并且知道所有滑轮的半径，就可以相对于主要部件构建时钟的其余部分。
Drawings of various other components have also been included, and should be used as a guide (Fig. 13a to 13c). The dimensions given in the drawings are taken from the English translation of al-Jazari’s book. They should not be followed too accurately, as parts should be built-to-fit, and not made-to-measure.
还包括各种其他组件的图纸，应将其用作指南（图 13a 至 13c）。图中给出的尺寸取自贾扎里的书的英文译本。不应该太准确地遵循它们，因为零件应该是量身定制的，而不是定制的。
5.2. Calibration of Time 5.2.时间校准
It is not easily described, but it can be said that even al-Jazari, a great engineering mind of his time, used trial and error methods to calibrate his huge castle clock. One must painstakingly mark the flow regulator according to flow through its onyx, and the onyx is carefully filed to an appropriate size for the correct range of flows for the whole year.
这很难描述，但可以说，即使是当时伟大的工程思想家贾扎里，也用反复试验的方法来校准他巨大的城堡时钟。人们必须根据流经缟玛瑙的流量精心标记流量调节器，并将缟玛瑙仔细锉成适当的尺寸，以确保全年的正确流量范围。
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| Figure 12: General arrangement of the castle clock. 图12：城堡钟的总体布置。 |
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| Figure 13a: General arrangement of the castle clock. 图 13a：城堡钟的总体布置。 |
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| Figure 13b: Crescent disc. 图 13b：新月形圆盘。 |
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| Figure 14: Front View of the castle clock. 图 14：城堡钟的前视图。 |
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| Figure 15: Side View of the castle clock. 图 15：城堡钟的侧视图。 |
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| Figure 16: Rear View of the castle clock. 图 16：城堡钟的后视图。 |
This research would have not been possible without the hard work of my students, especially Miss Wai Yin Chang and Mr. Jonathan W. B. Chang, who assisted in the research work for FSTC as part of their research project at the University of Manchester.
如果没有我的学生们的辛勤工作，这项研究是不可能完成的，特别是张伟贤女士和乔纳森·W.B. 张先生，他们在曼彻斯特大学的研究项目中协助了 FSTC 的研究工作。
8. Bibliography and References
8. 参考书目和参考文献
End Notes 尾注
[1] Al-Jazarī, The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices, op. cit., pp. 35-39.
[1] Al-Jazarī，《巧妙机械装置知识之书》，同前。前引，第 35-39 页。
[2] Al-Jazarī, The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices, op. cit., p. 40.
[2] Al-Jazarī，《巧妙机械装置知识之书》，同前。引，第。 40.
[3] Al-Jazarī, The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices, op. cit., category I, chapter 1, sections 1-10, pp. 17-41.
[3] Al-Jazarī，《巧妙机械装置知识之书》，同前。引文，第一类，第一章，第 1-10 节，第 17-41 页。
[4] Al-Jazarī, The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices: Kitâb fî ma’rifat al-hiyal al-handasiyya, English translation and introductions by Donald R.. Hill, Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1974, pp. 17-41.
[4] Al-Jazarī，《巧妙机械装置知识之书：Kitâb fî ma'rifat al-hiyal al-handasiyya》，英文翻译和介绍，作者：Donald R.. Hill，多德雷赫特：D. Reidel，1974 年，第 17 页-41。
Discover the golden 发现黄金
age of Muslim civilisation.
穆斯林文明时代。
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