Here are some questions I’ve been asked and I thought it might be helpful to gather them and my answers in one place. Some of these were taken from the Comments section of this blog, thank you to everyone who’s asked a question. If there’s something you’d like to know which isn’t answered here, please feel free to email me at theloebleopoldwp@gmail.com.
Click on the question to jump to the answer.
General
What did Franks, Leopold and Loeb look like?
What were Leopold, Loeb and Franks’ nicknames?
When did the Franks, Leopold and Loeb families immigrate to America?
Was Richard Loeb related to Bobby Franks?
What schools did Leopold and Loeb attend?
What were Leopold and Loeb’s religious beliefs?
Were Leopold and Loeb in a relationship?
What were Leopold and Loeb’s sexualities?
Did Leopold and Loeb have a king/slave or dom/sub relationship?
Were Leopold and Loeb psychopaths/sociopaths?
What were Leopold and Loeb’s IQ scores?
How many languages did Leopold speak?
Where are the remains of Franks, Leopold and Loeb?
Franks Crime
Did Leopold or Loeb rape Bobby Franks?
Were Bobby Franks’ feet found sticking out of the culvert?
Did Flora Franks go insane after her son was murdered?
What was Leopold and Loeb’s motive?
Did Leopold or Loeb feel remorse?
Did Leopold wear glasses regularly?
Sentencing Hearing
Did Clarence Darrow change his closing argument when he published it?
Is the transcript of Clarence Darrow’s closing argument lost?
What was the verdict of the case against Leopold and Loeb?
Prison
Did Loeb try to rape James Day in the shower?
娄伯是否曾在淋浴间试图强奸詹姆斯·戴？
What were Loeb’s last words?
娄伯的临终遗言是什么？
Did Leopold have Loeb killed?
利奥波德是否策划杀害了娄伯？
Did Leopold and Loeb have sex in prison?
利奥波德和勒布在监狱里发生过性关系吗？
After Prison 出狱之后
Was Leopold still in love with Loeb after prison?
利奥波德出狱后还爱着勒布吗？
Did Leopold keep a photo of Loeb in his house?
利奥波德家里是否一直保留着勒布的照片？
How many countries did Leopold visit?
利奥波德访问过多少个国家？
Questions For the Author 作者问答
How did you first hear about Leopold and Loeb?
你最初是如何听说利奥波德和勒布的？
Where did you find these pictures?
你在哪里找到这些照片的？
Why haven’t you written about…?
为什么你还没有写过关于……？
General 概述
Who were Leopold and Loeb?
利奥波德和勒布是谁？
Nathan Freudenthal Leopold Jr. and Richard Albert Loeb are infamous for murdering 14-year-old Robert ‘Bobby’ Franks in 1924.
小内森·弗洛伊登塔尔·利奥波德与理查德·阿尔伯特·勒布因 1924 年谋杀 14 岁的罗伯特·“博比”·弗兰克斯而臭名昭著。
What did Franks, Leopold and Loeb look like?
弗兰克斯、利奥波德和勒布长什么样子？
Bobby Franks had black hair, and I have not yet found reference to his eye color. He was about 5 feet tall and weighed around 100 pounds when he died.
博比·弗兰克斯有一头黑发，目前尚未找到关于他眼睛颜色的记载。去世时他身高约 5 英尺（约 1.52 米），体重约 100 磅（约 45 公斤）。
Nathan Leopold had dark brown hair and gray eyes. At the time of the crime he was around 5 feet, 6 inches tall and weighed around 135 pounds.
内森·利奥波德有着深棕色头发和灰色眼睛。犯罪时他身高约 5 英尺 6 英寸（约 1.68 米），体重约 135 磅（约 61 公斤）。
Richard Loeb had brown hair and brown eyes. At the time of the crime he was around 5 feet, 8 inches tall and weighed around 145 pounds.
理查德·勒布有着棕色头发和棕色眼睛。犯罪时他身高约 5 英尺 8 英寸（约 1.73 米），体重约 145 磅（约 66 公斤）。
Since there has historically been some confusion about the eye and hair color of Loeb, I have complied evidence for why I say he had that coloring here for Loeb’s hair and here for Loeb’s eyes.
由于历史上对洛布的眼睛和头发颜色存在一些混淆，我在此整理了相关证据，说明为何我认为他的发色如此（洛布头发链接）以及眼睛颜色如此（洛布眼睛链接）。
What were Leopold, Loeb and Franks’ nicknames?
利奥波德、洛布和弗兰克斯的绰号分别是什么？
Nathan Leopold was called ‘Babe’ almost universally pre-prison. In prison his nickname eventually switched to ‘Nate.’ He sometimes used the name ‘Bill Foreman’ when trying to be incognito after prison.
入狱前，内森·利奥波德几乎被所有人称为‘宝贝’（Babe）。在监狱中，他的绰号逐渐变为‘内特’（Nate）。出狱后，当他试图隐匿身份时，偶尔会使用‘比尔·福尔曼’（Bill Foreman）这个名字。
Richard Loeb was called ‘Dick’ and ‘Dickie’ pretty universally pre-prison, though I have seen him use ‘Dixie’ when writing to a girl. He would also sometimes use the name ‘Dick Lawrence’ if he didn’t want people to know how rich he was. ‘Dick’ seems to be the most common nickname he used in prison.
理查德·洛布在入狱前普遍被称为‘迪克’（Dick）或‘迪基’（Dickie），不过我见过他在给一位女孩写信时使用‘迪克西’（Dixie）。如果不想让人知道他有多富有，他有时也会用‘迪克·劳伦斯’（Dick Lawrence）这个名字。在监狱里，他似乎最常使用的昵称是‘迪克’。
Robert Franks was usually called ‘Bobby’ though I have also seen ‘Bob’ and possibly ‘Buddy’ used.
罗伯特·弗兰克斯通常被称为“博比”，不过我也见过有人用“鲍勃”，可能还有“巴迪”。
When did the Franks, Leopold and Loeb families immigrate to America?
弗兰克斯家族、利奥波德家族和洛布家族是何时移民到美国的？
Jacob Franks was born in England, his father was born in either Germany or Russia, the documents use both, and his mother in England. The family emigrated to New York in 1857. Flora Franks was born in America, as was her father, though her paternal grandparents were both born in Germany, as was her mother. I can’t find an exact emigration date, but they were all in America by the 1860s.
雅各布·弗兰克斯出生于英格兰，其父生于德国或俄国（文件记载不一），母亲生于英格兰。该家族于 1857 年移居纽约。弗洛拉·弗兰克斯生于美国，其父亦然，但其祖父母和外祖父母均生于德国，母亲也是德国人。我未能查到确切的移民日期，但至迟在 1860 年代他们已全部定居美国。
Nathan Leopold’s parents were both born in America, while his maternal grandparents were born in Bavaria and his paternal grandparents were born in Baden and Bavaria, immigrating in 1860.
内森·利奥波德的父母均出生于美国，其外祖父母生于巴伐利亚，祖父母则来自巴登和巴伐利亚地区，并于 1860 年移民美国。
Richard Loeb’s parents were both born in America, his maternal grandparents were born in Germany, and they came separately to America, his grandmother in 1856, and I have not found a date for his grandfather. His paternal grandparents were born in Germany and also immigrated separately, his grandfather in 1856 and I haven’t found a date for his grandmother.
理查德·勒伯的父母均出生于美国，其外祖父母生于德国，后分别移民至美国——外祖母于 1856 年抵达，而外祖父的具体移民年份尚未查证。其祖父母同样出生于德国并分批次移民，祖父于 1856 年移居，但祖母的移民时间仍未有记录。
Was Richard Loeb related to Bobby Franks?
理查德·勒伯与鲍比·弗兰克斯是否存在亲属关系？
Not really. In 1924 one article claimed that Bobby and Loeb were second cousins, producing an inaccurate family tree to prove this. I’ve seen it mentioned one other time in that year, and then it was quickly forgotten. Some articles called them distant cousins, but it wasn’t until Simon Baatz’s book in 2008 where he called Bobby and Loeb cousins many many times that this rumor grew widespread.
并非如此。1924 年有文章宣称鲍比与勒伯是隔代表亲，并附上不准确的家族谱系作为佐证。当年仅见此说法被提及一次，随后便无人问津。部分报道称他们为远房表亲，但直到 2008 年西蒙·巴茨在其著作中反复将二人称为"表亲"，这一传言才广泛流传。
Bobby and Loeb did have a familial connection: Fredericka Unna (Richard Loeb’s great aunt) married Lazarus Griesheimer (Bobby Franks’ great uncle) in 1874 and the pair lived in New York. So Bobby and Loeb weren’t any kind of cousin, because they didn’t share any kind of grandparents, and I’m not sure if they could even be considered related at all.
鲍比与勒伯确实存在家族关联：理查德·勒伯的姑祖母弗雷德里卡·昂纳于 1874 年嫁给了鲍比·弗兰克斯的叔祖父拉扎勒斯·格里森海默，夫妇二人定居纽约。但由于双方未共享任何祖辈，他们根本不属于任何形式的表亲关系，甚至难以认定存在亲属关联。
If you think of your own family, even removing things by a generation, if your biological aunt marries someone else’s uncle, you don’t typically consider that uncle’s nephew to be related to you. Move that all up a generation and I think it’s very unlikely that Loeb or Bobby even knew about this connection. While Jacob Franks said he knew of Loeb and Richard Loeb said he knew Bobby because he lived in the neighborhood, I’ve never seen either the Franks or Loeb families ever mention this connection. Neither did the psychiatrists or lawyers. I’ve consulted several genealogists, and most agreed that they would not be considered related.
若以你自己的家庭为例，即便隔了一代人，如果你的亲姑姑嫁给了别人的叔叔，你通常不会认为那位叔叔的侄子与你有亲属关系。将这种情况上推一代，我认为利奥波德或鲍比甚至根本不知道这层关联。尽管雅各布·弗兰克斯说他认识利奥波德，而理查德·利奥波德也表示因为住在同一个社区而认识鲍比，但我从未见过弗兰克斯或利奥波德家族提及过这层关系。精神病学家和律师们也没有提到过。我咨询过几位家谱学家，他们大多认为这不算亲属关系。
What schools did Leopold and Loeb attend?
利奥波德和利奥波德上过哪些学校？
Leopold attended The Misses Spaids’ School, Douglas Elementary, the Harvard School For Boys, the University of Chicago, the University of Michigan and the University of Puerto Rico as well as many schools through correspondence including Columbia and the University of Iowa.
利奥波德曾就读于斯佩兹小姐学校、道格拉斯小学、哈佛男子学校、芝加哥大学、密歇根大学和波多黎各大学，还通过函授方式在包括哥伦比亚大学和爱荷华大学在内的多所学校学习。
Loeb was tutored at home until 3rd grade, then attended the University of Chicago Laboratory School, the University of Chicago and the University of Michigan. He also took some correspondence courses from other institutions.
利奥波德在家接受教育直至三年级，之后进入芝加哥大学实验学校、芝加哥大学和密歇根大学学习。他还通过其他机构修读了一些函授课程。
For a list of the classes Leopold and Loeb took, see this post.
关于利奥波德与洛布所修课程的清单，请参阅此帖。
What were Leopold and Loeb’s religious beliefs?
利奥波德和洛布的宗教信仰是什么？
Both were raised Jewish, and though Loeb’s mother was Catholic, both teenagers considered themselves Jews. Loeb, who “always more or less doubted the existence” of God, had his suspicions confirmed when he learned about paleontology and evolution in college.
两人均成长于犹太家庭，尽管洛布的母亲是天主教徒，但两位少年都自视为犹太人。洛布"始终或多或少怀疑上帝的存在"，当他在大学接触到古生物学和进化论后，这种怀疑得到了证实。
Leopold was fascinated by religious doctrine all his life, but became an atheist as a young teenager. In prison he occasionally led both Jewish and Christian services for other inmates and began praying to find belief in God and the “supernatural.” His prayers went unanswered.
利奥波德终其一生都对宗教教义着迷，但少年时期便成为无神论者。在狱中，他偶尔会为其他囚犯主持犹太教和基督教仪式，并开始祈祷以求获得对上帝及"超自然"的信仰。但他的祈祷始终未得回应。
Though both regularly celebrated Jewish and Christian holidays in prison and had close relationships with rabbis and priests, they remained atheists all their lives.
尽管他们在狱中定期庆祝犹太教和基督教的节日，并与拉比和牧师保持着密切关系，但终其一生都是无神论者。
Were Leopold and Loeb in a relationship?
利奥波德和勒布之间是否存在恋爱关系？
Yes. They had a sexual relationship from February of 1921-May of 1924.
是的。他们从 1921 年 2 月至 1924 年 5 月期间保持着性关系。
For more information see this post.
更多信息请参阅此帖。
What were Leopold and Loeb’s sexualities?
利奥波德和洛布的性取向是什么？
Leopold was gay. Loeb I’m less sure about.
利奥波德是同性恋。至于勒布，我就不那么确定了。
Though Leopold dated and had sex with women before prison and married one once he got out, he did this merely because “it was the thing to do,” and would help disguise his actual sexuality. He self-identified as homosexual as a teenager, had sex with men in prison and continued once he was paroled.
尽管利奥波德入狱前曾与女性约会并发生性关系，出狱后还与一名女性结婚，但他这样做仅仅是因为“这是当时该做的事”，有助于掩饰他真实的性取向。他在青少年时期就自我认同为同性恋，在狱中与男性发生性关系，假释后仍持续这种行为。
Loeb is more complicated. He had a sexual relationship with Leopold for four years before they were arrested, but was apparently disinterested in it, doing it more because it was something Leopold wanted rather than out of genuine passion. (Though not wanting to have sex with one man doesn’t mean he didn’t want to have sex with any men.) Some prisoners who knew Loeb said he had sex with men in prison, but for what reason and if these accounts can even be trusted is unclear. He apparently had plentiful and passionate romantic relationships with girls before prison, but was said to shy away from sex because he had a low sex drive and often felt inadequate. Though other friends remember him as having a lot of sex. Because of the contradictory information, Loeb has been theorized to be asexual, bisexual, gay or straight, depending on the researcher.
洛布的情况更为复杂。他与利奥波德维持了四年的性关系直至被捕，但显然对此兴趣索然，更多是出于利奥波德的意愿而非真实情欲（不过不愿与某个男性发生关系并不意味着他排斥所有男性）。一些曾与洛布同监的囚犯称他在狱中有过同性性行为，但动机为何以及这些说辞是否可信尚不明确。入狱前，他显然与多名女性有过热烈浪漫的恋情，但据称因性欲低下且常感力不从心而回避性行为——尽管其他友人回忆中他性经历丰富。由于信息矛盾，研究者对洛布的性取向提出了不同理论假设：无性恋、双性恋、同性恋或异性恋皆有可能。
Did Leopold and Loeb have a king/slave or dom/sub relationship?
利奥波德和洛布之间是否存在国王/奴隶或支配/服从的关系？
Probably not. In 1924 Leopold told psychiatrists about sexual fantasies he had, both masturbation fantasies and sometimes things he would think about during sex to stimulate himself. Many of these fantasies revolved around a relationship between a king and a slave, in a variety of scenarios. Though psychiatrists thought that Leopold was usually the slave in these fantasies, he clarified later that he had usually thought of himself as the king, especially before Loeb came into the picture. He would imagine having a slave harem, with his favorite slaves (like a camp counsellor he had a crush on) as the head slave who ruled over lesser slaves, and all would be branded with a crown that showed they belonged to King Leopold. While the common belief is that Leopold was a slave to Loeb, sometimes he would fantasize about that, yes, but most of his fantasies placed himself in the king role.
很可能没有。1924 年，利奥波德向精神病学家透露了他的性幻想，包括自慰时的幻想以及有时在性行为中用来刺激自己的想象。这些幻想中有许多围绕着一个国王与奴隶之间的关系，场景多种多样。尽管精神病学家认为利奥波德在这些幻想中通常扮演奴隶的角色，但他后来澄清说，尤其是在洛布出现之前，他通常把自己想象成国王。他会幻想拥有一个奴隶后宫，其中他最喜欢的奴隶（比如他暗恋的一位营地辅导员）作为统治其他低级奴隶的首席奴隶，所有奴隶都会被烙上王冠标记，表明他们属于利奥波德国王。虽然普遍认为利奥波德是洛布的奴隶，有时他确实会幻想这一点，但他的大多数幻想中，自己都扮演着国王的角色。
And beyond that, there’s no indication anywhere that Leopold told Loeb about these fantasies or that they ever acted them out.
除此之外，没有任何迹象表明利奥波德曾向洛布透露过这些幻想，或者他们曾将这些幻想付诸行动。
Were Leopold and Loeb psychopaths/sociopaths?
利奥波德和勒布是精神病态者/反社会者吗？
Both Leopold and Loeb were given several diagnosis’ during the psychiatric testing they got before their trial. Because they were tested by many doctors, they were given many different diagnosis’. Various doctors diagnosed them with dementia praecox, today known as schizophrenia, and psychopathic inferiority, today known as antisocial personality disorder (formerly known as psychopathy/sociopathy). It was thought that Loeb may have been developing split personality disorder, and that Leopold had paranoid delusions of himself as a Christ-figure.
在审判前的精神病学评估中，利奥波德和勒布被多位医生诊断出多种病症。由于接受过多位医师的检查，他们获得了诸多不同的诊断结果。不同的医生将他们诊断为早发性痴呆（现今称为精神分裂症）以及病态性卑劣（现今称为反社会人格障碍，旧称精神病态/反社会人格）。有观点认为勒布可能发展出了分裂型人格障碍，而利奥波德则怀有自视为基督形象的偏执妄想。
There were many doctors who examined the killers, and the only consensus they could reach was the diagnosis of Leopold as being schizophrenic, which seems very clearly to not have been an accurate diagnosis. To me, it would be very difficult to retroactively try to diagnose either of them, which I think could only be done by a qualified professional conducting several interviews with them personally. But just for fun, I’ll look at what the DSM 5 criteria is for diagnosing someone with antisocial personality disorder. This is based on my understanding of them and the little information we have, which could very well be lies.
当时有许多医生对凶手进行了检查，他们唯一达成的共识是将利奥波德诊断为精神分裂症，这显然是一个非常不准确的诊断。在我看来，要对他们中的任何一人进行回顾性诊断都非常困难，我认为只有合格的专业人士通过亲自与他们进行多次访谈才能做到。但为了好玩，我还是会看看 DSM-5 中关于反社会人格障碍的诊断标准。这是基于我对他们的理解以及我们所掌握的有限信息，而这些信息很可能是谎言。
For someone to be diagnosed they must have:
要诊断某人患有此症，必须满足以下条件：
A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, since age 15 years, as indicated by three (or more) of the following:
自 15 岁起，表现出一种普遍的对他人权利的漠视和侵犯模式，具体表现为以下三项（或更多）特征：
- Failure to conform to social norms concerning lawful behaviors, such as performing acts that are grounds for arrest.
未能遵守社会规范中关于合法行为的要求，例如实施可能导致逮捕的行为。
Leopold: Yes 利奥波德：是
Loeb: Yes 洛布：是 - Deceitfulness, repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for pleasure or personal profit.
欺骗性、反复撒谎、使用化名或为取乐或个人利益而欺骗他人。
Leopold: No 利奥波德：否
Loeb: Yes 洛布：是 - Impulsivity or failure to plan.
冲动性或缺乏计划性。
Leopold: No 利奥波德：否
Loeb: No 勒布：否 - Irritability and aggressiveness, often with physical fights or assaults.
易怒和攻击性，常伴随肢体冲突或攻击行为。
Leopold: No 利奥波德：否
Loeb: No 勒布：否 - Reckless disregard for the safety of self or others.
对自身或他人安全表现出不计后果的漠视。
Leopold: No 利奥波德：否
Loeb: No 勒布：否 - Consistent irresponsibility, failure to sustain consistent work behavior, or honor monetary obligations.
持续的不负责任行为，无法保持稳定的工作表现，或履行财务义务。
Leopold: No 利奥波德：否
Loeb: No 洛布：否 - Lack of remorse, being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another person.
缺乏悔意，对伤害、虐待或盗窃他人行为表现出漠然或合理化态度。
Leopold: Yes 利奥波德：是
Loeb: Yes 洛布：是
The individual has to be at least age 18 years.
个体年龄须至少满 18 周岁。
Evidence of conduct disorder typically with onset before age 15 years.
通常表现为 15 岁前发病的行为障碍证据。
The occurrence of antisocial behavior is not exclusively during schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.
反社会行为的发生并非仅见于精神分裂症或双相情感障碍期间。
Since Leopold and Loeb were so young, we also have to look at conduct disorder for activities they engaged in when they were under 18. The criteria for conduct disorder is:
由于利奥波德和洛布年纪尚轻，我们还需审视他们在 18 岁前参与活动时是否存在品行障碍。品行障碍的诊断标准包括：
A. A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated, as manifested by the presence of three (or more) of the following criteria in the past 12 months, with at least one criterion present in the past 6 months:
A. 一种重复且持续的行为模式，表现为在过去 12 个月内存在以下三项（或更多）标准中的至少一项，且过去 6 个月内至少存在一项标准，该行为模式侵犯了他人的基本权利或违反了与年龄相称的主要社会规范或规则：
- Often bullies, threatens, or intimidates others
经常欺负、威胁或恐吓他人
Leopold: No 利奥波德：否
Loeb: No 洛布：否 - Often initiates physical fights
经常挑起肢体冲突
Leopold: No 利奥波德：否
Loeb: No 洛布：否 - Has used a weapon that can cause serious physical harm to others (e.g., a bat, brick, broken bottle, knife, gun)
曾使用可能对他人造成严重身体伤害的武器（如球棒、砖块、碎酒瓶、刀具、枪支）
Leopold: No 利奥波德：否
Loeb: No 利奥布：否 - Has been physically cruel to people
曾对他人实施身体上的残忍行为
Leopold: No 利奥波德：否
Loeb: No 利奥布：否 - Has been physically cruel to animals
曾对动物实施身体上的残忍行为
Leopold: No 利奥波德：否
Loeb: No 洛布：否 - Has stolen while confronting a victim (e.g., mugging, purse snatching, extortion, armed robbery)
曾在与受害者对峙时行窃（例如抢劫、抢包、勒索、持械抢劫）
Leopold: No 利奥波德：否
Loeb: No 洛布：否 - Has forced someone into sexual activity
曾强迫他人发生性行为
Leopold: Yes 利奥波德：是
Loeb: No Loeb: 否 - Has deliberately engaged in fire setting with the intention of causing serious damage
蓄意纵火，意图造成严重破坏
Leopold: Yes Leopold: 是的
Loeb: Yes Loeb：是的 - Has deliberately destroyed others’ property (other than by fire setting)
故意毁坏他人财物（纵火除外）
Leopold: Yes 利奥波德：是
Loeb: Yes 洛布：是 - Has broken into someone else’s house, building, or car
曾闯入他人的房屋、建筑物或汽车
Leopold: Yes 利奥波德：是
Loeb: Yes 洛布：是 - Often lies to obtain goods or favors or to avoid obligations (i.e., “cons” others)
经常通过撒谎来获取物品或好处，或逃避责任（例如“欺骗”他人）
Leopold: No 利奥波德：否
Loeb: Yes 洛布：是 - Has stolen items of nontrivial value without confronting a victim (e.g., shoplifting, but without breaking and entering; forgery)
在未与受害者直接冲突的情况下窃取价值不菲的物品（例如商店行窃，但未涉及破门而入；伪造行为）
Leopold: Yes 利奥波德：是
Loeb: Yes 洛布：是 - Often stays out at night despite parental prohibitions, beginning before age 13 years
经常不顾父母禁令在外过夜，且始于 13 岁之前
Leopold: No 利奥波德：否
Loeb: No 洛布：否 - Has run away from home overnight at least twice while living in parental or parental surrogate home (or once without returning for a lengthy period)
在父母或父母替代家庭居住期间，至少有过两次夜不归宿（或一次长时间未归）
Leopold: No 利奥波德：否
Loeb: No 勒布：否 - Is often truant from school, beginning before age 13 years
经常逃学，始于 13 岁前
Leopold: No 利奥波德：否
Loeb: No 勒布：否
B. The disturbance in behavior causes clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning.
B. 行为紊乱导致社交、学业或职业功能出现临床意义上的显著损害。
Leopold: No 利奥波德：不
Loeb: No 洛布：不
What does it all mean? Nothing! Because my data is so skewed and I’m not a psychiatrist, I can’t diagnose them with anything. But when people throw around terms like psychopath and sociopath I like to just step back and examine what the criteria are for disorders like that and what the diagnosis actually means.
这一切意味着什么？毫无意义！因为我的数据偏差太大，而且我也不是精神病学家，所以我无法给他们做出任何诊断。但当人们随意抛出“精神病态”和“反社会人格”这类术语时，我喜欢退一步思考这些障碍的诊断标准究竟是什么，以及诊断结果的实际含义。
What were Leopold and Loeb’s IQ scores?
利奥波德和洛布的智商分数是多少？
We don’t know. In 1924 Leopold and Loeb were given the Stanford-Binet IQ test, which was meant primarily for children and graded based on the number of tests that were passed as well as the age of the subject. Because Leopold and Loeb were in their late teens, the test didn’t really work well for them. And, as one psychiatrist pointed out, Leopold finished some tests faster than anyone he had ever seen, but there were no extra points awarded for that. Because Leopold and Loeb passed and failed the same number of tests but Loeb was slightly younger, Loeb received an IQ score of 119 and Leopold of 118. This put them only in the ‘high average’ category, though as explained, this wasn’t a good estimate of their actual intelligence, and modern IQ tests have changed dramatically regardless.
我们无从得知。1924 年，利奥波德和勒伯接受了斯坦福-比奈智商测试，该测试主要针对儿童设计，评分依据受试者通过的测试数量及其年龄。由于利奥波德和勒伯当时已近二十岁，这项测试对他们并不完全适用。正如一位精神病学家指出的，利奥波德完成某些测试的速度之快前所未见，但测试并未为此额外加分。由于两人通过和未通过的测试数量相同，而勒伯年龄稍小，勒伯的智商得分为 119，利奥波德为 118。这仅将他们归类于“较高平均水平”，但如前所述，这并不能准确反映他们的实际智力水平，且现代智商测试早已发生翻天覆地的变化。
It’s very often cited that Leopold had an IQ of over 200, and that comes from another test and another misunderstanding. In Joliet-Stateville, all new prisoners were given the Army Alpha or Army Beta, tests used by the US Army in World War 1 to see what jobs their new recruits might be suitable for. They were just multiple choice tests with 212 questions and the number you got right was your score. During their initial Army Alpha tests, Leopold scored a 205 and Loeb a 176, putting them in the highest bracket and indicating that both were ‘men of marked intellectuality. They are of high officer type when they are also endowed with leadership and other necessary qualities.’
常有人引用利奥波德的智商超过 200 这一说法，而这源于另一项测试和又一次误解。在乔利埃特州立监狱，所有新囚犯都需接受陆军甲种或乙种测试——美国陆军在一战期间用于评估新兵适合何种岗位的测验。这些仅是包含 212 道选择题的测试，答对题数即为得分。在最初的陆军甲种测试中，利奥波德获得 205 分，勒布 176 分，使他们跻身最高等级，表明两人均为"智力显著超群者。若兼具领导力等其他必要品质，他们属于高级军官类型"。
The scores from the Army Alpha and Army Beta tests did not correlate with the scores of other intelligence tests. The Army tests could score anywhere from 0-212, a much wider range than most intelligence tests, and the average scores were much lower; most IQ tests are weighted so 100 is average, but the average in the Army tests was 45-74, which on most IQ tests would indicate mental disability. Though Leopold took the Army Alpha several more time in prison, it doesn’t seem like either he or Loeb took anything close to resembling a modern, adult IQ test, so what they would score on one is unknown.
陆军阿尔法和陆军贝塔测试的分数与其他智力测试的分数没有相关性。陆军测试的评分范围在 0 至 212 分之间，远大于多数智力测试的范围，且平均分显著偏低；大多数智商测试以 100 分为均值，而陆军测试的平均分仅为 45 至 74 分，这一分数在多数智商测试中会被判定为智力障碍。尽管利奥波德在狱中多次参加陆军阿尔法测试，但无论是他还是洛布，都未曾接受过接近现代成人智商测试的评估，因此他们在现代测试中的可能得分无从得知。
How many languages did Leopold speak?
利奥波德会说多少种语言？
The number of languages Leopold was fluent in has been wildly exaggerated. It is hard to know his proficiency in the various languages he studied during his life, but he was definitely not fluent in the 30 languages sometimes attributed to him, it would be much more accurate to say that he studied that many languages. He was fluent in German and English, having been raised in a bilingual household. Before the murder he could read and speak French, Italian and Spanish fairly well and had studied around fifteen languages, though he only claimed proficiency in five. Before prison he studied French, Spanish, Latin, Greek, Russian, Sanskrit, Italian and Sabellic languages.
利奥波德精通的语言数量被严重夸大了。很难确切了解他一生中学习过的各种语言的熟练程度，但可以肯定的是，他并不像有时传闻的那样精通 30 种语言，更准确的说法是他学习过这么多语言。他在双语家庭中长大，精通德语和英语。在谋杀案发生前，他能较好地阅读和说法语、意大利语和西班牙语，并学习过大约十五种语言，尽管他只自称精通其中五种。入狱前，他学习过法语、西班牙语、拉丁语、希腊语、俄语、梵语、意大利语以及萨贝利克语系的语言。
During his time in prison he took many correspondence courses in languages and celled with non-English-speaking prisoners. In this way he studied Hawaiian, Polish, Japanese, Latin, Greek, Russian, Sanskrit, Egyptian hieroglyphics, Hebrew, Yiddish, Swedish and Lithuanian, but how proficient he was and how long his skills lasted remains to be seen. He did become proficient enough in Spanish to enable him to navigate life in Puerto Rico, where he attended university classes conducted in Spanish and often worked with Spanish speaking people.
在狱中期间，他参加了许多语言函授课程，并与非英语母语的囚犯同住一室。通过这种方式，他学习了夏威夷语、波兰语、日语、拉丁语、希腊语、俄语、梵语、埃及象形文字、希伯来语、意第绪语、瑞典语和立陶宛语，但其熟练程度及技能保持时长尚待观察。他的西班牙语确实达到了足以应对波多黎各生活的水平，在那里他参加了以西班牙语授课的大学课程，并经常与讲西班牙语的人共事。
If I had to hazard a guess I’d estimate he was fluent or proficient in around 5 languages, able to read/write/hold a simple conversation in a dozen or so, and had studied 22-30 over the course of his life.
如果非要我大胆猜测的话，我估计他能流利或熟练使用约 5 种语言，能用十几种语言读写并进行简单对话，一生中学习过的语言多达 22 至 30 种。
Was Leopold autistic? 利奥波德有自闭症吗？
It’s obviously impossible to diagnose someone I’ve never met who died 50 years ago, but I’d say very likely not. It’s a somewhat popular opinion that Leopold was on the autism spectrum. A doctor in 2007 actually diagnosed him with Asperger’s and lectured on how that helped prove that autistic children may be prone to violence.
显然，我无法为一位 50 年前去世、素未谋面的人做出诊断，但我的答案很可能是"否"。有一种较为流行的观点认为利奥波德属于自闭症谱系。2007 年有位医生确实诊断他患有阿斯伯格综合征，并以此论证自闭症儿童可能具有暴力倾向。
According to the DSM-5 for someone to be diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder there must be persistent deficits in each of three areas of social communication and interaction.
根据《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》第五版（DSM-5），要确诊为自闭症谱系障碍，患者必须在社交沟通与互动的三个核心领域均存在持续性缺陷。
Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, as manifested by the following, currently or by history (examples are illustrative, not exhaustive; see text):
在多种情境下持续存在的社交沟通和社交互动缺陷，表现为以下当前或历史行为（示例仅为说明，非全部情况；详见正文）：
- Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, ranging, for example, from abnormal social approach and failure of normal back-and-forth conversation; to reduced sharing of interests, emotions, or affect; to failure to initiate or respond to social interactions.
社交情感互惠方面的缺陷，例如表现为异常的社交接近方式及无法进行正常的双向对话；兴趣、情绪或情感分享的减少；以及无法发起或回应社交互动。 - Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction, ranging, for example, from poorly integrated verbal and nonverbal communication; to abnormalities in eye contact and body language or deficits in understanding and use of gestures; to a total lack of facial expressions and nonverbal communication.
用于社交互动的非语言交流行为缺陷，例如：从言语和非语言交流的整合不良；到眼神接触和肢体语言的异常或对手势的理解与使用缺陷；再到完全缺乏面部表情和非语言交流。 - Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships, ranging, for example, from difficulties adjusting behavior to suit various social contexts; to difficulties in sharing imaginative play or in making friends; to absence of interest in peers.
在发展、维持和理解人际关系方面存在缺陷，例如表现为难以调整行为以适应不同的社交场合；难以参与想象性游戏或结交朋友；以及对同龄人缺乏兴趣。
1. Leopold would brag and monologue sometimes, rather than having a back and forth conversation, but he wasn’t incapable, and usually spoke in a typical pattern. He also changed the way he spoke depending on who he was speaking to and loved sharing his interests with others. One of Leopold’s older brothers had a tutor whose first memory of Leopold was him running into the room excited to show her a birthday present he’d gotten.
1. 利奥波德有时会自夸或独白，而非进行一来一往的对话，但他并非不善言辞，通常以惯常的方式交谈。他还会根据交谈对象调整说话方式，并热衷于与他人分享自己的兴趣。利奥波德的一位兄长有位家庭教师，她对利奥波德的最初记忆是他冲进房间，兴奋地向她展示自己收到的生日礼物。
2. I haven’t heard anyone describe Leopold as lacking non-verbal behaviors, actually in photos and video you can see he very often made eye contact when talking to people, made facial expressions, shrugged his shoulders and talked with his hands.
2. 实际上，我从未听人说过利奥波德缺乏非语言行为。在照片和视频中可以看到，他与人交谈时常有眼神交流，会做面部表情、耸肩，并用手势辅助说话。
3. It’s true Leopold had trouble befriending other children his age, but as a child he had friendships with older children, and this trend of gravitating towards friends who were older than himself continued until adulthood. Part of this was likely because he was developmentally ahead of other children, and it was exacerbated as he started skipping grades in school and his contemporaries were all older than himself.
3. 确实，利奥波德难以与同龄孩子建立友谊，但他在童年时期与年长的孩子有过交往，这种倾向于结交比自己年长朋友的趋势一直延续到成年。部分原因可能是他的发育领先于其他孩子，随着他开始在学校跳级，周围的同龄人都比他年长，这一情况进一步加剧。
For diagnosis they must also show at least two of four types of restricted, repetitive behaviors.
为了诊断，他们还必须表现出四种受限、重复行为中至少两种。
Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities, as manifested by at least two of the following, currently or by history (examples are illustrative, not exhaustive; see text):
受限的、重复的行为模式、兴趣或活动，表现为以下至少两项（当前或既往史）（示例为说明性，非详尽列举；参见正文）：
1. Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech (e.g., simple motor stereotypes, lining up toys or flipping objects, echolalia, idiosyncratic phrases).
1. 刻板或重复的躯体运动、物体使用或言语（例如：简单的躯体刻板动作、排列玩具或翻转物体、模仿言语、特异短语）。
2. Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior (e.g., extreme distress at small changes, difficulties with transitions, rigid thinking patterns, greeting rituals, need to take same route or eat same food every day).
2. 坚持同一性、固执地遵守常规或仪式化的言语/非言语行为模式（例如：对微小变化极度痛苦、难以适应转变、僵化思维模式、问候仪式、坚持每天走相同路线或吃相同食物）。
3. Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus (e.g., strong attachment to or preoccupation with unusual objects, excessively circumscribed or perseverative interests).
3. 高度局限、固着的兴趣，其强度或专注度异常（例如：对不寻常物体的强烈依恋或沉迷、过度狭隘或持续重复的兴趣）。
4. Hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment (e.g. apparent indifference to pain/temperature, adverse response to specific sounds or textures, excessive smelling or touching of objects, visual fascination with lights or movement).
4. 对感觉输入的反应过度或不足，或对环境感觉方面的异常兴趣（例如：对疼痛/温度明显漠视、对特定声音或质地产生厌恶反应、过度嗅闻或触摸物体、对光线或运动的视觉迷恋）。
1. I’ve never heard anyone describe Leopold exhibiting any of these behaviors.
1. 我从未听人描述过利奥波德表现出任何此类行为。
2. He disliked routine and enjoyed changes and new events, sensations and foods because they kept things from getting boring. I haven’t heard of him having any ritualistic behaviors.
2. 他不喜欢一成不变，乐于接受变化与新事物、新感受和新食物，因为它们能避免生活变得乏味。据我所知，他没有任何仪式性行为。
3. He did have a lot of very intense interests throughout his life and especially his childhood, including entomology, religion, languages, ornithology, penology, etc. etc. I couldn’t say whether that behavior was “highly restricted” or not.
3. 他一生中确实有许多非常强烈的兴趣，尤其是在童年时期，包括昆虫学、宗教、语言学、鸟类学、刑罚学等等。我无法确定这种行为是否属于“高度受限”。
4. I’ve never heard anyone describe Leopold exhibiting any of these behaviors or himself ever remarking on sensory input in unusual ways.
4. 我从未听过有人描述利奥波德表现出任何此类行为，或他自己以异常方式评论感官输入。
And: 以及：
Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period (but may not become fully manifest until social demands exceed limited capacities, or may be masked by learned strategies in later life).
症状必须在发育早期出现（但可能直到社交需求超出有限能力时才完全显现，或在后期生活中被习得的策略所掩盖）。
Symptoms cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of current functioning.
症状导致患者在社交、职业或其他当前重要功能领域出现具有临床意义的显著损害。
At 19 Leopold had a large group of friends, an active social life, a relationship which had lasted 4 years, he was a respected ornithologist and had been teaching it for several years, he was doing well in school and hoped to transfer to Harvard law soon. I see no indicator that there were significant impairments to his functioning. And that’s without any kind of help he may have needed if he had this disorder.
19 岁时，利奥波德拥有庞大的朋友圈、活跃的社交生活、一段持续了四年的恋爱关系，他是一位受人尊敬的鸟类学家并已从事教学多年，在校表现优异且希望不久能转入哈佛法学院。我看不出有任何迹象表明他的功能存在显著损害。而且这还是在未接受任何可能因该障碍所需帮助的情况下。
It’s true that late into his life in prison Leopold developed some characteristics that are often associated with the autism spectrum, such as an adherence to routine and a lack of affect in his face and voice. But these are also common among long-term prisoners who have learned over decades to stick to routine and not to stand out to guards or other inmates. These were not present during his youth and dissipated somewhat when he was released. I see no evidence that Leopold had Autism Spectrum Disorder.
确实，利奥波德在晚年狱中发展出了一些常与自闭症谱系相关的特征，比如坚持例行公事、面部和声音缺乏情感表达。但这些特征在长期服刑的囚犯中也很常见，他们经过数十年学会了遵循惯例、避免在狱警或其他囚犯面前引人注目。这些特征在他年轻时并不存在，且在他获释后有所消退。我认为没有证据表明利奥波德患有自闭症谱系障碍。
Where are the remains of Franks, Leopold and Loeb?
弗兰克、利奥波德和洛布的遗骸在哪里？
Bobby Franks’ body is in his family’s mausoleum in Rosehill Cemetery in Chicago. Loeb was cremated and his ashes were picked up from the crematorium by his family. His final resting place is unknown. Leopold donated his body to science and it was transferred to the medical school at the University of Puerto Rico.
博比·弗兰克斯的遗体安葬于芝加哥玫瑰山公墓的家族陵墓中。利奥布的遗体被火化，骨灰由家人从火葬场领回，其最终安息地不详。利奥波德将遗体捐献给科学事业，后被转移至波多黎各大学医学院。
Franks Crime 弗兰克斯犯罪
Did Leopold or Loeb rape Bobby Franks?
利奥波德或洛布是否强奸了博比·弗兰克斯？
Very likely not. Early on in the police investigation it was speculated that Bobby may have been raped, because of his age and because he was found naked. This was seemingly corroborated when coroners noted in their report that “the rectum was dilated and would easily admit one middle finger. There was no evidence of recent forcible dilation.” Some coroners thought this meant Bobby had been raped, while others said he hadn’t.
很可能并非如此。警方调查初期，鉴于鲍比的年龄以及被发现时全身赤裸，有人推测他可能遭受了性侵。这一推测似乎得到了法医报告的佐证，报告中提到“直肠扩张，可轻松容纳一根中指插入。未见近期强行扩张的痕迹。”部分法医认为这表明鲍比曾遭强奸，而另一些则持相反意见。
This wasn’t known at the time, but today police and coroners are aware that the muscles relax after death, especially in children. It was found that over half of children had dilated rectums after death with no signs of anal trauma or abuse. As stated in the Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine: “Marked anal dilation may be observed postmortem, particularly in children…When death occurs and preceding the onset of rigor mortis, the whole body musculature loses its tone. In children, rigor mortis may fix a dilated anal orifice, and this finding may persist after rigor mortis has faded. Anal dilation is not, therefore, a sufficient marker of penetrative anal abuse.”
当时人们并不知晓这一点，但如今警方和验尸官已认识到，人死后肌肉会松弛，儿童尤其如此。研究发现，超过半数的儿童死后直肠扩张，且无肛门创伤或受虐迹象。正如《法医与法律医学百科全书》所述：“死后可观察到明显的肛门扩张现象，儿童中尤为常见……死亡发生后，在尸僵形成前，全身肌肉会失去张力。儿童的尸僵可能使扩张的肛门固定，且这一现象在尸僵消退后仍可能持续。因此，肛门扩张不能作为肛门遭受侵入性虐待的充分依据。”
Leopold and Loeb both gave full confessions to Bobby’s kidnap and murder, the police were not able to find anything they had left out or lied about (other than one lying about which had physically killed Bobby). When asked about rape, both denied any had taken place. After reading all of the reports, Judge Caverly stated in his closing statement that there had been no rape.
利奥波德和洛布均对博比的绑架与谋杀供认不讳，警方未能发现他们有任何隐瞒或撒谎之处（除一人谎称是谁动手杀害了博比）。当被问及性侵时，两人均予以否认。审阅全部案卷后，卡弗利法官在结案陈词中明确表示不存在性侵行为。
Were Bobby Franks’ feet found sticking out of the culvert?
博比·弗兰克斯的双脚被发现伸出涵洞外了吗？
No. It’s a very common misconception that Leopold didn’t push Bobby’s body all the way inside of the culvert, so his feet protruded-leading to his body being found so quickly. Here is the testimony from two men who helped get his body out of the culvert:
并非如此。一个普遍误解是利奥波德未将博比的尸体完全推入涵洞，导致其双脚外露——这加速了尸体的发现。以下是两位参与移尸者的证词：
Paul Korff: “Well I stopped and I got off and the man called me over and he said, ‘Look, there is something in the pipe there is a pair of feet sticking out’-they were in there, they were not sticking out, but all you could see was the feet.”
保罗·科夫："当时我停下摩托车走过去，那人叫住我说'看，管道里有东西，有双脚伸出来'——其实脚是在管道里面，并没有伸出来，能看到的只是脚部而已。"
And John Koleczka: 而约翰·科莱茨卡：
Q: How far were they protruding out from the end of the drain?
问：它们从排水管末端伸出多远？
A: They were in the drain.
A: 他们在排水沟里。
Q: Oh, they were in the drain?
问：哦，它们在下水道里吗？
A: About eighteen inches in the drain, into the drain pipe.
答：大约在下水道里十八英寸深，进入了排水管。
Who killed Bobby Franks? 谁杀害了博比·弗兰克斯？
I believe that Loeb physically killed Bobby, though both Leopold and Loeb were legally equally culpable.
我认为洛布实际上杀害了博比，尽管在法律上利奥波德和洛布负有同等的罪责。
The evidence that Leopold killed Bobby:
利奥波德杀害博比的证据：
- When Loeb confessed he said that Leopold killed him.
当洛布供认时，他说是利奥波德杀害了他。 - Chauffeur Carl Ulving testified that he saw Loeb driving a car at around 4:30pm the day of the murder-half an hour before the murder itself.
司机卡尔·乌尔文作证称，他在谋杀案发生当天下午 4:30 左右看到洛布驾驶一辆汽车——比谋杀案发生时间早半小时。 - Loeb says Bobby would have gotten into the passenger seat if he was in the front seat, because Bobby knew him, and if Loeb was in the back seat, Bobby would have gotten in the back with him.
洛布表示，如果他在前排座位，博比会坐到副驾驶位置，因为博比认识他；而如果他在后排座位，博比则会和他一起坐到后排。
The evidence that Loeb killed Bobby:
Loeb 杀害 Bobby 的证据：
- When Leopold confessed, he said that Loeb killed him.
利奥波德供认时表示，是洛布杀了他。 - The defense psychiatrists and lawyers said that Loeb told them he physically killed Bobby. Two psychiatrists testified to this under oath.
辩护方的精神病学家和律师表示，洛布告诉他们是他亲手杀害了博比。两名精神病学家在宣誓后对此作证。 - Leopold was able to give a detailed recollection on how he drove away from the murder scene, including the exact streets which were taken, and Loeb was not, though he was able to give details about most other points of the day.
利奥波德能够详细回忆自己如何驾车离开谋杀现场，包括所经过的具体街道，而洛布则不能，尽管他能提供当天其他大部分细节。 - When discussing the murder Loeb said that Leopold was in the front seat, then backtracked and said he made a mistake, that he had been in front and Leopold in back.
在讨论谋杀案时，洛布先是说利奥波德坐在前排，随后又改口称自己记错了，实际是他坐在前排而利奥波德在后排。 - Leopold had an aversion to blood and says he would not have physically been able to hit Bobby with a chisel-which is why he and Loeb had planned to strangle him together.
利奥波德对血液有强烈的厌恶感，并声称自己从生理上无法用凿子击打博比——这就是为什么他和洛布计划一起勒死他。 - During all their other crimes Loeb was the one to carry around a chisel wrapped in tape to knock someone out if they were seen, and a chisel wrapped in tape was used to knock Bobby unconscious. Loeb referred to these chisels as his toys to psychiatrists.
在他们其他所有犯罪活动中，洛布总是随身携带一把用胶带包裹的凿子，以便在被人发现时将对方击昏，而博比正是被这样一把包裹着胶带的凿子打晕的。洛布向精神病医生称这些凿子为他的“玩具”。 - During all their other crimes Leopold was the one to drive
在他们其他所有犯罪活动中，利奥波德负责驾驶车辆。 - Leopold was the one who rented the car
租车的事是由利奥波德负责的。 - Leopold rented a car of the same make as his own (Loeb owned a different make of car)
利奥波德租了一辆与自己同品牌的车（勒布拥有的车品牌不同） - Leopold drove the car while they were doing dry runs of the crime
在犯罪预演期间，利奥波德负责驾驶那辆车 - Leopold demonstrated in the murder car itself how Loeb leaned over from the back seat to encourage Bobby to sit in the front, and how Loeb grabbed him from behind and pulled him into the backseat, showing that it was at least physically possible
利奥波德在谋杀车内亲自演示了洛布如何从后座探身鼓励博比坐到前排，以及洛布如何从背后抓住他并将其拽入后座，证明这在物理上至少是可能的
Addressing Loeb’s confession: At the time of confessing Loeb was upset at Leopold for using their alibi beyond the time limit they had agreed to use it, and dragging his name into the investigation. Leopold claimed this is why Loeb wanted to punish him by saying he physically killed Bobby-that and hoping to get a lighter sentence. Leopold said that after several weeks the pair discussed the conflicting stories and claimed that Loeb would not publicly say he killed Bobby because he wanted his mother to believe it may have been Leopold. Loeb never publicly addressed the issue after his confession.
针对利奥布的供词：在供认时，利奥布因利奥波德超出他们约定使用不在场证明的时间限制，并将他的名字卷入调查而感到愤怒。利奥波德声称，这就是为什么利奥布想通过声称自己亲手杀害了博比来惩罚他，并希望借此获得较轻的判决。利奥波德表示，几周后两人讨论了相互矛盾的陈述，并称利奥布不会公开承认杀害博比，因为他希望母亲相信可能是利奥波德所为。利奥布在供认后从未公开谈及此事。
Addressing Ulving: According to Leopold’s confession, they weren’t driving around 4:30, they had been watching a group of boys playing ball from 3:15-4:45. Ulving says he saw Loeb driving a dark car on Ellis Avenue near 49th street going south, which is the exact street corner and direction they picked up Bobby at 5pm. Ulving says there was another man in the passenger seat, but he couldn’t see who it was. Ulving also said that he drove the same route to take children home at 2:45 that day and that he didn’t think about seeing Loeb driving until ten days after it happened.
针对乌尔文的陈述：根据利奥波德的供词，他们并未在 4:30 左右驾车游荡，而是从 3:15 至 4:45 期间观看一群男孩打球。乌尔文称，他曾看到洛布驾驶一辆深色汽车在埃利斯大道靠近 49 街处向南行驶，这正是他们下午 5 点接走博比的确切街角和方向。乌尔文表示，副驾驶座上还有另一名男子，但他无法看清是谁。他还提到，当天 2:45 他驾车沿相同路线送孩子们回家，且直到事发十天后才回想起曾目睹洛布驾车的情景。
I think it’s very possible that either Ulving saw Loeb driving around 2:45 (though Leopold claimed to be driving at that time and Loeb did not specify who was driving), saw Leopold driving and made a mistake, or saw Loeb driving at some other time, as he drove that route at least 5-10 times per week there would have been plenty of opportunities. He remembered he had seen Loeb driving because a child came to him and said Loeb confessed to the murder-which Ulving said couldn’t have happened because he had seen Loeb driving at that time. If the child had said Leopold had confessed, perhaps he would have remembered Leopold driving. Regardless, I don’t take the word of one eyewitness (who are notoriously faulty) over the other evidence I have explained.
我认为很有可能乌尔文在 2:45 左右看到洛布在开车（尽管利奥波德声称那时是他在驾驶，而洛布并未明确说明是谁在开车），或者他误将利奥波德认作洛布，又或者他在其他时间看到洛布驾驶——考虑到洛布每周至少会行驶那条路线 5 到 10 次，这样的机会并不少见。乌尔文之所以记得见过洛布开车，是因为有个孩子跑来告诉他洛布承认了谋杀，而乌尔文表示这不可能，因为他那时亲眼看到洛布在驾驶。如果孩子说的是利奥波德坦白了罪行，或许乌尔文就会记得是利奥波德在开车。无论如何，我不会仅凭一名目击者（众所周知其证词并不可靠）的言辞，就否定我之前阐述的其他证据。
Did Flora Franks go insane after her son was murdered?
弗洛拉·弗兰克斯在她儿子被谋杀后精神失常了吗？
No. There were many reports in newspapers from the time that Flora Franks went mad with grief when she found out Bobby was murdered. Several articles came out saying that she believed Bobby wasn’t dead, that she would see him again, etc. That may sound like she had broken from reality, but it is important to take Flora’s religion into context here. Flora was a devout Christian Scientist, and didn’t believe in the concept of death.
不。当时的报纸上有许多报道称，弗洛拉·弗兰克斯在得知博比被谋杀后因悲痛而精神失常。有几篇文章提到，她坚信博比没有死，她还会再见到他等等。这听起来或许像是她脱离了现实，但在此必须结合弗洛拉的宗教信仰来理解。她是一位虔诚的基督教科学派信徒，并不承认“死亡”这一概念的存在。
Christian Scientists believe that the physical world is an illusion, that the spirit is the only reality, and that spirits don’t die. This belief is reflected in the epitaph chosen for Bobby: “Life is because God is, infinite, indestructible and eternal.” Bobby’s brother Jack also wrote several poems about Bobby connecting it with the same belief, that he wasn’t really gone and would always be with him. Flora and Jack were just expressing their religious faith, but it was misunderstood and sensationalized by reporters eager for tragic stories.
基督教科学派信徒认为物质世界是幻象，唯有精神才是真实，而灵魂永不消亡。这一信仰体现在为博比选择的墓志铭上：“生命因上帝而存在，无限、不可摧毁且永恒。”博比的哥哥杰克也写了几首关于他的诗，表达了同样的信念——他并未真正离去，将永远相伴左右。弗洛拉和杰克只是在表达他们的宗教信仰，却被渴望悲剧故事的记者们曲解并大肆渲染。
In case more proof is needed, Flora didn’t just give up on life after 1924. For the next four years she took care of her two remaining children and the household. Then after her husband Jacob died she remarried and became a Christian Science practitioner with her own office in downtown Chicago before dying of breast cancer in 1937.
若需更多证据，弗洛拉在 1924 年后并未放弃生活。接下来的四年里，她照料着剩下的两个孩子和家庭。丈夫雅各布去世后，她再婚并成为一名基督教科学派从业者，在芝加哥市中心拥有自己的诊所，直至 1937 年因乳腺癌去世。
What was Leopold and Loeb’s motive?
利奥波德和洛布的动机是什么？
The motive, as told by Dr. White, one of the psychiatrists who examined both defendants:
根据对两名被告进行检查的精神病学家之一怀特博士所述，动机如下：
“I asked [Loeb] to name specifically the objectives that he had in this crime, and this is the order in which he gave them:
“我要求[洛布]具体说出他在这起犯罪中的目标，以下是他依次列出的：”
First, the joy in planning it.
首先，是规划它的乐趣。
Secondly, the thrill in committing it.
其次，是实施犯罪时的刺激感。
Third, the anticipation, pleasurable anticipation in waiting for the money.
第三，是等待金钱时的期待感，那种愉悦的期待。
Fourth, the publicity. 第四，是公众的关注。
Fifth, the discussion, that is, his own discussion among the various people who were interested, with the knowledge that he possessed the key to the secret and none of the rest of them did.
第五，是讨论，即他在那些对此感兴趣的各色人等中展开的自我讨论，同时深知自己掌握着解开秘密的钥匙，而其他人都没有。
And last and least, the money that was involved.”
最后也是最不重要的，是涉及到的钱。
Leopold gave much the same answer, adding to his explanation that it was something that Loeb wanted to do, and he was willing to go along with whatever he wanted. At his 1958 parole hearing Leopold clarified this, saying: “I admired Richard Loeb extravagantly, beyond all bounds. I literally lived and died on his approval or disapproval. I would have done anything he asked, even when I knew he was wrong, even when I was revolted by what he suggested. I wanted to do this terrible thing. Why, I cannot be sure. Certainty it was mad, irrational, maybe there was some question of protest, overwhelming desire to show I could do it and get away with it.”
利奥波德给出了几乎相同的回答，并补充解释道，这是洛布想做的事，而他愿意顺从洛布的任何意愿。在 1958 年的假释听证会上，利奥波德进一步澄清道：“我对理查德·洛布崇拜得无以复加，毫无底线。他的认可或否定简直主宰着我的生死。无论他要求什么，即便明知他错了，即便对他的提议感到厌恶，我也会照做。我确实想做这件可怕的事。至于为何如此，我自己也无法确定。这无疑是疯狂、非理性的，或许还掺杂着某种抗议的情绪，或是为了证明自己能做成并逃脱惩罚的强烈欲望。”
The most commonly accepted answer is that Loeb loved intricate plans and crimes, Leopold loved Loeb, and they both wanted to baffle the police, hear people talk about their case without catching them, and to make some quick money.
最普遍接受的解释是，洛布痴迷于复杂的计划与犯罪，利奥波德深爱着洛布，而两人都渴望戏弄警方——既想听人们议论他们的案件又不想被抓住，同时还能迅速捞一笔钱。
Did Leopold or Loeb feel remorse?
利奥波德或洛布感到悔恨了吗？
That is unclear. In Leopold’s autobiography he claims that it took him ten years to feel the full effect of his crime and that daily afterwards it weighed in the back of his mind. I haven’t seen much proof of that, as he only mentioned Bobby in his later years when trying to get paroled.
这一点尚不明确。利奥波德在自传中声称，他花了十年时间才完全感受到自己罪行的全部影响，此后这一阴影每日萦绕心头。但我并未见到太多证据支持这一说法，因他仅在晚年试图获得假释时才提及博比。
Loeb said he felt a small amount of remorse before they were arrested, “but then the excitement, the accounts in the paper, the fact that we had gotten away with it and that they did not suspect us, that it was given so much publicity and all that sort of thing, naturally went to the question of not feeling as much remorse as otherwise I think I would have.” Loeb was not able to talk about it after 1924, so his later reactions are unclear. Leopold wrote that Loeb never felt remorse, but Leopold’s account cannot be completely trusted as his autobiography and its contents were carefully edited to try and earn himself a better chance at parole.
勒布表示，在他们被捕前，他曾感到些许悔意，“但随后那种刺激感、报纸上的报道、我们成功逃脱且未被怀疑的事实，以及此事引发的巨大关注等等，自然让我不像原本可能的那样感到悔恨。”1924 年后，勒布再未谈及此事，因此他后来的反应无从得知。利奥波德写道，勒布从未感到悔恨，但利奥波德的叙述不能完全采信，因为他的自传及其内容经过精心编辑，试图为自己争取更好的假释机会。
Did Leopold wear glasses regularly?
利奥波德经常戴眼镜吗？
No. It is a common misconception that the glasses Leopold dropped were prescription lenses for daily use. He only wore those fateful glasses for a few months in the fall and winter of 1923 when he started getting headaches and thought it may have been from eyestrain. He wore them for reading, the headaches went away and he stopped wearing them. He had likely not worn them for a few months prior to the crime, they had been sitting forgotten in one of his old suits that he happened to wear during the disposal of Bobby’s body. When they fell out of his pocket he didn’t notice because he was unaware they had been there to begin with. In later life he needed reading glasses but still did not regularly wear prescription lenses.
不。人们普遍误以为利奥波德掉落的眼镜是日常使用的处方镜片。实际上，他仅在 1923 年秋冬因开始头痛、怀疑用眼过度时才佩戴了那副命运多舛的眼镜几个月。他戴着它阅读后头痛消失，便不再使用。犯罪前他很可能已数月未戴这副眼镜——它被遗忘在他某套旧西装里，恰巧在处置博比尸体时穿着。眼镜从口袋滑落时他并未察觉，因为他根本不知道眼镜在那里。晚年他需要老花镜，但仍未定期佩戴处方镜片。
It is also a common belief that Leopold’s glasses were able to be traced by the police because they were expensive or custom made. In actuality, Leopold’s glasses were extremely common and average in price, costing $11.50. It was just that the company he got his glasses from was testing out a new hinge, and they started first in New York. They were beginning to roll out these new hinges in Chicago, but only three had been sold by that manufacturer in Chicago with Leopold’s exact frame, prescription and hinge combination. Leopold found out the hinges were unusual along with the rest of the world, when he read about it in the newspapers.
还有一种普遍看法认为，利奥波德的眼镜之所以能被警方追踪到，是因为它们价格昂贵或定制独特。实际上，利奥波德的眼镜极为普通且价格中等，仅售 11.5 美元。关键在于他购买眼镜的公司当时正在测试一种新型铰链，且首先在纽约推出。虽然芝加哥也开始推广这种新铰链，但截至案发时，该制造商在芝加哥仅售出三副与利奥波德完全同款的镜架、度数和铰链组合的眼镜。利奥波德本人和公众一样，是通过报纸报道才得知这种铰链的特殊性。
Sentencing Hearing 量刑听证会
Did Clarence Darrow change his closing argument when he published it?
克拉伦斯·达罗在发表结案陈词时是否对其进行了修改？
Yes, the published pamphlet version of Darrow’s closing argument does differ slightly from the transcript. Darrow sometimes substituted one word for another, fact checked something, added or removed a sentence. He also removed all instances in which he was talking to the other lawyers and Judge, or they were talking to him or each other, which happened occasionally. In a single instance he cut one paragraph completely. But overall, the content is extremely similar. The famous quotes which are often repeated from this speech in books and movies are extremely close to what he said during the hearing itself. For more information see this page.
是的，达罗结案陈词的小册子版本与庭审记录确实存在细微差异。达罗时而替换个别词汇，核实某些事实，增删部分语句。他还删除了所有与其他律师及法官对话的片段——这些互动虽偶有发生。仅有一处，他整段删除了某个段落。但总体而言，内容高度一致。那些在书籍和电影中被反复引用的著名演说词句，与听证会现场发言几乎分毫不差。更多信息详见此页面。
Is the transcript of Clarence Darrow’s closing argument lost?
克拉伦斯·达罗的结案陈词记录是否已遗失？
No. A full transcript of the entire hearing including his closing argument is in the Library of Congress.
没有。包含其结案陈词在内的完整听证会记录现存于美国国会图书馆。
What was the verdict of the case against Leopold and Loeb?
利奥波德与勒布案的判决结果如何？
Both plead guilty and were sentenced to serve Life for the murder and 99 years for the kidnapping. In Illinois at the time, prisoners had to serve 1/3 of their sentences before they were eligible for parole. For the Life sentence this meant 25 years, and for the 99 years it was 33 years. As these sentences ran concurrently, Leopold and Loeb would be eligible for parole in 1957. Leopold later had his 99 year sentence commuted to 85 years after volunteering to participate in medical experiments, so he became eligible to apply for parole in 1952.
两人均认罪，因谋杀罪被判终身监禁，绑架罪被判 99 年徒刑。当时伊利诺伊州规定，囚犯需服满刑期的三分之一方可申请假释。终身监禁即 25 年，99 年刑期则为 33 年。由于刑期合并执行，利奥波德与勒布最早可于 1957 年申请假释。后来利奥波德自愿参与医学实验，其 99 年刑期被减至 85 年，因此他于 1952 年即具备假释申请资格。
Prison 监狱
How did Richard Loeb die?
理查德·勒布是如何死亡的？
Loeb was slashed/stabbed 54-58 times by fellow inmate James Day in a small shower on January 28, 1936. His most severe injuries were a cut to his throat which went around the majority of his neck and punctured his windpipe and jugular vein, and a deep cut on his abdomen that was over a foot long. He was rushed to the prison hospital and doctors attempted to save him, but after several hours he died. The official cause of death was shock and exsanguination (blood loss).
1936 年 1 月 28 日，勒布在狭小的淋浴间内被同狱囚犯詹姆斯·戴用刀砍刺 54 至 58 次。其最严重的伤势包括环绕颈部大半、刺穿气管与颈静脉的喉部切口，以及一道长达一英尺多的腹部深创。他被紧急送往监狱医院，医生虽竭力抢救，数小时后仍不治身亡。官方公布的死因为失血性休克（失血过多）。
Did Loeb try to rape James Day in the shower?
洛布是否曾在淋浴间试图强奸詹姆斯·戴？
No. Though James Day claimed that Loeb had threatened him with a razor and tried to rape him, and that Day had only fought back in self-defense and to protect his honor, it was discovered later that Loeb’s murder had been pre-planned by James Day and Day’s cell partner George Bliss. Bliss had stolen and hidden a razor weeks before, then passed it to Day before he went to the shower to kill Loeb. Leopold blamed Bliss for Loeb’s death, but I haven’t found out why.
不。尽管詹姆斯·戴声称洛布曾用剃刀威胁他并试图强奸他，而戴只是出于自卫和保护自己的名誉才反击，但后来发现洛布之死是詹姆斯·戴及其狱友乔治·布利斯预谋的。布利斯几周前就偷藏了一把剃刀，随后在戴去淋浴间杀害洛布前将凶器递给了他。利奥波德将洛布的死归咎于布利斯，但我尚未查明原因。
What were Loeb’s last words?
洛布临终前说了什么？
The common myth that Loeb said something like: “I think I’m going to make it,” to either Warden Ragen, Father Weir or Leopold seems to have been fabricated by newspaper reporters. Doctors who worked on Loeb following the attack said he was silent while conscious, and I doubt with a torn open trachea he would have been able to talk well enough to be understood had he tried. Regardless, he would not have been able to talk at all to Leopold specifically, as he only saw Loeb after he was unconscious. Leopold mentions in his autobiography how he regretted this because he was unable to say goodbye.
关于洛布曾对典狱长雷根、威尔神父或利奥波德说过诸如“我觉得我能挺过去”之类的话，这一普遍流传的迷思似乎是由报社记者捏造的。袭击发生后为洛布治疗的医生表示，他在清醒时始终保持沉默；考虑到气管被撕裂的伤势，即便他尝试说话，也不太可能清晰到让人听懂。更何况，他根本不可能专门对利奥波德说话——因为利奥波德见到他时，他已失去意识。利奥波德在自传中提到，他对此深感遗憾，因为未能有机会道别。
Did Leopold have Loeb killed?
利奥波德是否杀害了洛布？
I’ve seen no evidence for this, though I guess it’s impossible to prove or disprove. Leopold seemed to have been very fond of Loeb, spent every day with him and was depressed for a long time after he died, which, to me, makes it seem unlikely. This theory was floated by investigators briefly after Loeb’s death, but after a few days it was dropped. The only other time I’ve seen it mentioned is the 2022 book Nothing But the Night by Greg King and Penny Wilson.
我尚未看到任何证据支持这一点，尽管我认为这既无法证实也无法证伪。利奥波德似乎对洛布怀有深厚感情，每天都与他共度时光，并在洛布去世后长期郁郁寡欢——在我看来，这使该理论显得不太可能成立。调查人员曾在洛布死后短暂提出过这一推测，但几天后便放弃了。我唯一另一次见到提及此事的，是在格雷格·金和彭妮·威尔逊 2022 年出版的《唯有黑夜》一书中。
They theorize that Leopold did it because he didn’t think it would be possible to get paroled if Loeb was also trying to at the same time, especially if they were continuing to claim the other person physically killed Bobby. But Loeb’s murder was 21 years before either of them would become eligible for parole, and I don’t see how they would be pitted against each other. I assume their tactic to secure release would be very similar to the tactics which Leopold used for the first 7 years of his parole attempts: talking only about the good works they had done in prison and their rehabilitation-not putting blame on the other. When Leopold was asked his motive during these first several years of parole attempts, he said only that he couldn’t understand it, but he was completely different now.
他们推测，利奥波德这样做是因为他认为，如果洛布同时也在争取假释，尤其是如果他们继续声称是对方实际杀害了鲍比，那么自己获得假释的可能性微乎其微。但洛布遇害时距离两人具备假释资格还有 21 年之久，我实在看不出他们如何会被置于对立境地。我认为他们争取获释的策略应与利奥波德在最初七年假释申请中采用的方式高度一致：只谈论狱中完成的善行与自我改造——而非归咎对方。当利奥波德在头几年假释听证中被问及作案动机时，他只表示自己无法理解当初行为，但现在的他已彻底改过自新。
It was only after the public continually mocked Leopold’s lack of explanation of his motive, called Leopold the leader in the crime, and after the State’s Attorney fighting against Leopold’s parole called Loeb Leopold’s “dupe” that Leopold began stating that Loeb was the one to physically kill Bobby, that the crime had been Loeb’s idea and that Leopold had done it to please Loeb. Perhaps they would have turned on each other in the end, but I see no evidence that Leopold paid someone to kill Loeb to get him out of the way so he could have a better chance at getting paroled in two decades. If he had I think he would have started throwing Loeb under the bus a lot sooner.
直到公众不断嘲讽利奥波德对其动机缺乏解释，称他为犯罪主谋，以及州检察官反对利奥波德假释时称洛布是利奥波德的“傀儡”之后，利奥波德才开始声称是洛布亲手杀害了博比，犯罪是洛布的主意，而他参与其中只是为了取悦洛布。或许他们最终会互相背叛，但我没有证据表明利奥波德雇人杀害洛布以扫清障碍，从而在二十年后获得更大的假释机会。若真如此，我认为他早就该把洛布推出来当替罪羊了。
Did Leopold and Loeb have sex in prison?
利奥波德和洛布在监狱中有过性行为吗？
With each other, probably not. With others, probably yes. Because of the way prison culture was at the time, it seems very unlikely to me that the pair would have started having sex again once they were back in the same prison in 1931. In that time period it was thought to be acceptable for an older prisoner to use a younger prisoner for sex in exchange for goods, money, protection, etc., but not socially acceptable for two prisoners of the same age to have a relationship or for a younger prisoner to ‘top’ an older prisoner. That would make it gay. Even though there were a lot of rumors of Leopold and Loeb having sex with other prisoners from prisoners and guards, I’ve never seen any rumors or claims that the pair slept together, so if they were, they hid it very well.
彼此之间，大概不会。与他人，则很可能。鉴于当时监狱文化的特点，在我看来，这对搭档在 1931 年重返同一所监狱后重新发生性关系的可能性微乎其微。在那个年代，年长囚犯用年轻囚犯换取性服务以交换物品、金钱、保护等被视为可接受，但同龄囚犯之间建立关系或年轻囚犯“主导”年长囚犯则不被社会所容——那会被视为同性恋。尽管关于利奥波德和洛布与其他囚犯或狱警发生性关系的传闻甚嚣尘上，我却从未见过任何关于这两人同床共枕的传言或指控。若真有其事，他们必定隐藏得极好。
Leopold definitely had sex with other men in prison. He kept a list of the more than two dozen sexual partners he had over the years, the most long lasting being David Fulford and Paul Henry, who he remained in contact with until his death.
利奥波德在监狱中确实与其他男性发生过性关系。他保留了一份多年来超过二十位性伴侣的名单，其中持续时间最长的是大卫·富尔福德和保罗·亨利，他与这两人一直保持联系直至去世。
Loeb likely had sex with other men in prison, at least his pattern of looking after younger men, getting them good jobs, better cells, gifts and helping them get paroled was the same type of behavior which Leopold enacted with his sexual partners. Other prisoners also recalled him as having had younger sexual partners.
洛布在狱中很可能与其他男性发生过性关系，至少他照顾年轻男性、为他们谋得好工作、改善牢房条件、赠送礼物并协助获得假释的行为模式，与利奥波德对待其性伴侣的方式如出一辙。其他囚犯也回忆称他曾有过年轻的性伴侣。
After Prison 出狱后
Was Leopold still in love with Loeb after prison?
利奥波德出狱后还爱着洛布吗？
Probably. He stayed fond of Loeb anyway, keeping a photo of him in his home as he did of many other past and current friends and loved ones. But he never said this publicly, or even privately as far as I’ve been able to find. This quote from Douglas Linder’s Famous Trials website has gotten fairly popular, even quoted in books, and I think gives a misleading picture of the situation: “Despite saying in a 1960 interview that he was still deeply in love with Richard Loeb, he married.” I assume the ‘1960 interview’ Linder was talking about was a Hal Higdon interview with Ephraim London in the early 70s. In that interview London recalled getting to know Leopold for a few days in 1960 when he was one of the lawyers in charge of taking Leopold’s deposition for the Compulsion lawsuit. In Higdon’s book he quotes London from their interview as saying: “He was obviously still madly in love with Loeb.” So not that Leopold said he was still in love, just that a person perceived him as still being in love.
很可能。无论如何，他始终对洛布怀有感情，家中保留着洛布的照片，就像保存其他过去和现在的朋友与爱人的照片一样。但据我所查，他从未公开甚至私下表达过这一点。道格拉斯·林德在“著名审判”网站上的这段引文相当流行，甚至被书籍引用，但我认为它误导了人们对当时情况的理解：“尽管在 1960 年的一次采访中表示自己仍深爱着理查德·洛布，他还是结婚了。”我推测林德所说的“1960 年采访”是指哈尔·希格登在 70 年代初对埃弗拉姆·伦敦的采访。在那次采访中，伦敦回忆 1960 年曾与利奥波德相处数日，当时他是负责为《强迫症》诉讼案录取利奥波德证词的律师之一。希格登的书中引用了伦敦在采访中的话：“他显然仍疯狂地爱着洛布。”所以并非利奥波德亲口承认仍爱着对方，而只是有人觉得他余情未了。
Did Leopold keep a photo of Loeb in his house?
利奥波德家里是否保存了一张勒布的相片？
Yes, Leopold kept a photo of Loeb taken before the murder in his house after his release from prison. It’s unclear where he got this photo from or how long he had it. The first mention of it I’ve seen was in 1954, when a visiting reporter noted that Leopold kept a photo of Loeb in Charlevoix on the wall in the x-ray room where he worked. After he moved to Puerto Rico, visitors began to notice the photo in his apartments, three recalling it as being in the bedroom, and one remembering it in Leopold’s study.
是的，利奥波德出狱后在家中保存了一张勒布在谋杀案发生前的照片。尚不清楚这张照片的来源以及他保存了多久。我最早看到提及此事是在 1954 年，当时一位来访的记者注意到，利奥波德在他工作的 X 光室墙上挂着勒布在沙勒沃瓦的照片。移居波多黎各后，访客开始在他的公寓里注意到这张照片，其中三人回忆说照片放在卧室，一人记得是在利奥波德的书房里。
How many countries did Leopold visit?
利奥波德访问过多少个国家？
More than 40. Here I’ve gathered a non exhaustive list of some of the countries he visited. Most were after his release from prison, but 3 (Canada, Cuba and Mexico) were pre-prison. I’m not counting territories (like the US Virgin Islands, which he visited regularly):
40 多个。这里我整理了一份他访问过的部分国家的非详尽清单。大多数是在他出狱后访问的，但有 3 个国家（加拿大、古巴和墨西哥）是在入狱前。我没有计入领地（如他经常造访的美属维尔京群岛）：
Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Australia, Austria, Canada, China, Cuba, Denmark, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Egypt, England, Fiji, Finland, Germany, Greece, Grenada, Haiti, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, New Zealand, the Philippines, Poland, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Singapore, Sint Maarten, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Tahiti, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Vietnam.
阿富汗、安提瓜和巴布达、阿鲁巴、澳大利亚、奥地利、加拿大、中国、古巴、丹麦、多米尼克、多米尼加共和国、埃及、英格兰、斐济、芬兰、德国、希腊、格林纳达、海地、印度、伊朗、意大利、日本、约旦、黎巴嫩、马来西亚、墨西哥、尼泊尔、新西兰、菲律宾、波兰、俄罗斯、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣卢西亚、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯、新加坡、圣马丁岛、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、荷兰、塔希提岛、泰国、特立尼达和多巴哥、越南。
Questions For the Author 作者问答
How did you first hear about Leopold and Loeb?
你最初是如何听说利奥波德和勒布的？
In my senior year of high school my English class was shown the In Search of History documentary ‘Born Killers: Leopold and Loeb.’ I couldn’t keep straight which was which, but the case intrigued me and the following year I picked up Simon Baatz’s book For the Thrill of It. From there I started reading every book about the case and all the material I could find online including the psych reports, confessions and trial transcript. Then I started going to archives and my research continues to this day.
高中毕业那年，英语课上老师播放了《探寻历史》纪录片中的《天生杀手：利奥波德与勒布》。我始终分不清两人谁是谁，但这个案件深深吸引了我。次年我读了西蒙·巴茨的《为了刺激》一书，从此开始搜集所有关于此案的书籍，以及能在网上找到的心理评估报告、供词和庭审记录等资料。后来我更是亲赴档案馆查阅，这项研究一直持续至今。
Where did you find these pictures?
这些照片你是从哪里找到的？
All of the pictures posted on this website were either found online on an easily accessible website, in a published book or in a newspaper. A majority of them came from the Chicago History Museum, which has a database with access to many pictures from 1924 and can be searched with keywords.
本网站发布的所有照片均来自易于访问的网站、已出版书籍或报纸。其中大部分源自芝加哥历史博物馆，该馆拥有 1924 年的图片数据库，支持关键词检索。
Why haven’t you written about…?
你为什么没有写关于…？
It’s probably either because I haven’t thought of it or haven’t gotten around to it yet. If you’d like to request a topic for me to cover, I’m happy to take suggestions.
这可能是因为我还没想到，或者还没抽出时间来处理。如果你想建议我讨论某个话题，我很乐意听取意见。
Out of respect for the privacy of members of the Leopold, Loeb and Franks families I will not be adding any information about the children/grandchildren etc. of Nathan Leopold, Richard Loeb or Bobby Franks’ siblings.
出于对利奥波德、洛布和弗兰克斯家族成员隐私的尊重，我不会添加任何关于内森·利奥波德、理查德·洛布或鲍比·弗兰克斯兄弟姐妹的子女/孙辈等信息。
The Lives and Legends of Richard Loeb and Nathan Leopold 