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第七單元:全面的練習

7號單元

全尺寸
鍛鍊

介紹

本單元著重於全面練習。我們將仔細研究全面演習的特點,它與其他類型的演習有何不同、參與者、緊急行動中心的作用以及關鍵設計考量。在本單元結束時,您將製定一個行動計劃,以供以後為您的組織設計全面的練習時使用。

第 7 單元目標

完成本單元後,您應該能夠執行以下操作。
  • 描述全面演習的目的和特色;
  • 解釋設計全面練習與設計功能性練習有何不同;
  • 確定全面演習的場地選擇和場景管理的規劃注意事項。

什麼是全面演習?

全面的演習盡可能接近真實情況。這是一項漫長的演習,在現場進行,盡可能使用真實事件中所需的設備和人員。
從某種意義上說,全方位演練將功能性演練的互動性與現場元素結合。它與演練的不同之處在於,演練著重於單一操作,僅演練一個組織。
最終,每個緊急應變組織都必須舉行全面的演習,因為有必要在某個時刻在盡可能接近真實環境的環境中測試能力。
然而,全面的演習不僅僅是在現場練習。正如我們在第一單元中討論的那樣,各個監管機構對全面演習都有必須滿足的要求。例如,為了獲得 FEMA 信貸,全面演習必須滿足三個要求。
  • 它必須行使大部分功能。
  • 它必須協調多個機構的努力。
  • 為了實現全面協調,必須啟動EOC。

活動:了解您的監管要求

回答以下關於您自己的組織的問題。如果您不確定答案,這個問題可能需要一些研究。我們鼓勵您在繼續學習本單元之前立即找到答案。了解組織的要求將為本單元所涵蓋的概念提供重要基礎。
  1. 哪些機構或團體對您的組織提出了運動需求或指南?
  2. 他們對全面演習有什麼要求? (考慮範圍、頻率、涉及的組織數量、協調、溝通、文件、評估或其他問題。)

主要特點

單元 2 討論了全面演習的關鍵特徵。

主要特點

  • 互動演練,旨在在高度現實和緊張的環境中挑戰整個緊急管理系統。
  • 測試和評估緊急管理計劃或營運計劃的大部分功能。
  • 在 EOC 或其他營運中心以及現場進行。
  • 透過以下方式實現真實感:
  • 現場行動和決定
  • 模擬“受害者”
  • 搜救要求
  • 通訊設備
  • 設備部署
  • 實際資源與人員配置
  • 涉及控制器、玩家、模擬器(不同於功能練習中的模擬器)和評估者。
  • 玩家代表各級人員,包括響應人員。
  • 訊息可以是視覺的(例如舞台場景、虛構的受害者、道具)和腳本。
  • 玩家的所有決定和行動都是即時發生的,並會產生其他玩家的真實反應和後果。
  • 需要投入大量的時間、精力和資源(1 到 多年開發完整的練習包)。注重細節至關重要。

什麼是全面鍛鍊? (繼續) 什麼是全面鍛煉? (繼續)

全面演練的目的

進行全面演習的原因有很多。
  • 大大擴大了演習計劃的範圍和可見性。
  • 如果策劃得當,可以吸引大眾的注意並提高可信度。 (然而,要取得成功,它必須是隨著組織能力的增長而製定的全面、漸進的鍛煉計劃的頂峰。)
  • 對於測試整體協調很有用,不僅是政策和協調官員之間的協調,而且是現場部隊之間的協調。同時也可以檢驗組織間的協調能力。
  • 使司法管轄區或緊急管理系統能夠評估其同時執行多項功能的能力。
  • 可以找出資源和人員能力並揭示不足。

進行全面演習需要什麼?

有些人錯誤地認為,全面演習一旦開始,就可以自行運作。事實上,全面的演習需要投入大量的時間、金錢、人員和專業知識,在沒有必要準備的情況下不應進行。這些是最重要的要求。
  • 對各種練習、桌面練習和功能練習的準備練習有豐富的經驗。
  • 所有緊急服務組織的全面承諾。
  • 首席民選和/或任命官員的支持。 首席民选和/或任命官員的支持。
  • 充足的物質設施,包括緊急行動中心和戰地指揮所的空間。
  • 充足的通訊設施(例如收音機和電話)。
  • 制定處理成本(明顯的和隱性的)的計劃,例如勞動力和時間投入。
  • 仔細考慮和規劃場地和物流。
活動:比較功能性練習和全面練習
在下表中,透過在每個單元格中寫下簡短描述來比較功能練習和全面練習。
功能性 全尺寸
真實程度
格式/結構
氣氛
誰參加
誰領導
舉行地點
設備部署
測試協調
測試資源充足性
測試決策過程
相對複雜性/成本
正式評估

活動:比較功能性練習和全面練習(續)

建議答案:
功能性 全尺寸
真實程度
盡可能真實,沒有
部署資源
盡可能現實;資源
已部署
格式/結構
互動的;模擬器提供
"problem messages", players
"問題訊息",球員
respond in real time
即時回應
Interactive; simulators play roles
互動;模擬器發揮作用
at the scene, players respond
在現場,玩家應
Atmosphere Tense, stressful 緊張、壓力 Highly tense, stressful 高度緊張、壓力大
Who takes part 誰參加
Controller players (policy,
控制人員(政策:
coordination, operations),
協調、行動)、
simulators, evaluators 模擬器、評估器
Controller(s), players (all levels),
控制員、球員(所有級別)、
simulators, evaluators 模擬器、評估器
Who leads Controller Controller(s) 控制器
Where held EOC or other operations centre
緊急行動中心或其他行動中心
EOC and field site(s)
平機會與實地考察地點
Equipment deployed 已部署的設備 No Yes
Test coordination 測試協調 Yes Yes
Test decision-making process
測試決策過程
Yes Yes
Relative complexity/cost
相對複雜性/成本
Large scale; complex format;
規模大;形式複雜;
moderate cost 中等成本 Very large scale; highly
非常大規模;高度
complex; high cost 複雜;成本高

Full-scale exercise roles
全面演習的作用

Full-scale exercises involve one or more controllers, the participants, simulators, evaluators and a safety officer.
全面演習包括一名或多名控制員、參與者、模擬器、評估員和一名安全員。

Controllers 控制器

One or more controllers manage the exercise. In some exercises, where there are multiple sites or organizations, there may be more than one controller. In this case, all of the controllers cooperate under the direction of a chief controller.
一個或多個控制員管理演習。在一些有多個地點或組織的演習中,可能會有不只一名控制員。在這種情況下,所有控制員在總控制員的指導下合作。
The controller (or chief controller) is responsible for ensuring that the exercise starts on schedule. The controller also designates an exercise control point from which all communications should be monitored.
控制員(或總控制員)負責確保演習如期開始。控制員還應指定一個演習控制點,從該點監控所有通訊。

Participants 與會者

A full-scale exercise involves all levels of personnel, including:
全面演習涉及各級人員,包括
  • Policy-makers-those who are responsible for making broad policy decisions. They might include the chief executive and his or her staff, the Public Information Officer, the emergency manager, key department heads and other elected officials.
    決策者--負責做出廣泛政策決定的人。他們可能包括行政首長及其工作人員、新聞官、緊急管理人員、主要部門負責人和其他民選官員。
  • Coordination personnel-people from various departments who coordinate decisions of policy-makers and make plans for resources.
    協調人員--來自不同部門的人員,他們負責協調決策者的決策並制定資源計劃。
  • Operations personnel-those who carry out the directives. Sometimes coordination and operations are the same.
    業務人員--執行指令的人員。有時,協調和行動是相同的。
  • Field personnel—fire, police, EMS, search and rescue, volunteer groups, representatives of private enterprises who participate in the response and many others.
    現場人員--消防、警察、急救、搜救、志工團體、參與救災的私人企業代表等。

Full-Scale Exercise Roles (Continued)
全面演習角色(續)

Simulators 模擬器

Simulators in a full-scale exercise are different from those in a functional exercise. In a full-scale exercise, simulators are the volunteers who pretend to be victims of the emergency event. For realism, they may wear makeup and they "act" injured, unconscious, hysterical, or dead whatever the scene calls for.
全面演習中的模擬人不同於功能性演習中的模擬人。在全面演習中,模擬人員是假裝成緊急事件受害者的志工。為了逼真,他們可能會化妝,並根據現場需要 "扮演 "受傷、失去知覺、歇斯底里或死亡的人。

Evaluators 評估員

Evaluators observe the action and keep a log of all significant events. This is important because so many of the actions will not be pre-scripted, but rather spontaneous responses to other actions. Evaluators may videotape exercise action.
評估人員觀察行動並記錄所有重要事件。這一點很重要,因為很多動作都不是事先寫好的,而是對其他動作的自發性反應。評估人員可以錄影練習動作。

Safety officer 安全員

There are so many potential safety issues in a full-scale exercise that a safety officer should be designated. This person's primary responsibility is to analyse the entire exercise from a safety perspective. We will return to safety measures a little later.
全面演習中有許多潛在的安全問題,因此應指定一名安全官員。此人的主要職責是從安全角度分析整個演習。我們稍後再談安全措施。

How the full-scale exercise works
全面演練如何進行

Beginning 開始

The full-scale exercise begins in a fashion similar to the functional exercise; whether it is announced or "no notice" depends in part on the objectives. The exercise designer will decide how and when the exercise is to begin. The trigger may simply be a call from dispatch, a radio broadcast, or a telephone call from a private citizen. The beginning for each participant should be as realistic as possible (that is, personnel should receive notification through normal channels).
全面演習的開始方式與功能演習類似;演習是宣布還是 "不通知",部分取決於目標。演習設計者將決定演習開始的方式和時間。觸發因素可以是調度中心的呼叫、無線電廣播或市民的電話。每位參與者的開始時間應盡可能切合實際(即人員應透過正常管道收到通知)。
Personnel from the emergency services that are taking part in the field component must then proceed to the assigned location, where a "visual narrative" is displayed before them in the form of a mock emergency to which they will respond.
參加現場部分的緊急服務人員隨後必須前往指定地點,在那裡,他們面前會出現一個模擬緊急情況的 "視覺敘述",他們將對該緊急情況做出反應。
Key decision-makers those who would normally operate out of the EOC or command centre during an emergency proceed to the EOC to fulfil their roles. Command posts are set up as required by the event.
在緊急情況下通常不在平機會或指揮中心開展工作的主要決策者前往平機會履行其職責。依事件需要設立指揮所。

How the Full-Scale Exercise Works (Continued)
全面演練如何進行(續)

Action 行動

Actions in a full-scale exercise occur in the EOC, at one or more field sites, and at the related command posts. Actions taking place at the event site and command posts serve as input to the simulation taking place at the EOC.
全面演習的行動發生在平機會、一個或多個現場以及相關的指揮所。在活動現場和指揮所採取的行動是對在平機會進行的模擬的輸入。
Although medical personnel, hospitals, EMS, fire services, and other localized emergency operations do not usually require centralized command from the EOC, they do require coordination with officials at the command posts.
雖然醫護人員、醫院、急救服務、消防服務和其他地方性緊急行動通常不需要平機會的集中指揮,但確實需要與指揮所的官員進行協調。

Sustaining action 持續行動

Action is sustained by various means, including:
行動透過各種方式持續進行,包括
  • Pre-scripted messages input by the controller(s);
    由控制器輸入的預設資訊;
  • Messages and actions from the field that require action at the EOC;
    需要平機會採取行動的外地資訊和行動;
  • Spontaneous responses to the various messages and actions.
    對各種資訊和行動的自發性反應。

Command post messages 指揮所資訊

A field command post can be used as part of the message input into the EOC. Either the command post can be written into the scenario and have a set of prescripted messages to be transmitted by radio, or the command post controller can monitor the sequence of events and transmit spontaneous messages.
戰地指揮所可作為向緊急行動中心輸入資訊的一部分。可以將指揮所寫入情景,並透過無線電發送一組預設訊息,也可以由指揮所控制員監控事件順序並發送自發性訊息。

Exercise locations 鍛鍊地點

Field sites. The main event site will depend on the exercise scenario and objectives. For example, if the central event involves a plane crash, the exercise might take place at an airport. A simulated terrorist attack could be staged in a public facility such as a convention centre or shopping mall. A hurricane or flood exercise might be dispersed over many locations.
實地地點。主要活動地點將取決於演習方案和目標。例如,如果中心事件涉及飛機失事,演習可能在機場進行。模擬恐怖攻擊可以在會議中心或購物中心等公共設施進行。颶風或洪水演習可能分散在多個地點。
Most events will involve additional locations such as secondary event sites, hospitals, mortuaries, shelters, and other support locations, and command posts will be established near the emergency sites. In fact, one of the reasons a full-scale exercise is so complicated is that activity is taking place in various locations, and all of the sites must be coordinated.
大多數活動都會涉及其他地點,如二級活動場所、醫院、停屍間、避難所和其他支援地點,並在緊急場所附近設立指揮所。事實上,全面演習之所以如此複雜,原因之一就是活動要在不同地點進行,而且必須協調所有地點。
Emergency Operations Centre. Activation of the EOC or other operations centre is central to a full-scale exercise (just as it is in a functional exercise). The purpose of the EOC is to provide a policy and coordination facility for the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and staff in order to respond effectively to an emergency.
緊急行動中心。啟動緊急行動中心或其他行動中心是全面演習的核心(正如在功能性演習中)。緊急行動中心的目的是為執行長(CEO)和工作人員提供政策和協調設施,以便有效應對緊急情況。
In essence, the EOC is the voice of government during an emergency. Emergencies place strains on government the demand for services escalates, while ability to deliver diminishes. Gathering information, making decisions, and directing necessary actions require close coordination between key officials. This coordination is best obtained if officials and support staff are in a centralized location with direct lines of communications.
從本質上講,平機會是政府在緊急情況下的代言人。緊急情況給政府帶來了壓力,對服務的需求不斷增加,而提供服務的能力卻不斷減弱。收集資訊、做出決策和指揮必要的行動需要主要官員之間的密切協調。如果官員和輔助人員集中在一個地點,並有直接的通訊線路,就能更好地進行協調。
The central location makes it possible to accomplish a number of tasks that would be impossible (or very difficult) separately.
有了中心位置,就可以完成許多單獨完成不可能(或非常困難)的任務。
  • Information can be gathered, verified, and recorded in one spot.
    資訊可以在一個地方收集、核實和記錄。
  • Officials can deploy resources in a timely and intelligent manner.
    官員可以及時、明智地部署資源。
  • Direction and control can be efficiently managed.
    指導和控制可以有效管理。
  • Officials can coordinate actions and decisions.
    官員可以協調行動和決策。
  • It's easier to set meaningful priorities when the key actors collaborate.
    當主要行動者合作時,就更容易確定有意義的優先事項。
The size and makeup of the EOC differs according to the size of the jurisdiction or response system. The EOC may take up an entire floor of a building or a small room.
緊急行動中心的規模和組成因管轄區或應變系統的規模而異。緊急行動中心可能佔建築物的整個樓層,也可能是一個小房間。

Designing the full-scale exercise
設計全面演練

The design of a full-scale exercise can be quite difficult, often requiring the expertise of several response organizations. When developing your first full-scale exercise, it is usually advisable to start small and build to more complex exercises. Many of the potential difficulties relate to logistical problems, but others rest with the design.
全面演習的設計可能相當困難,通常需要多個回應組織的專業知識。在設計首次全面演習時,通常建議從小規模演習開始,逐步發展到更複雜的演習。許多潛在的困難與後勤問題有關,但其他困難則與設計有關。
The entire eight-step design process is used to design full-scale exercises, although they are applied somewhat differently than when designing tabletops and functional exercises. The differences arise from the fact that tabletop and functional exercises rely on words to obtain realism whereas a full-scale exercise like a real emergency gains its reality from things. There is a shift from a written scenario to visual reality represented by a real site, real people (some of them simulating victims), and real equipment.
整個八步驟設計流程都可用於設計全面演習,但其應用方式與設計桌面演習和功能性演習略有不同。不同之處在於,桌面演練和功能性演練依靠文字來獲得真實感,而像真實緊急情況這樣的全面演練則從事物中獲得真實感。演習從書面情境轉變為由真實場地、真實人員(其中一些是模擬受害者)和真實設備所代表的視覺真實。
Let's take a closer look at how each of the design steps is applied to designing a fullscale exercise.
讓我們來詳細了解如何將每個設計步驟應用到全面演練的設計中。

The first four steps
前四個步驟

As with any exercise, the first four design steps are:
與任何練習一樣,前四個設計步驟是
  1. Assess needs 評估需求
  2. Define the scope 確定範圍
  3. Write a statement of purpose
    撰寫目的聲明
  4. Define objectives 確定目標
For a full-scale exercise, these steps require deeper analysis and greater attention to detail. So much rests on the outcomes of these steps that you must be sure that you have created a clear picture of what is to be achieved through the exercise. If any of these areas is left at all vague, the problems will be greatly magnified later on.
對於全面演練而言,這些步驟需要更深入的分析和更多的細節。這些步驟的結果關係重大,因此你必須確保已經清楚地了解了透過演習要實現的目標。如果在這些方面有任何一點含糊不清,日後問題就會大大增加。

Designing the Full-Scale Exercise (Continued)
設計全面演練(續)

Step 5: the narrative
步驟 5:敘述

The narrative is handled differently in a full-scale exercise. Since a lengthy verbal description is not needed to set the scene, the narrative is shorter.
在全面演習中,敘述的方式有所不同。由於不需要冗長的口頭描述來設定場景,因此敘事較短。

Step 6: major and detailed events
第 6 步:重大事件和詳細事件

Major and detailed events still exist in a full-scale exercise, but many of them exist as actual occurrences rather than as verbal descriptions. For example, an earthquake scenario may have to rely on words to simulate some events. However, other earthquake events can be simulated with fallen logs, bricks strewn around a building, dummies resting under beams, people acting injured or frightened and other props.
在全面演習中仍然存在重大和詳細的事件,但其中許多事件是實際發生的,而不是口頭描述。例如,地震場景可能不得不依靠語言來模擬某些事件。然而,其他地震事件可以用倒下的圓木、散落在建築物周圍的磚塊、橫樑下的假人、受傷或受驚的人以及其他道具來模擬。
Even when events are presented visually, they cannot be random and haphazard. Each event must be carefully planned and staged to support objectives and generate the expected actions.
即使是以直覺的方式呈現事件,也不能隨意和草率。每個事件都必須經過精心策劃和安排,以支持目標並產生預期行動。

Step 7: expected actions
步驟 7:預期行動

As with any exercise, expected actions must be specifically identified, based on the exercise objectives. A detailed list of expected actions is an important foundation for the exercise evaluation.
與任何演習一樣,必須根據演習目標具體確定預期行動。預期行動的詳細清單是演習評估的重要基礎。

Step 8: messages 步驟 8:訊息

There are two kinds of messages in a full-scale exercise: visual and pre-scripted. Much of the action grows out of the initial message and scene set-up. The scene that is set up contains a number of "visual" messages to which participants need to respond. It may also be necessary to have some pre-scripted messages to move the action along.
全面演練有兩種訊息:視覺訊息和預設訊息。大部分行動都源自於最初的資訊和場景設定。設定的場景包含許多 "視覺 "訊息,參與者需要對這些訊息做出反應。可能還需要一些預設資訊來推動行動。
For every event, try to anticipate all possible reactions. But it is important to be flexible enough to adapt to player actions and decisions that you had not expected. Sometimes an unanticipated response will be an improvement over the expected action.
對於每個事件,都要盡量預測所有可能的反應。但重要的是,要有足夠的彈性,以適應玩家的行動和決定,這是你始料未及的。有時,意料之外的反應會比意料之中的行動更好。
If your scenes (events) are well planned, the exercise will go in the general direction you planned, even if a few of the decisions are off course.
如果你對場景(事件)進行了周詳的計劃,那麼即使有幾個決定偏離了方向,演習也會朝著你計劃的大方向進行。

Designing the Full-Scale Exercise (Continued)
設計全面演練(續)

Watch the details! 注意細節!

Make sure that the scenes you create are good enough to get the expected action. For example, if you have victims who don't know anything about medicine, either coach them in advance about their symptoms or tag them with symptoms and vital signs and apply makeup to simulate injuries. At the end of the exercise, you don't want players to say, "Well, I didn't know what you were getting at."
確保您創建的場景足以達到預期效果。例如,如果受害者對醫學一竅不通,可以事先指導他們了解自己的症狀,或給他們貼上症狀和生命體徵標籤,並化妝模擬受傷。在練習結束時,你不會希望隊員們說:「嗯,我不知道你想說什麼」。

Special considerations 特別注意事項

A full-scale exercise represents a huge logistical challenge, and it's easy to overlook details. One way to promote clear and creative thinking is to "walk the site" either physically or mentally. By doing so, you may be able to identify potential problems and do more realistic planning. In mentally evaluating the scene, you should consider these points.
全面演習是對後勤工作的巨大挑戰,很容易忽略細節。促進清晰和創造性思維的方法之一是在現場或頭腦中 "走一走"。透過這樣做,您可能會發現潛在的問題,並進行更切合實際的規劃。在對現場進行心理評估時,應考慮以下幾點。
  • Site selection 選址
  • Scene management 場景管理
  • Personnel and resources 人員和資源
  • Response capability 回應能力
  • Safety and legal liability
    安全和法律責任
  • Emergency call-off 緊急叫停
  • The media 媒體
The following are some criteria and guidelines related to each of these areas.
以下是與這些領域相關的一些標準和指南。

Special Considerations (Continued)
特殊考慮因素(續)

Site selection 選址

Selecting the right site for the exercise should be one of the first decisions you make. Because the exercise requires the mobilization of personnel and resources, space and realism are key.
選擇合適的演習地點應該是你首先要做的決定之一。由於演習需要調動人員和資源,因此空間和真實性是關鍵。
Site selection criteria 選址標準
Adequacy of space 足夠的空間
Is it large enough to accommodate the number of victims, responders and
它是否足夠大,以容納受害者、救援人員和
observers?
Is there space for responders' and observers' vehicles?
救援人員和觀察員的車輛有地方停放嗎?
Realism
Is the site as realistic as possible without interfering with normal traffic or
是否在不影響正常交通或
safety?
Examples: In simulating an overturned tanker truck on a main stretch of
舉例說明:在模擬油罐車在主要道路上翻車時
freeway, you can't tie up rush hour traffic for hours. You'll need to find a
在高速公路上,你不能在交通高峰期堵上幾個小時。您需要找到一個
similar location to stage the crash. For a plane crash, try a secondary airport
類似的地點進行墜機。如果是飛機墜毀,可嘗試使用二級機場
instead of a national airport.
而不是國家機場。
Is the type of emergency one that has a real possibility of occurring?
緊急情況的類型是否真的有可能發生?
(A credible emergency can elicit greater cooperation and participation.)
(一個可信的緊急情況可以吸引更多的合作和參與)。

Scene management 場景管理

Management of the scene refers to a number of issues, including:
現場管理涉及一系列問題,包括
  • logistics at the scene
    現場物流
  • creation of a believable emergency scene
    創建可信的緊急場景
  • number of victims 受害者人數
  • management of props and materials
    道具和材料的管理
  • Number of controllers 控制器數量
The checklist on the following page includes questions you should consider related to scene management.
下頁的核對錶包括與現場管理有關的問題。

Special Considerations (Continued)
特殊考慮因素(續)

Scene management checklist
現場管理清單
Logistics
Where will players be set up?
球員將被安排在哪裡?
If there is a mobile EOC, where will they park?
如果有行動平機會,他們將停在哪裡?
Believability
How will you simulate the emergency? (e.g. if you will simulate fire, what will you
如何模擬緊急狀況? (例如,如果您要模擬火災,您將
use for smoke? How will you simulate a spilled chemical, broken glass or flood
如何模擬煙霧?如何模擬化學品外洩、玻璃破碎或洪水氾濫?
damage?)
Who will serve as victims? (For greater realism, select victims from different age
誰將成為受害者? (為了更逼真,請選擇不同年齡層的受害者
groups, with different body types and physical characteristics.)
不同體型和身體特徵的群體)。
How will you ensure that victims realistically portray their roles?
您將如何確保受害者真實地演繹自己的角色?
Number of victims 受害者人數
How many victims does the type of emergency call for?
緊急情況需要多少名受害者?
What is the capability and capacity of hospitals and other resources to handle
醫院和其他資源的處理能力如何?
victims?
What does the history of past events indicate about types and numbers of injuries?
以往事件的歷史對受傷類型和人數有何影響?
Props and materials 道具和材料
What kinds of props and materials will be needed to simulate injuries, damage and
需要什麼樣的道具和材料來模擬受傷、損壞和
other emergency effects (e.g. victims' makeup, dummies and construction
其他緊急事件的影響(如受害者的化妝、假人和建築工程
materials)?
Controllers
How many controllers will be needed to manage the exercise sites? (In a multiple-
需要多少台控制器來管理演習場地?在多
site exercise, every site will require a controller.)
每個站點都需要一個控制器)。
Werses

Special Considerations (Continued)
特殊考慮因素(續)

Personnel and resources 人員和資源

The scenario will help determine how many people (participants and volunteers) will be involved, how many and what kinds of equipment will be needed, and the potential costs. Consider the following factors in planning for personnel and resources.
情境模擬將有助於確定有多少人(參與者和志工)將參與其中,需要多少設備和哪種設備,以及可能的成本。在規劃人員和資源時要考慮以下因素。
  • How many participants? (Sometimes it is necessary to scale down the exercise to a half day or less to increase participation.)
    有多少人參加? (有時有必要將活動縮減為半天或更短時間,以增加參與人數)。
  • How many volunteers? 有多少志工?
  • scene set-up 場景設定
  • victims 受害者
  • members of the public
    市民
  • How many will need to be paid overtime?
    有多少人需要支付加班費?
  • What kinds of equipment will be used?
    將使用哪些設備?
  • How many pieces of each type of equipment?
    每種設備有多少件?
  • How much fuel for vehicles and equipment?
    車輛和設備需要多少燃料?
  • What kinds of materials and supplies will be needed, and how will they be obtained?
    需要哪些材料和用品,如何取得?
  • Expenses: 開支:
  • overtime wages 超時工資
  • vehicle and equipment fuel
    車輛和設備燃料
  • materials and supplies. 材料和用品。

Equipment 裝置

Keep your scenario reasonable in terms of equipment. True, you need to determine whether you have the resources to meet normal emergency demands. But don't get carried away. Hold your people to the use of actual equipment. Don't let them simulate use of equipment that doesn't exist.
在設備方面保持合理的設想。誠然,您需要確定自己是否擁有滿足正常緊急需求的資源。但不要忘乎所以。讓你的員工使用實際設備。不要讓他們模擬使用不存在的設備。

Special Considerations (Continued)
特殊考慮因素(續)

Response capability 回應能力

In planning both personnel and resources, take into consideration how the exercise might deplete the actual response capability of the organizations involved. It is unwise to compromise the ability to respond to real emergencies during an exercise. Here are some suggestions.
在規劃人員和資源時,要考慮到演習可能會削弱相關組織的實際應對能力。在演習中損害應對真實緊急情況的能力是不明智的。以下是一些建議。
  • Be sure there are enough personnel and resources to continue their responsibilities if a real emergency occurs. (In some cases, a call-off procedure will solve part of the problem.)
    確保有足夠的人員和資源在真正發生緊急情況時繼續履行職責。 (在某些情況下,呼叫程式可以解決部分問題)。
  • Consider using second-shift personnel or mutual aid from other jurisdictions or organizations.
    考慮使用二班人員或其他轄區或組織的互助人員。
  • Consider using volunteers as a smaller response shift.
    考慮使用志工作為較小的回應班次。
Safety 安全
Total operation safety is an absolute must in a full-scale exercise. Awareness of safety issues must be considered throughout the planning and conduct of the exercise to ensure that safety problems are noted and eliminated. A safety officer should be designated whose primary responsibility is to analyse the entire exercise from a safety perspective. Suggested safety measures are on the next page.
全面行動安全是全面演習的絕對必要條件。在整個演習的計劃和實施過程中都必須考慮到安全問題,以確保注意和消除安全問題。應指定一名安全官員,其主要職責是從安全角度分析整個演習。建議的安全措施請見下頁。

Special Considerations (Continued)
特殊考慮因素(續)

Suggested safety measures
建議採取的安全措施

  • Include safety as one of the activities in exercise development.
    將安全作為運動發展的活動之一。
  • Assign each exercise team member the responsibility of examining the exercise for safety within his or her discipline.
    指派每位演習小組成員負責檢視本學科內的演習安全。
  • Identify all possible safety hazards and resolve each one.
    找出所有可能的安全隱患並逐一解決。
  • Address safety as part of the pre-exercise briefing.
    將安全問題作為運動前情況介紹的一部分。
  • Include safety factors in simulator and evaluator information packets.
    在模擬器和評估員資訊包中加入安全因素。
  • Examine each field location before the exercise to guarantee that safety precautions have been taken.
    在演習前檢查每個演習地點,以確保採取了安全預防措施。
  • Ensure that the safety officer has the authority to terminate an activity or even the entire exercise if a safety problem arises.
    確保安全官員有權在出現安全問題時終止某項活動甚至整個演習。
  • Provide for call-off procedures in the event of an actual emergency.
    規定發生實際緊急狀況時的緊急程序。
Legal questions of liability, including injuries during exercise conduct, must be researched by your local attorney.
有關責任的法律問題,包括運動過程中的傷害,必須由當地律師進行研究。

Special Considerations (Continued)
特殊考慮因素(續)

Emergency call-off 緊急叫停

A real emergency may occur during any exercise especially a lengthy one. Be sure to keep enough personnel in reserve to handle routine problems.
任何演習,尤其是長時間的演習,都可能發生真正的緊急情況。一定要儲備足夠的人員來處理日常問題。
In some instances, it may be necessary to stop the exercise to handle the real emergency. Every exercise should have a planned call-off procedure that will result in the prompt return of personnel and equipment to full duty status. The procedure should include a code word or phrase that the controller or safety officer can use to indicate that:
在某些情況下,可能需要停止演習以處理真正的緊急情況。每次演習都應有一個計劃好的叫停程序,使人員和設備迅速恢復到全勤狀態。程式應包括一個暗語或短語,控制員或安全員可用於表示:
  • the exercise has been terminated
    活動已終止
  • personnel should report to their regular duty positions
    人員應到其正常工作報到
  • all radio traffic will return to normal.
    所有無線電通訊將恢復正常。
The procedures should be tested.
應測試程序。

The media 媒體

A full-scale exercise of any magnitude will draw media attention whether you want it or not. If the exercise is well designed, favourable media reports are more likely. So include the media in your plans. They can be very helpful in gaining support for the program, and their presence will increase realism.
無論你是否願意,任何規模的全面演習都會引起媒體的注意。如果演習設計得當,媒體更有可能進行有利的報導。因此,請將媒體納入您的計劃。他們會非常有助於爭取對計劃的支持,而且他們的存在會增加真實感。
Also make allowances for observers and public information people. Decide in advance where you will locate them, and give them an opportunity to observe.
也要為觀察員和新聞人員留出餘地。事先決定他們的位置,並給他們觀察的機會。

Job aids and samples
工作輔助工具和樣本

The job aids introduced in Unit 4 and provided in Appendix A, Job Aids 7 through 14, can be used to develop full-scale exercises. In addition, the checklist provided on the next page covers special considerations for full-scale exercises. (This checklist also appears as Job Aid 18 in Appendix A.)
單元 4 中介紹的工作輔助工具和附錄 A 中提供的工作輔助工具 7 至 14 可用於進行全面演練。此外,下一頁提供的核對錶涵蓋了全面演練的特殊注意事項。 (此核對錶也作為工作輔助 18 出現在附錄 A 中)。

Special Considerations (Continued)
特殊考慮因素(續)

Full-scale exercise planning checklist: special considerations
全面演習規劃清單:特別注意事項

Participants: 與會者:

Controller(s) sufficient to manage all event sites
足以管理所有活動場所的控制器
․ Simulators (mock victims) different age groups, body types, physical characteristics
不同年齡、體型和身體特徵的模擬人(模擬受害者
․ Players (most functions, all levels policy, coordination, operation, field)
․參與者(多數職能,各級政策、協調、行動、實地工作)
Evaluators 評估員
ㄴ Safety Officer ㄴ 安全官
Site selection: 選址:
ㅁ Adequate space for number of victims, responders and observers
ㅁ 為受害者、救援人員和觀察員提供足夠的空間
  • Space for vehicles and equipment
    車輛和設備空間
․ As realistic as possible without interfering with normal traffic or safety
在不影響正常交通或安全的情況下盡可能逼真
Credible scenario and location
可信的情景和地點
Scene management: 場景管理:
Logistics (who, what, where, how, when)
後勤(何人、何事、何地、如何、何時)
ㅁ Believable simulation of emergency
ㅁ 真實模擬緊急狀況
ㅁ Realistic victims ㅁ 現實的受害者
  • Preparation of simulators to realistically portray roles
    準備模擬器以逼真地描繪角色
  • Number of victims consistent with type of emergency, history of past events
    與緊急事件類型、以往事件歷史一致的受害者人數
  • Types of injuries consistent with type of emergency, history of past events
    與緊急情況類型一致的受傷類型,過去的事件史
Victim load compatible with local capacity to handle
受害者人數與當地處理能力相符
  • Props and materials to simulate injuries, damage, other effects
    模擬受傷、損壞和其他效果的道具和材料
Personnel and resources:
人員和資源:
Number of participants 參與人數
․ Number of volunteers for scene setup, victims, etc.
․現場佈置、受害者等方面的志工人數。
․ Types and numbers of equipment
設備類型和數量
․ Communications equipment
通訊設備
  • Fuel for vehicles and equipment
    車輛和設備燃料
․ Materials and supplies
材料和用品
  • Expenses identified (wages, overtime, fuel, materials and supplies)
    已確定的支出(工資、加班費、燃料、材料和用品)

Response capability 回應能力

ㅁ Sufficient personnel kept in reserve to handle routine non-exercise events
ㅁ 有足夠的後備人員處理日常的非運動事件

Safety 安全

Safety addressed through development
透過發展解決安全問題
  • Each design team member responsible for safety in own discipline
    每個設計團隊成員負責本學科的安全工作
  • Hazards identified and resolved
    確定並解決危險
․ Safety addressed in pre-exercise briefing, simulator and evaluator packets
․在演習前情況介紹、模擬器和評估員資料包中介紹安全問題
  • Each field location examined for safety issues
    檢查每個作業地點的安全問題
ㅁ Safety officer designated, given authority
ㅁ 指定安全官員,賦予其權力
  • Legal questions of liability researched by local attorney
    由當地律師研究法律責任問題

Emergency call-off 緊急叫停

Call-off procedure in place, including code word/phrase
制定取消程序,包括代號/短語
ㅁ Call-off procedure tested
ㅁ 註銷程序經過測試
Media 媒體
․ Role of media addressed in planning, used as a resource to gain favourable exposure
在規劃中考慮媒體的作用,將其視為獲得有利曝光的資源
  • Media and observers considered in logistical planning
    在後勤規劃中考慮媒體和觀察員

Activity: plan ahead for the full-scale exercise
活動:提前為全面演習做好規劃

Think about your organization or jurisdiction in relation to the special design considerations just discussed. Are there special problems you may need to work around when designing a full-scale exercise? Do you have ideas about how to make use of particular situations or locations? (Remember the description in Unit 1 of the building collapse exercise that was built around the planned destruction of a sports arena in Denver.)
結合剛才討論的特殊設計考慮因素,想想你的組織或管轄範圍。在設計全面演習時,是否有需要解決的特殊問題?對於如何利用特殊情況或地點,你有什麼想法嗎? (請記住第 1 單元中關於建築物倒塌演習的描述,該演習是圍繞丹佛一個體育場館的計劃破壞而展開的)。
In the space below, record notes that will help you remember your ideas about planning for a full-scale exercise in the future.
在下面的空白處,記錄下有助於你記住自己對未來全面演練計畫的想法。

Site selection: 選址:

Scene management: 場景管理:

Personnel and resources:
人員和資源:
Activity: Plan Ahead for the Full-Scale Exercise (Continued)
活動:提前規劃全面演習(續)
Response capability: 回應能力:
Safety: 安全:
Legal liability: 法律責任:
Emergency call-off: 緊急叫停:
The media: 媒體:

Summary and transition 總結和過渡

Unit 7 was the third of three units providing in-depth information about specific types of exercises. This unit provided information about the full-scale exercise, including key characteristics and special planning considerations. The next unit will focus on exercise evaluation.
第 7 單元是深入介紹特定類型演習的三個單元中的第三個單元。本單元介紹了全面演習的相關信息,包括主要特點和特殊規劃注意事項。下一個單元將重點放在演習評估。

For more information 更多資訊

  • Domestic counterterrorism exercise "TOPOFF": www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2000/April/230ag.htm
    國內反恐演習 "TOPOFF":www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2000/April/230ag.htm
  • Lessons learnt from “TOPOFF":
    TOPOFF" 的經驗教訓:

Knowledge check 知識檢定

Carefully read each question and all of the possible answers before selecting the most appropriate response for each test item. Circle the letter corresponding to the answer that you have chosen.
在為每個測驗項目選擇最合適的答案之前,請仔細閱讀每個問題和所有可能的答案。在所選答案對應的字母上劃圈。
  1. A full-scale exercise involves:
    全面演習包括
a. All levels of personnel, including response personnel.
a.各級人員,包括響應人員。
b. Primarily the key policy-makers and decision-makers.
b.主要是主要政策制定者和決策者。
c. Policy, coordination and operations personnel.
c.政策、協調和業務人員。
d. The staff from one department or unit.
d.一個部門或單位的工作人員。
  1. In a full-scale exercise, simulators:
    在全面演習中,模擬器:
a. Are not required.
a.不需要。
b. Have a somewhat different role than in a functional exercise.
b.與功能鍛鍊中的作用略有不同。
c. Have the same role as in a functional exercise.
c.與功能鍛鍊中的作用相同。
d. Play the roles of all field personnel.
d.扮演所有外勤人員的角色。
  1. In a full-scale exercise the narrative is largely replaced by:
    在全面演練中,敘述主要被以下內容取代:
a. Scripted messages. a.腳本資訊。
b. The exercise directive.
b.演習指令。
c. A staged scene representing the emergency.
c.模擬緊急狀況的場景。
d. The Player Handbook.
d.玩家手冊
  1. is a good use of a full-scale exercise.
    是對全面演練的很好利用。
a. Testing emergency procedures and coordination of multiple agencies or organizations.
a.測試多個機構或組織的緊急程序和協調。
b. Trying out a new and untested emergency plan.
b.嘗試新的、未經測試的應急計劃。
c. Training personnel in negotiation.
c.培訓談判人員。
d. Practising group problem solving in a non-threatening environment.
d.在無威脅的環境中練習集體解決問題。
  1. A full-scale exercise: 全面演練:
a. Does not use pre-scripted messages.
a.不使用預設資訊。
b. Uses only visual and action messages.
b.只使用視覺和行動訊息。
c. May include visual, action, and pre-scripted messages.
c.可包括視覺、動作和預設資訊。
d. Uses the visual narrative in place of messages.
d.用視覺敘事取代訊息。
  1. In a full-scale exercise, all decisions and actions by players occur in real time and generate real responses and consequences from other players.
    在全面演習中,參與者的所有決定和行動都是即時發生的,並會引起其他參與者的真實反應和後果。
a. True a.正確
b. False b.假

Knowledge Check (Continued)
知識檢定(續)

  1. The best way to begin a full-scale exercise is to gather all of the participants in a central location for a briefing that explains the objectives, roles, responsibilities and ground rules.
    開始全面演習的最佳方式是將所有參與者集中到一個中心地點,聽取情況介紹,說明演習的目標、角色、責任和基本規則。
a. True a.正確
b. False b.假
  1. is a major difference between full-scale and functional exercises.
    全面練習和功能性練習之間有很大差異。
a. Formal evaluation a.正式評估
b. Lead role of the controller
b.控制員的領導作用
c. Activation of the EOC
c.啟動平機會
d. Field-based action d.實地行動
  1. Because field actions lead to decisions and further action in a full-scale exercise, it is unnecessary to develop a list of major and detailed events.
    由於實地行動會導致全面演習中的決策和進一步行動,因此沒有必要製定重大和詳細事件清單。
a. True a.正確
b. False b.假
  1. If you want to test response to a terrorist bomb attack, a good approach would be to stage an unannounced full-scale exercise at a sports arena during a professional game attended by thousands of spectators.
    如果要測試對恐怖炸彈襲擊的反應,一個好辦法是在有數千名觀眾觀看的職業比賽期間,在體育場館舉行一次事先不通知的全面演習。
a. True a.正確
b. False b.假
  1. In designing a full-scale exercise, it is usually advisable to exclude the media and the public.
    在設計全面演習時,通常建議將媒體和公眾排除在外。
a. True a.正確
b. False b.假
Knowledge Check (Continued)
知識檢定(續)
  1. a
  2. b
  3. с
  4. a
  5. с
  6. a
  7. b
  8. d
  9. b
  10. b
  11. b
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