Adam Smith, the father of economics, has provided the best guidance of economics for people. In economics, demand, supply and the market environment are the most basics and crucial tools in every aspect. The economists use these to predict human behaviour and provide guidelines for firms (Hubbard and O’Brien, 2017)
经济学之父亚当·斯密为人们提供了经济学的最佳指导。在经济学中，需求、供给和市场环境是各个方面最基础和最关键的工具。经济学家使用这些来预测人类行为并为公司提供指导方针（Hubbard 和 O'Brien，2017 年）.
As we all know, people desires are unlimited. Nevertheless, people can only consider what they are willing and able to buy in reality, and we defined this as demand. In economics, demand means customers’ willingness to pay for certain goods or services with money and what they can buy or get in society. While for the supply, it means the willingness and ability of firms to supply a good or service for consumers. All the firms have to respond best to the consumer’s demand in order to maximize their profits (Hubbard and O’Brien, 2017)
众所周知，人们的欲望是无限的。然而，人们只能考虑他们在现实中愿意和能够购买的东西，我们将其定义为需求。在经济学中，需求意味着客户愿意用金钱支付某些商品或服务以及他们可以在社会上购买或获得的东西。而对于供应，它意味着公司为消费者提供商品或服务的意愿和能力。所有公司都必须最好地响应消费者的需求，以实现利润最大化（Hubbard 和 O'Brien，2017 年）.
Therefore, in this assignment, the following paragraphs will demonstrate the factors of prices changed, the behaviours of individuals and firms when the prices changed, the interaction of demand and supply, and the changes of market equilibrium in the market environment.
因此，在本次作业中，以下段落将展示价格变化的因素、价格变化时个人和公司的行为、供需的相互作用以及市场环境中市场均衡的变化。
For instance, well-known brewery firms in Malaysia such as Carlsberg Brewery Malaysia Berhad and Heineken Malaysia Berhad, had forced to increase the beers' prices due to the rising costs of inputs and higher purchasing power of consumers in 2019.
例如，马来西亚知名啤酒公司，如嘉士伯马来西亚啤酒有限公司和喜力马来西亚有限公司，由于投入成本上升和消费者购买力的提高，在 2019 年被迫提高啤酒价格。
The prices of beers had to increase 3 to 6 per cents due to the rising in costs of inputs which are raw materials and packaging materials (Wong, 2019). There are two major inputs which had significantly affected the prices of beers, which are malts and glass bottles. First, the malt and barley are complements goods for each other, and malt prices had increased to 15 to 20 per cents due to the bad weather which had threatened the barley harvests in Europe and Australia. The drought conditions had substantially impacted the total cereals production in 2019 (European Commission, 2019). Hence, this caused the export price of malt per ton had increased from €112 to €133.10 (IndexMundi.com, n.d.). Moreover, the prices of glass bottles had increase by 4 per cents in 2019 due to the demand surge of global container glass especially in Europe (Plastics Decorating, 2019). The higher demand of container glass and lack of new investments in Europe had led to a container glass shortage. However, the major factor attributes to the large-scale sporting events globally because most people preferred to drink alcohol during that period (GEP, 2019). As a consequence, these two factors had driven the costs of inputs to increase.
由于原材料和包装材料投入成本的上涨 ， 啤酒的价格不得不上涨 3% 到 6%（Wong，2019 年 ）。有两个主要投入对啤酒的价格产生了重大影响，即麦芽和玻璃瓶。首先，麦芽和大麦是互补的商品，由于恶劣的天气威胁到欧洲和澳大利亚的大麦收成，麦芽价格上涨了 15% 至 20%。干旱条件对 2019 年的谷物总产量产生了重大影响 （欧盟委员会，2019 年）。 因此，这导致麦芽的出口价格从每吨 112 欧元上涨到 133.10 欧元 （IndexMundi.com，日期不详 ）。此外，由于全球容器玻璃的需求激增，尤其是欧洲，玻璃瓶的价格在 2019 年上涨了 4%（ 塑料装饰，2019 年 ）。对容器玻璃的需求增加和欧洲缺乏新投资导致容器玻璃短缺。然而，主要因素归因于全球大型体育赛事，因为大多数人在那段时间更喜欢喝酒 （GEP，2019 年 ）。因此，这两个因素导致投入成本增加。
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Diagram 1
图 1
In diagram 1, the supply curve, S0 shows upward sloping because according to the law of supply, it holds everything else constant, and when the price increases, the quantity supplied also increases (Hubbard and O’Brien, 2017). This causes a positive relationship between the price of beers and the quantity supplied of Malaysia brewery firms. By comparing to 2019, 2018 and 2017 annual reports of brewery firms, the year-to-year growth percentages of beers volume production of the firms had decreased a 0.6 to 1.1 per cents (Carlsberg Group Investor Relations, 2020) (Amsterdam, 2020) (Amsterdam, 2019). This proves that the supply had decreased because the firms were reluctant to produce more due to the higher costs of production. Therefore, the supply curve will shift to the leftward which from S0 to S1
在图 1 中，供应曲线 S0 显示向上倾斜，因为根据供应定律，它保持其他一切都不变，当价格上涨时，供应量也会增加（Hubbard 和 O'Brien，2017 年）。这导致啤酒价格与马来西亚啤酒公司的供应量呈正相关。与啤酒厂 2019 年、2018 年和 2017 年的年度报告相比，这些啤酒公司啤酒产量的同比增长百分比下降了 0.6% 至 1.1%（嘉士伯集团投资者关系，2020 年）（阿姆斯特丹，2020 年）（阿姆斯特丹，2019 年）。这证明供应减少是因为由于生产成本较高，公司不愿意生产更多。因此，供应曲线将向左移动，从 S0 到 S1.
Next, logically, when the prices of beers increase, many consumers might not willing to spend much money on them because of their financial problems. In surprisingly, Statista has proved that the quantity demanded of beers was still relatively high in Malaysia as the overall beers revenue in the Malaysia market did slightly increase a USD24 million in 2019 compared to 2018 which from USD1157 million increase to USD1181 million (Statista, 2021). This indicates that an increase in the price of beers will not affect the market demand because beers are considered drugs that can induce consumers to become addicted (Drugfreeworld.org, n.d.)
接下来，从逻辑上讲，当啤酒价格上涨时，许多消费者可能因为财务问题不愿意花太多钱。令人惊讶的是，Statista 已经证明马来西亚的啤酒需求量仍然相对较高，因为与 2018 年相比，马来西亚市场的整体啤酒收入在 2019 年确实略微增加了 2400 万美元，从 USD1157 00 万增加到 USD1181 万（Statista，2021 年）。这表明啤酒价格的上涨不会影响市场需求，因为啤酒被认为是可以诱使消费者上瘾的药物（Drugfreeworld.org，日期不详）.
Diagram 2
图 2
In diagram 2, the demand curve, D0 is downward sloping. This is because according to the law of demand, it holds everything else constant, and when the price increase, the quantity demanded will decrease (Hubbard and O’Brien, 2017). Hence, the relationship between the price of beers and the quantity demanded of beers is negative. Therefore, Statista has proved that the demand was still slightly increased in 2019 due to the taste of consumers. This leads to the demand curve shift to the rightward which from D0 to D1
在图 2 中，需求曲线 D0 向下倾斜。这是因为根据需求定律，它保持其他一切不变，当价格上涨时，需求量会减少（Hubbard 和 O'Brien，2017 年）。因此，啤酒价格与啤酒需求量之间的关系是负的。因此，Statista 已经证明，由于消费者的口味，2019 年的需求仍然略有增加。这导致需求曲线向右移动，从 D0 到 D1.
Diagram 3
图 3
Lastly, it is important to have a combination of demand curve and supply curve in economics to show the market equilibrium. A market equilibrium is attainable when the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied (Hubbard and O’Brien, 2017). Diagram 3 has included the initial market equilibrium price,P0 , equilibrium point,E0 , and the equilibrium quantity, Q0. After the demand curve shifts slightly to the rightward (because there was not much increase in revenue) and the supply curve has a greater shift to leftward (because the year-to-year growth percentages of beers volume production are relatively higher). As a result, the price of beers increases from P0 to P1. and the quantity of beers will decrease from Q0 to Q1. A new market equilibrium point, E1 is formed.
最后，在经济学中将需求曲线和供给曲线结合起来以显示市场均衡是很重要的。当需求量等于供应量时，就可以实现市场均衡 （Hubbard 和 O'Brien，2017 年 ）。图 3 包括初始市场均衡价格 P0 、均衡点 E0 和均衡数量 Q0。之后，需求曲线略微向右移动（因为收入没有太大增长），供应曲线向左移动幅度更大（因为啤酒产量的年同比增长百分比相对较高）。结果，啤酒的价格从 P0 上涨到 P1。啤酒的数量将从 Q0 减少到 Q1。一个新的市场均衡点 E1 形成。
In June 2021, avocado, a fruit which perceived as a symbol of health and elitism in the world, its price had significantly fallen to $1 per piece in many Australia supermarkets or groceries. This is because there was a lesser demand and higher supply in the market which had driven the avocado prices to become lower.
2021 年 6 月，鳄梨这种水果在世界上被视为健康和精英主义的象征，其价格在许多澳大利亚超市或杂货店大幅下跌至每片 1 澳元。这是因为市场需求较少，供应增加，这导致鳄梨价格走低。
Foremost, the avocado demand in Australia had significantly influenced by the Covid-19 pandemic. The avocado demand had decreased because most of the restaurants or cafes were forced to close periodically over the past 18 months during pandemic period (Fresh Plaza.com, 2021). According to the Avocado Australia CEO, John Tyas, he indicated that the overall avocado market consumption in Australia had suffered a 20 per cent loss due to the closures of restaurants and cafes (Hayes and McKillop, 2021). Besides that, there was generally a decrease in the consumption of avocados during cooler months (Bagshaw, 2021). Hence, these two impacts had driven the demand of avocado to decrease.
首先，澳大利亚的牛油果需求受到 Covid-19 大流行的重大影响。牛油果需求下降是因为在过去 18 个月中，大多数餐馆或咖啡馆在大流行期间被迫定期关闭 （Fresh Plaza.com，2021）。 据 Avocado Australia 首席执行官 John Tyas 称，他表示，由于餐馆和咖啡馆的关闭，澳大利亚的整体牛油果市场消费量损失了 20%（Hayes 和 McKillop，2021 年 ）。除此之外，在凉爽的月份，鳄梨的消费量普遍减少 （Bagshaw，2021 年 ）。因此，这两个影响导致鳄梨的需求减少。
Diagram 4
图 4
In diagram 4, the demand curve has shown a negative relationship between the price of avocado and the quantity demanded of avocado due to the law of demand. According to the law of demand, when the price increases, the quantity demanded will decrease. As the quantity demanded of avocado decreased in the market, the demand curve will shift to the leftward which from D0 to D1.
在图 4 中，需求曲线显示由于需求定律，鳄梨的价格与鳄梨的需求量呈负相关。根据需求规律，当价格上涨时，需求量会减少。随着市场上牛油果需求量的减少，需求曲线将向左移动，从 D0 到 D1。
On the other hand, the supply of avocados had increased large amount due to the bountiful harvest in Australia. The avocado production percentage is 65 per cents higher than the last year due to the contribution of good seasonal conditions in Australia (Bagshaw, 2021). All the Australia regions had good crops and this successfully increased the supply of avocado (Hayes & McKillop, 2021)
另一方面，由于澳大利亚的丰收，鳄梨的供应量大幅增加。由于澳大利亚良好的季节性条件的贡献，鳄梨的生产百分比比去年高出 65%（Bagshaw，2021 年）。所有的澳大利亚地区都有好的收成，这成功地增加了鳄梨的供应（Hayes & McKillop，2021）.
Diagram 5
图 5
In diagram 5, it shows the supply curve which shows a positive relationship between the price of avocado and the quantity supplied due to the law of supply. When the price decrease, the quantity supplied also decrease. The supply curve will shift to the right which from S0 to S1 due to the increase in the production of avocado.
在图 5 中，它显示了供应曲线，该曲线显示由于供应定律，鳄梨的价格与供应量之间存在正相关关系。当价格下降时，供应的数量也会减少。由于鳄梨产量的增加，供应曲线将向右移动，从 S0 到 S1。
The purpose of having supply and demand diagrams is to bring the buyers and the seller together. Hence, it is crucial to have a combination of the demand curve and the supply curve of avocado to better understand the interaction between the buyers and sellers in the market. According to Frugl, the initial price of avocado is AUD3. (Gooley, 2021)
拥有供需图的目的是将买家和卖家聚集在一起。因此，将牛油果的需求曲线和供应曲线结合起来，以更好地了解市场上买卖双方之间的互动至关重要。根据 Frugl 的说法，鳄梨的初始价格为 3 澳元。（古利，2021 年）
Diagram 6
图 6
Diagram 6 shows the initial market equilibrium price, AUD3 and market equilibrium, E0 and market equilibrium quantity, Q0 which occur when the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied (Hubbard and O’Brien, 2017). However, the supply curve has a greater shift than the demand curve because the percentage of avocado production is much higher in Australia due to the bountiful harvest (Rahaman Sarkar, 2021). After the right shift in supply and the left shift in demand, the price of avocado has decreased from AUD3 to AUD1 and the market quantity has increased from Q0 to Q1. A new market equilibrium, E1 is formed.
图 6 显示了初始市场均衡价格 AUD3 和市场均衡价格 E0 和市场均衡数量 Q0， 当需求数量等于供应数量时出现 （Hubbard 和 O'Brien，2017 年）。 然而，供应曲线的变化大于需求曲线，因为由于丰收，澳大利亚鳄梨产量的百分比要高得多 （Rahaman Sarkar，2021 年 ）。在供应右移和需求左移之后，鳄梨的价格从 3 澳元下降到 1 澳元，市场数量从 Q0 增加到 Q1。一个新的市场均衡 E1 形成。
However, in October 2021, there is an oversupply of avocado. Even though the price of avocado had dropped to AUD1.1 in the market, avocado production is still relatively high due to the massive plantings in the last 5 years and good growing conditions in Australia (Long, 2021). It indicates that the overall avocado production in Australia had significantly increased by half. As a result, this causes the avocado oversupplied.
然而，在 2021 年 10 月，鳄梨供过于求。尽管牛油果在市场上的价格已降至 1.1 澳元，但由于过去 5 年的大规模种植和澳大利亚良好的生长条件，牛油果产量仍然相对较高 （Long，2021 年 ）。这表明澳大利亚的整体牛油果产量显着增加了一半。结果，这会导致鳄梨供应过剩。
Diagram 7
图 7
In diagram 7, when the supply increase, the supply curve will shift to the right which from S0 to S1. This will cause the price decreases from P0 to P1 and the quantity will increase from Q0 to Q1. Conversely, the supermarkets did not continue to decrease their prices, because all the farms have been losing profits, and they have fixed the price at P0 (AUD1.1) (FreshFruitPortal, 2021). As a result, the new market equilibrium, E2 is formed, and the surplus has occurred in the market because the quantity supplied is greater than the quantity demanded (Qs › Qd).
在图 7 中，当供应增加时，供应曲线将向右移动，从 S0 到 S1。这将导致价格从 P0 下降到 P1，数量将从 Q0 增加到 Q1。相反，超市并没有继续降价，因为所有的农场都在亏损，他们将价格固定在 P0（1.1 澳元）（FreshFruitPortal，2021 年 ）。结果，新的市场均衡 E2 形成，并且由于供应量大于需求量 （Qs › Qd），市场上出现了过剩。
In summary, this assignment has shown how the demand, supply and market environment, have affected the behaviours of individuals and firms. This topic has given me a better understanding and knowledge of utilising these three concepts in economy. However, there are still many concepts that help us to better understand the economy such as elasticity and surplus. To conclude, economics can be powerful if we know how to apply it in world.
总之，这项任务展示了需求、供应和市场环境如何影响个人和公司的行为。这个话题让我更好地理解和了解了在经济中使用这三个概念。然而，仍然有许多概念可以帮助我们更好地理解经济，例如弹性和盈余。总而言之，如果我们知道如何在世界上应用经济学，它就会很强大。
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