Köppen climate classification
柯本气候分类法

The Köppen climate classification divides Earth climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on patterns of seasonal precipitation and temperature. The five main groups are A (tropical), B (arid), C (temperate), D (continental), and E (polar). Each group and subgroup is represented by a letter. All climates are assigned a main group (the first letter). All climates except for those in the E group are assigned a seasonal precipitation subgroup (the second letter). For example, Af indicates a tropical rainforest climate. The system assigns a temperature subgroup for all groups other than those in the A group, indicated by the third letter for climates in B, C, D, and the second letter for climates in E. Other examples include: Cfb indicating an oceanic climate with warm summers as indicated by the ending b., while Dwb indicates a semi-monsoonal continental climate, also with warm summers. Climates are classified based on specific criteria unique to each climate type.^[1]
柯本气候分类将地球气候分为五个主要气候组，每个组根据季节性降水和温度模式进一步细分。五个主要气候组分别是 A（热带）、B（干旱）、C（温带）、D（大陆性）和 E（极地）。每个组及其子组均用字母表示。所有气候均被分配一个主组（第一个字母）。除 E 组气候外，所有气候均被分配一个季节性降水子组（第二个字母）。例如，Af 表示热带雨林气候。该系统为除 A 组外的所有组分配温度子组，B、C、D 组的温度子组用第三个字母表示，E 组的温度子组用第二个字母表示。其他例子包括：Cfb 表示温暖夏季的海洋性气候，结尾的 b 表示温暖夏季；而 Dwb 表示半季风大陆性气候，同样具有温暖夏季。气候的分类基于每种气候类型独特的具体标准。 ^[1]

The Köppen climate classification is the most widely used climate classification scheme.^[2] It was first published by German-Russian climatologist Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940) in 1884,^[3][4] with several later modifications by Köppen, notably in 1918 and 1936.^[5][6] Later, German climatologist Rudolf Geiger (1894–1981) introduced some changes to the classification system in 1954 and 1961, which is thus sometimes called the Köppen–Geiger climate classification.^[7][8]
柯本气候分类是最广泛使用的气候分类方案。 ^[2] 它最初由德俄气候学家弗拉基米尔·柯本（1846–1940）于 1884 年发表， ^{[3] [4]} 并由柯本在后续几年中进行了多次修改，尤其是在 1918 年和 1936 年。 ^{[5] [6]} 后来，德国气候学家鲁道夫·盖格（1894–1981）于 1954 年和 1961 年对该分类系统做出了一些改动，因此该系统有时也被称为柯本–盖格气候分类。 ^{[7] [8]}

As Köppen designed the system based on his experience as a botanist, his main climate groups represent a classification by vegetation type. In addition to identifying climates, the system can be used to analyze ecosystem conditions and identify the main types of vegetation within climates. Due to its association with the plant life of a given region, the system is useful in predicting future changes of plant life within that region.^[9]
由于柯本基于他作为植物学家的经验设计了该系统，他的主要气候分类代表了按植被类型进行的分类。除了识别气候外，该系统还可用于分析生态系统状况并确定气候中的主要植被类型。由于该系统与特定区域的植物群落相关，因此在预测该区域植物群落的未来变化方面具有实用价值。 ^[9]

The Köppen climate classification system was modified further within the Trewartha climate classification system in 1966 (revised in 1980). The Trewartha system sought to create a more refined middle latitude climate zone, which was one of the criticisms of the Köppen system (the climate group C was too general).^{[10]: 200–201}
柯本气候分类系统在 1966 年（1980 年修订）被特鲁沃莎气候分类系统进一步修改。特鲁沃莎系统试图创建一个更细化的中纬度气候区，这是对柯本系统的批评之一（C 类气候组过于笼统）。 ^{[10] : 200–201}

Köppen climate classification scheme symbols description table^[9][1][11]
柯本气候分类方案符号说明表 ^{[9] [1] [11]}

1st   第一	2nd   第二名	3rd   第三次
A (Tropical)   A（热带）	f (Rainforest)  f（雨林） m (Monsoon)  m（季风） w (Savanna, dry winter) w（稀树草原，干燥的冬季） s (Savanna, dry summer)  s（稀树草原，干燥夏季）
B (Dry)   B（干旱）	W (Arid desert)  W（干旱沙漠） S (Semi-arid steppe)  S（半干旱草原）	h (Hot)  h（热） k (Cold)  k（寒冷）
C (Temperate)   C（温带）	w (Dry winter)  w（干燥冬季） f (No dry season) f（无干季） s (Dry summer)  s（干燥的夏季）	a (Hot summer)  a（炎热的夏季） b (Warm summer)  b（温暖的夏季） c (Cold summer)  c（凉爽夏季）
D (Continental)   D（大陆性）	w (Dry winter)  w（干燥冬季） f (No dry season) f（无干季） s (Dry summer)  s（干燥的夏季）	a (Hot summer)  a（炎热的夏季） b (Warm summer)  b（温暖的夏季） c (Cold summer)  c（凉夏） d (Very cold winter)  d（极寒冬季）
E (Polar)   E（极地）	T (Tundra)  T（苔原） F (Ice cap)  F（冰盖）

The Köppen climate classification scheme divides climates into five main climate groups: A (tropical), B (arid), C (temperate), D (continental), and E (polar).^[12] The second letter indicates the seasonal precipitation type, while the third letter indicates the level of heat.^[13] Summers are defined as the six-month period that is warmer either from April to September and/or October to March, while winter is the six-month period that is cooler.^[9][11]
柯本气候分类法将气候分为五大类：A（热带）、B（干旱）、C（温带）、D（大陆性）和 E（极地）。 ^[12] 第二个字母表示季节性降水类型，第三个字母表示热量水平。 ^[13] 夏季定义为四月至九月和/或十月至三月中较温暖的六个月期间，冬季则为较寒冷的六个月期间。 ^{[9] [11]}

Tropical climates have an average temperature of 18 °C (64.4 °F) or higher every month of the year, with significant precipitation.^[9][11]
热带气候全年每个月的平均气温均为 18°C（64.4°F）或更高，且降水量显著。 ^{[9] [11]}

• Af = Tropical rainforest climate; average precipitation of at least 60 mm (2.4 in) in every month.
  Af = 热带雨林气候；每个月的平均降水量至少为 60 毫米（2.4 英寸）。
• Am = Tropical monsoon climate; driest month (which nearly always occurs at or soon after the "winter" solstice for that side of the equator) with precipitation less than 60 mm (2.4 in), but at least ${\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)} }{25}}\right)}$.^[9][11]
  Am = 热带季风气候；最干燥的月份（几乎总是在该半球的“冬至”或之后不久出现）降水量少于 60 毫米（2.4 英寸），但至少有 ${\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)} }{25}}\right)}$ 。 ^{[9] [11]}
• Aw or As = Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate; with the driest month having precipitation less than 60 mm (2.4 in) and less than ${\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)} }{25}}\right)}$.^[9][11]
  Aw 或 As = 热带湿润和干燥气候或稀树草原气候；最干燥的月份降水量少于 60 毫米（2.4 英寸）且少于 ${\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)} }{25}}\right)}$ 。 ^{[9] [11]}

Desert and semi-arid climates are defined by low precipitation in a region that does not fit the polar (EF or ET) criteria of no month with an average temperature greater than 10 °C (50 °F).
沙漠和半干旱气候是指降水量较低的地区，这些地区不符合极地气候（EF 或 ET）的标准，即没有任何一个月的平均气温超过 10°C（50°F）。

The precipitation threshold in millimeters is determined by multiplying the average annual temperature in Celsius by 20, then adding:
降水阈值（毫米）通过将平均年气温（摄氏度）乘以 20，然后加上：

If the annual precipitation is less than 50% of this threshold, the classification is BW (arid: desert climate); if it is in the range of 50%–100% of the threshold, the classification is BS (semi-arid: steppe climate).^[9][11]
如果年降水量少于该阈值的 50%，则分类为 BW（干旱：沙漠气候）；如果降水量在该阈值的 50%至 100%之间，则分类为 BS（半干旱：草原气候）。 ^{[9] [11]}

A third letter can be included to indicate temperature. Here, h signifies low-latitude climates (average annual temperature above 18 °C (64.4 °F)) while k signifies middle-latitude climates (average annual temperature less than 18 °C). In addition, n is used to denote a climate characterized by frequent fog and H for high altitudes.^[14][15][16]
第三个字母可以用来表示温度。在这里，h 表示低纬度气候（年平均气温高于 18°C（64.4°F）），而 k 表示中纬度气候（年平均气温低于 18°C）。此外，n 用于表示以频繁雾气为特征的气候，H 表示高海拔地区。 ^{[14] [15] [16]}

• BWh = Hot desert climate
  BWh = 炎热沙漠气候
• BWk = Cold desert climate
  BWk = 寒冷沙漠气候
• BSh = Hot semi-arid climate
  BSh = 热半干旱气候
• BSk = Cold semi-arid climate
  BSk = 寒冷的半干旱气候

Temperate climates have the coldest month averaging between 0 °C (32 °F)^[11] (or −3 °C (26.6 °F))^[1] and 18 °C (64.4 °F) and at least one month averaging above 10 °C (50 °F).^[11][1] For the distribution of precipitation in locations that both satisfy a dry summer (Cs) and a dry winter (Cw), a location is considered to have a wet summer (Cw) when more precipitation falls within the summer months than the winter months while a location is considered to have a dry summer (Cs) when more precipitation falls within the winter months.^[11] This additional criterion applies to locations that satisfies both Ds and Dw as well.^[11]
温带气候的最冷月份平均气温介于 0°C（32°F） ^[11] （或−3°C（26.6°F）） ^[1] 至 18°C（64.4°F）之间，且至少有一个月份的平均气温高于 10°C（50°F）。 ^{[11] [1]} 对于同时满足夏季干燥（Cs）和冬季干燥（Cw）条件的地区，若夏季降水量多于冬季，则该地区被视为夏季湿润（Cw）；若冬季降水量多于夏季，则被视为夏季干燥（Cs）。 ^[11] 这一附加标准同样适用于同时满足 Ds 和 Dw 条件的地区。 ^[11]

• Cfa = Humid subtropical climate; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), at least one month's average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
  Cfa = 湿润亚热带气候；最冷月平均气温高于 0°C（32°F）（或−3°C（26.6°F）），至少有一个月的平均气温高于 22°C（71.6°F），且至少有四个月的平均气温高于 10°C（50°F）。季节间降水无显著差异（上述条件均未满足）。
• Cfb = Temperate oceanic climate or subtropical highland climate; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
  Cfb = 温带海洋性气候或亚热带高地气候；最冷月平均气温高于 0°C（32°F）（或−3°C（26.6°F）），所有月份平均气温低于 22°C（71.6°F），且至少有四个月平均气温高于 10°C（50°F）。季节间降水无显著差异（上述条件均未满足）。
• Cfc = Subpolar oceanic climate; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
  Cfc = 亚极地海洋性气候；最冷月平均气温高于 0°C（32°F）（或−3°C（26.6°F）），且有 1 至 3 个月平均气温高于 10°C（50°F）。季节间无显著降水差异（上述条件均未满足）。
• Cwa = Monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), at least one month's average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
  Cwa = 季风影响的湿润亚热带气候；最冷月平均气温高于 0°C（32°F）（或−3°C（26.6°F）），至少有一个月的平均气温高于 22°C（71.6°F），且至少有四个月的平均气温高于 10°C（50°F）。夏季最湿月的降雨量至少是冬季最干月的十倍。
• Cwb = Subtropical highland climate or Monsoon-influenced temperate oceanic climate; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
  Cwb = 亚热带高地气候或季风影响的温带海洋性气候；最冷月平均气温高于 0°C（32°F）（或−3°C（26.6°F）），所有月份平均气温低于 22°C（71.6°F），且至少有四个月平均气温高于 10°C（50°F）。夏季最湿月的降雨量至少是冬季最干月的十倍。
• Cwc = Cold subtropical highland climate or Monsoon-influenced subpolar oceanic climate; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
  Cwc = 寒冷的亚热带高地气候或受季风影响的亚极地海洋性气候；最冷月平均气温高于 0°C（32°F）（或−3°C（26.6°F）），且有 1 至 3 个月平均气温高于 10°C（50°F）。夏季最湿月的降雨量至少是冬季最干月的十倍。
• Csa = Hot-summer Mediterranean climate; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), at least one month's average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 40 mm (1.6 in).^[9]
  Csa = 热夏地中海气候；最冷月平均气温高于 0°C（32°F）（或−3°C（26.6°F）），至少有一个月的平均气温高于 22°C（71.6°F），且至少有四个月的平均气温高于 10°C（50°F）。冬季最湿月的降水量至少是夏季最干月的三倍，且夏季最干月的降水量少于 40 毫米（1.6 英寸）。 ^[9]
• Csb = Warm-summer Mediterranean climate; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 40 mm (1.6 in).^[9]
  Csb = 温暖夏季地中海气候；最冷月平均气温高于 0°C（32°F）（或−3°C（26.6°F）），所有月份平均气温低于 22°C（71.6°F），且至少有四个月平均气温高于 10°C（50°F）。冬季最湿月的降水量至少是夏季最干月的三倍，且夏季最干月降水量少于 40 毫米（1.6 英寸）。 ^[9]
• Csc = Cold-summer Mediterranean climate; coldest month averaging above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 40 mm (1.6 in).^[9]
  Csc = 寒冷夏季地中海气候；最冷月平均气温高于 0°C（32°F）（或−3°C（26.6°F）），且有 1 至 3 个月平均气温高于 10°C（50°F）。冬季最湿月的降水量至少是夏季最干月的三倍，且夏季最干月的降水量少于 40 毫米（1.6 英寸）。 ^[9]

Continental climates have at least one month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)) and at least one month averaging above 10 °C (50 °F).^[11][1]
大陆性气候至少有一个月的平均气温低于 0°C（32°F）（或−3°C（26.6°F）），且至少有一个月的平均气温高于 10°C（50°F）。 ^{[11] [1]}

• Dfa = Hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), at least one month's average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
  Dfa = 炎热夏季湿润大陆性气候；最冷月平均气温低于 0°C（32°F）（或−3°C（26.6°F）），至少有一个月的平均气温高于 22°C（71.6°F），且至少有四个月的平均气温高于 10°C（50°F）。季节间降水无显著差异（上述条件均未满足）。
• Dfb = Warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
  Dfb = 暖夏湿润大陆性气候；最冷月平均气温低于 0°C（32°F）（或−3°C（26.6°F）），所有月份平均气温低于 22°C（71.6°F），且至少有四个月平均气温高于 10°C（50°F）。各季节降水量无显著差异（上述条件均未满足）。
• Dfc = Subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
  Dfc = 亚寒带气候；最冷月平均气温低于 0°C（32°F）（或−3°C（26.6°F）），且有 1 至 3 个月平均气温高于 10°C（50°F）。季节间无显著降水差异（上述条件均未满足）。
• Dfd = Extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below −38 °C (−36.4 °F) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
  Dfd = 极寒亚北极气候；最冷月平均气温低于−38°C（−36.4°F），且有 1 至 3 个月平均气温高于 10°C（50°F）。季节间无显著降水差异（上述条件均未满足）。
• Dwa = Monsoon-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), at least one month's average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
  Dwa = 季风影响的炎热夏季湿润大陆性气候；最冷月平均气温低于 0°C（32°F）（或−3°C（26.6°F）），至少有一个月的平均气温高于 22°C（71.6°F），且至少有四个月的平均气温高于 10°C（50°F）。夏季最湿月的降雨量至少是冬季最干月的十倍。
• Dwb = Monsoon-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
  Dwb = 季风影响的暖夏湿润大陆性气候；最冷月平均气温低于 0°C（32°F）（或−3°C（26.6°F）），所有月份平均气温均低于 22°C（71.6°F），且至少有四个月平均气温高于 10°C（50°F）。夏季最湿月的降雨量至少是冬季最干月的十倍。
• Dwc = Monsoon-influenced subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
  Dwc = 季风影响的亚寒带气候；最冷月平均气温低于 0°C（32°F）（或−3°C（26.6°F）），且有 1 至 3 个月平均气温高于 10°C（50°F）。夏季最湿月的降雨量至少是冬季最干月的十倍。
• Dwd = Monsoon-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below −38 °C (−36.4 °F) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter.
  Dwd = 受季风影响的极寒亚寒带气候；最冷月平均气温低于−38°C（−36.4°F），且有 1 至 3 个月平均气温高于 10°C（50°F）。夏季最湿月的降雨量至少是冬季最干月的十倍。
• Dsa = Mediterranean-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), average temperature of the warmest month above 22 °C (71.6 °F) and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in).
  Dsa = 受地中海影响的热夏湿润大陆性气候；最冷月平均气温低于 0°C（32°F）（或−3°C（26.6°F）），最暖月平均气温高于 22°C（71.6°F），且至少有四个月的平均气温高于 10°C（50°F）。冬季最湿月的降水量至少是夏季最干月的三倍，且夏季最干月的降水量少于 30 毫米（1.2 英寸）。
• Dsb = Mediterranean-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)), average temperature of the warmest month below 22 °C (71.6 °F) and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in).
  Dsb = 受地中海影响的暖夏湿润大陆性气候；最冷月平均气温低于 0°C（32°F）（或−3°C（26.6°F）），最暖月平均气温低于 22°C（71.6°F），且至少有四个月的平均气温高于 10°C（50°F）。冬季最湿月的降水量至少是夏季最干月的三倍，且夏季最干月的降水量少于 30 毫米（1.2 英寸）。
• Dsc = Mediterranean-influenced subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F)) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in).
  Dsc = 受地中海影响的亚寒带气候；最冷月平均气温低于 0°C（32°F）（或−3°C（26.6°F）），且有 1 至 3 个月平均气温高于 10°C（50°F）。冬季最湿月的降水量至少是夏季最干月的三倍，且夏季最干月的降水量少于 30 毫米（1.2 英寸）。
• Dsd = Mediterranean-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below −38 °C (−36.4 °F) and 1–3 months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in).
  Dsd = 受地中海影响的极寒亚北极气候；最冷月平均气温低于−38 °C（−36.4 °F），且有 1 至 3 个月平均气温高于 10 °C（50 °F）。冬季最湿月的降水量至少是夏季最干月的三倍，且夏季最干月的降水量少于 30 毫米（1.2 英寸）。

Polar and alpine climates has every month of the year with an average temperature below 10 °C (50 °F).^[9][11]
极地和高山气候的全年每个月平均气温均低于 10°C（50°F）。 ^{[9] [11]}

• ET = Tundra climate; average temperature of warmest month between 0 °C (32 °F) and 10 °C (50 °F).^[9][11]
  ET = 苔原气候；最暖月的平均气温介于 0°C（32°F）和 10°C（50°F）之间。 ^{[9] [11]}
• EF = Ice cap climate; eternal winter, with all 12 months of the year with average temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F).^[9][11]
  EF = 冰原气候；永恒的冬季，全年 12 个月的平均气温均低于 0°C（32°F）。 ^{[9] [11]}

Tropical climates are characterized by constant high temperatures (at sea level and low elevations); all 12 months of the year have average temperatures of 18 °C (64.4 °F) or higher; and generally high annual precipitation. They are subdivided as follows:
热带气候的特点是持续的高温（海平面及低海拔地区）；全年 12 个月的平均气温均在 18°C（64.4°F）或以上；且通常年降水量较高。它们细分如下：

All 12 months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm (2.4 in). These climates usually occur within 10° latitude of the equator. This climate has no natural seasons in terms of thermal and moisture changes.^[10] When it is dominated most of the year by the doldrums low-pressure system due to the presence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and when there are no cyclones then the climate is qualified as equatorial. When the trade winds dominate most of the year, the climate is a tropical trade-wind rainforest climate.^[17]
所有 12 个月的平均降水量至少为 60 毫米（2.4 英寸）。这些气候通常出现在赤道 10°纬度范围内。该气候在热量和湿度变化方面没有自然季节。 ^[10] 当由于赤道辐合带（ITCZ）的存在，大部分时间由无风带低压系统主导，且没有气旋时，该气候被归类为赤道气候。当信风大部分时间占主导时，该气候为热带信风雨林气候。 ^[17]

Some of the places with this climate are indeed uniformly and monotonously wet throughout the year (e.g., the northwest Pacific coast of South and Central America, from Ecuador to Costa Rica; see, for instance, Andagoya, Colombia), but in many cases, the period of higher sun and longer days is distinctly wettest (as at Palembang, Indonesia) or the time of lower sun and shorter days may have more rain (as at Sitiawan, Malaysia). Among these places, some have a pure equatorial climate (Balikpapan, Kuala Lumpur, Kuching, Lae, Medan, Paramaribo, Pontianak, and Singapore) with the dominant ITCZ aerological mechanism and no cyclones or a subequatorial climate with occasional hurricanes (Davao, Ratnapura, Victoria).
一些地区的气候确实全年均匀且单调地潮湿（例如，南美和中美洲的西北太平洋海岸，从厄瓜多尔到哥斯达黎加；例如哥伦比亚的安达戈亚），但在许多情况下，太阳高度较高、白昼较长的时期明显是最潮湿的（如印度尼西亚的巴勒姆班），或者太阳高度较低、白昼较短的时期降雨更多（如马来西亚的实兆湾）。在这些地方中，有些属于纯赤道气候（巴厘巴板、吉隆坡、古晋、莱、棉兰、帕拉马里博、朋加纳克和新加坡），其主导的气象机制是赤道辐合带（ITCZ），且无气旋；也有属于亚赤道气候，偶尔有飓风（达沃、拉特纳普拉、维多利亚）。

(The term aseasonal refers to the lack in the tropical zone of large differences in daylight hours and mean monthly (or daily) temperature throughout the year. Annual cyclic changes occur in the tropics, but not as predictably as those in the temperate zone, albeit unrelated to temperature, but to water availability whether as rain, mist, soil, or groundwater. Plant response (e.g., phenology), animal (feeding, migration, reproduction, etc.), and human activities (plant sowing, harvesting, hunting, fishing, etc.) are tuned to this 'seasonality'. Indeed, in tropical South America and Central America, the 'rainy season' (and the 'high water season') is called invierno (Spanish) or inverno (Portuguese), though it could occur in the Northern Hemisphere summer; likewise, the 'dry season (and 'low water season') is called verano or verão, and can occur in the Northern Hemisphere winter).
“无季节性”一词指的是热带地区全年日照时间和月平均（或日平均）温度变化不大的现象。热带地区确实存在年度周期性变化，但不像温带地区那样可预测，这些变化与温度无关，而是与水的可用性有关，无论是降雨、雾气、土壤水分还是地下水。植物的反应（如物候）、动物的行为（觅食、迁徙、繁殖等）以及人类活动（播种、收获、狩猎、捕鱼等）都与这种“季节性”相适应。实际上，在南美和中美洲的热带地区，“雨季”（以及“高水季”）被称为 invierno（西班牙语）或 inverno（葡萄牙语），尽管它可能发生在北半球的夏季；同样，“旱季”（以及“低水季”）被称为 verano 或 verão，可能发生在北半球的冬季。

This type of climate results from the monsoon winds which change direction according to the seasons. This climate has a driest month (which nearly always occurs at or soon after the "winter" solstice for that side of the equator) with rainfall less than 60 mm (2.4 in), but at least ${\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)} }{25}}\right)}$ of average monthly precipitation.^[10]: 208
这种气候类型是由季风风向随季节变化而形成的。这种气候有一个最干燥的月份（几乎总是在该半球的“冬至”或之后不久出现），降雨量少于 60 毫米（2.4 英寸），但至少有平均月降水量的 ${\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)} }{25}}\right)}$ 。 ^{[10] : 208}

Aw climates have a pronounced dry season, with the driest month having precipitation less than 60 mm (2.4 in) and less than ${\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)} }{25}}\right)}$ of average monthly precipitation.^{[10]: 208–211}
Aw 气候有明显的旱季，最干燥的月份降水量少于 60 毫米（2.4 英寸），且少于平均月降水量的 ${\textstyle 100-\left({\frac {\mathrm {total\,annual\,precipitation\,(mm)} }{25}}\right)}$ 。 ^{[10] : 208–211}

Most places that have this climate are found at the outer margins of the tropical zone from the low teens to the mid-20s latitudes, but occasionally an inner-tropical location (e.g., San Marcos, Antioquia, Colombia) also qualifies. The Caribbean coast, eastward from the Gulf of Urabá on the Colombia–Panama border to the Orinoco River delta, on the Atlantic Ocean (about 4,000 km (2,500 mi)), have long dry periods (the extreme is the BWh climate (see below), characterized by very low, unreliable precipitation, present, for instance, in extensive areas in the Guajira, and Coro, western Venezuela, the northernmost peninsulas in South America, which receive <300 mm (12 in) total annual precipitation, practically all in two or three months).
大多数具有这种气候的地区位于热带区的外缘，从低纬度十几度到二十几度，但偶尔也有内热带地区（例如哥伦比亚安蒂奥基亚的圣马科斯）符合条件。加勒比海岸从哥伦比亚-巴拿马边界的乌拉巴湾向东延伸至大西洋上的奥里诺科河三角洲（约 4000 公里），有较长的干旱期（极端情况是 BWh 气候（见下文），其特点是降水极少且不稳定，例如在瓜希拉和委内瑞拉西部的科罗等广泛地区存在，这些南美洲最北端的半岛年降水量不足 300 毫米（12 英寸），几乎全部集中在两三个月内）。

This condition extends to the Lesser Antilles and Greater Antilles forming the circum-Caribbean dry belt. The length and severity of the dry season diminish inland (southward); at the latitude of the Amazon River—which flows eastward, just south of the equatorial line—the climate is Af. East from the Andes, between the dry, arid Caribbean and the ever-wet Amazon are the Orinoco River's Llanos or savannas, from where this climate takes its name.
这种状况延伸至小安的列斯群岛和大安的列斯群岛，形成环加勒比干旱带。干季的长度和严重程度向内陆（向南）减弱；在亚马逊河所在的纬度——亚马逊河向东流，位于赤道线以南——气候为 Af 型。在安第斯山脉以东，干燥的加勒比地区和常年湿润的亚马逊之间，是奥里诺科河的草原或稀树草原，这一气候类型即以此命名。

Sometimes As is used in place of Aw if the dry season occurs during the time of higher sun and longer days (during summer).^[1][25] This is the case in parts of Hawaii, northwestern Dominican Republic, East Africa, southeast India and northeast Sri Lanka, and the Brazilian Northeastern Coast. In places that have this climate type, the dry season occurs during the time of high sun and longer days generally because of rain shadow effects.
有时如果干季发生在阳光较强、白昼较长的时期（夏季），则用 As 代替 Aw。 ^{[1] [25]} 这种情况出现在夏威夷部分地区、多米尼加共和国西北部、东非、印度东南部和斯里兰卡东北部，以及巴西东北海岸。在具有这种气候类型的地区，干季通常发生在阳光强烈、白昼较长的时期，这主要是由于雨影效应造成的。

These climates are characterized by the amount of annual precipitation less than a threshold value that approximates the potential evapotranspiration.^[10]: 212 The threshold value (in millimeters) is calculated as follows:
这些气候的特点是年降水量少于一个近似潜在蒸散量的阈值。 ^{[10] : 212} 阈值（以毫米为单位）计算如下：

Multiply the average annual temperature in °C by 20, then add
将平均年温度（摄氏度）乘以 20，然后加上

According to the modified Köppen classification system used by modern climatologists, total precipitation in the warmest six months of the year is taken as a reference instead of the total precipitation in the high-sun half of the year.^[26]
根据现代气候学家使用的修订版柯本气候分类系统，参考的是一年中最暖的六个月的总降水量，而不是高太阳半年的总降水量。 ^[26]

If the annual precipitation is less than 50% of this threshold, the classification is BW (arid: desert climate); if it is in the range of 50%–100% of the threshold, the classification is BS (semi-arid: steppe climate).
如果年降水量低于该阈值的 50%，则分类为 BW（干旱：沙漠气候）；如果降水量在该阈值的 50%至 100%之间，则分类为 BS（半干旱：草原气候）。

A third letter can be included to indicate temperature. Here, h signifies low-latitude climate (average annual temperature above 18 °C) while k signified middle-latitude climate (average annual temperature below 18 °C).
第三个字母可以用来表示温度。在这里，h 表示低纬度气候（年平均气温高于 18°C），而 k 表示中纬度气候（年平均气温低于 18°C）。

Desert areas situated along the west coasts of continents at tropical or near-tropical locations characterized by frequent fog and low clouds, although these places rank among the driest on earth in terms of actual precipitation received, can be labeled BWn with the n denoting a climate characterized by frequent fog.^[14][15][16] An equivalent BSn category can be found in foggy coastal steppes.^[27]
位于热带或近热带地区大陆西海岸的沙漠区域，以频繁的雾和低云为特征，尽管这些地方在实际降水量方面是地球上最干燥的地区之一，但可以标记为 BWn，其中 n 表示以频繁雾气为特征的气候。 ^{[14] [15] [16]} 在多雾的海岸草原中可以找到相应的 BSn 类别。 ^[27]

In the Köppen climate system, temperate climates are defined as having an average temperature above 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F), as noted previously) in their coldest month but below 18 °C (64.4 °F). The average temperature of −3 °C (26.6 °F) roughly coincides with the equatorward limit of frozen ground and snow cover lasting for a month or more.
在柯本气候分类系统中，温带气候被定义为最冷月的平均气温高于 0°C（32°F）（或如前所述的−3°C（26.6°F）），但低于 18°C（64.4°F）。−3°C（26.6°F）的平均气温大致与冻土和积雪持续一个月或更长时间的赤道边界相吻合。

The second letter indicates the precipitation pattern—w indicates dry winters (driest winter month average precipitation less than one-tenth wettest summer month average precipitation). s indicates at least three times as much rain in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer. f means significant precipitation in all seasons (neither above-mentioned set of conditions fulfilled).^[9]
第二个字母表示降水模式——w 表示冬季干燥（最干燥的冬季月份平均降水量少于最湿润的夏季月份平均降水量的十分之一）。s 表示冬季最湿润月份的降水量至少是夏季最干燥月份的三倍。f 表示全年各季节均有显著降水（不符合上述任一条件）。 ^[9]

The third letter indicates the degree of summer heat—a indicates warmest month average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F) while b indicates warmest month averaging below 22 °C but with at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50.0 °F), and c indicates one to three months averaging above 10 °C (50.0 °F).^[9][11][1]
第三个字母表示夏季的热度程度——a 表示最热月的平均气温高于 22 °C（71.6 °F），b 表示最热月平均气温低于 22 °C，但至少有四个月的平均气温高于 10 °C（50.0 °F），c 表示有一到三个月的平均气温高于 10 °C（50.0 °F）。 ^{[9] [11] [1]}

These climates usually occur on the western sides of continents between the latitudes of 30° and 45°.^[40] These climates are in the polar front region in winter, and thus have moderate temperatures and changeable, rainy weather. Summers are hot and dry, due to the domination of the subtropical high-pressure systems, except in the immediate coastal areas, where summers are milder due to the nearby presence of cold ocean currents that may bring fog but prevent rain.^{[10]: 221–223}
这些气候通常出现在大陆西侧，位于 30°至 45°纬度之间。 ^[40] 这些气候在冬季处于极地锋区，因此气温适中，天气多变且多雨。夏季炎热干燥，这是由于副热带高压系统的主导作用，除非是在临近海岸的地区，那里的夏季较为温和，因为附近存在冷洋流，可能带来雾气但阻止降雨。 ^{[10] : 221–223}

Dry-summer climates sometimes extend to additional areas where the warmest month average temperatures do not reach 22 °C (71.6 °F), most often in the 40s latitudes. These climates are classified as Csb.^[9]
干夏气候有时会延伸到其他地区，这些地区最暖月的平均气温未达到 22°C（71.6°F），通常位于 40 度纬度附近。这些气候被归类为 Csb。 ^[9]

Cold summer Mediterranean climates (Csc) exist in high-elevation areas adjacent to coastal Csb climate areas, where the strong maritime influence prevents the average winter monthly temperature from dropping below 0 °C (32 °F). This climate is rare and is predominantly found in climate fringes and isolated areas of the Cascades and Andes Mountains, as the dry-summer climate extends further poleward in the Americas than elsewhere.^[10] Rare instances of this climate can be found in some coastal locations in the North Atlantic and at high altitudes in Hawaii.
寒冷夏季地中海气候（Csc）存在于靠近沿海 Csb 气候区的高海拔地区，这里强烈的海洋影响使得冬季平均月温不会降至 0°C（32°F）以下。这种气候较为罕见，主要分布在喀斯喀特山脉和安第斯山脉的气候边缘和孤立地区，因为干燥夏季气候在美洲向极地方向延伸得比其他地区更远。 ^[10] 这种气候的罕见实例可以在北大西洋的一些沿海地区以及夏威夷的高海拔地区找到。

These climates usually occur on the eastern coasts and eastern sides of continents, usually in the high 20s and 30s latitudes. Unlike the dry summer Mediterranean climates, humid subtropical climates have a warm and wet flow from the tropics that creates warm and moist conditions in the summer months. As such, summer (not winter as is the case in Mediterranean climates) is often the wettest season.
这些气候通常出现在大陆的东海岸和东侧，通常位于 20 多度到 30 多度的高纬度地区。与干燥的夏季地中海气候不同，湿润的亚热带气候有来自热带的温暖湿润气流，使夏季月份温暖潮湿。因此，夏季（而非地中海气候中的冬季）通常是降水最多的季节。

The flow out of the subtropical highs and the summer monsoon creates a southerly flow from the tropics that brings warm and moist air to the lower east sides of continents. This flow is often what brings the frequent and strong but short-lived summer thundershowers so typical of the more southerly subtropical climates like the southeast United States, southern China, and Japan.^{[10]: 223–226}
副热带高压区的气流和夏季季风共同形成了来自热带的南风，向大陆的东南部带来温暖湿润的空气。这种气流通常会带来频繁且强烈但持续时间较短的夏季雷阵雨，这种雷阵雨是更南部副热带气候区（如美国东南部、中国南部和日本）典型的天气现象。 ^{[10] : 223–226}

Cfb climates usually occur in the higher middle latitudes on the western sides of continents; they are typically situated immediately poleward of the Mediterranean climates in the 40s and 50s latitudes. However, in southeast Australia, southeast South America, and extreme southern Africa this climate is found immediately poleward of temperate climates, on places near the coast and at a somewhat lower latitude. In western Europe, this climate occurs in coastal areas up to 68°N in Norway.
Cfb 气候通常出现在大陆西侧的中高纬度地区；它们通常位于地中海气候以北的 40 至 50 度纬度之间。然而，在澳大利亚东南部、南美洲东南部和非洲极南端，这种气候位于温带气候以北，分布在靠近海岸且纬度较低的地区。在西欧，这种气候出现在挪威北纬 68 度的沿海地区。

These climates are dominated all year round by the polar front, leading to changeable, often overcast weather. Summers are mild due to cool ocean currents. Winters are milder than other climates in similar latitudes, but usually very cloudy, and frequently wet. Cfb climates are also encountered at high elevations in certain subtropical and tropical areas, where the climate would be that of a subtropical/tropical rainforest if not for the altitude. These climates are called "highlands".^{[10]: 226–229}
这些气候全年受极地锋面主导，导致天气多变，常常多云。由于凉爽的洋流，夏季温和。冬季比同纬度的其他气候温和，但通常多云且经常潮湿。Cfb 气候也出现在某些亚热带和热带地区的高海拔地区，如果不是因为海拔，这些地区的气候本应是亚热带/热带雨林气候。这些气候被称为“高地气候”。 ^{[10] : 226–229}

Subtropical highland climates with uniform rainfall (Cfb) are a type of oceanic climate mainly found in the highlands of Australia, such as in or around the Great Dividing Range in the north of the state of New South Wales, and also sparsely in other continents, such as in South America, among others. Unlike a typical Cwb climate, they tend to have rainfall spread evenly throughout the year. They have characteristics of both the Cfb and Cfa climates, but unlike these climates, they have a high diurnal temperature variation and low humidity, owing to their inland location and relatively high elevation.
均匀降雨的亚热带高地气候（Cfb）是一种海洋性气候，主要分布在澳大利亚的高地地区，如新南威尔士州北部的大分水岭及其周边地区，也零星分布于其他大陆，如南美洲等地。与典型的 Cwb 气候不同，这种气候的降雨全年分布均匀。它们兼具 Cfb 和 Cfa 气候的特征，但与这两种气候不同的是，由于其内陆位置和相对较高的海拔，日温差较大且湿度较低。

Subpolar oceanic climates (Cfc) occur poleward of or at higher elevations than the maritime temperate climates and are mostly confined either to narrow coastal strips on the western poleward margins of the continents, or, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, to islands off such coasts. They occur in both hemispheres, generally in the high 50s and 60s latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere and the 50s latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere.^[10]
亚极地海洋性气候（Cfc）出现在海洋性温带气候的极地方向或更高海拔地区，主要局限于大陆西部极地边缘的狭窄海岸带，或者特别是在北半球，位于这些海岸外的岛屿上。它们分布于两半球，通常位于北半球的 50 多度至 60 多度高纬度地区，以及南半球的 50 多度纬度地区。 ^[10]

Cwa is a monsoonal influenced version of the humid subtropical climate, having the classic dry winter–wet summer pattern associated with tropical monsoonal climates. They are found at similar latitudes as the Cfa climates, except in regions where monsoons are more prevalent. These regions are in the Southern Cone of South America, the Gangetic Plain of South Asia, southeastern Africa, parts of East Asia and Mexico, and Northern Vietnam of Southeast Asia.
Cwa 是受季风影响的湿润亚热带气候的一个变种，具有典型的干冬湿夏模式，这种模式与热带季风气候相关。它们分布在与 Cfa 气候相似的纬度，但多出现在季风更为盛行的地区。这些地区包括南美洲的南锥体、南亚的恒河平原、东南非、东亚和墨西哥的部分地区，以及东南亚的北越。

Dry-winter subtropical highland climate (Cwb) is a type of climate mainly found in highlands inside the tropics of Central America, South America, Africa, and South and Southeast Asia or areas in the subtropics. Winters are noticeable and dry, and summers can be very rainy. In the tropics, the monsoon is provoked by the tropical air masses and the dry winters by subtropical high pressure.
干冬季亚热带高地气候（Cwb）是一种主要分布在中美洲、南美洲、非洲以及南亚和东南亚热带高地或亚热带地区的气候类型。冬季明显且干燥，夏季则可能非常多雨。在热带地区，季风由热带气团引发，干燥的冬季则由亚热带高压控制。

Dry-winter cold subtropical highland climates (Cwc) exist in high-elevation areas adjacent to Cwb climates. This climate is rare and is found mainly in isolated locations mostly in the Andes in Bolivia and Peru, as well as in sparse mountain locations in Southeast Asia.
干冬季寒冷亚热带高地气候（Cwc）存在于邻近 Cwb 气候的高海拔地区。这种气候较为罕见，主要分布在玻利维亚和秘鲁的安第斯山脉孤立地区，以及东南亚的零星山区。

These climates have an average temperature above 10 °C (50 °F) in their warmest months, and the coldest month average below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (26.6 °F), as noted previously). These usually occur in the interiors of continents and on their upper east coasts, normally north of 40°N. In the Southern Hemisphere, group D climates are extremely rare due to the smaller land masses in the middle latitudes and the almost complete absence of land at 40–60°S, existing only in some highland locations.
这些气候在最暖月的平均气温高于 10°C（50°F），而最冷月的平均气温低于 0°C（32°F）（或如前所述低于−3°C（26.6°F））。这些气候通常出现在大陆内部及其上东海岸，通常位于北纬 40 度以北。在南半球，由于中纬度地区陆地面积较小且 40–60°S 几乎没有陆地，D 类气候极为罕见，仅存在于一些高地地区。

Dfa climates usually occur in the high 30s and low 40s latitudes, with a qualifying average temperature in the warmest month of greater than 22 °C (72 °F). In Europe, these climates tend to be much drier than in North America. Dsa exists at higher elevations adjacent to areas with hot summer Mediterranean (Csa) climates.^{[10]: 231–32}
Dfa 气候通常出现在 30 多度到 40 多度的高纬度地区，最暖月的平均气温超过 22°C（72°F）。在欧洲，这些气候通常比北美干燥得多。Dsa 气候存在于与炎热夏季地中海气候（Csa）相邻的较高海拔地区。 ^{[10] : 231–32}

These climates exist only in the Northern Hemisphere because the Southern Hemisphere has no large landmasses isolated from the moderating effects of the sea within the middle latitudes.
这些气候仅存在于北半球，因为南半球在中纬度地区没有远离海洋调节作用的大型陆地。

In eastern Asia, Dwa climates extend further south into the mid-30s latitudes due to the influence of the Siberian high-pressure system, which also causes winters there to be dry, and summers can be very wet because of monsoon circulation.
在东亚地区，由于西伯利亚高压系统的影响，Dwa 气候向南延伸至 30 多度的中纬度地区，这也导致该地区冬季干燥，夏季由于季风环流而可能非常湿润。

Dsa exists only at higher elevations adjacent to areas with hot summer Mediterranean (Csa) climates.
Dsa 气候仅存在于邻近炎热夏季地中海气候（Csa）的高海拔地区。

Dfb climates are immediately poleward of hot summer continental climates, generally in the high 40s and low 50s latitudes in North America and Asia, and also extending to higher latitudes into the high 50s and low 60s latitudes in central and eastern Europe, between the maritime temperate and continental subarctic climates.^[10]
Dfb 气候位于炎热夏季大陆性气候的正北方，通常分布在北美和亚洲的 40 多度至 50 多度纬度之间，也延伸至中欧和东欧的 50 多度至 60 多度低纬度地区，介于海洋性温带气候和大陆性亚寒带气候之间。 ^[10]

Like with all Group D climates, Dwb climates mostly only occur in the northern hemisphere.
与所有 D 组气候一样，Dwb 气候主要只出现在北半球。

Dsb arises from the same scenario as Dsa, but at even higher altitudes or latitudes, and chiefly in North America, since the Mediterranean climates extend further poleward than in Eurasia.
Dsb 与 Dsa 产生的情形相同，但发生在更高的海拔或纬度，主要出现在北美，因为地中海气候在北美的极地延伸比欧亚大陆更远。

Dfc, Dsc and Dwc climates occur poleward of the other group D climates, or at higher altitudes, generally in the 50s and 60s latitudes.^{[10]: 232–235}
Dfc、Dsc 和 Dwc 气候出现在其他 D 类气候的极地方向或更高海拔地区，通常位于 50 至 60 度纬度。 ^{[10] : 232–235}

Places with this climate have severe winters, with the temperature in their coldest month lower than −38 °C (−36 °F). These climates occur only in eastern Siberia, and are the second coldest, before EF. The coldest recorded temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere belonged to this climate. The names of some of the places with this climate have become veritable synonyms for the extreme, severe winter cold.^[70]
具有这种气候的地区冬季严寒，最冷月份的气温低于−38 °C（−36 °F）。这种气候仅出现在西伯利亚东部，是第二冷的气候类型，仅次于 EF 气候。北半球记录的最低气温均属于这种气候。一些具有这种气候的地方名称已成为极端严寒冬季的代名词。 ^[70]

In the Köppen climate system, polar climates are defined as the warmest temperature of any month being below 10 °C (50 °F). Polar climates are further divided into two types, tundra climates and icecap climates:
在柯本气候分类系统中，极地气候被定义为任何月份的最高温度低于 10°C（50°F）。极地气候进一步分为两种类型，苔原气候和冰盖气候：

Tundra climate (ET): warmest month has an average temperature between 0 °C (32 °F) and 10 °C (50 °F). These climates occur on the northern edges of the North American and Eurasian land masses (generally north of 70 °N although they may be found farther south depending on local conditions), and on nearby islands. ET climates are also found on some islands near the Antarctic Convergence, and at high elevations outside the polar regions, above the tree line.
苔原气候（ET）：最暖月的平均气温介于 0°C（32°F）至 10°C（50°F）之间。这种气候出现在北美和欧亚大陆的北部边缘（通常在北纬 70 度以北，但根据当地条件也可能出现在更南的地区），以及附近的岛屿。ET 气候也存在于靠近南极会合带的一些岛屿上，以及极地以外的高海拔地区，位于树线以上。

Ice cap climate (EF): this climate is dominant in Antarctica, inner Greenland, and summits of many high mountains, even at lower latitudes. Monthly average temperatures never exceed 0 °C (32 °F).
冰盖气候（EF）：这种气候主要分布在南极洲、格陵兰内陆以及许多高山的山顶，即使在较低纬度也存在。月平均气温从不超过 0°C（32°F）。

The Köppen climate classification is based on the empirical relationship between climate and vegetation. This classification provides an efficient way to describe climatic conditions defined by temperature and precipitation and their seasonality with a single metric. Because climatic conditions identified by the Köppen classification are ecologically relevant, it has been widely used to map the geographic distribution of long-term climate and associated ecosystem conditions.^[77]
柯本气候分类基于气候与植被之间的经验关系。该分类提供了一种有效的方法，通过单一指标描述由温度和降水及其季节性定义的气候条件。由于柯本分类所识别的气候条件具有生态学相关性，因此被广泛用于绘制长期气候及相关生态系统条件的地理分布图。 ^[77]

Over recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using the classification to identify changes in climate and potential changes in vegetation over time.^[13] The most important ecological significance of the Köppen climate classification is that it helps to predict the dominant vegetation type based on the climatic data and vice versa.^[78]
近年来，越来越多的人开始使用该分类来识别气候变化及潜在的植被变化。 ^[13] Köppen 气候分类最重要的生态学意义在于，它有助于根据气候数据预测主要植被类型，反之亦然。 ^[78]

In 2015, a Nanjing University paper published in Scientific Reports analyzing climate classifications found that between 1950 and 2010, approximately 5.7% of all land area worldwide had moved from wetter and colder classifications to drier and hotter classifications. The authors also found that the change "cannot be explained as natural variations but are driven by anthropogenic factors".^[79]
2015 年，南京大学发表在《Scientific Reports》上的一篇论文分析了气候分类，发现 1950 年至 2010 年间，全球约有 5.7%的陆地面积从较湿冷的气候类型转变为较干热的气候类型。作者还发现，这一变化“不能用自然变异来解释，而是由人为因素驱动”。 ^[79]

A 2018 study provides detailed maps for present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution.^[80]
2018 年一项研究提供了当前和未来的柯本-盖格气候分类详细地图，分辨率为 1 公里。 ^[80]

All maps use the ≥0 °C (32 °F) definition for the temperate-continental border.^[9]
所有地图均采用≥0 °C（32 °F）作为温带与大陆性气候的分界线。 ^[9]

• 
  North America  北美洲
• 
  Europe  欧洲
• 
  Russia  俄罗斯
• 
  Central Asia  中亚
• 
  East Asia  东亚
• 
  South America  南美洲
• 
  Africa  非洲
• 
  Western Asia  西亚
• 
  South Asia  南亚
• 
  Southeast Asia  东南亚
• 
  Melanesia/Oceania  美拉尼西亚/大洋洲
• 
  Australia  澳大利亚
• 
  New Zealand  新西兰
• 
  World (1991–2020)  世界（1991–2020）
• 
  World (2071–2099, SSP245)
  世界（2071–2099，SSP245）

• Trewartha climate classification
  特鲁沃斯气候分类法
• Hardiness zone  耐寒区
• Holdridge life zones  霍尔德里奇生命区

• World maps and graphs plus a video about the Köppen climate classification
• World Map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification for the period 1951–2000 (archived 6 September 2010)
• New gridded maps of Koeppen's climate classification at the Wayback Machine (archived 10 January 2021)

• IPCC Data Distribution Center (archived 18 April 2016)