Session 1 – CORE CONCEPTS: LAW AND LEGAL INSTITUTIONS
第 1 节 – 核心概念：法律和法律制度
Agenda for today
今日议程
Introductions/expectations
介绍/期望
Assessment scheme
评估方案
What is law?
什么是法律？
Origins of law and the legal institutions
法律起源和法律制度
Brief legal history of British law and its reception in Australia and
英国法律简史及其在澳大利亚的接受情况，以及
Legal classifications
法律分类
What is law and what is its purpose?
什么是法律，它的目的是什么？
Set of rules made by a person or body recognised as having the authority to make rules that are binding on those to whom they apply and which can be enforced by the institutions of the government as a last resort (Heilbron et al [103]).
由公认的有权制定规则的个人或机构制定的规则，这些规则对适用者具有约束力，并且可以由政府机构作为最后的手段执行（Heilbron 等人 [103]）。
Purpose:
目的：
regulate human behaviour ‘in different circumstances, relationships or events.’ (Heilbron et al, para 103)
规范 “在不同环境、关系或事件中”的人类行为。（Heilbron 等人， 第 103 段）
provide a means for resolving disputes.
提供解决争议的方法。
A form of social ordering – but one among many
一种社会秩序形式 – 但却是众多秩序中的一种
Distinguishable from other forms of social ordering by:
与其他形式的社会秩序的区别在于：
Source – this is a person or body with authority to make a law (Heilbron para 104)
Source – 这是有权制定法律的个人或机构 （Heilbron 第 104 段）
enforcement by the state as last resort
国家执法是最后的手段.
Goals of good rule making include:
良好规则制定的目标包括：
Clarity;
清晰;
That they be known by and available to the public and
他们被公众了解和可用，以及
That they operate prospectively and
他们前瞻性地运作 ，并且
That a balance is struck between certainty and discretion in rule making, noting that discretions need generally to be “structured, confined and checked” (Heilbron para 105)
在制定规则时，在确定性和自由裁量权之间取得了平衡，并指出自由裁量权通常需要“结构化、限制和检查”（Heilbron 第 105 段）.
Laws often reflect social, moral, economic, political
法律通常反映社会、道德、经济、政治
From where does law derive and what are its institutions?
法律从何而来，其制度又是什么？
Many legal systems, many sources
许多法律体系，许多来源
Many of these discussed by Vines (pp 18 – 24) (3rd reading in preliminary readings)
Vines 讨论了其中许多内容（第 18 – 24 页）（初步阅读的第 3 读）.
Religion
宗教
Philosophy
哲学
Codes
代码
Common law: case law (judge-made law) + legislation made by democratically elected parliament
普通法 ： 判例法（法官制定的法律）+ 民选议会制定的立法
What are the foundations of the legal system in Australia?
澳大利亚法律制度的基础是什么？
English beginnings
英语的开端
Courts / Common Law System
法院 / 普通法系
Pre-1066: Anglo-Saxon; local custom; no commonality
1066 年之前 ：盎格鲁-撒克逊;当地习俗;无共同点
Post -1066: Normans built on existing Anglo-Saxon laws; introduced feudalism – paved way for centralised government
1066 年后 ：诺曼人建立在现有的盎格鲁-撒克逊法律之上;引入封建主义——为中央集权政府铺平道路
Extension of King’s jurisdiction: resolving disputes around England; beginning of stare decisis; King’s justice ‘common’ across the kingdom
扩大马丁·路德·金的管辖权 ：解决英格兰各地的争端;遵循先例的开始 ;马丁·路德·金的司法在沙特全国“普遍存在 ”
Itinerant justices and development of the courts: King delegated power to Curia Regis and itinerant justiciars to dispense justice on his behalf; 3 common law courts develop
巡回法官和法院的发展 ：马丁·路德·金将权力授予 Curia Regis 和巡回司法官代表他伸张正义;3 个普通法法院发展起来
Writ system: means of streamlining processes to deal with heavy demand for King’s justice; obsession with procedure
令状系统 ：简化流程以应对对马丁·路德·金司法的重大需求的手段;对程序的痴迷
Trial procedures: early development of jury; a means for King to have ‘local advice’ to help resolve a dispute
审判程序 ：陪审团的早期发展;让 King 获得“当地建议”以帮助解决争议的一种方式
Equity: response to unfairness arising from procedurally obsessed and rigid common law courts
衡平法 ：应对因程序执着和僵化的普通法法院而产生的不公平
Parliament/Constitutional Structure
议会/宪政结构
Pre-13th century, no recognisable ‘parliament’ - early statutes simply Royal Decrees
13 世纪之前 ， 没有可识别的“议会”——早期的法规只是皇家法令
Magna carta - King John’s (forced) concession to the ‘Barons’ in 1215
大宪章 - 1215 年约翰国王（被迫）让步给 “男爵”
Model Parliament: late 13th century; still just advisory body to King
模范议会 ：13 世纪末 ;仍然只是马丁·路德·金的顾问机构
Increase in power during reign of Henry VIII
亨利八世统治期间的权力增加
Struggles of 17th century – the period of formalisation
17 世纪的斗争 – 正规化时期
Conflict between King and Courts and King and Parliament eg
国王与法院以及国王与议会之间的冲突，例如:
Case of Prohibitions del Roy (1607)
Prohibitions del Roy 案 （1607）
Case of Proclamations (1611
公告案 （1611
Case of Ship Money (1637)
船钱案 （1637）
Civil war
内战
Cromwell’s ‘Commonwealth’ and then subsequent reigns of Charles II and James I – no better for Parliament
克伦威尔的“英联邦”以及随后的查理二世和詹姆斯一世的统治——对议会来说也好不到哪里去
Glorious Revolution & Constitutional Settlement - Parliament sought guarantees as a condition to allowing William and Mary to assume the throne. Recorded in the Bill of Rights 1689 and further refined in 1701 with the Act of Settlement
光荣革命和宪法解决 - 议会寻求保证作为允许威廉和玛丽继承王位的条件。记录在 1689 年的《权利法案》中，并于 1701 年的《和解法案》中进一步完善.
Two key principles underpinning the new structures
支撑新结构的两项关键原则:
Rule of law – supremacy of government by law (not arbitrary fiat); government can operate if they have specific legal authority to do so (‘principle of legality’).
法治 – 法律赋予政府至高无上 （不是任意的法令）;如果政府有特定的法律授权 ，他们就可以运作 （“合法性原则”）。
Separation of powers – centuries of development > fragmentation of the Crown’s power. Now recognised as a desirable structure for government.
权力分立 – 几个世纪的发展 > 王室权力的碎片化。 Now 被认为是政府的理想结构。
Reception of English law into Australia
澳大利亚对英国法律的接受
3 different recognised methods for acquiring new territory
获取新领土的 3 种不同公认方法
Different results flowed for what laws would be in place in new occupied territory
D 关于新占领区将实施哪些法律的不同结果
Terra nullius > acquisition by settlement > doctrine of reception: English law in place, with ‘proviso’ that it applied only so far as applicable to the new situation and condition of an infant colony.
无主地 > 由定居者 > 接受原则收购： 英国法律到位， 但“附带条件”即它仅适用于婴儿殖民地的新情况和条件。
Early days - ‘proviso’ in the doctrine of reception quite significant - basically under military rule of Governor Macquarie.
早期 - 接受学说中的“但书”相当重要 - 基本上是在麦格理总督的军事统治下。
Road to judicial & legislative independence: occurred gradually. Some key developments:
通往司法和立法独立的道路 ： 逐渐发生 。主要发展：
1823 Act: New South Wales Act passed by English Parliament - basically created an advisory body to advise the State Governor on laws for the colony
1823 年法案： 英国议会通过的《新南威尔士法案 》—— 基本上建立了一个咨询机构，就殖民地的法律向州长提供建议
1828 Act: Australian Courts Act meant that English laws as of 1828 were given effect in the colony, as far as applicable.
1828 年法案： 澳大利亚法院法案意味着 1828 年的英国法律在适用范围内在殖民地生效 。
1842: Australian Constitutions Act (No 1) – created a legislative council which was comprised of a majority of elected members
1842 年： 澳大利亚宪法法案（第 1 号）——成立了一个由大多数民选成员组成的立法委员会
1865: Colonial Laws Validity Act- meant that colonial laws were valid unless English legislation was expressed to apply to the colony
1865 年：《殖民地法律有效性法案 》- 这意味着除非明确表示英国立法适用于殖民地，否则殖民地法律有效
1900: Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (Imp) – the Australian Constitution
1900 年：1900 年澳大利亚联邦宪法法案 （Imp） – 澳大利亚宪法
1931: Statute of Westminster – stated that the Colonial Laws Validity Act could not apply to thwart the Commonwealth Parliament’s ability to make legislation, and the British Parliament could not make laws in relation to Australia unless asked to do so.
1931 年： 威斯敏斯特法规 – 规定《殖民地法律有效性法》不能用于阻止联邦议会制定立法的能力， 除非提出要求，否则英国议会不能制定与澳大利亚有关的法律。
1968: Privy Council (Limitation of Appeals) Act (Cth) – limited appeals in relation to Commonwealth law
1968 年：《枢密院（上诉时效）法 》（ 联邦 ）——与联邦法律有关的有限上诉
1975: Privy Council (Appeals from the High Court) Act (Cth) – stopped appeals from the High Court
1975 年：《枢密院（高等法院上诉）法 》（ 联邦 ）——停止对高等法院的上诉
1986: Australia Acts – repealed the Colonial Laws Validity Act, removed the powers of the British government to make laws for Australia, gave the States power to pass extraterritorial laws and abolished appeals to the Privy Council from State courts
1986 年：澳大利亚法案 – 废除《殖民地法律有效性法案》，取消了英国政府为澳大利亚制定法律的权力，赋予各州通过域外法的权力，并废除了从州法院向枢密院提出的上诉.
Interaction with the Indigenous population.
与 I 土著人口 的互动 。
Mabo: overturned erroneous factual assumptions on which English settlement was based; meant that common law not restricted to consequences based on those erroneous assumptions
Mabo： 推翻了英国定居点所基于的错误事实假设;意味着普通法不限于基于这些错误假设的后果
Subsequent system of native title: how satisfactory?
随后的原生所有权系统：有多令人满意？
1967 Constitutional referendum
1967 年宪法公投
1991 Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody
1991 年 ，皇家委员会对被拘留的原住民 Deaths 进行调查
Indigenous sentencing courts
原住民量刑委员会
Customary punishment
习惯性惩罚
Proposed Constitutional recognition and the Aboriginal and Tores Strait Islander Voice Referendum – 14 October 2023.
主张宪法承认和原住民和托雷斯海峡岛民之声公投 – 2023 年 10 月 14 日。
How is law classified and what purpose do classifications serve?
法律如何分类，分类有什么作用？
Some common classifications
一些常见的分类
International law and municipal (domestic) law
国际法和市政（国内）法
Private international law and public international law
国际私法和国际公法
Public law and private law
公法和私法
Criminal law and civil law
刑法和民法
Statute law and common law
成文法和普通法
Common law and equity
普通法与衡平法
(and in terms of legal systems) Civil law and common law (inquisitorial and adversarial)
（以及就法律制度而言）民法和普通法（调查和对抗）
‘Common law’ nuances
“普通法”的细微差别
Term | Meaning/Context |
Common Law system? | Legal system derived from UK common law (rather than civil code). Examples include: UK (excluding Scotland – it is a hybrid), Australia, NZ, Hong Kong, USA, Canada (Contrast to civil legal system) |
Development of the common law? | Development of body of legal principles over time through judge-made law (case law, the courts) rather than via the parliament (legislation) |
The common law? | As opposed to legislation – maybe no real difference from the one immediately above… except it is just the product of that process … |
An area of common law? | A subset of the common law - such as torts and contracts which originated in the common law court in common law countries. |
Common law when compared to … ? | Contrast to equity say – originated from a different branch of English courts (as just discussed) |
What purpose do classifications serve?
分类有什么作用？
They help us navigate a complex system
他们帮助我们驾驭复杂的系统
They tell us who is (or can be) involved
它们告诉我们谁参与（或可以参与）
They tell us which court/tribunal to go to and the procedures that need to be used
他们告诉我们要去哪个法院/法庭以及需要使用的程序
They tell us where to find the legal rules applicable (sources)
它们告诉我们在哪里可以找到适用的法律规则（来源）
They tell us the outcomes that are possible
它们告诉我们可能的结果.