2024-2025第二学期杏林学院期末阅读复习题

Part I
第一部分

仔细阅读_客观题1(ID=1001388360)

People often wonder why some entrepreneurs have greater success than others. Is it habits, connections, luck, work ethic or any other behavior? I believe the key to success is willpower. Willpower is the ability to control yourself. It is a strong determination that allows you to do something difficult. It is a behavior we are born with more than one we learn; however, it is possible to not only learn it, but also strengthen it with constant exercise.
人们经常想知道为什么有些企业家比其他企业家更成功。是习惯、人际关系、 运气、职业道德还是任何其他行为？我相信成功的关键是意志力。意志力是控制自己的能力。这是一种强大的决心，可以让你做一些困难的事情。这是一种我们与生俱来的行为，我们学习的不止一种;但是，不仅可以学习它，还可以通过不断锻炼来加强它。

Willpower is just like a muscle; to keep it strong you need to constantly exercise it. People with a great amount of willpower have the discipline to develop positive, successful habits. Even with an incredible amount of talent, without the discipline and motivation to create positive habits, it can be difficult to achieve success.
意志力就像一块肌肉;要保持它强大，您需要不断锻炼它。具有强大意志力的人有纪律来养成积极、成功的习惯。即使拥有大量的人才，如果没有培养积极习惯的纪律和动力，也很难取得成功。

Willpower and habits go hand in hand. It is critical to create good habits and take the actions necessary to stick to those habits day in and day out for greater success. Almost half of our daily actions are part of our habits and not decisions, so once the correct habits are in place, you will automatically perform those tasks on a day-to-day basis.
意志力和习惯是相辅相成的。养成良好的习惯并采取必要的行动日复一日地坚持这些习惯以获得更大的成功至关重要。我们几乎一半的日常行为是我们习惯的一部分，而不是决定的一部分，因此一旦养成了正确的习惯，您就会每天自动执行这些任务。

The best way to create and stick to a habit is to have strong motivation. It’s easier to change your habits to lose weight if you have a health issue and you want to be around longer for your kids, or if your business is something you’re passionate about. Having a valuable outcome associated with a habit will help you stick to that habit permanently.
养成并坚持一个习惯的最好方法是有强烈的动力。如果您有健康问题并且想为您的孩子陪伴更长时间，或者您的事业是您热衷的事情，那么改变减肥习惯会更容易。拥有与习惯相关的宝贵结果将帮助您永久坚持该习惯。

The art of self-control is one that most successful individuals have mastered. Self-control enables you to avoid behaviors that don’t contribute to your success and adopt those that do.
自我控制的艺术是大多数成功人士都掌握的艺术。自我控制使您能够避免无助于您成功的行为，并采用那些对成功有帮助的行为。

Because there is a delayed satisfaction associated with self-control, it can be easy to get off track. However, if you work on sticking to those small positive habits one day at a time, it becomes easier to stay strong and achieve that delayed reward. Once a reward is achieved, it is much easier to continue sticking to your habits.
因为自我控制会延迟满足，所以很容易偏离轨道。然而 ，如果你一天一天地努力坚持那些小的积极习惯，那么保持坚强并获得延迟的回报就会变得更容易。一旦获得奖励，继续坚持自己的习惯就会容易得多。

1. What does the author say we need to do to strengthen our willpower?
1.  作者说我们需要做什么来增强我们的意志力？

2. How are almost half of our daily actions performed according to the passage?
2.  我们几乎一半的日常行为是如何按照经文进行的？

3. What will help people stick to doing something constructive automatically?
3.  什么会帮助人们自动地坚持做一些有建设性的事情？

4. How does the art of self-control help us succeed?
4.  自制的艺术如何帮助我们成功？

5. Why can it be difficult for us to maintain self-control?
5.  为什么我们很难保持自制力？

仔细阅读_客观题2(ID=1001379978)

试题解析：
文章主要介绍了一种叫做海蛞蝓的生物，这种生物可以通过食用海藻获得一种基因，该基因让海蛞蝓可以将太阳光转化成能量。

When we think of animals and plants, we have a pretty good way of dividing them into two distinct groups: one converts sunlight into energy and the other has to eat food to make its energy. Well, those dividing lines come crashing down with the discovery of a sea slug (海蛞蝓) that’s truly half animal and half plant. It’s pretty incredible how it has managed to hijack the genes of the algae (藻类) on which it feeds.
当我们想到动物和植物时，我们有一种很好的方法可以将它们分为两个不同的组：一个将阳光转化为能量，另一个必须吃食物来产生能量。好吧，随着海蛞蝓 （ 海蛞蝓 ） 的发现，这些分界线崩溃了，它实际上是一半动物一半植物。 令人难以置信的是，它是如何设法劫持它赖以生存的藻类（ 藻类 ）的基因的。
 
The slugs can manufacture chlorophyll, the green pigment (色素) in plants that captures energy from sunlight, and hold these genes within their body. The term kleptoplasty is used to describe the practice of using hijacked genes to create nutrients from sunlight. And so far, this green sea slug is the only known animal that can be truly considered solar-powered, although some animals do exhibit some plant-like behaviors. Many scientists have studied the green sea slugs to confirm that they are actually able to create energy from sunlight.
蛞蝓可以制造叶绿素，叶绿素是植物中的绿色色素（ 色素 ），可从阳光中捕获能量，并将这些基因保存在体内。盗窃成形术一词用于描述使用劫持的基因从阳光中产生营养物质的做法。到目前为止，这种绿色的海蛞蝓是唯一已知的可以真正被认为是太阳能驱动的动物，尽管有些动物确实表现出一些类似植物的行为。许多科学家对绿海蛞蝓进行了研究，以确认它们实际上能够从阳光中产生能量。
 
In fact, the slugs use the genetic material so well that they pass it on to their future generations. Their babies retain the ability to produce their own chlorophyll, though they can’t generate energy from sunlight until they’ve eaten enough algae to steal the necessary genes, which they can’t yet produce on their own.
事实上，蛞蝓很好地利用了这种遗传物质，以至于它们将其传递给了后代。他们的婴儿保留了产生自己的叶绿素的能力，尽管他们无法从阳光中产生能量，直到他们吃了足够的藻类来窃取必要的基因，而这些基因他们还不能自己产生。
 
“There’s no way on earth that genes from an alga should work inside an animal cell,” says Sidney Pierce from the University of South Florida, “And yet here, they do. They allow the animal to rely on sunshine for its nutrition. So if something happens to their food source, they have a way of not starving to death until they find more algae to eat.”
“地球上不可能藻类的基因在动物细胞内起作用，”南佛罗里达大学的 Sidney Pierce 说，“但在这里，它们却起作用。它们使动物能够依靠阳光获取营养。 因此 ，如果他们的食物来源发生什么事情，他们有办法在找到更多的藻类吃之前不会饿死。
 
The sea slugs are so good at gathering energy from the sun that they can live up to nine months without having to eat any food. They get all their nutritional needs met by the genes that they’ve hijacked from the algae.
海蛞蝓非常善于从太阳中收集能量，它们可以在不吃任何食物的情况下活到九个月。他们通过从藻类中劫持的基因来满足所有营养需求。

6. What is the distinctive feature of a sea slug?
6.  海蛞蝓的显着特征是什么？

解析：细节题。文章第一段最后一句提到，海蛞蝓最令人难以置信的一点是，它把赖以生存的藻类食物的基因盗来为己所用；第二段第一句提到，海蛞蝓产生一种可以从阳光中捕捉能量的绿色素，并把这些基因储存在体内。由此可知，海蛞蝓可以从食物和阳光中得到能量，所以选D。

7. What enables the sea slug to live like a plant?
7.  是什么让海蛞蝓像植物一样生活？

解析：推断题。文章第二段提到，术语盗食质体（kleptoplasty）用于描述使用盗取来的基因，从阳光中制造营养物的做法。目前为止，虽然一些动物的确展示出一些类似于植物的行为，但是绿色海蛞蝓是已知的唯一一种能够真正从太阳中获取能量的动物。由此可知，让海蛞蝓像植物一样生存的是它从海洋植物海藻那里获取的基因，所以选A。

8. What does the author say about baby sea slugs?
8.  作者对小海蛞蝓有什么看法？

解析：细节题。文章第三段第二句提到，（海蛞蝓）幼虫保持了自产叶绿素的能力，所以选D。

9. What does Sidney Pierce say about genes from an alga?
9.  西德尼·皮尔斯 （Sidney Pierce） 如何看待藻类的基因？

解析：细节题。文章第四段第一句提到，Sidney Pierce说，毕竟没有方法可以让海藻基因在动物细胞内起作用，所以选C。

10. What do we learn about sea slugs from the passage?
10.  我们从这段经文中学到什么关于海蛞蝓的知识？

解析：细节题。文章最后一段第一句提到，海蛞蝓非常擅长从太阳中收集能量，因此它们可以在不进食的情况下活到九个月，所以选B。

仔细阅读_客观题3(ID=1001374855)

试题解析：
文章主要介绍了对于身高的研究，研究表明：过去的一百年里，由于营养和医疗状况的改善，人类的平均身高大幅增长。

People have grown taller over the last century, with South Korean women shooting up by more than 20cm on average, and Iranian men gaining 16.5cm. A global study
在过去的一个世纪里，人们长高了，韩国女性平均身高增加了 20 多厘米，伊朗男性增加了 16.5 厘米。一项全球研究looked at the average height of 18-year-olds in 200 countries in 1914 and 2014.
研究了 1914 年和 2014 年 200 个国家/地区 18 岁青少年的平均身高。

The results reveal that while Swedes were the tallest people in the world in 1914, Dutch men have risen from 12th place to claim top spot with an average height of 182.5cm.
结果显示，虽然瑞典人在 1914 年是世界上最高的人，但荷兰男性从第 12 位上升到最高位，平均身高为 182.5 厘米。Larvian
拉维安 women, meanwhile, rose from 28th place in 1914 to become the tallest in the world a century later, with an average height of 169.8cm.
与此同时，女性从 1914 年的第 28 位上升到一个世纪后的世界最高，平均身高为 169.8 厘米。

James Bentham, a co-author of the research from Imperial College, London, says the global trend is likely to be due primarily to improvements in nutrition and healthcare. “An individual’s genetics has a big influence on their height, but once you average over whole populations, genetics plays a less key role,” he added.
伦敦帝国理工学院这项研究的合著者詹姆斯·边沁 （James Bentham） 表示，全球趋势可能主要是由于营养和医疗保健的改善。“一个人的遗传学对他们的身高有很大影响，但一旦你对整个种群进行平均，遗传学的作用就不那么重要了，”他补充说。

A little extra height brings a number of advantages, says Elio Riboli of Imperial College. “Being taller is associated with longer life expectancy,” he said. “This is largely due to a lower risk of dying of cardiovascular (
一点额外的高度会带来许多好处，帝国理工学院的 Elio Riboli 说。“身高越高与预期寿命更长有关，”他说。“这主要是由于死于心血管 （心血管的) disease among taller people.”
） 疾病。

But while height has increased around the world, the trend in many countries of north and sub-Saharan Africa causes concern, says Riboli. While height increased in Uganda and Niger during the early 20th century, the trend has reversed in recent years, with height decreasing among 18-year-olds.
但是，Riboli 说，虽然世界各地的身高都有所增加，但北部和撒哈拉以南非洲许多国家的趋势引起了人们的担忧。虽然乌干达和尼日尔的身高在 20 世纪初有所增加，但近年来这一趋势发生了逆转，18 岁青少年的身高下降。

“One reason for these decreases in height is the economic situation in the 1980s,” said Alexander Moradi of the University of Sussex. The nutritional and health crises that followed the policy of structural adjustment, he says, led to many children and teenagers failing to reach their full potential in terms of height.
“身高下降的一个原因是 1980 年代的经济状况，”萨塞克斯大学的亚历山大·莫拉迪 （Alexander Moradi） 说。他说，结构调整政策之后的营养和健康危机导致许多儿童和青少年未能充分发挥身高的潜力。

Bentham believes the global trend of increasing height has important implications. “How tall we are now is strongly influenced by the environment we grew up in,” he said. “If we give children the best possible start in life now, they will be healthier and more productive for decades to come.”
Bentham 认为，身高增加的全球趋势具有重要意义。“我们现在的身高在很大程度上受到我们成长环境的影响，”他说。“如果我们现在就给孩子们最好的人生开端，他们在未来几十年里会更健康、更高效。”

11. What does the global study tell us about people’s height in the last hundred years?
11.  这项全球研究告诉我们过去一百年来人们的身高有什么信息？

解析：细节题。文章第一段提到，过去一个世纪里，人类的身高明显增长。一项全球性研究调查了200个国家1914年和2014年18岁成人的平均身高，所以选B。

12. What does James Bentham say about genetics in the increase of people’s height?
12.  詹姆斯·边沁 （James Bentham） 如何看待遗传学对人们身高增加的影响？

解析：细节题。文章第三段第二句援引本瑟姆的话指出，个体的基因对其身高影响很大，但对整个人群的身高取均值的话，基因所起的作用就不大了。由此可见，基因对个人的影响比对群体的影响大，所以选C。

13. What does Elio Riboli say about taller people?
13. Elio Riboli 如何评价高个子？

解析：细节题。文章第四段第二句提到埃利奥的话，身高较高与预期寿命较长相关联，所以选A。

14. What do we learn about 18-year-olds in Uganda and Niger?
14.  我们对乌干达和尼日尔的 18 岁青少年有什么了解？

解析：推断题。根据题干中的Uganda和Niger可定位到第五段。该段第二句指出，20世纪早期，乌干达人和尼日尔人的身高增加；近年来，这个趋势反向发展，乌干达和尼日尔18岁成人的身高在降低。由此可知，乌干达人和尼日尔的18岁成人比他们的先辈矮，所以选B。

15. What does James Bentham suggest we do?
15.  詹姆斯·边沁建议我们做什么？

解析：推断题。文章最后一句再次提到本瑟姆的话，如果我们现在为孩子们尽量提供最好的生活起点，未来几十年他们会更健康、更出色。由此可知，James Bentham建议我们保证孩子们在理想的环境中成长，所以选D。

仔细阅读_客观题4(ID=1001374854)

试题解析：
文章主要介绍了美国费城通过了一项对碳酸饮料征税的提案，以及该提案的支持者和反对者的看法。

The fifth largest city in the US passed a significant soda tax proposal that will levy (
美国第五大城市通过了一项重要的苏打税提案，该提案将征收 （征税) 1.5 cents per liquid ounce on distributors.
） 分销商每液体盎司 1.5 美分。
 
Philadelphia’s new measure was approved by a 13 to 4 city council vote. It sets a new bar for similar initiatives across the county. It is proof that taxes on sugary drinks can win substantial support outside super-liberal areas. Until now, the only city to successfully pass and implement a soda tax was Berkeley, California, in 2014.
费城的新措施以 13 票对 4 票的市议会投票获得批准。它为全县的类似举措树立了新的标杆。这证明，对含糖饮料征税可以在超级自由主义地区之外赢得大量支持。到目前为止，唯一成功通过并实施苏打水税的城市是 2014 年的加利福尼亚州伯克利。
 
The tax will apply to regular and diet sodas, as well as other drinks with added sugar, such as Gatorade and iced teas. It’s expected to raise $410 million over the next five years, most of which will go toward funding a universal pre-kindergarten program for the city.
该税将适用于普通和无糖苏打水，以及其他添加糖的饮料，例如佳得乐和冰茶。预计在未来五年内将筹集 4.1 亿美元，其中大部分将用于资助该市的普及学前教育计划。
 
While the city council vote was met with applause inside the council room, opponents to the measure, including soda lobbyists made sharp criticisms and a promise to challenge the tax in court.
虽然市议会的投票在议会会议室内赢得了掌声，但包括苏打水游说者在内的反对者提出了尖锐的批评，并承诺在法庭上挑战该税。
 
“The tax passed today unfairly singles out beverages—including low- and no-calorie choices,” said Lauren Kane, spokeswoman for the American Beverage Association. “But most importantly, it is against the law.
“今天通过的税收不公平地将饮料单独列出来——包括低卡路里和无卡路里的选择，”美国饮料协会发言人劳伦·凯恩 （Lauren Kane） 说。“但最重要的是，这是违法的。So
所以 we will side with the majority of the people of Philadelphia who oppose this tax and take legal action to stop it.”
我们将站在大多数反对这项税收并采取法律行动阻止它的费城人民一边。
 
An industry-backed anti-tax campaign has spent at least $4 million on advertisements. The ads criticized the measure, characterizing it as a “grocery tax.”
一项由行业支持的反税运动在广告上花费了至少 400 万美元。广告批评了这项措施，将其描述为“杂货税”。
 
Public health groups applauded the approved tax as a step toward fixing certain lasting health issues that plague Americans. “The move to recapture a small part of the profits from an industry that pushes a product that contributes to diabetes, obesity and heart disease in poorer communities in order to reinvest in those communities will sure be inspirational to many other places,” said Jim Krieger, executive director of
公共卫生团体称赞这项获批的税收是朝着解决困扰美国人的某些持久健康问题迈出的一步。“从一个在较贫困社区推销导致糖尿病、肥胖和心脏病的产品的行业中重新获得一小部分利润，以便对这些社区进行再投资，这一举措肯定会对许多其他地方产生启发，”执行董事 Jim Krieger 说Healthy Food America. “Indeed, we are already hearing from some of them. It’s not ‘just Berkeley’ anymore.”
美国健康食品。“事实上，我们已经收到了他们中的一些人的消息。它不再是'仅仅伯克利'了。
 
Similar measures in California’s Albany, Oakland, San Francisco and Colorado’s Boulder are becoming hot-button issues. Health advocacy groups have hinted that even more might be coming.
加利福尼亚州的奥尔巴尼（Albany）、奥克兰（Oakland）、旧金山（San Francisco）和科罗拉多州的博尔德（Boulder）的类似措施正在成为热点问题。健康倡导团体暗示，可能会有更多人参与其中。

16. What does the passage say about the newly-approved soda tax in Philadelphia?
16.  这段话对费城新批准的苏打水税有什么看法？

解析：推断题。文章第二段提到，费城的新举措为全国范围内的类似举措设立了一个新标准；这项提案的通过证明了对含糖饮料征税可以在超级自由的地区之外赢得大量支持。由此可知，费城新通过的碳酸饮料税可能会鼓励其他美国城市仿效，所以选B。

17. What will the opponents probably do to respond to the soda tax proposal?
17.  反对者可能会做些什么来回应苏打水税提案？

解析：细节题。文章第四段提到，包括碳酸饮料说客在内的该举措的反对者严厉批评了该提案，并且声称一定会在法庭上对这项税收提出质疑；第五段也提到，美国饮料协会的女发言人Lauren Kane认为该税收违反法律，表示将支持费城中反对该税收的大多数人，采取法律行动来来阻止这项税收，所以选C。

18. What did the industry-backed anti-tax campaign do about the soda tax proposal?
18.  行业支持的反税运动对苏打水税提案做了什么？

解析：细节题。文章第六段提到，一项由业界支持的反税收运动已经花费了至少四百万美元的广告费，这些广告批判了这项提案，将其描述为“食品杂货税”，所以选D。

19. What did public health groups think the soda tax would do?
19.  公共卫生组织认为苏打水税会有什么作用？

解析：细节题。文章倒数第二段提到，公共健康组织赞同这项获批的税收，认为这项税收是向解决某些长期困扰美国人的健康问题迈进了一步，所以选B。

20. What do we learn about similar measures concerning the soda tax in some other cities?
20.  我们从其他一些城市关于苏打水税的类似措施中学到了什么？

解析：细节题。文章最后一段提到，类似的举措正在美国多个城市成为热点话题，健康倡导者暗示说可能会迎来更多的举措，所以选A。

仔细阅读_客观题5(ID=1001374853)

试题解析：
本文主要介绍了对微波炉碳排放量的研究以及两种不同的观点。

Popping food into the microwave for a couple of minutes may seem utterly harmless, but Europe’s stock of these quick-cooking ovens emit as much carbon as nearly 7 million cars, a new study has found. And the problem is growing. With costs falling and kitchen appliances becoming “status” items, owners are throwing away microwaves after an average of eight years. This is pushing sales of new microwaves which are expected to reach 135 million annually in the EU by the end of the decade.
一项新的研究发现 ，将食物放入微波炉中几分钟似乎完全无害，但欧洲这些速食炉的库存排放的碳量相当于近 700 万辆汽车的排放量。而且问题还在加剧。随着成本下降和厨房电器成为“地位”物品，业主平均在八年后就扔掉微波炉。这推动了新微波炉的销量，预计到本十年末，欧盟的年销量将达到 1.35 亿台。
 
A study by the University of Manchester calculated the emissions of CO₂—the main greenhouse gas responsible for climate change—at every stage of microwaves, from manufacture to waste disposal. “It is electricity consumption by microwaves that has the biggest impact on the environment,” say the authors. The authors also calculate that the emissions from using 19 microwaves over a year are the same as those from using a car. According to the same study, efforts to reduce consumption should focus on improving consumer awareness and behaviour. For example, consumers could use appliances in a more efficient way by adjusting the time of cooking to the type of food.
曼彻斯特大学的一项研究计算了从制造到废物处理微波炉每个阶段的 CO 2（导致气候变化的主要温室气体）的排放量。“微波的耗电量对环境的影响最大，”作者说。作者还计算出，一年使用 19 个微波炉的排放量与使用汽车的排放量相同。根据同一项研究，减少消费的努力应集中在提高消费者的意识和行为上。例如，消费者可以根据食物的类型调整烹饪时间，从而更有效地使用电器。
 
However, David Reay, professor of carbon management, argues that, although microwaves use a great deal of energy, their emissions are minor compared to those from cars. In the UK alone, there are around 30 million cars. These cars emit more than all the microwaves in the EU. Backing this up, recent data show that passenger cars in the UK emitted 69 million tons of CO₂ in 2015. This is 10 times the amount this new microwave oven study estimates for annual emissions for all the microwave ovens in the EU. Further, the energy used by microwaves is lower than any other form of cooking. Among common kitchen appliances used for cooking, microwaves are the most energy efficient, followed by a stove and finally a standard oven. Thus, rising microwave sales could be seen as a positive thing.
然而，碳管理教授大卫·雷伊 （David Reay） 认为，尽管微波消耗大量能源，但与汽车相比，它们的排放量很小 。仅在英国，就有大约 3000 万辆汽车。这些汽车排放的微波比欧盟的所有微波都多。最近的数据显示，2015 年英国乘用车排放了 6900 万吨二氧化碳  。这是这项新的微波炉研究估计的欧盟所有微波炉年排放量的 10 倍。此外，微波使用的能量低于任何其他形式的烹饪。在用于烹饪的常见厨房电器中，微波炉是最节能的，其次是炉灶，最后是标准烤箱。因此，微波炉销量的增长可以被视为一件好事。

21. What is the finding of the new study?
21.  新研究的结果是什么？

解析：细节题。文章第一段提到，一项新研究发现，欧洲存有的这些快速烹饪炉排放的碳相当于近七百万辆汽车的碳排放量，所以选D。

22. Why are the sales of microwaves expected to rise?
22.  为什么预计微波炉的销量会上升？

解析：细节题。文章第一段最后两句提到，随着成本的下降且厨房用具成为体现“社会地位”的物品，拥有者平均在使用了八年后，会扔掉微波炉。这推动了新微波炉的销量，预计到这个十年结束前，欧盟每年新微波炉的销售额能达到一亿三千五百万。由此可知，微波炉销量有望增长的原因之一是人们购买微波炉的花费减少了，所以选A。

23. What recommendation does the study by the University of Manchester make?
23.  曼彻斯特大学的研究提出了什么建议？

解析：细节题。文章第二段提到，曼彻斯特大学的研究发现，减少消耗的努力应该聚焦在提高消费者的意识和行为上。比如，消费者可以根据食物种类调整烹饪时间，以一种更有效的方式来使用这些器具。B选项内容与原文相符，所以选B。

24. What does Professor David Reay try to argue?
24. David Reay 教授试图论证什么？

解析：细节题。文章最后一段第一句提到，碳管理方面的教授David Reay认为，虽然微波炉使用很多能量，但是与汽车相比，微波炉的碳排放量很少，所以选A。

25. What does Professor David Reay think of the use of microwaves?
25. David Reay 教授如何看待微波的使用？

解析：推断题。文章最后一段提到，在常见的厨房烹饪用具中，微波炉是最节能的，其次是炉灶和标准烤箱，因此微波炉销量的增长可以看作是一件好事。由此可知，微波炉的使用对于保护环境有积极的作用，所以选C。

仔细阅读_客观题6(ID=1001374852)

试题解析：
文章主要介绍了佐治亚理工学院的教授将人工智能引入在线课堂来解答学生提出的问题，成功解决了学生提问数量较多的问题。

Professor Ashok Goel of Georgia Tech developed an artificially intelligent teaching assistant to help handle the enormous number of student questions in the online class, Knowledge-Based Artificial Intelligence. This online course is a core requirement of Georgia Tech’s online Master of Science in Computer Science program. Professor Goel already had 8 teaching assistants, but that wasn’t enough to deal with the overwhelming number of daily questions from students.
佐治亚理工学院的 Ashok Goel 教授开发了一种人工智能助教，以帮助处理在线课程 Knowledge-Based Artificial Intelligence 中的大量学生问题。该在线课程是佐治亚理工学院在线计算机科学理学硕士课程的核心要求。Goel 教授已经有 8 名助教，但这还不足以处理学生每天提出的大量问题。
 
Many students drop out of online courses because of the lack of teaching support. When students feel isolated or confused and reach out with questions that go unanswered, their motivation to continue begins to fade. Professor Goel decided to do something to remedy this situation and his solution was to create a virtual assistant named Jill Watson, which is based on the IBM Watson platform.
许多学生因为缺乏教学支持而退出在线课程。当学生感到孤立或困惑并提出未得到解答的问题时，他们继续前进的动力就会开始消退。Goel 教授决定采取一些措施来纠正这种情况，他的解决方案是创建一个名为 Jill Watson 的虚拟助手，它基于 IBM Watson 平台。
 
Goel and his team developed several versions of Jill Watson before releasing her to
Goel 和他的团队开发了多个版本的 Jill Watson，然后将她发布到the online forums. At first, the virtual assistant wasn’t too great. But Goel and his team sourced the online discussion forum to find all the 40,000 questions that had ever been asked since the class was launched. Then they began to feed Jill the questions and answers. After some adjustments and sufficient time, Jill was able to answer the students’ questions correctly 97% of the time. The virtual assistant became so advanced and realistic that the students didn’t know she was a computer. The students, who were studying artificial intelligence, were interacting with the virtual assistant and couldn’t tell it apart from a real human being. Goel didn’t inform them about Jill’s true identity until April 26. The students were actually very positive about the experience.
在线论坛。起初，虚拟助手并不是太好。但 Goel 和他的团队找到了在线讨论论坛，以查找自该课程推出以来被问到的所有 40,000 个问题。然后他们开始向 Jill 提出问题和答案。经过一些调整和充足的时间，Jill 能够在 97% 的时间内正确回答学生的问题。虚拟助手变得如此先进和逼真，以至于学生们不知道她是一台计算机。正在学习人工智能的学生正在与虚拟助手互动，无法将其与真人区分开来。Goel 直到 4 月 26 日才告诉他们 Jill 的真实身份。学生们实际上对这次经历非常积极。
 
The goal of Professor Goel’s virtual assistant next year is to take over answering 40% of all the questions posed by students on the online forum. The name Jill Watson, will of course, change to something else next semester. Professor Goel has a much rosier outlook on the future of artificial intelligence than, say, Elon Musk, Stephen Hawking, Bill Gates or Steve Wozniak.
Goel 教授的虚拟助手明年的目标是接管回答学生在在线论坛上提出的所有问题的 40%。当然，Jill Watson 这个名字将在下学期改成其他名字。Goel 教授对人工智能未来的展望比埃隆·马斯克、斯蒂芬·霍金、比尔·盖茨或史蒂夫·沃兹尼亚克等人要乐观得多。

26. What do we learn about Knowledge-Based Artificial Intelligence?
26.  关于基于知识的人工智能，我们学到了什么？

解析：细节题。文章第一段首句提到，佐治亚理工学院的Ashok Goel教授开发了一个人工智能助教，帮助处理学生们在“基于知识的人工智能”的在线课堂中所提出的大量问题；第二句又提到这门在线课程（This online course），所以选B。

27. What problem did Professor Goel meet with?
27. Goel 教授遇到了什么问题？

解析：细节题。文章第一段最后一句提到，Goel教授已经有了8名助教，但是仍不足以应对学生每天提出的大量问题，所以选C。

28. What do we learn about Jill Watson?
28.  我们对吉尔·沃森有什么了解？

解析：推断题。文章第三段提到，刚开始，这个虚拟助手的作用不大，但是经过一段时间的调整，Jill Watson在97%的时间里能够正确回答学生的提问。这个虚拟助手变得非常先进和真实，学生们并不知道她是一台计算机。由此可知，虚拟助手Jill Watson是非常成功的，所以选A。

29. How did the students feel about Jill Watson?
29.  学生们对 Jill Watson 有什么感觉？

解析：细节题。文章第三段提到，正在学习人工智能的学生与这个虚拟助手进行互动，却不能将其与真人区分开来，直到4月26日，Goel教授告诉他们Jill的真实身份，所以选D。

30. What does Professor Goel plan to do next with Jill Watson?
30. Goel 教授接下来打算与 Jill Watson 做什么？

解析：细节题。文章最后一段第一句提到，明年，Goel教授对虚拟助手设立的目标是，负责解答学生们在在线论坛上提出的所有问题的40%，所以选C。

仔细阅读_客观题7(ID=1001374851)

试题解析：
文章主要介绍了影响众筹成功的主要因素。

Thinking small, being engaging, and having a sense of humor don’t hurt. Those are a few of the traits of successful science crowdfunding efforts that emerge from a recent study that examined nearly 400 campaigns. But having a large network and some promotional skills may be more crucial.
小处着眼、引人入胜和有幽默感并没有什么坏处。这些是最近一项调查了近 400 个活动的研究中发现的成功科学众筹工作的一些特征。但是拥有庞大的网络和一些促销技巧可能更为重要。
 
Crowdfunding, raising money for a project through online appeals, has taken off in recent years for everything from making movies to producing water-saving gadgets. Scientists have tried to tap Internet donors, too, with mixed success. Some raised more than twice their goal, but others have fallen short of reaching even modest
近年来，众筹，即通过在线呼吁为项目筹集资金，从制作电影到生产节水小工具，无所不包。科学家们也曾尝试利用互联网捐助者，但成功与否参半。有些人筹集了两倍多于他们的目标，但有些人甚至没有达到targets.
目标。
 
To determine what separates science crowdfunding triumphs from failures, a team led by science communications scholar Mike Schäfer of the University of Zurich examined the content of the webpages for 371 recent campaigns.
为了确定科学众筹的胜利与失败的区别，由苏黎世大学科学传播学者 Mike Schäfer 领导的一个团队检查了最近 371 个活动的网页内容。
 
Four traits stood out for those that achieved their goals, the researchers report in 
研究人员报告说，对于那些实现目标的人来说，有四个特征很突出Public Understanding of Science
公众对科学的理解. For one, they use a crowdfunding platform that specializes in raising money for science, and not just any kind of project. Although sites like Kickstarter take all comers, platforms such as Experiment.com and Petridish.org only present scientific projects. For another, they present the project with a funny video because good visuals and a sense of humor improved success. Most of them engage with potential donors, since projects that answered questions from interested donors fared better. And they target a small amount of money. The projects included in the study raised $4000 on average, with 30% receiving less than $1000. The more money a project sought, the lower the chance it reached its goal, the researchers found.
.首先，他们使用一个专门为科学筹集资金的众筹平台，而不仅仅是任何类型的项目。尽管像 Kickstarter 这样的网站吸引了所有参与者，但 Experiment.com 和 Petridish.org 等平台只展示科学项目。另一方面，他们用一个有趣的视频来展示这个项目，因为良好的视觉效果和幽默感可以提高成功率。他们中的大多数都与潜在的捐助者接触，因为回答感兴趣的捐助者问题的项目表现得更好。他们的目标是少量资金。研究中包含的项目平均筹集了 4000 美元，其中 30% 的项目获得不到 1000 美元。研究人员发现，一个项目寻求的资金越多，达到目标的机会就越低。
 
Other factors may also significantly influence a project’s success, most notably, the size of a scientist’s personal and professional networks, and how much a researcher promotes a project on their own. Those two factors are by far more critical than the content on the page. Crowdfunding can be part of researchers’ efforts to reach the public, and people give because “they feel a connection to the person” who is doing the fundraising—not necessarily to the science.
其他因素也可能对项目的成功产生重大影响，最明显的是科学家的个人和专业网络的规模，以及研究人员自己推动项目的程度。这两个因素远比页面上的内容更重要。众筹可以成为研究人员接触公众努力的一部分，人们捐赠是因为“他们觉得与进行筹款的人有联系”，而不一定与科学有联系。

31. What do we learn about the scientists trying to raise money online for their projects?
31.  关于科学家们试图为他们的项目在线筹集资金，我们学到了什么？

解析：细节题。文章第二段最后一句提到，一些人筹集了到原本目标两倍以上的资金，但是其他人甚至没有达到本就不太高的目标，所以选C。

32. What is the purpose of Mike Schäfer’s research of recent crowdfunding campaigns?
32. Mike Schäfer 对最近的众筹活动进行研究的目的是什么？

解析：细节题。文章第三段提到，为了确定科学众筹成功与失败的原因，苏黎世大学的科学传播学者Mike Schäfer带领团队调查了最近371个众筹活动的网页内容。由此可见，B选项“为了确认导致不同结果的原因”符合文意，所以选B。

33. What trait contributes to the success of a crowdfunding campaign?
33.  什么特质有助于众筹活动的成功？

解析：细节题。文章第四段提到，研究人员发现，众筹成功的科学家有四个显著特征：第一，他们使用专门为科学筹集资金的众筹平台；第二，他们通过有趣的视频展示自己的项目；第三，大多数人会与潜在的捐赠者建立联系；第四，他们的目标资金数额小，所以选B。

34. What did the researchers think of the financial targets of crowdfunding projects?
34.  研究人员如何看待众筹项目的财务目标？

解析：细节题。文章第四段最后提到，研究人员发现，一个项目寻求的资金越多，那么它实现的可能性就越低，所以选A。

35. What motivates people to donate in a crowdfunding campaign?
35.  是什么促使人们在众筹活动中捐款？

解析：细节题。文章最后一段最后一句提到，众筹可以是研究人员接触大众的努力的一部分，人们捐款是因为“他们感觉与募集者有联系”，而不一定与科学有关，所以选D。

仔细阅读_客观题8(ID=1001374850)

试题解析：
文章主要介绍了教科书产业盈利下降并不意味着教科书的终结，教科书本身在教育中有着重要意义。

Textbooks represent an
教科书代表11 billion dollar
110 亿美元 industry, up from $8 billion in 2014. Textbook publisher Pearson is the largest publisher—of any kind—in the world.
行业，高于 2014 年的 80 亿美元。教科书出版商 Pearson 是世界上最大的出版商。
 
It costs about $1 million to create a new textbook. A freshman textbook will have dozens of contributors, from subject-matter experts through graphic and layout artists to expert reviewers and classroom testers. Textbook publishers connect professors, instructors and students in ways that alternatives, such as open e-textbooks and open educational resources, simply do not. This connection happens not only by means of collaborative development, review and testing, but also at conferences where faculty regularly decide on their textbooks and curricula for the coming year.
制作一本新教科书的成本约为 100 万美元。一本新生教科书将有数十名贡献者，从主题专家到图形和布局艺术家，再到专家审阅者和课堂测试人员。教科书出版商以开放式电子教科书和开放式教育资源等其他选择所无法实现的方式将教授、教师和学生联系起来。这种联系不仅通过协作开发、审查和测试来实现，而且在教师定期决定来年的教科书和课程的会议上也发生。
 
It is true that textbook publishers have recently reported losses, largely due to students renting or buying used print textbooks. But this can be chalked up to the excessively high cost of their books, which has increased over 1, 000 percent since 1977. A restructuring of the textbook industry may well be in order. But this does not mean the end of the textbook itself.
的确，教科书出版商最近报告了亏损，主要是由于学生租用或购买二手印刷教科书。但这可以归结为他们的书籍成本过高，自 1977 年以来，该成本已经上涨了 1， 000% 以上。教科书行业的重组很可能是必要的。但这并不意味着教科书本身的结束。
 
While they may not be as dynamic as an iPad, textbooks are not passive or lifeless. For example, over the centuries, they have simulated (
虽然它们可能不像 iPad 那样充满活力，但教科书并不是被动的或毫无生气的。例如，几个世纪以来，他们一直在模拟 （模拟) dialogues in a number of ways. From 1800 to the present day, textbooks have done this by posing questions for students to answer inductively (
） 对话。从 1800 年到现在，教科书通过提出问题让学生归纳回答来做到这一点（归纳性地). That means students are asked to use their individual experience to come up with answers to general questions. Today’s psychology texts, for example, ask: “How much of your personality do you think you inherited?” while one in physics say: “How can you predict where the ball you tossed will land?”
).这意味着学生需要利用他们的个人经验来回答一般问题。例如，今天的心理学教科书问道：“你认为你继承了多少人格？”而物理学教科书则说：“你怎么预测你扔的球会落在哪里？
 
Experts observe that “Textbooks come in layers, something like an onion.” For an active learner, engaging with a textbook can be an interactive experience. Readers proceed at their own pace. They “customize” their books by engaging with different layers and linkages. Highlighting,
专家观察到，“教科书是分层的，有点像洋葱。对于活跃的学习者来说，与教科书互动可能是一种互动体验。读者按照自己的节奏进行。他们通过与不同的层次和联系来 “定制” 他们的书籍。突出Post-It
便利贴 notes, dog-ears and other techniques allow for further customization that students value in print books over digital forms of books.
笔记、狗耳和其他技术允许进一步的定制，学生在印刷书籍中比数字形式的书籍更看重这一点。

36. What does the passage say about open educational resources?
36.  这段话对开放教育资源有什么看法？

解析：细节题。文章第二段第三句提到，教科书出版社将教授、教师和学生联系在一起，而开放型电子教科书和开放教育资源等替代方式则不能做到这一点，所以选C。

37. What is the main cause of the publishers’ losses?
37.  出版商亏损的主要原因是什么？

解析：推断题。文章第三段第一句提到，教科书出版社最近确实报告了亏损，主要的原因是学生租用或购买二手纸质教科书。由此可知，出版社出现亏损主要是因为销量下滑，所以选D。

38. What does the textbook industry need to do?
38.  教科书行业需要做什么？

解析：细节题。文章第三段最后两句提到，教科书产业重构很可能势在必行，但是这并不意味着教科书的终结，所以选A。

39. What are students expected to do in the learning process?
39.  学生在学习过程中应该做什么？

解析：细节题。文章第四段第三、四句提到，从1800年到现在，教科书通过提出问题并让学生归纳得出答案而模拟对话，那就意味着学生需要运用个人经历思考问题的答案，所以选C。

40. What do experts say about students using textbooks?
40.  专家如何看待学生使用教科书？

解析：细节题。文章最后一段前两句提到，专家认为，教科书就像洋葱一样是分层的。对于积极的学习者来说，用教科书进行学习会是一个交互的经验。读者可以按照自己的速度前进。由此可知，选B。

仔细阅读_客观题9(ID=1000279084)

A great many people are anxious about having children. I hear about this frequently form young men and women passing through Harvard — more than ever before in my three and a half decades here. And hear about it in conversations with my peers, frustrated by the slow accumulation of grandchildren.
很多人都为生孩子而焦虑。我经常从哈佛的年轻男女那里听到这样的消息——在我在这里的三十五年里，比以往任何时候都多。在与我的同龄人的对话中听到它，他们对孙子孙女的缓慢积累感到沮丧。

Though populations in south America and Africa and the Indian subcontinent continue to grow at an alarming rate, the U.S. media direct their attention increasingly to labor shortages in industrial societies and to shrinking school populations in affluent American suburbs. Thinking people have heard, and are talking about the “birth dearth” as Ben Wattenberg named it in the title of a recent book. Day-care and parental benefits, which will presumably increase the birth rate, earn approving mention in the platforms of both political parties and in glossy annual reports of large companies.
尽管南美洲和非洲以及印度次大陆的人口继续以惊人的速度增长，但美国媒体越来越多地将注意力转向工业社会的劳动力短缺和美国富裕郊区学校人口的萎缩。有思想的人已经听说过，并且正在谈论 Ben Wattenberg 在最近一本书的标题中提到的 “出生荒”。日托和育儿福利可能会提高出生率，在两个政党的纲领和大公司光鲜亮丽的年度报告中都得到了赞同。

The concern about fertility also bubbles to the surface in artistic renderings of contemporary and future life — in light movies like Baby Boom and Three Men and a Baby, for example, about young women or men trying to reconcile careers and parenthood, and in serious novels, like Margaret Atwood’s Handmaid’s Tale, with its fantasy of a not-too-distant future in which the dwindling number of fertile women are made slaves to reproduction.
对生育率的担忧也在对当代和未来生活的艺术渲染中浮出水面——例如，在《婴儿潮》（Baby Boom）和《三个男人和一个婴儿》（Three Men and a Baby）等 轻电影中 ，讲述年轻女性或男性试图在事业和父母之间取得和解的故事，在严肃小说中，如玛格丽特·阿特伍德（Margaret Atwood）的《  使女的故事》（Handmaid's Tale），它幻想着一个不太遥远的未来，在这个未来，越来越少的有生育能力的女性沦为生育的奴隶。

Low fertility, of course, is hardly a new worry. Some of its history, especially that in Europe since the middle of the nineteenth century, is well and compactly told by Michael Teitelbaum and Jay Winter in their book The Fear of Population Decline. Some French writers attributed the defeat of their nation in France-Prussian War in 1871 to the slow French rate of reproduction, as compared with that of fecund Germany. Fertility became a central issue in early-twentieth-century French politics. Besides being blamed for France’s inability to field an army large enough to defeat the Germans and also have a functioning economy at home, low fertility was seen by various contemporary French commentators as the cause of “national degeneracy”, a disease of the French spirit.
当然，低生育率并不是一个新的担忧。它的一些历史，尤其是自 19 世纪中叶以来在欧洲的历史，由 Michael Teitelbaum 和 Jay Winter 在他们的书 《对人口下降的恐惧 》中详细而紧凑地讲述了。 一些法国作家将他们的国家在 1871 年的普法战争中战败归因于法国的繁殖速度较慢，而  与富饶  的德国相比。生育率成为 20 世纪初法国政治的一个中心问题。除了被指责为法国无法派出足够庞大的军队来击败德国人并在国内拥有运转的经济外，低生育率还被各种当代法国评论员视为“国家堕落”的原因，这是法国精神的病症。

Fiction echoed reality, as it does everywhere. In Emile Zola’s novel Fecondite, happiness and personal triumph came to a working-class couple with fifteen children and scores of grandchildren, rather than to various unappealing bourgeois, with their selfish but miserable lives, and their small families. Zola was one of the founding members of the National Alliance for the Growth of the French Population.
虚构与现实相呼应，就像它在任何地方一样。在埃米尔·左拉 （Emile Zola） 的小说 《 费孔迪特》（Fecondite） 中 ，幸福和个人的胜利属于一对拥有 15 个孩子和数十个孙子孙女的工人阶级夫妇，而不是属于各种没有吸引力的资产阶级，他们过着自私但悲惨的生活，拥有他们的小家庭。Zola 是法国人口增长全国联盟的创始成员之一。

41. According to the writer, political parties and large companies in the U.S.____.
41.  根据作者的说法，U.S.____的政党和大公司。

解析：略

42. In Handmaid’s Tale, Margaret Atwood shows her concern about____.
42.  在 《使女的故事》 中 ，玛格丽特·阿特伍德表达了她的担忧 about____。

解析：略

43. Some French writers believed that the defeat of France in France-Prussian War was
43.  一些法国作家认为，法国在普法战争中的失败是

due to____.
两个 to____。

解析：略

44. Judging from the context, the word “fecund” (Line 5, Para. 4) means____.
44.  从上下文来看，“fecund”一词（第 5 行，第 4 段）means____。

解析：略

45. Which of the following is false according to the passage?
45.  根据这段经文，以下哪一项是错误的？

解析：略

仔细阅读_客观题10(ID=1000788918)

       In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they're looking for. 
在 Web 业务的第一年左右，大部分行动都围绕着开发消费者市场的努力展开。最近，随着 Web 被证明不仅仅是一种时尚，公司已经开始相互购买和销售产品和服务。这种企业对企业的销售是有道理的，因为商务人士通常知道他们正在寻找什么产品。
      Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier," says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private internet.
尽管如此，由于怀疑 Web 的可靠性，许多公司仍然对使用 Web 犹豫不决。“企业需要感觉到他们可以信任他们与供应商之间的途径，”Forrester Research 的高级分析师 Blane Erwin 说。一些公司通过仅与有权访问公司私人互联网的已建立业务合作伙伴进行在线交易来限制风险。
     Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the PointCast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. Sub- scribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists. 
互联网商务模式的另一个重大转变涉及可用于营销的技术。直到最近，互联网营销活动一直集中在将客户“拉”入网站的策略上。然而，在过去的一年里，软件公司开发了一些工具，使公司能够将信息直接“推送”给消费者，将营销信息直接传递给目标客户。最值得注意的是，PointCast Network 使用屏幕保护程序将不断更新的新闻和广告流传送到订阅者的计算机显示器。订阅人员可以自定义他们想要接收的信息，并直接进入公司的网站。Virtual Vineyards 等公司已经开始使用类似的技术向客户推送有关特价销售、产品供应或其他活动的消息。但是推送技术赢得了许多 Web 用户的鄙视。网络文化高度评价这样一种观念，即流到屏幕上的信息是通过特定的请求到达那里的。一旦商业促销开始不请自来地填满屏幕，Web 和电视之间的区别就会消失。这是一个让 Net 纯粹主义者感到恐惧的前景。
       But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to fall free, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge. 
但是，Web 上的公司几乎不可避免地需要求助于推动策略来赚钱。Virtual Vineyards、Amazon.com 和其他先驱者的例子表明，一个销售适当类型产品的网站，以及交互性、热情好客和安全性的正确组合，将吸引在线客户。而且计算能力的成本继续免费下降，这对于任何在硅领域开展业务的企业来说都是一个好兆头。从现在起 5 年或 10 年后回顾过去，人们可能会想知道为什么很少有公司冒险进入在线市场。

46. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business__________.
46.  我们从这段经文的开头学到，Web business__________。

47. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that___________.
47.  说到可用于营销的在线技术，作者暗示 that___________。

48. In the view of Net purists,___________.
48.  在网络纯粹主义者看来 ，___________.

49. We can best interpret the word “push” in the third paragraph as to _________.
49.  对于_________，我们可以最好地解释第三段中的“推”一词。

50. We learn from the last paragraph that ___________.
50.  我们从最后一段中了解到，___________。