Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.
问题 1 和 2 基于您刚刚听到的新闻报道。
1. A) The International Labor Organization's key objective.
1. A) 国际劳工组织的关键目标。
B) The basic social protection for the most vulnerable.
B) 对最脆弱群体的基本社会保障。
C) Rising unemployment worldwide.
C) 全球失业率上升。
D) Global economic recovery.
D) 全球经济复苏。
2. A) Many countries have not taken measures to create enough jobs.
2. A) 许多国家尚未采取措施创造足够的就业岗位。
B) Few counties know how to address the current economic crisis
B) 很少有县知道如何应对当前的经济危机
C) Few countries have realized the seriousness of the current crisis.
C) 很少有国家意识到当前危机的严重性。
D)Many countries need support to improve their people's livelihood.
D)许多国家需要支持以提高人民的生活水平。
Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.
问题 3 和 4 基于您刚刚听到的新闻报道。
3. A) Serve standardized food nationwide.
3. A) 在全国范围内提供标准化食品。
B) Put calorie information on the menu.
B) 在菜单上标注卡路里信息。
C) Increase protein content in the food.
C) 增加食物中的蛋白质含量。
D) Offer convenient food to customers.
D) 向顾客提供便捷食品。
4. A) They will be fined. B)They will be closed.
4. A) 他们将被罚款。B) 他们将被关闭。
C) They will get a warning. D) They will lose customers.
C) 他们将收到警告。D) 他们将失去客户。
Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard
问题 5 至 7 基于您刚刚听到的新闻报道
5. A) Inability to implement their business plans.
5. A) 无法实施其商业计划。
B) Inability to keep turning out novel products.
B) 无法持续推出新产品。
C) Lack of a successful business model of their own.
C) 缺乏自己的成功商业模式。
D) Failure to integrate innovation into their business.
D) 未将创新融入其业务中。
6. A)It is the secret to business success.
6. A) 这是商业成功的秘诀。
B) It is the creation of something new.
B) 它是创造新事物的过程。
C) It is a magic tool to bring big rewards.
C) 它是一个带来丰厚回报的神奇工具。
D)It is an essential part of business culture.
D)它是商业文化的重要组成部分。
7. A) Its hardworking employees. B) Its flexible promotion strategy.
7. A) 勤奋的员工。B) 灵活的晋升策略。
C)Its innovation culture. D) Its willingness to make investments.
C) 其创新文化。D) 其投资意愿。
Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard
问题 8 至 11 基于您刚才听到的对话
8.A)He has taught Spanish for a couple of years at a local school.
8.A)他在当地学校教了几年西班牙语。
B)He worked at the Brownstone Company for several years.
B)他在布朗斯通公司工作了几年。
C)He owned a small retail business in Michigan years ago
C)多年前，他在密歇根州拥有一家小型零售店
D)He has been working part-time in a school near Detroit.
D)他在底特律附近的一所学校做兼职工作。
9. A)He prefers a full-time job with more responsibility.
9. A)他更喜欢一份全职工作，责任更重。
B)He is eager to find a job with an increased salary
B）他渴望找到一份加薪的工作
C)He likes to work in a company close to home.
C) 他喜欢在家附近的公司工作。
D)He would rather get a less demanding job.
D）他宁愿找一份要求较低的工作。
10.A)Sports. B)Travel.
10.A) 体育。B) 旅行。
C)Foreign languages. D)Computer games.
C) 外语。D) 计算机游戏。
11. A) When he is supposed to start work.
11. A) 当他应该开始工作时。
B) What responsibilities he would have.
B) 他将承担哪些责任。
C) When he will be informed about his application.
C) 当他被告知他的申请情况时。
D) What career opportunities her company can offer.
D) 她公司能提供哪些职业机会。
Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard
问题 12 至 15 基于您刚才听到的对话
12.A)Bring him up to date on the current situation in Milan.
12.A)让他了解米兰当前的形势。
B) Fetch the documents signed by Mr.Gartner.
B) 获取由 Gartner 先生签署的文件。
C) Inform him of the arrangements for his trip in Italy.
C) 通知他意大利之行的安排。
D) Accompany Mr. Gartner to the Linate airport.
D) 陪同 Gartner 先生前往利纳特机场。
13.A)About8:30. B)About4:15
大约 8:30。B)大约 4:15
C)About 5:30. D)About 6:30.
C)大约 5:30。D)大约 6:30。
14.A)Gianni Riva at Megastar B)MrGartner from Milan
14.A)吉安尼·里瓦在梅加斯塔 B)来自米兰的加滕先生
C) Gavin from the Chamber of Commerce.
C) 商会中的加文。
D) The company's sales representative.
D) 该公司的销售代表。
15.A) Secretary. B)Business manager.
15.A) 秘书。B) 业务经理。
C)Saleswoman. D)Travel agent.
C) 售货员。D) 旅行代理人。
Passage One
第一段
Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.
第 16 至 18 题基于您刚才听到的段落。
16.A)Peaceful. B)Considerate. C) Generous. D)Cooperative.
16.A)和平的。B)体贴的。C)慷慨的。D)合作的。
17. A)Someone dumped the clothes left in the washer and dryer.
17. A)有人把洗衣机和烘干机里的衣服扔掉了。
B)Someone broke the washer and dryer by overloading them.
B）有人因超载而损坏了洗衣机和烘干机。
C)Mindy Lance's laundry blocked the way to the laundry room
C)Mindy Lance 的洗衣物挡住了通往洗衣房的路
D)Mindy Lance's threatened to take revenge on her neighbors.
D）Mindy Lance 威胁要对邻居进行报复。
18.A) Asking the neighborhood committee for help.
18.A) 向居委会寻求帮助。
B)Limiting the amount of laundry for each wash.
B)限制每次洗涤的洗衣量。
C)Informing the building manager of the matter.
C) 通知物业管理人员此事。
D)Installing a few more washers and dryers. Passage Two
D) 安装几台更多的洗衣机和烘干机。第二部分
Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.
第 19 至 21 题基于您刚才听到的段落。
19.A)She is both a popular and a highly respected author
19.A)她是一位既受欢迎又备受尊敬的作家
B)She is the most loved African novelist of all times.
B)她是所有时代最受喜爱的非洲小说家。
C)She is the most influential author since the 1930’s.
C)她是自 1930 年代以来最有影响力的作家。
D)She is the first writer to focus on the fate of slaves.
D)她是第一个关注奴隶命运的作家。
20.A)The Book Critics Circle Award. B)The Pulitzer Prize for fiction.
20.A)《书评家圆桌奖》。B)普利策小说奖。
C)The Nobel Prize for literature. D)The National Book Award.
C) 诺贝尔文学奖。D) 国家图书奖。
21.A)She is a relative of Morrison's. B) She is a skilled storyteller.
21.A)她是莫里森的亲戚。B)她是一位技艺高超的故事讲述者。
C)She is a slave from Africa. D)She is a black woman.
C)她是一名来自非洲的奴隶。D)她是一名黑人女性。
Passage Three
第三段
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.
问题 22 至 25 基于您刚才听到的段落。
22.A)It covers 179 square miles. B)It is larger than New York City
22.A)它覆盖了 179 平方英里。B)它比纽约市大
C)It is located between France and Italy. D)It only covers 197 square miles.
C) 它位于法国和意大利之间。D) 它仅覆盖 197 平方英里。
23. A) Travelers were easy to reach the country.
23. A) 旅行者很容易到达这个国家。
B)The living way of the people changed quickly.
B）人们的生活方式迅速改变。
C)It has a small number of farmer population.
C) 农民人口数量较少。
D)It was cut off from the rest of the world.
D) 它与世界其他部分断绝了联系。
24.A)The investment of tourism from its neighboring countries.
24.A)周边国家对旅游业的投资。
B) The lowest import fees for tourists cheapest shopping.
B) 为游客提供最低的进口关税，最便宜的购物。
C)The building of roads connecting it with neighboring countries.
C) 建设连接邻国的道路。
D)The permission to visit so many ancient buildings.
D）参观这么多古建筑的权利。
25.A) They work in foreign business.
他们在外企工作。
B)They work in the tourist industry.
B）他们在旅游业工作。
C) They farm and raise sheep.
C) 他们种植和饲养羊。
D)They work in transportation industry
D)他们在交通运输行业工作.
Financial independence is one of the many markers used to designate the crossover from childhood into young adulthood, and it’s a milestone most Americans think young adults should reach by the age of 22. But that’s not the reality for most young adults who’ve reached this age.
财务独立是用于标志从童年过渡到青年成年期的许多指标之一，大多数美国人认为年轻人应该在 22 岁时达到这个里程碑。但对于大多数已经达到这个年龄的年轻人来说，这并不是现实。
The share of young adults who could be considered “financially independent” from their parents by their early 20s has gone down somewhat in recent decades. A new Pew Research Center analysis of Census Bureau data finds that, in 2018, 24% of young adults were financially independent by age 22 or younger, compared with 32% in 1980.
近几十年来，到 20 多岁时可以被视为“经济独立”的年轻人的比例有所下降。皮尤研究中心对人口普查局数据的分析发现，2018 年，22 岁或以下的年轻人中有 24%实现了经济独立，而 1980 年这一比例为 32%。
Looking more broadly at young adults aged 18 to 29, the share who are financially independent has been largely stable in recent decades. Overall, young men are more likely than young women to be financially independent, but this gender gap has diminished significantly.
从更广泛的视角来看，18 至 29 岁的年轻人中，经济独立者的比例在最近几十年里基本保持稳定。总体而言，年轻男性比年轻女性更有可能实现经济独立，但这种性别差距已经显著缩小。
The new survey findings underscore the extent to which many young adults are financially reliant on their parents. Some 45% of adults aged 18 to 29 say they have received a lot of or some financial help from their parents in the past 12 months. According to parents of young adults, those shares may be even higher. About six-in-ten parents with children aged 18 to 29 say they have given their kids at least some financial help in the past year.
新的调查发现突显了许多年轻人对父母的经济依赖程度。大约 45%的 18 至 29 岁成年人表示，在过去 12 个月内，他们从父母那里得到了很多或一些经济帮助。根据年轻人的父母表示，这些比例可能更高。大约六分之五的 18 至 29 岁孩子的父母表示，在过去一年里，他们至少给了孩子一些经济帮助。
A majority of young adults who have received financial help from their parents say at least some of it was for recurring expenses. Six-in-ten say the money went toward household expenses such as groceries or bills, and significant shares used it to pay their tuition, rent or mortgage.
大多数接受过父母经济帮助的年轻人表示，至少有一部分钱是用于经常性支出的。六成人说这笔钱用于家庭开支，如食品杂货或账单，相当一部分人用它来支付学费、租金或抵押贷款。
Beyond financial independence, the pace with which young adults are reaching other markers of adulthood has slowed significantly over the past several decades. Today’s young adults are staying in school longer and are marrying and establishing their own households later than previous generations. A growing share are living in their parents’ homes well into their 20s and even early 30s. some of these changes are linked to economic challenges, while others may represent a rearrangement of goals and priorities.
除了经济独立之外，年轻成年人达到其他成年标志的速度在过去几十年中显著放缓。今天的年轻成年人比上一代人更晚上学、结婚和建立自己的家庭。越来越多的人在他们 20 多岁甚至 30 岁初期还住在父母家中。其中一些变化与经济挑战有关，而其他变化可能代表了目标和优先级的重新安排。
1. What does the author try to imply in Paragraph 1?
1. 作者在第一段试图暗示什么？
A. Financial independence is vital to being a young adult.
A. 财务独立对成为年轻人至关重要。
B. Financial independence marks the start of adulthood.
B. 财务独立标志着成年的开始。
C. Most young Americans live their life in a unique way.
C. 大多数年轻美国人以独特的方式生活。
D. Many American young adults depend on their parents.
D. 许多美国年轻人依赖他们的父母。
2. What is the change between young Americans in 2018 and those in 1980?
2. 2018 年的年轻美国人与 1980 年的年轻人之间有什么变化？
A. The latter have more financial knowledge.
A. 后者拥有更多的金融知识。
B. The latter have less sense of social responsibility.
B. 后者社会责任感较弱。
C. The former are more ambitious than the latter.
C. 前者比后者更有雄心。
D. The former are less financially independent,
D. 以前者经济独立性较差，
3. What do we learn about the age-group of 18 to 29 in the U.S.?
3. 我们对美国 18 至 29 岁年龄段的群体有什么了解？
A. Young women are fast catching up with young men financially.
A. 年轻女性在财务上正迅速赶上年轻男性。
B. Young men are more vulnerable to bankruptcy than young women.
B. 年轻男性比年轻女性更容易破产。
C. The past decade witnessed a dramatic financial change among them.
C. 过去十年，他们之间经历了巨大的金融变革。
D. About 45% of them have got financial support from their friends.
他们中有大约 45%得到了朋友的经济支持。
4. What do young Americans say about the financial assistance they received from their parents?
4. 年轻的美国人对他们从父母那里得到的财务援助有什么看法？
A. Most of them say it was used to cover unexpected expenses.
A. 他们中的大多数人说这是用来支付意外费用的。
B. More than half of them say it was for household expenses.
B. 超过一半的人表示这是用于家庭开支。
C. Many say a great amount of it went toward entertainment.
C. 许多人说大部分都花在了娱乐上。
D. Some say a small share of it was about paying tuition or rent.
D. 有些人说其中一小部分是关于支付学费或房租的。
5. What is said about the young adults nowadays in the U.S.?
5. 现今美国年轻人有哪些说法？
A. The pace with which they reach markers of adulthood is speeding up.
他们达到成年标志的速度正在加快。
B. An increasing percent of them would like to live separately from their parents.
B. 他们中越来越多的人希望与父母分开居住。
C. They tend to spend more years in schooling and delay their marriage age.
C. 他们倾向于在学校里度过更多年数，并推迟结婚年龄。
D. They are more likely to be financially independent after getting married.
D. 他们结婚后更有可能实现经济独立。
In bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the child’s acquisition (学会) of each new skill- the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.
在抚养孩子的过程中，每位父母都急切地关注孩子掌握每一项新技能——第一个说出的词语，第一次独立行走，或者开始阅读和写作。常常会让人想急于让孩子超越他自然的学习速度，但这可能会在孩子心中培养出危险的失败感，以及可能鼓励孩子在不知道所读词语含义的情况下学习阅读。然而，另一方面，如果一个孩子被过度孤立，或者没有任何学习机会，他将失去对生活的自然热情以及自己探索新事物的欲望。
Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters. Others are severe over times of coming home at night or punctuality for meals. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child’s own happiness.
父母对孩子的严格程度差异很大。有些人可能在金钱问题上特别严格。其他人可能对晚上回家的时间或用餐的准时性非常严厉。总的来说，施加的控制反映了父母的需求和社区的价值，以及孩子的个人幸福。
As regard the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality(道德). Also, parents should realize that “ example is better than precept ”. If they are not sincere and do not practice what they preach(说教), their children may grow confused and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled.
关于成长中的儿童道德标准的发展，家长教育的一致性非常重要。今天禁止某事，明天又原谅它，这不是道德的基础。此外，家长应该意识到“身教胜于言传”。如果他们不真诚，不践行他们所宣扬的，当孩子们足够成熟，能够独立思考并意识到自己在某种程度上被欺骗时，他们可能会感到困惑和情感上不安全。
A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents’ principles and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment.
突然意识到父母的原则和他们的道德之间存在明显差异可能会是一种危险的失望。
Choose correct answers to the question:
选择正确答案：
1.Eagerly watching the child’s acquisition of new skill ______
1.热切地观察孩子掌握新技能的过程
A. can be avoided
A. 可以避免
B. is universal among parents
B. 在父母中是普遍的
C. sets up dangerous states of worry in the child
C. 在孩子中建立危险的不安状态
D. will make him lose interest in learning new things
D. 将使他失去学习新事物的兴趣
2.In the process of children’s learning new skills parents ________
2. 在孩子学习新技能的过程中，父母 ________
A. should encourage them to read before they know the meaning of the words they read
A. 应鼓励他们在了解所读单词的意思之前阅读
B. should not expect too much of them
B. 不应对他们期望过高
C. should achieve a balance between pushing them too hard and leaving them on their own
C. 应在过于严厉和放任自流之间取得平衡
D. should create learning opportunities for children as much as possible
D. 应尽可能为儿童创造学习机会
3. The second paragraph mainly tells us that _________
3. 第二段主要告诉我们_________
A. parents should be strict with their children
A. 父母应该对孩子严格要求
B. parental controls reflect only the needs of the parents and the values of the community.
B. 家长控制仅反映家长的需求和社区的价值。
C. parental restrictions are different and are not always enforced for the benefit of the children alone.
C. 父母限制不同，并不总是为了孩子的利益而强制执行。
D. parents vary in their strictness towards their children according to the situation.
D. 父母根据情况在对待孩子的严格程度上有所不同。
4. The word “precept” (Line3, Para.3) probably means “_______”
4. “precept”（第 3 行，第 3 段）这个词可能意味着“_______”
A. idea
A. 想法
B. punishment
B. 惩罚
C. behavior
C.行为
D. instruction
D. 指令
5. In moral matters, parents should ________
5. 在道德问题上，父母应该……
A. observe the rules themselves
A. 观察规则本身
B. be aware of the marked difference between adults and children
B. 注意成人与儿童之间的明显差异
C. forbid things which have no foundation in morality
C. 禁止没有道德基础的事物
D. consistently ensure the security of their children.
D.始终确保孩子的安全。
It came as something of a surprise when Diana, Princess of Wales, made a trip to Angola in 1997, to support the Red Cross's campaign for a total ban on all anti-personnel landmines. Within hours of arriving in Angola, television screens around the world were filled with images of her comforting victims injured in explosions caused by landmines. "I knew the statistics," she said. "But putting a face to those figures brought the reality home to me; like when I met Sandra, a 13-year-old girl who had lost her leg, and people like her."
当 1997 年，戴安娜王妃访问安哥拉，支持红十字会全面禁止所有反步兵地雷的运动时，这多少让人感到有些惊讶。抵达安哥拉数小时后，全球电视屏幕上充满了她安慰因地雷爆炸受伤的受害者的画面。“我知道这些统计数据，”她说。“但将这些数字与面孔联系起来，让我更加深刻地感受到了现实的残酷；就像我遇见桑德拉，一个失去了一条腿的 13 岁女孩，以及像她这样的人。”
The Princess concluded with a simple message: "We must stop landmines." And she used every opportunity during her visit to repeat this message.
公主以一条简单的信息结束：“我们必须停止地雷。”她在访问期间利用每一个机会重复这条信息。
But, back in London, her views were not shared by some members of the British government, which refused to support a ban on these weapons. Angry politicians launched an attack on the Princess in the press. They described her as “very il-informed“ and a “loose cannon（乱放炮的人）.”
但是，在伦敦，她的观点并未得到英国政府一些成员的认同，这些成员拒绝支持禁止这些武器。愤怒的政治家在媒体上对公主发起了攻击。他们称她为“非常无知”和“乱放炮的人”。
The Princess responded by brushing aside the criticisms: "This is a distraction (干扰) we do not need. All I'm trying to do is help."
公主回应道，她一边挥去批评：“这是我们不需要的干扰。我只是在尽力帮忙。”
Opposition parties, the media and the public immediately voiced their support for the Princess. To make matters worse for the government, it soon emerged that the Princess's trip had been approved by the Foreign Office, and that she was in fact very well-informed about both the situation in Angola and the British government's policy regarding landmines. The result was a severe embarrassment for the government.
反对党、媒体和公众立即表示支持公主。对政府来说更糟的是，很快就有消息传出，公主的行程已得到外交部批准，而且她对安哥拉的情况以及英国政府关于地雷的政策非常了解。结果是政府陷入了严重的尴尬。
To try and limit the damage, the Foreign Secretary, Malcolm Rifkidnd, claimed that the Princess's views on landmines were not very different from government policy, and that it was "working towards" a worldwide ban. The Defence Secretary, Michael Portillo, claimed the matter was "a misinterpretation or misunderstanding."
为了尽量减少损害，外交大臣马尔科姆·里夫金德声称，公主对地雷的看法与政府政策并没有很大不同，并表示“正在努力”实现全球禁令。国防大臣迈克尔·波蒂洛声称，这个问题“是一个误解或误读。”
For the Princess, the trip to this war-torn country was an excellent opportunity to use her popularity to show the world how much destruction and suffering landmines can cause. She said that the experience had also given her the chance to get closer to people and their problems.
对于公主来说，这次访问这个饱受战争摧残的国家是利用她的人气向世界展示地雷能造成多少破坏和苦难的绝佳机会。她说这次经历也给了她更接近人们及其问题的机会。
1. Princess Diana paid a visit to Angola in 1997 ——
1. 戴安娜王妃于 1997 年访问了安哥拉——
A to voice her support for a total ban of landmines
呼吁全面禁止地雷
B. to clarify the British government's stand on landmines
B. 为了阐明英国政府在反坦克地雷问题上的立场
C. to investigate the sufferings of landmine victims there
C. 调查那里地雷受害者的苦难
D. to establish her image as a friend of landmine victims
D. 建立她作为地雷受害者朋友的形象
2. What did Diana mean when she said “… putting a face to those figures brought the reality home to me" (Lines 4-5, Para. 1)?
2. 当戴安娜说她“...把这些数字变成面孔，让我更深刻地感受到了现实”时，她的意思是什么？（第 1 段第 4-5 行）
A. She just couldn't bear to meet the landmine victims face to face.
她实在无法面对地雷受害者面对面。
B. The actual situation in Angola made her feel like going back home.
B. 安哥拉的实际状况让她感觉想回家。
C. Meeting the landmine victims in person made her believe the statistics.
C. 与地雷受害者面对面交流让她相信了统计数据。
D. Seeing the pain of the victims made her realize the seriousness of the situation.
看到受害者的痛苦使她意识到情况的严重性。
3. Some members of the British government criticized Diana because ——
3. 一些英国政府成员批评戴安娜，因为她——
A. she was ill-informed of the government's policy
她不了解政府的政策
B. they were actually opposed to banning landmines
B. 他们实际上反对禁止地雷
C. she had not consulted the government before the visit
C. 她访问前没有咨询过政府
D. they believed that she had misinterpreted the situation in Angola
D. 他们认为她误解了安哥拉的情况
4. How did Diana respond to the criticisms?
4. 戴安娜如何回应批评？
A. She paid no attention to them.
她没有注意到他们。
B She made more appearances on TV.
她出现在电视上的次数更多。
C. She met the 13-year-old girl as planned.
C. 她按计划遇到了那个 13 岁的女孩。
D. She rose to argue with her opponents.
她起身与对手争论。
5. What did Princess Diana think of her visit to Angola?
5. 戴安娜王妃对她的安哥拉之行有何看法？
A. It had caused embarrassment to the British government.
A. 这让英国政府感到尴尬。
B. It had brought her closer to the ordinary people.
B. 它使她更接近普通人。
C. It had greatly promoted her popularity.
C. 这极大地提升了她的知名度。
D. It had affected her relations with the British government.
D. 它已经影响了她与英国政府的关系。
California has been facing a drought for many years now, with certain areas even having to pump freshwater hundreds of miles to their distribution system. The problem is growing as the population of the state continues to expand. New research has found deep water reserves under the state which could help solve their drought crisis. Previous drilling of wells could only reach depths of 1,000 feet, but due to new pumping practices, water deeper than this can now be extracted (抽取). The team at Stanford investigated the aquifers (地下蓄水层) below this depth and found that reserves may be triple what was previously thought.
加利福尼亚州已经面临多年干旱，某些地区甚至不得不将淡水泵送数百英里到其分配系统。随着该州人口的持续扩张，问题正在加剧。新研究发现在该州下方有深层水储备，这可能有助于解决他们的干旱危机。之前的钻井只能达到 1000 英尺的深度，但由于新的抽水方法，现在可以提取比这更深的水（抽取）。斯坦福大学的研究团队调查了此深度以下的含水层，发现储备量可能是之前认为的三倍。
It is profitable to drill to depths more than 1,000 feet for oil and gas extraction, but only recently in California has it become profitable to pump water from this depth. The aquifers range from 1,000 to 3,000 feet below the ground, which means that pumping will the expensive and there are other concerns. The biggest concern of pumping out water from this deep is the gradual settling down of the land surface. As the water is pumped out, the vacant space left is compacted by the weight of the earth above.
钻探超过 1000 英尺深以提取石油和天然气是有利可图的，但只有在最近加利福尼亚州才变得有利可图从这一深度抽取水。含水层从地下 1000 英尺到 3000 英尺不等，这意味着抽水将非常昂贵，还有其他担忧。从这一深度抽取水最大的担忧是地表逐渐沉降。随着水的抽取，留下的空隙被上方地球的重量压缩。
Even though pumping from these depths is expensive, it is still cheaper than desalinating (脱盐) the ocean water in the largely coastal state. Some desalination plants exist where feasible, but they are costly to run and can need constant repairs. Wells are much more reliable source of freshwater, and California is hoping that these deep wells may be the answer to their severe water shortage.
尽管从这些深度抽水成本高昂，但仍然比在沿海大省脱盐海水便宜。在一些可行的地方存在一些脱盐厂，但它们的运营成本很高，并且可能需要不断的维修。井是更可靠的淡水来源，加利福尼亚州希望这些深井可能是解决他们严重缺水问题的答案。
One problem with these sources is that the deep water also has a higher level of salt than shallower aquifers. This means that some wells may even need to undergo desalination after extraction, thus increasing the cost. Research from the exhaustive study of groundwater from over 950 drilling logs has just been published. New estimates of the water reserves now go up to 2,700 billion cubic meters of freshwater.
这些问题的一个问题是深层水比浅层含水层盐分含量更高。这意味着一些井在提取后甚至可能需要进行脱盐处理，从而增加成本。对超过 950 个钻井日志的地下水进行全面研究的研究成果刚刚发表。现在对水储备的新估计高达 2,700 亿立方米淡水。
1. How could California's drought crisis be solved according to some researchers?
1. 据一些研究人员，加州干旱危机该如何解决？
A) By building more reserves of groundwater.
A) 通过建立更多的地下水储备。
B) By drawing water from the depths of the earth.
B) 通过从地球深处抽取水。
C) By upgrading its water distribution system.
C) 通过升级其供水系统。
D) By developing more advanced drilling devices.
D) 通过开发更先进的钻探设备。
2. What can be inferred about extracting water from deep aquifers?
2. 从深层地下水层提取水可以推断出什么？
A) It was deemed vital to solving the water problem.
A) 被认为对解决水问题至关重要。
B) It was not considered worth the expense.
B) 并未认为这笔开销值得。
C) It may not provide quality freshwater.
C) 可能无法提供优质淡水。
D) It is bound to gain support from the local people.
D) 必定会得到当地人的支持。
3.What is mentioned as a consequence of extracting water from deep underground?
3.从深层地下提取水会提到什么后果？
A)The sinking of land surface.
A) 地面下沉。
B) The harm to the ecosystem.
B) 对生态系统的危害。
C) The damage to aquifers.
C) 水文地质损害。
D) The change of the climate.
D) 气候变化。
4. What does the author say about deep wells?
4. 作者对深井说了些什么？
A)They run without any need for repairs.
A) 它们无需维修即可运行。
B)They are entirely free from pollutants.
B）它们完全不含污染物。
C) They are the ultimate solution to droughts.
C) 它们是解决干旱的终极方案。
D)They provide a steady supply of freshwater.
D) 他们提供稳定的淡水供应。
5.What may happen when deep aquifers are used as water sources?
5.使用深层地下水作为水源可能会发生什么？
A) People's health may improve. with cleaner water.
A) 人们的健康可能会因为更干净的水而改善。
B) People's water bills may be lowered considerably.
B) 人们的用水费可能会大幅降低。
C) The cost may go up due to desalination.
C) 由于海水淡化，成本可能上升。
D) They may be exhausted sooner or later.
他们迟早会感到疲惫。
I’ve worked in the factories surrounding my hometown every summer since I graduated from high school, but making the transition（转变）between school and full-time blue-collar work during the break never gets any easier. For a student like me who considers any class before noon to be uncivilized, getting to a factory by 6 o’clock each morning is torture. My friends never seem to understand why I’m so relieved to be back at school or that my summer vacation has been anything but a vacation.
自从我高中毕业后，每年夏天都在家乡周围的工厂工作，但假期中从学校到全职蓝领工作的转变从未变得容易。像我这样的学生，认为上午任何课程都是不文明的，每天早上 6 点前赶到工厂是一种折磨。我的朋友们似乎永远都不理解我为什么如此高兴回到学校，或者我的暑假根本不是假期。
There’re few people as self-confident as a college student who has never been out in the real world. People my age always seem to overestimate the value of their time and knowledge. In fact, all the classes did not prepare me for my battles with the machine I ran in the plant, which would jam whenever I absent-mindedly put in a part backward or upside down.
很少有人像从未踏入过现实世界的大学新生那样自信。我们这个年龄段的人似乎总是高估自己时间和知识的价值。事实上，所有课程都没有为我准备在工厂里与机器的战斗，每当我不经意地将零件放反或倒置时，机器就会卡住。
The most stressful thing about blue-collar life is knowing your job could disappear overnight. Issues like downsizing（裁员）and overseas relocation had always seemed distant to me until my co-workers told me that the unit I was working in would shut down within six months and move to Mexico, where people would work for 60 cents an hour.
最令蓝领生活压力山大的是知道你的工作可能一夜之间消失。裁员和海外搬迁等问题在我眼中一直似乎很遥远，直到我的同事告诉我，我所在的部门将在六个月内关闭并迁往墨西哥，那里的工人每小时只能赚 60 美分。
After working 12-hour shifts in a factory, the other options have become only too clear. When I’m back at the university, skipping classes and turning in lazy re-writes seems too irresponsible after seeing what I would be doing without school. All the advice and public-service announcements about the value of an education that used to sound stale now ring true.
在工厂上 12 小时班之后，其他选择变得非常清晰。当我回到大学时，看到不上课和提交懒散的改写作业似乎太不负责任了。所有关于教育价值的建议和公共服务公告，以前听起来很陈腐，现在听起来却是真的。
These lessons I’m learning, however valuable, are always tinged （带有）with a sense of guilt. Many people pass their lives in the places I briefly work, spending 30 years where I spend only two months at a time. “This job pays well, but it’s hell on the body,” said one co-worker. “Study hard and keep reading,” she added.
这些我正在学习的课程，尽管很有价值，却总是带有一种罪恶感。许多人把一生都花在了我只短暂工作的地方，我在那里只待两个月，他们却要待上三十年。“这份工作薪水很高，但对身体来说却是地狱，”一位同事说。“努力学习，继续阅读，”她补充道。
My experiences in the factories has inspired me to make the most of my college years before I enter the real world for good.
我的工厂经历激励我在真正进入社会之前，充分利用我的大学时光。
1. How did the author look back on his summer days while at college?
1. 作者在大学期间是如何回顾他的夏日时光的？
A)They brought him nothing but torture.
A) 他们带给他只有折磨。
B) They were no holiday for him at all.
B) 对于他来说，根本就没有假期。
C)They were a relief from his hard work at school.
C) 他们是他学校繁重工作的慰藉。
D)They offered him a chance to know more people.
D) 他们给他一个机会去认识更多的人。
2.What does the author say about college students?
2. 作者对大学生说了些什么？
A)They expect too much from the real world.
他们从现实世界中期望太多。
B) They have little interest in blue-collar life.
B) 他们对蓝领生活兴趣不大。
C)They think too highly of themselves.
C) 他们过于自视甚高。
D) They are confident of their future.
他们对自己未来充满信心。
3.What, according to the author, is most frustrating for blue-collar workers?
3. 根据作者的说法，对蓝领工人来说最令人沮丧的是什么？
A) They do not get decent pay. C)They have to work 12-hour shifts.
A) 他们得不到合理的报酬。C) 他们必须上 12 小时班。
B) They do not have job security. D) They have to move from place to place.
B) 他们没有职业保障。D) 他们不得不从一个地方搬到另一个地方。
4. In what important way has the author’s work experience changed him?
4. 作者的工作经验以何种重要方式改变了他？
A)He learned to be more practical. C)He came to respect blue-collar workers.
A) 他学会了更加实际。C) 他开始尊重蓝领工人。
B) He acquired a sense of urgency. D) He came to appreciate his college education.
B) 他获得了一种紧迫感。D) 他开始欣赏他的大学教育。
5.Why does the author feel somewhat guilty?
5.作者为什么感到有些内疚？
A)He realizes there is a great divide between his life and that of blue-collar workers.
A) 他意识到自己的生活与蓝领工人的生活之间存在巨大差距。
B)He looks down upon the mechanical work at the assembly line.
B）他看不起装配线上的机械工作。
C) He has not done much to help his co-workers at the factory.
C) 他没有为工厂的同事做太多帮助。
D)He has stayed at school just for the purpose of escaping from the real world.
D)他留在学校只是为了逃避现实世界。
How did the early people do their counting? At first, they did all their counting with small stones. Later, they learned to use their fingers in counting. Since man has ten fingers, the number ten became the 1 of all counting in many parts of the world.
早期的人们是如何进行计数的？最初，他们用小石头进行计数。后来，他们学会了用手指计数。因为人类有十个手指，所以数字十在世界上许多地方的计数中成为了“一”。
In 1946 the first electronic computers went into 2 . Since its invention the computer has changed greatly, and it has more and more uses. It can 3 people from difficult measurement and computation.
1946 年，第一台电子计算机投入 2。自从发明以来，计算机发生了巨大变化，用途也越来越广泛。它可以 3 人们从困难的测量和计算中解脱出来。
There are 4 computations in science and engineering. Scientists are unable to make them, but the computer can do them quickly and 5 . For instance, a spaceship cannot leave the earth and go to the moon without computers. What must the spaceship be like? When can it leave? Will it be on the right 6 ? The computer must answer all these questions.
科学和工程中有 4 种计算。科学家无法完成它们，但计算机可以快速完成，并且 5。例如，没有计算机，宇宙飞船无法离开地球去月球。宇宙飞船应该是什么样子？它什么时候可以离开？它会在正确的 6 号位置吗？计算机必须回答所有这些问题。
In recent years more and more people have used computers not only in production and technology, but also in everyday life for the simple reason that they are far more
近年来，越来越多的人不仅在生产和技术领域使用计算机，而且在日常生活中也使用它们，仅仅是因为它们远比
7 than man. They have much better memories and can 8 large amounts of information. No man 9 can do 500,000 sums in one second, but a computer can. In fact, computers can do many of the things we do, but faster and better. They can 10 machines in factories, work out tomorrow's weather, and even do translation work.
7 比人类强。他们有更好的记忆力，可以存储大量信息。没有人能在 1 秒内完成 50 万次计算，但计算机可以。事实上，计算机可以做我们做的很多事情，但更快、更好。他们可以在工厂操作机器，预测明天的天气，甚至进行翻译工作。
In the future we are going to use computers for almost everything almost every day.
未来我们将几乎每天使用计算机来做几乎所有的事情。
A) alive B) complex C) control D) correctly E) course
A) 活着 B) 复杂 C) 控制 D) 正确地 E) 课程
F) discipline G) efficient H)foundation I) free J) living
F) 学科 G) 高效 H) 基础 I) 免费 J) 生活
K) naturally L) omit M) operation N) reproduce O) store
K) 自然 L) 省略 M) 操作 N) 复制 O) 存储
During the 1992 presidential campaign,Hillary Rodham Clinton observed,“Our lives are a mixture of different roles. Most of us are doing the best we can to find whatever the right balance is... For me, that balance is family,work,and service."
在 1992 年的总统竞选期间，希拉里·罗德姆·克林顿观察到：“我们的生活是不同角色的混合。我们大多数人都尽力去找到正确的平衡点……对我来说，这个平衡点是家庭、工作和服务。”
As an 1 at Wellesley College, Hillary mixed academic excellence with school government. Speaking at graduation, she said, “The challenge now is to practice politics as the art of making what appears to be impossible, 2 . "
作为韦尔斯利学院的 1，希拉里将学术优秀与学校政府相结合。在毕业典礼上，她说：“现在的挑战是将政治实践视为一种艺术，即创造看似不可能的事情 2。”
After graduation, Hillary advised the Children's Defense Fund in Cambridge and joined the impeachment inquiry staff advising the Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives. After completing those responsibilities, she “followed her heart to Arkansas,"where Bill had begum his political career.
毕业后，希拉里在剑桥为儿童保护基金会提供建议，并加入了众议院司法委员会的弹劾调查小组。完成这些职责后，她“追随自己的心”去了阿肯色州，那里比尔开始了他的政治生涯。
They married in 1975. She joined the 3 of the University of Arkansas Law School in 1975 and the Rose Law Firm in 1976. In 1978, President Jimmy Carter 4 her to the board of the Legal Services Corporation, and Bill Clinton became governor of Arkansas. Their daughter, Chelsea, was born in 1980.
他们于 1975 年结婚。她于 1975 年加入阿肯色大学法学院，1976 年加入罗斯律师事务所。1978 年，吉米·卡特总统任命她为法律服务公司董事会成员，比尔·克林顿成为阿肯色州州长。他们的女儿切尔西于 1980 年出生。
Hillary served as Arkansas's First Lady for 12 years, balancing family,law,and public service. She 5 .the Arkansas Educational Standards Committee, co-founded the Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families,and served on the boards of the Arkansas Children's Hospital, Legal Services,and the Children's Defense Fund.
希拉里担任阿肯色州第一夫人 12 年，平衡家庭、法律和公共服务。她曾是阿肯色州教育标准委员会成员，共同创立了阿肯色州儿童和家庭倡导者组织，并在阿肯色州儿童医院、法律服务以及儿童保护基金会的董事会任职。
As the nation's First Lady,Hillary continued to balance public service with 6 life. Her active role began in 1993 when the President asked her to chair the Task Force on National Health Care Reform. She continued to be a leading 7 for expanding health insurance coverage,ensuring children are properly 8 and raising public awareness of health issues. She wrote a weekly newspaper column entitled “Talking It Over,” which focused on her experiences as First Lady and her observations of women, children, and families she has met around the world. Her 1996 book It Takes a Village and Other Lessons Children Teach Us was a best seller, and she received a Grammy Award for her recording of it.
作为国家的第一夫人，希拉里继续平衡公共服务与 6 种生活。她的活跃角色始于 1993 年，当时总统要求她担任国家卫生改革特别工作组主席。她继续成为扩大医疗保险覆盖范围、确保儿童得到适当照顾和提升公众对健康问题意识的主要倡导者。她撰写了一篇名为“谈谈心”的每周报纸专栏，重点关注她作为第一夫人的经历以及她与世界各地遇到的妇女、儿童和家庭的观察。她的 1996 年著作《我们村庄的故事及其他儿童教给我们的教训》成为畅销书，并为她的录音作品获得了格莱美奖。
As First Lady, her public involvement with many activities sometimes led to controversy. Undeterred(顽强的，坚强的，不屈不挠的) by critics, Hillary won many admirers for her devoted support for women around the world and her 9 to children's issues.
作为第一夫人，她参与许多活动有时引发争议。面对批评者，希拉里因她对世界各地妇女和儿童问题的坚定支持而赢得了许多仰慕者。
She was elected United States Senator from New York on November 7. 2000. She is the first First Lady elected to the United States Senate and the first woman elected 10 in New York.
她于 2000 年 11 月 7 日当选为纽约州美国参议员。她是第一位被选入美国参议院的第一夫人，也是第一位在纽约州当选的女性。
A) advocate E) faculty I) logical M) statewide
A) 倡导者 E) 教职员工 I) 逻辑的 M) 全州的
B) appointed F) fluctuated J) mobilized N) undergraduate
B) 任命 F) 波动 J) 动员 N) 本科生
C) chaired G) immunized K) possible O) verbally
C) 主持 G) 免疫 K) 可能 O) 口头
D) commitment H) initiative L) private
D) 承诺 H) 主动 L) 私人
Phones influence all aspects of teenage life. Ninety-five percent of Americans ages 13 to 17 have a smartphone or have access to one, and nearly half report using the internet “almost 1 .”
手机影响青少年生活的各个方面。95%的美国 13 至 17 岁青少年拥有智能手机或能使用智能手机，近一半人表示几乎每天都在上网。
But as recent survey data and interviews have suggested, many teens find much of that time to be unsatisfying spent. Continuous 2 shouldn't be mistaken for endless enjoyment. A new 3 representative survey about “screen time and device distractions” from the Pew Research Center indicates that it's not just parents who think teenagers are worryingly 4 from their phones—many teens themselves do too. Fifty-four percent of the 13-to-17-year-olds surveyed said they spend too much time 5 in their phones.
但是，根据最近的研究数据和访谈，许多青少年发现他们花在这上面的时间很多都是令人不满意的。连续 2 不应该被误解为无尽的享受。皮尤研究中心关于“屏幕时间和设备干扰”的新 3 项代表性调查表明，认为青少年过分 4 沉迷于手机的不只是父母——许多青少年自己也有同样的看法。在调查的 13 至 17 岁青少年中，有 54%表示他们在手机上花费的时间太多。
Vicky Brown, who runs a research firm that studies children's interactions with media and technology, was not surprised by this finding. She says it's hardly 6
维克·布朗，经营一家研究儿童与媒体和技术互动的研究公司，对这个发现并不感到惊讶。她说这几乎不足为奇。
to teenagers. They are dealing with the same challenges that adults are, as far as they are living in the 7 of a tech environment designed to use as much of their time onto their devices as possible,” Brown says.
青少年。他们面临着成年人面临同样的挑战，只要他们生活在这样一个技术环境中，这个环境旨在尽可能多地占用他们的时间在他们的设备上，”布朗说。
The way parents interact with technology can 8 the way they interact with their kids. Brown thus thinks it's up to parents to model good 9 ：Kids tend to take note if their parents put their phone away at dinner or charge it in another room while they sleep. Witnessing habits like that can help kids “realize that they can 10
父母与科技互动的方式可能会影响他们与孩子的互动。布朗因此认为，父母应该树立良好的榜样：如果父母在吃饭时把手机放下，或者在孩子睡觉时将手机充到另一个房间，孩子们往往会注意到。看到这样的习惯可以帮助孩子们“意识到他们可以...”
some more control over their devices,” she says.
一些更多控制他们设备的能力，”她说。
A) absorbed I) recruited
A) 吸收了 I) 招募了
B) addicted J) shape
B) 上瘾 J) 形状
C) behavior K) solution
C) 行为 K) 解决方案
D) constantly L) specific
D) 不断 L) 特定的
E) context M) summary
E) 上下文 M) 摘要
F) exercise N) usage
F) 练习 N) 用法
G) inseparable O) vaguely
G) 不可分割 O) 模糊地
H) nationally
H) 全国
A) Many social scientists have studied the causes of success. One American study claims that your social network is the key to success. Apparently, every extra friend that you have at school adds two percent to your salary later in life! Perhaps this gives you more self-confidence (自信心) or perhaps you have more people to support you. Another study links height and success: Every extra centimeter is worth another $300 per year. The trouble is that for every person who fits these theories, there is a special case.
A) 许多社会科学家研究了成功的原因。一项美国研究表明，你的社交网络是成功的关键。显然，你在学校多一个朋友，你未来的薪水就会增加两个百分点！也许这让你更有自信心，也许你有人支持你。另一项研究将身高与成功联系起来：每多一厘米，年薪就多 300 美元。问题是，对于每个符合这些理论的人来说，都有一个特殊情况。
B) So is success just down to luck? Napoleon was once thinking about giving a general a more important job in his army. After he had heard about all the general's talents (才能), he said "Yes, yes, I realize he's brilliant but is he lucky?" And when you think about it, what use is talent without luck? In 1979, an unknown Australian actor arrived at a film audition (试演) looking black and blue. He had been partying the night before and three drunks had attacked him. The director was looking for a battle-wounded actor to star in his film and immediately offered the actor the part. That actor was Mel Gibson and he went on to become a Hollywood superstar. Talent has kept him famous but it was luck that gave him his first opportunity.
B) 成功仅仅是运气吗？拿破仑曾想过给一位将军在军队中一个更重要的职位。在听完了将军的所有才能后，他说：“是的，是的，我知道他很聪明，但他运气好吗？”当你这么想的时候，没有运气的才能有什么用呢？1979 年，一位不知名的澳大利亚演员在试镜时看起来青一块紫一块。他前一天晚上一直在派对上，有三个醉汉攻击了他。导演正在寻找一位受伤的演员来主演他的电影，并立即给这位演员提供了角色。这位演员是梅尔·吉布森，他后来成为了好莱坞巨星。才能让他保持知名，但运气给了他第一个机会。
C) However, in his book Outliers -- The Story of Success, Malcolm Gladwell has come up with a theory that he says is true in every case. He thinks that the secret of success is simply many hours of hard work. He has counted exactly how many hours work you need to do in order to become "the best" in your field: 10,000 hours apparently or about four hours a day for ten years. Without this kind of determination and hard work you probably won't reach the top, no matter what your talent is.
C) 然而，在他的著作《异类——成功的故事》中，马尔科姆·格拉德威尔提出了一种他认为在所有情况下都正确的理论。他认为成功的秘诀就是无数小时的辛勤工作。他已经精确地计算了你需要工作多少小时才能成为你领域的“最佳”：显然是 10,000 小时，或者说大约每天四小时，持续十年。没有这种决心和辛勤工作，无论你的天赋如何，你可能都无法达到顶峰。
D) Researchers looked at violin players in a music school to test this theory. Teachers put the average players in group C, good players in group B and excellent players in group A. It turned out that all the players in group A had done around 10,000 hours of practice in their lifetime. The good players had done around 6,000 hours and the average players only 4,000 hours. However, all the players had entered the school with similar levels of ability.
D) 研究人员观察了音乐学校的小提琴手来测试这个理论。教师将平均水平的演奏者分为 C 组，优秀的演奏者分为 B 组，而杰出的演奏者则分为 A 组。结果发现，A 组所有演奏者在一生中大约练习了 10,000 小时。优秀的演奏者大约练习了 6,000 小时，而平均水平的演奏者只有 4,000 小时。然而，所有演奏者进入学校时的能力水平都相似。
E) But surely there are special cases? Mozart, for example, is always considered a "born genius (天才)". He performed in public at the age of four and by six, he had written several pieces. Surely his success was down to natural talent, not hard work? In fact, Gladwell argues, Mozart had a very strict father who made him practice for hours each day from an early age. And the music that Mozart wrote when he was six wasn't great. Mozart produced his first real best work when he was twenty-one. By that time, he'd done at least 10,000 hours of practice and had "become" a genius.
E) 但当然有特殊情况？例如，莫扎特一直被认为是“天生的天才”。他四岁时就开始公开表演，到六岁时已经创作了几首作品。他的成功肯定是源于天赋，而不是努力？事实上，格拉德威尔认为，莫扎特有一个非常严厉的父亲，从很小的时候就开始每天让他练习几个小时。而且莫扎特六岁时创作的音乐并不出色。莫扎特在二十一岁时创作了他的第一件真正优秀的作品。到那时，他已经至少练习了 10,000 个小时，并“成为”了一个天才。
F) Researchers' interest in the secret of success has also motivated some of them to look deep into other possible explanations. Camille Sweeney and Josh Gosfield, authors of the book The Art of Doing: How Superachievers Do What They Do and How They Do It So Well, were inspired by the theory of Chris Argyris, a theorist at Harvard Business School who studied what happens to organizations and people in the face of obstacles in their paths. They interviewed high achievers, expecting to hear that talent, persistence, dedication and luck played important roles in their success.
F) 研究人员对成功秘诀的兴趣也促使他们深入研究其他可能的解释。Camille Sweeney 和 Josh Gosfield 是《做事情的艺术：超级成功者如何做到他们所做的事情以及他们如何做得如此之好》一书的作者，他们受到了哈佛商学院理论家 Chris Argyris 的理论的启发，他研究了在面对人生道路上的障碍时，组织和人们会发生什么。他们采访了高成就者，期待听到才能、毅力、奉献和运气在他们成功中扮演了重要角色。
G) Surprisingly, however, they discovered that self-awareness played an equally strong role. The successful people they spoke with -- in business, entertainment, sports and the arts -- all had similar responses when faced with obstacles: they made themselves go through self-examination that led to change of their goals and the methods by which they tried to achieve them. The tennis champion Martina Navratilova, for example, told them that after a big loss to Chris Evert in 1981, she questioned her belief that she could get by on talent alone. She began a long exploration of every aspect of her game. She chose a challenging cross-training practice (common today but unheard of at the time), changed what she ate and her mental and tactical (战术的) game and eventually changed herself into the most successful women's tennis player of her time.
G) 然而，令人惊讶的是，他们发现自我意识发挥了同样重要的作用。他们所交谈的成功人士——在商业、娱乐、体育和艺术领域——在面对障碍时都有类似的反应：他们通过自我反省，改变了自己的目标和实现目标的方法。例如，网球冠军玛蒂娜·纳芙拉蒂洛娃告诉他们，在 1981 年输给克里斯·埃弗特的重大比赛中，她开始质疑自己仅凭天赋就能成功的信念。她开始对比赛的各个方面进行长期探索。她选择了具有挑战性的交叉训练（在当时并不常见，但现在很普遍），改变了她的饮食、心理和战术游戏，最终成为她那个时代最成功的女子网球运动员。
H) Sweeney and Gosfield admitted that no one's idea of a good time is to take a close look at their values and beliefs, and to recognize that those may be the reasons for their failure. Very often it's easy to find ways to explain why the world has not properly rewarded your efforts. But what the two researchers learned from their conversations with high achievers is that challenging their beliefs, at times even their goals, may sometimes push them further than they thought possible.
H) Sweeney 和 Gosfield 承认，没有人认为享受时光的方式是仔细审视自己的价值观和信仰，并认识到这些可能是他们失败的原因。很多时候，很容易找到解释为什么世界没有正确回报你努力的方法。但这两位研究人员从与成功人士的交谈中学到的是，挑战他们的信念，有时甚至他们的目标，可能会在某些时候推动他们超越他们认为可能的极限。
Success does not come your way easily. So next time you dream of scoring the winning goal in the World Cup or winning an Oscar, ask yourself these questions: Am I really prepared to put in the hours necessary to achieve my goal? Should I quickly blame someone else for my troubles? Can I honestly reexamine my beliefs and goals and act with courage to make changes?
成功不会轻易降临。所以下次当你梦想在世界杯中进球得分或赢得奥斯卡时，问问自己这些问题：我真的准备好投入必要的时间来实现我的目标吗？我应该迅速责怪别人来为自己的麻烦找借口吗？我能否真诚地重新审视我的信念和目标，并勇敢地做出改变？
1. A tennis player changed her belief, training and methods of playing to reach the top of her sport.
1. 一位网球运动员改变了自己的信念、训练和比赛方法，以达到她运动领域的顶峰。
2. An author believes that a person has to work hard for about four hours a day over the course of ten years before he becomes most successful.
2. 作者认为，一个人必须每天努力工作大约四小时，持续十年，才能取得最大的成功。
3.Mel Gibson's success as an actor started with an opportunity to be chosen for a movie after he was beaten badly the night before.
3. 梅尔·吉布森作为演员的成功始于他在前一晚被严重击败后获得的一个电影选角机会。
4.A study has found that how tall one is can be linked to his salary.
4.一项研究发现，一个人的身高可以与其薪水相关联。
5. A dream-chaser should ask himself questions about his amount of hard work and his own beliefs and goals.
5. 梦想追逐者应该问自己关于自己的努力程度以及自己的信念和目标的问题。
6. Mozart wrote great music pieces after he put great efforts into practicing.
6. 莫扎特在付出了巨大的努力进行练习之后，创作了伟大的音乐作品。
7.It was a business theorist who inspired Sweeney and Gosfield in their study of high achievers.
7.是一位商业理论家启发了 Sweeney 和 Gosfield 在研究高成就者。
8.Of the studies that have examined the causes of success, one shows that the number of friends you have at school has an effect on your future salary.
8. 在考察成功原因的研究中，有一项显示你在学校的朋友数量会影响你未来的薪水。
9.A research study looking at three different groups of music students with similar entry levels found out that the hours of their practice made a huge difference to their skills.
9.一项研究调查了三个具有相似入学水平的不同音乐学生群体，发现他们的练习时间对技能有很大影响。
10.Sweeney and Gosfield accepted the fact that examining one's beliefs and values as possible reasons for his failure is certainly no fun.
10.斯威尼和戈斯菲尔德接受了这样一个事实：将个人的信念和价值观作为失败的可能原因来审视当然不是一件有趣的事情。
Teenagers and social networking
青少年和社交网络
A) As a parent of two boys at primary school, I worry about the issues associated with teenagers and social media. Newspapers are constantly filled with frightening accounts of drug addiction and aggressive behaviour supposedly caused by violent videogames. But even when these accounts touch on real concerns, they do not really reflect the great mass of everyday teenage social behaviour: the online chat, the texting ,the surfing, and the emergence of a new teenage sphere that is conducted digitally.
A) 作为两个小学生的家长，我担心与青少年和社交媒体相关的问题。报纸上充斥着关于药物成瘾和攻击性行为的可怕报道，这些行为据说是由暴力电子游戏引起的。但是，即使这些报道触及了真正的担忧，它们也没有真正反映大量日常青少年的社交行为：在线聊天、发短信、冲浪以及一个新出现的数字化的青少年领域的出现。
B) New technologies always provoke generational panic, which usually has more to do with adult fears than with the lives of teenagers. In the 1930s, parents worried that radio was gaining "an irresistible hold of their children＂. In the 80s，the great danger was the Sony Walkman（随身听）．When you look at today＇s digital activity, the facts are much more positive than you might expect.
B) 新技术总是引发代际恐慌，这通常与成年人的恐惧有关，而与青少年的生活关系不大。在 20 世纪 30 年代，父母担心无线电正在“不可抗拒地控制着他们的孩子”。在 80 年代，最大的危险是索尼随身听。当你审视今天的数字活动时，事实比你可能预期的要积极得多。
C) Indeed, social scientists who study young people have found that their digital use can be inventive and even beneficial. This is true not just in terms of their social lives, but their education too. So if you use a ton of social media, do you become unable, or unwilling, to engage in face-to-face contact? The evidence suggests not. Research by Amanda Lenhart of the Pew Research Centre, a US think tank, found that the most passionate texters are also the kids most likely to spend time with friends in person. One form of socialising doesn't replace the other. It expands it.
C) 事实上，研究年轻人的社会科学家发现，他们的数字使用可以是富有创造性的，甚至是有益的。这不仅适用于他们的社交生活，也适用于他们的教育。所以，如果你使用大量的社交媒体，你是否就变得无法或不愿意进行面对面交流？证据表明并非如此。美国智库皮尤研究中心的 Amanda Lenhart 的研究发现，最热衷于发短信的孩子也是最有可能花时间与朋友面对面交流的孩子。一种社交方式并不会取代另一种，而是扩展了它。
D) "Kids still spend time face to face."Lenhart says. Indeed, as they get older and are given more freedom, they often ease up on social networking. Early on, the web is their "third space", but by the late teens, it's replaced in reaction to greater independence. They have to be on Facebook, to know what's going on among friends and family，but they are ambivalent（有矛盾心理的）about it，says Rebecca Eynon，a research fellow at the Oxford Internet Institute, who has interviewed about 200 British teenagers over three years. As they gain experience with living online, they begin to adjust their behaviour, struggling with new communication skills, as they do in the real world.
D) “孩子们仍然会花时间面对面交流。”Lenhart 说。确实，随着年龄的增长和获得更多的自由，他们往往会放松对社交网络的依赖。起初，网络是他们的“第三空间”，但到了十几岁晚期，随着独立性的增强，它被取代了。他们必须上 Facebook，以了解朋友和家人之间发生了什么，但对此他们持矛盾态度，牛津互联网学院的研究员 Rebecca Eynon 说，她在过去三年里采访了大约 200 名英国青少年。随着他们在网络生活中的经验积累，他们开始调整自己的行为，努力掌握新的沟通技巧，就像在现实世界中一样。
E) Parents are wrong to worry that kids don't care about privacy. In fact, they spend hours changing Facebook settings or using quick-delete sharing tools, such as Snapchat, to minimise their traces. Or they post a photograph on Instagram, have a pleasant conversation with friends and then delete it so that no traces remain.
E) 家长担心孩子不重视隐私是错误的。事实上，他们花费数小时更改 Facebook 设置或使用快速删除分享工具，如 Snapchat，以最小化自己的痕迹。或者他们在 Instagram 上发布一张照片，和朋友愉快地聊天，然后将其删除，以确保不留痕迹。
F) This is not to say that kids always use good judgment. Like everyone else, they make mistakes-sometimes serious ones. But working out how to behave online is a new social skill. While there’s plenty of drama and messiness online, it is not, for most teens, a cycle of non-stop abuse: a Pew study found only 15% of teens said someone had bullied them online in the last 12 months.
F) 这并不是说孩子们总是能做出明智的判断。像其他人一样，他们也会犯错误——有时是严重的错误。但学会如何在网络上行为举止是一种新的社交技能。虽然网络上有很多戏剧性和混乱，但对于大多数青少年来说，这并不是一个不间断的虐待循环：皮尤研究发现，只有 15%的青少年表示在过去 12 个月内有人在网络上欺负过他们。
G) But surely all this short-form writing is affecting literacy? Certainly, teachers worry. They say that kids use overly casual language and text-speak in writing, and don't have as much patience for long reading and complex arguments. Yet studies of first-year college papers suggest these anxieties may be partly based on misguided nostalgia(怀旧).When Stanford University scholar Andrea Lunsford gathered data on the rates of errors in “freshman composition” papers going back to 1917, she found that they were virtually identical to today.
G) 但难道所有这些短篇写作不会影响读写能力吗？当然，老师们担心。他们说孩子们在写作中过度使用非正式语言和文本缩写，对长时间阅读和复杂论证的耐心也不够。然而，对大一论文的研究表明，这些担忧可能部分基于错误的怀旧情绪。当斯坦福大学学者安德烈亚·伦斯福德收集了从 1917 年至今“大一作文”论文中错误率的资料时，她发现它们几乎与今天完全相同。
H) But even as error rates stayed stable, student essays have blossomed in size and complexity. They are now six times longer and, unlike older “what I did this summer” essays, they offer arguments supported by evidence.Why? Computers have vastly increased the ability of students to gather information, sample different points of view and write more fluidly.
H) 但即使错误率保持稳定，学生的论文在篇幅和复杂性上却得到了显著增长。它们的长度现在是原来的六倍，与过去的“我暑假做了什么”的论文不同，它们提供了有证据支持的论点。为什么？计算机极大地提高了学生收集信息、采样不同观点和更流畅写作的能力。
I) When linguist Naomi Baron studied students' instant messaging even there she found surprisingly rare usage of short forms such as "u" for "you", and as students got older, they began to write in more grammatical sentences. That is because they want to appear more adult, and they know how adults are expected to write. Clearly, teaching teens formal writing is still crucial, but texting probably isn't destroying their ability to learn it.
I) 当语言学家 Naomi Baron 研究了学生的即时通讯时，即使在那时她也发现短形式的使用非常罕见，例如用“u”代替“you”，随着年龄的增长，学生们开始用更符合语法的句子写作。这是因为他们想要显得更成熟，并且他们知道成年人应该如何写作。显然，教授青少年正式写作仍然至关重要，但发短信可能并没有摧毁他们学习这种能力。
J) It is probably true that fewer kids are heavy readers compared with two generations ago, when cheap paperbacks boosted rates of reading. But even back then, a minority of people-perhaps 20%-were lifelong heavy readers, and it was cable TV, not the internet, that struck a blow at that culture in the 1980s. Still,15% or more of kids are found to be deeply bookish. In fact, the online world offers kids remarkable opportunities to become literate and creative because young people can now publish ideas not just to their friends, but to the world. And it turns out that when they write for strangers, their sense of "authentic audience" makes them work harder, push themselves further, and create powerful new communicative forms.
J) 与两代人之前相比，现在的孩子可能阅读量较少，那时廉价的平装书提高了阅读率。但即使在那时，也只有少数人——可能 20%的人——是终身重度读者，而 80 年代打击这种文化的是有线电视，而不是互联网。然而，仍有 15%或更多的孩子被发现非常爱读书。事实上，网络世界为孩子们提供了成为有文化、有创造力的非凡机会，因为年轻人现在不仅可以向朋友发表观点，还可以向全世界发表。而且，当他们为陌生人写作时，他们对“真实观众”的感觉使他们更加努力工作，不断挑战自己，创造出强大的新沟通形式。
K) Few would deny that too much time online can be harmful. Some of the dangers are emotional:hurting someone from a distance is not the same as hurting them face to face. If we're lucky, the legal environment will change to make teenagers' online lives less likely to haunt them later on. Just last week, California passed a law allowing minors to demand that internet firms erase their digital past and the EU has considered similar legislation.
K) 很少有人会否认过多上网可能有害。其中一些危险是情感上的：从远处伤害某人并不像面对面伤害他们那样。如果我们幸运的话，法律环境将改变，使青少年的网络生活不太可能在他们以后的生活中成为负担。就在上周，加利福尼亚州通过了一项法律，允许未成年人要求互联网公司删除他们的数字过去，欧盟也考虑了类似的立法。
L) Distraction is also a serious issue. When kids switch from chat to music to homework, they are indeed likely to have trouble doing each task well. And studies show that pupils don't fact-check information online-"smart searching" is a skill schools need to teach urgently. It's also true that too much social networking and game playing can cut into schoolwork and sleep. This is precisely why parents still need to set firm boundaries around it, as with any other distraction.
L) 分心也是一个严重问题。当孩子们从聊天切换到音乐再到做作业时，他们确实可能会在每项任务上都遇到困难。研究表明，学生们不会在网上核实信息——“智能搜索”是学校需要紧急教授的技能。过多地使用社交网络和玩游戏也会占用学习和睡眠时间。这正是为什么父母仍然需要像对待其他任何分心一样，对此设定明确的界限。
M) So what's the best way to cope? The same boring old advice that applies to everything in parenting: moderation. Rebecca Eynon argues that it's key to model good behaviour. Parents who stare non-stop at their phones and don't read books are likely to breed kids who will do the same. As ever, we ought to be careful about our own behaviour.
M) 那么最好的应对方法是什么？就是那些适用于所有育儿方面的老生常谈：适度。Rebecca Eynon 认为，树立良好的行为榜样是关键。那些不停地盯着手机、不读书的父母，很可能会培养出同样行为的孩子们。一如既往，我们应当注意自己的行为。
1..Rescarch has found the use of digital technology benefits not only teenagers' social lives but also their studies.
1. 研究发现，数字技术的使用不仅有利于青少年的社交生活，也有利于他们的学习。
2. It is urgent that schools teach kids how to verify online information.
2. 学校迫切需要教孩子们如何核实在线信息。
3. Students now write longer and more complex essays than their counterparts in previous decades while the error rates remain unchanged.
3. 学生现在写的文章比上十年前的同龄人更长、更复杂，而错误率保持不变。
4.Newspaper reports of teenagers give a false picture of their behaviour.
4. 报道青少年的报纸文章给出了他们行为的错误印象。
5. Parents are advised to mind their own digital behaviour and set a good example for their kids.
5. 建议家长注意自己的数字行为，并为孩子树立一个好榜样。
6.Contrary to parents' belief, kids try hard to leave as few traces as possible on the web.
6.与父母的看法相反，孩子们尽力在网络上留下尽可能少的痕迹。
7. Students' ability to learn formal writing is unlikely to be affected by texting.
7. 学生学习正式写作的能力不太可能受到发短信的影响。
8.Historically, new technologies have always caused great fears among parents.
8. 历史上，新技术总是让父母感到极大的恐惧。
9.The reading culture was seriously affected by cable television some four decades ago.
40 年前，有线电视严重影响了阅读文化。
10.Teachers say that kids' writing is too casual, using language characteristic of text messages.
10.老师们说，孩子们的写作太随意，使用了短信语言的特点。