Geology and Mineral Resources of Timor-Leste
东帝汶的地质和矿产资源

UNITED NATIONS  联合国

Geology and Mineral Resources of Timor-Leste
东帝汶的地质和矿产资源

Front cover photographs (Clockwise from left upper ef er):
封面照片（从左上角开始顺时针方向）：
Left upper comer: Raised beaches mar Baucau on the north coast. Pholo by Jon Raw.
左上角：北海岸包考（Baucau）的隆起海滩。Pholo by Jon Raw.

Right upper corner: Massive sulfide boulder, Ossu, Ossurna, Viqueque. Photo by Pieter Bakker.
右上角大块硫化物巨石，奥苏，奥苏纳，维克克。照片拍摄者：Pieter Bakker。
Right bottom corner: Matai well “Christmas tree” capped by Timor Oil Cot. in the early 197/k. The well is located con the beach in Covalima District. This well throws a gusher of oil and water about 13 metres when the valve is open. Photo by Jon Rau.
右下角：马泰井 "圣诞树"，1970 年代初被帝汶石油公司封盖。这口井位于科瓦利马区的海滩附近。当阀门打开时，这口井喷出的油和水约有 13 米。照片由乔恩-劳拍摄。
Left bottom corner. The valley of the Comoro River located in west Dili lown showing its wide alluvial sand ard gravel fill. Note the numerous small pits dug by local sand and gravel mines. The Comoso valley deposit is the main source of the construction material for the cement block indusiry in Dili and surrounding areas. Photo by Jon Rau.
左下角位于帝力西部的科摩罗河河谷，显示出其宽阔的冲积砂砾地。注意当地砂石矿挖掘的众多小坑。科莫索河谷矿床是帝力及周边地区水泥砖工业建筑材料的主要来源。照片由乔恩-劳拍摄。

To review other ESCAP geoscientific and minerals publication, please visit our web site: www.unescap.org/esdd/water/publications
如需查阅其他亚太经社会地球科学和矿产出版物，请访问我们的网站：www.unescap.org/esdd/water/publications。

The dexignations employed and the presentation of the materials in this publication do not imply the experssion of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, cify or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
本出版物所使用的措辞和材料的编排方式并不意味着联合国秘书处对任何国家、领土、县或地区或其当局的法律地位，或对其边界或界线的划分持有任何意见。

The opinions, figures and estimates set forth in this publication are the responsibility of the autbons, and should not nocessarily be considered as reflecting the views or carrying the endorvement of the United Nations.
本出版物中的观点、数字和估计由作者负责，不应被视为反映联合国的观点或得到联合国的认可。

Mention of firm names and commercial products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations.
提及公司名称和商业产品并不意味着联合国的认可。
The word “lons” refers to metric tones, unless otherwise specified.
除非另有说明，否则 "lons "指的是公制音调。
This publication has been isuved without formal editing,
本出版物未经正式编辑、

Page  页次
Preface … vii  序言 ... vii
Chapter  章节
I. TIMOR-LESTE: BACKGROUND DATA AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS … I
A. Background data … 3
A. 背景数据 ... 3
B. Social and economic conditions … 8
II. GEOLOGY OF TIMOR-LESTE … 11
II.
A. History of geological work in Timor-Leste … 13
B. Regional geology and tectonic setting of Timor-Leste … 14
C. Stratigraphy of Timor-Leste … 18
III. MINERAL AND HYDROCARBON RESOURCES OF TIMOR-LESTE … 29
III.
A. Mineral resources of Timor-Leste … 31
B. Hydrocarbon resources of Timor-Leste … 41
C. Developing Timor-Leste’s mineral and hydrocarbon resources: recommendations and priority areas for future donor support … 51
C. 开发东帝汶的矿产和碳氢化合物资源：未来捐助方支持的建议和优先领域...... 51
IV. MINERAL AND HYDROCARBON DATABASE FOR TIMOR-LESTE … 57
IV.
A. Introduction to mineral and hydrocarbon database for Timor-Leste … 59
B. District mineral occurrence maps of Timor-Leste … 61
C. Metallic and non-metallic mineral occurrence maps of Timor-Leste … 71
D. Metallic and non-metallic minerals database for Timor-Leste … 79
E. Hydrocarbon database sheets for Timor-Leste … 101
REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY … 115

Page  页次
Chapter I  第一章
1.1 Administrative map of Timor-Leste … 4
1.1 东帝汶行政区划图...... 4
1.2 Physio-geographic map of the Timor Island and adjacent areas … 4
1.3 Relief and subset maps of districts of Timor-Leste … 5
Chapter II  第二章
2.1 Location, structural elements and hydrocarbon resources of the Banda Arc Area … 15
2.2 Different structural interpretations of the origin of Timor Island … 16
2.3 Schematic section through Timor to illustrate the stratigraphy of the allochthonous Asian elements thrust over the para-autochthonous Australian Facies … 17
2.4 Distribution of the two major crustal rock types in the Timor area … 17
2.5 Stratigraphy of West Timor … 19
2.6 Stratigraphy of Timor-Leste … 20
Chapter III  第三章
3.1 Allied Mining Company map of chromite occurrences at Hili Manu … 37
3.2 Oil and gas tests in Covalima district, Timor-Leste … 43
3.3 Oil and gas data for the onshore part of Timor-Leste … 45
3.4 Map of anticlines in the Viqueque basin of Timor-Leste … 45
3.5 Sketch map of prospective areas in the onshore part of Timor-Leste … 47
3.6 Location of the Timor Gap Petroleum Development Zone … 48
3.7 Tectonic elements of the Timor Sea … 49
3.8 Location of wells in the offshore areas of Timor-Leste and Australia … 50
3.8 东帝汶和澳大利亚近海地区水井的位置......................
3.9 Diagrammatic geological transect of Timor and offshore area … 50
Chapter IV  第四章
4.1 Mineral occurrences in Ainaro district, Timor-Leste … 63
4.2 Mineral occurrences in Aileu district, Timor-Leste … 63
4.3 Mineral occurrences in Baucau district, Timor-Leste … 64
4.4 Mineral occurrences in Bobonaro district. Timor-Leste … 64
4.4 博博纳罗地区的矿藏。东帝汶 ... 64
4.5 Mineral occurrences in Covalima district, Timor-Leste … 65
4.6 Mineral occurrences in Dili district, Timor-Leste … 65
4.6 东帝汶帝力地区的矿藏...... 65
4.7 Mineral occurrences in Ermera district, Timor-Leste … 66
4.8 Mineral occurrences in Lautem district, Timor-Leste … 66
4.8 东帝汶劳滕地区的矿点...... 66
4.9 Mineral occurrences in Liquica district, Timor-Leste … 67
4.10 Mineral occurrences in Manatuto district, Timor-Leste … 67

4.11 Mineral occurrences in Manufahi district, Timor-Leste … 68
4.12 Mineral occurrences in Oecussi district, Timor-Leste … 68
4.13 Mineral occurrences in Viqueque district, Timor-Leste … 69
4.14 Copper occurrences in Timor-Leste … 73
4.15 Chromite occurrences in Timor-Leste … 73
4.16 Gold occurrences in Timor-Leste … 74
4.17 Silver occurrences in Timor-Leste … 74
4.18 Lead and zinc occurrences in Timor-Leste … 75
4.18 东帝汶的铅锌矿点...... 75
4.19 Bentonite occurrences in Timor-Leste … 75
764. Clay occurrences in Timor-Leste … 76
764.东帝汶的粘土矿点...... 76
4.77 Kaolin occurrences in Timor-Leste … 76
4.22 Marble occurrences in Timor-Leste … 77
4.23 Limestone occurrences in Timor-Leste … 77
4.24 Sand and gravel occurrences in Timor-Leste … 78
4.24 东帝汶的砂石矿点...... 78
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS  照片清单
Chapter II  第二章
2.1 Outcrop of Baucau Limestone two km east of Cum. Lautem District … 24
2.1 库姆以东两公里处的包考石灰岩露头。劳滕区 ... 24
2.2 Outcrop of the Lolotoi schist showing thin bands of argillic sediment … 25
2.3 Drag folds in the Aileu Formation, east Dili … 25
2.4 Tectonic breccia below the Lolotoi thrust sheet west of Manatuto … 26
2.5 Coast road exposures … 27
2.5 海岸道路暴露...... 27
2.6 The Maubisse Limestone thrust sheet crops out along the top of the mountain on the skyline … 27
2.6 毛比斯石灰岩推力层沿着山顶的天际线延伸...... 27
Chapter III  第三章
3.1 Serpentinite rock collected from near the Ossu massive sulfide occurrence … 34
3.2 Large boulders of massive sulfide occur at the base of a serpentinite ridge in Ossu, Viqueque District … 35
3.2 在维克克区奥苏的蛇绿岩山脊底部发现块状硫化物大石...... 35
3.3 Looking towards Dili from the mountains on the east side of the city … 40
3.3 从城市东侧的山脉向帝力望去...... 40

4.1 Copper-gold database for Timor-Leste … 81
4.2 Gold database for Timor-Leste … 82
4.3 Silver database for Timor-Leste … 83
4.4 Chromite database for Timor-Leste … 83
4.5 Iron sand database for Timor-Leste … 83
4.6 Manganese database for Timor-Leste … 84
4.7 Limestone database for Timor-Leste … 85
4.8 Marble database for Timor-Leste … 89
4.8 东帝汶大理石数据库...... 89
4.9 Marl, travertine and tufa database for Timor-Leste … 90
4.10 Phosphate database for Timor-Leste … 90
4.10 东帝汶磷酸盐数据库...... 90
4.11 Clay database for Timor-Leste … 91
4.12 Sand and gravel database for Timor-Leste … 92
4.13 Bentonite database for Timor-Leste … 94
4.14 Andesite database for Timor-Leste … 95
4.15 Basalt database for Timor-Leste … 95
4.16 Dolomite database for Timor-Leste … 96
4.17 Talc database for Timor-Leste … 96
4.18 Gabbro-diabase database for Timor-Leste … 97
4.19 Gypsum database for Timor-Leste … 97
4.20 Kaolin database for Timor-Leste … 98
4.21 Salt database for Timor-Leste … 98
4.22 Silica database for Timor-Leste … 99
4.23 Wollastonite database for Timor-Leste … 99
4.24 Exploration oil/gas well database for Timor-Leste … 103
4.24 东帝汶石油/天然气勘探井数据库...... 103
4.25 History of oil and gas exploration at Aliambata area in the early 1900s … 107
4.26 Stratigraphy, oil, gas and water data for Aliambata test hole (1914) … 107
4.26 Aliambata 试验孔（1914 年）的地层、石油、天然气和水数据...................
4.27 Analysis of Alimabata crude oil … 108
4.27 阿利马巴塔原油分析...... 108
4.28 Distillation phases of Aliambata crude oil from the 1914 test hole … 108
4.28 1914 号试验孔阿里安巴塔原油的蒸馏阶段 .............................................
4.29 Gas seep database for Timor-Leste … 109
4.30 Oil seep database for Timor-Leste … 110

Following the ESCAP reforms process over the last two years and the decisions on realigning the ESCAP work programme on the geoscience and minerals sector towards water resources, volume 17 of the ESCAP Mineral Atlas series completes the work of the ESCAP secretariat in the evaluation of the geological prospects, mineral resource potential and mineral development policy of ESCAP member countries. This publication is devoted to Timor-Leste, a new independent country since 20 May 2002, which was unanimously admitted to membership in ESCAP during the first phase of the fifty-ninth session of the Commission, held on 24 and 25 April 2003 at Bangkok.
根据亚太经社会过去两年的改革进程以及关于将亚太经社会地球科学和矿产部门的工作计划调整为水资源的决定，《亚太经社会矿产图集》丛书第 17 卷完成了亚太经社会秘书处对亚太经社会成员国的地质前景、矿产资源潜力和矿产开发政策的评估工作。本出版物专门介绍自 2002 年 5 月 20 日以来新独立的国家东帝汶，该国在 2003 年 4 月 24 日和 25 日在曼谷举行的亚太经社会第五十九届会议第一阶段会议上被一致接纳为亚太经社会成员。

This publication aims to assist the Government of Timor-Leste in its current efforts to revitalize and build up its economy so that it can recover in the aftermath of 1999 events and post-independence economic crisis through the promotion of further investments in the accelerated development of the petroleum and mineral sectors of Timor-Leste. The primary purpose of this publication is to build an initial and preliminary archive of mineral and hydrocarbon resource information in Timor-Leste. The mineral and hydrocarbon data presented herein could be used to support exploration efforts and provide an initial database for the use of investors in the natural resources sector. This work should not be studied in isolation but should be supplemented by close examination of field data and geologic mapping on the ground in Timor-Leste.
本出版物旨在协助东帝汶政府当前振兴和建设经济的努力，以便在 1999 年事件和独立后经济危机之后，通过促进对东帝汶石油和矿产部门加速发展的进一步投资，实现经济复苏。本出版物的主要目的是初步建立东帝汶矿产和碳氢化合物资源信息档案。此处提供的矿产和碳氢化合物数据可用于支持勘探工作，并提供一个初步数据库，供自然资源部门的投资者使用。这项工作不应孤立地进行研究，而应通过对东帝汶实地数据和地质绘图的仔细研究加以补充。

Volume 17 consists of the present book and one accompanying atlas sheet comprising geological map of Timor-Leste on the scale $1:500,000$$1:500,000$1:500,0001: 500,000. The book contains an overview of background data and economic outlook for Timor-Leste, geology and tectonic setting, mineral and hydrocarbon resources and their potential, current status of the mining industry and petroleum exploration and development as well as the ESCAP recommendations to the Government and donor community on policy, strategy, regulatory framework and capacity-building in the development of the mineral and petroleum sectors of Timor-Leste. The publication also contains an extensive reference and bibliography on geology, tectonic evolution, petroleum geology and mineral resources to guide professional readers. The database and maps included with this report should be considered as a preliminary step in the building of a national mineral and hydrocarbon database. Locations of mineral deposits should be considered as tentative until verified by more fieldwork.
第 17 卷包括本书和一张附带的地图册，其中包括东帝汶地质图，比例尺为 $1:500,000$$1:500,000$1:500,0001: 500,000 。该书概述了东帝汶的背景数据和经济前景、地质和构造背景、矿产和碳氢化合物资源及其潜力、采矿业和石油勘探与开发的现状，以及亚太经社会就东帝汶矿产和石油部门发展的政策、战略、监管框架和能力建设向东帝汶政府和捐助界提出的建议。该出版物还包含有关地质学、构造演化、石油地质学和矿产资源的大量参考文献和书目，为专业读者提供指导。本报告所包含的数据库和地图应被视为建立国家矿产和碳氢化合物数据库的第一步。在经过更多的实地考察核实之前，矿藏的位置应被视为暂定的。

The most significant conclusion arising from the publication is that Timor-Leste does have mineral potential and that some of that potential will almost certainly attract foreign mining companies. The most attractive potential of Timor-Leste is in base metals, mainly copper, and associated gold and silver. This potential is in the proven occurrence of the so-called Cyprus type volcanogenic massive sulfides related to ophiolite sequences. Chromite and vein-type gold represent other exploration targets in which the private sector will be interested. There might also be interest in the clay mineral potential, in phosphorites as well as in marble and other stone resources. Some of these resources may represent targets for domestic investment. Oil and gas potential in Timor-Leste has long been recognized and investor interest is already apparent. Several applications for the development of these potential resources have been submitted to the Government.
该出版物得出的最重要结论是，东帝汶确实具有矿产潜力，其中一些潜力几乎肯定会吸引外国采矿公司。东帝汶最具吸引力的潜力在于贱金属，主要是铜，以及相关的金和银。这种潜力体现在与蛇绿混杂岩序列有关的所谓塞浦路斯型火山成因块状硫化物中。铬铁矿和矿脉型金矿是私营部门感兴趣的其他勘探目标。粘土矿物潜力、磷矿以及大理石和其他石材资源也可能引起人们的兴趣。其中一些资源可能成为国内投资的目标。东帝汶的石油和天然气潜力早已得到认可，投资者的兴趣已经显现。已经向政府提交了几份开发这些潜在资源的申请。

The information contained in this volume is based mainly on a study recently completed by Jon Rau during a consultancy assignment with ESCAP. The study, in turn, is based on the ESCAP report entitled “Natural and mineral resources inventory, policy and development strategy”, which was prepared by the ESCAP secretariat during 2002 in execution of ESCAP/UNDP Special Services for Policy and Programme Development (SPPD) Project TIM/OI/022. The study includes excerpts from the main reports prepared by ESCAP consultants on (a) formulation of national mineral policy, legislation and regulatory framework for the Government of Timor-Leste by Jack Garnett, (b) economic geology, development strategy and capacity building by Pieter J. Bakker and © mineral and hydrocarbon database and geological bibliography of Timor-Leste by Jon L. Rau. New information and maps on the bistory of petroleum exploration and recent developments in the Timor Sea are also included.
本卷中的信息主要是以乔恩-劳最近在亚太经社会担任顾问期间完成的一项研究为基础的。该研究报告的依据是亚太经社会题为 "自然和矿产资源清单、政策和发展战略 "的报告，该报告是亚太经社会秘书处在 2002 年期间为执行亚太经社会/开发计划署政策和方案发展特别服务项目 TIM/OI/022 编写的。研究报告摘录了亚太经社会顾问编写的主要报告：(a) Jack Garnett 为东帝汶政府制定国家矿产政策、立法和管理框架；(b) Pieter J. Bakker 的经济地质学、发展战略和能力建设；(c) Jon L. Rau 的东帝汶矿产和碳氢化合物数据库和地质学书目。此外，还收录了有关东帝汶海石油勘探历史和最新发展的新信息和地图。

The originals of all of the above reports by the ESCAP consultants are in the offices of UNDP (Dili) and the Office of the Secretary of State for Natural and Mineral Resources (Fomento Building, Dili) as well as at the headquarters of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Environment and Sustainable Development Division, Bangkok.
亚太经社会顾问编写的上述所有报告的原件均存放在开发署（帝力）办公室、自然 和矿产资源国务秘书办公室（帝力 Fomento 大楼）以及曼谷亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会 环境与可持续发展司总部。

The ESCAP secretariat would like to express its appreciation to Jon L. Rau for his enthusiasm and dedication in preparing and designing this study, which aims to generate interest among geoscientists, the international mining and petroleum community and financial institutions in further research on the geology, and mineral and hydrocarbon resources of Timor-Leste and investment promotion in the development of mineral-based and petroleum industries of the country.
亚太经社会秘书处感谢 Jon L. Rau 在编写和设计本研究报告过程中表现出的热情和奉献精神，本研究报告旨在激发地球科学家、国际采矿和石油界以及金融机构的兴趣，进一步研究东帝汶的地质、矿产和碳氢化合物资源，并促进对该国以矿产为基础的工业和石油工业发展的投资。

The newly independent country, Timor-Leste, has an area of approximately 16,000 square kilometres. It is divided into thirteen administrative districts that are located in the eastern half of Timor Island with the exception of Oecussi district, an enclave in west Timor located on the north coast (figure 1.1). Timor-Leste has a maximum length of 275 kilometres and a maximum width of 100 kilometres. The country includes two islands, Atauro and Jaco.
新独立的国家东帝汶面积约为 16 000 平方公里。除位于帝汶岛北海岸的西帝汶飞地欧库西区外，东帝汶被划分为 13 个行政区（图 1.1）。东帝汶的最大长度为 275 公里，最大宽度为 100 公里。全国包括两个岛屿，阿陶罗岛和雅科岛。

The country is surrounded by sea on three sides: Wetar Strait on the north, the Timor Sea on the south and the Maluku Sea on the cast (figures 1.1.-1.3). Timor-Leste has a land border on the west with the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggaru. The 13 administrative districts are sub-divided into 67 subdistricts, 498 villages and 2,336 sub-villages.
该国三面环海：北面是威塔尔海峡，南面是帝汶海，背面是马鲁古海（图 1.1.-1.3）。东帝汶西部与印度尼西亚的东努沙登加拉省接壤。13 个行政区又细分为 67 个分区、498 个村庄和 2 336 个次级村庄。

Timor-Leste is mountainous in about one-third of its area, mainly in the west, hilly in about one-third of its territory, which forms a wide belt around the mountains. The central and eastern parts of Timor-Leste contain several low plateaus and coastal lowlands fringed by a narrow coastal plain in the north and a wide coastal plain in the south as well as several scattered are-shaped and linear low mountain belts. The plateau and lowland areas representing about one third of the territory of Timor-Leste are located mainly in the east (figures 1.2 and 1.3).
东帝汶约三分之一的面积（主要在西部）为山区，约三分之一的领土为丘陵，丘陵环绕山脉形成一条宽带。东帝汶的中部和东部有几处低高原和沿海低地，北部是狭窄的沿海平原，南部是宽阔的沿海平原，还有几处零星的环形和线形低山地带。约占东帝汶领土三分之一的高原和低地主要位于东部（图 1.2 和 1.3）。

The Ramelau Range extends about one-third of the length of the western third of Timor-Leste but because of its ruggedness and the many myths surrounding its history, it has received prominence in the literature. The highest peak in the Ramelau Range is Foho Tamailau which has an elevation of 3,037 metres above mean sea level. The peak is located II kilometres east of Atsabe village on the Dili - Gleno road. The topography of the Ramelau Range grades into lower mountains, which are broken up by hills and river valleys to the east and west. To the north, it grades into northeast trending coastal ranges in Dili and Aileu districts, which are lower than the average elevation of the Ramelau Range. Between the Dili coastal range and the Ramelau Range, there is a rough high mountainous area, the Aileu Range that extends from the eastem boundary of Ermera District through Aileu District to southern Manatuto District. The highest peaks in this range are in the west near the boundary with Ermera District, e.g. Foho Olopana ( 5,876 feet). Summit elevations in the Aileu Range gradually decrease in elevation from nearly 6,000 feet in the west to about $3,000-3,800$$3,000-3,800$3,000-3,8003,000-3,800 feet in the east. This range can be described mostly as ‘low mountains’ broken up by northeast trending valleys occupied by large tributaries to the main north-flowing drainage. In fact, taken as a whole, the western third of the country is a ‘washboard’ of mountains extending from the north coast to within 2-10 kilometres of the south coast.
拉美劳山脉的长度约占东帝汶西部三分之一的面积，但由于其崎岖不平以及围绕其历史的许多神话，它在文学作品中的地位十分突出。拉梅劳山脉的最高峰是 Foho Tamailau 峰，海拔 3037 米。该山峰位于帝力-格莱诺公路阿查贝村以东二公里处。拉美劳山脉的地形逐渐向低处延伸，东西两侧被丘陵和河谷分割开来。在帝力和阿伊莱乌地区，山脉向北延伸至东北方向的沿海山脉，这些山脉的平均海拔低于拉美劳山脉。在帝力沿海山脉和拉米劳山脉之间，有一片崎岖的高山地区，即艾莱乌山脉，从埃尔梅拉区的东部边界穿过艾莱乌区，一直延伸到马纳图托区南部。该山脉的最高峰位于西部与埃尔梅拉区交界处附近，如 Foho Olopana（5876 英尺）。艾莱乌山脉的山峰海拔从西部的近 6,000 英尺逐渐下降到东部的约 $3,000-3,800$$3,000-3,800$3,000-3,8003,000-3,800 英尺。该山脉主要被东北走向的山谷分割成 "低山"，这些山谷被北流主干渠的大型支流占据。事实上，从整体上看，该国西部三分之一的地区是由从北海岸延伸到南海岸 2-10 公里范围内的山脉组成的 "洗衣板"。

A large part of the northern third of the country near the coast, extending from Manatuto to the eastern tip of the island, is a dissected plateau which varies in elevation ranging from 1.000 to 2.000 feet above mean sea level with many low hills rising above this surface. The Manatuto-Baucau Plateau is approaching a mature state of dissection and the original surface cannot be easily distinguished as such except south of Baucau where it is very flat and virtually undissected.
该国北部靠近海岸的三分之一大部分地区，从马纳图托一直延伸到该岛的东端，是一个被分割的高原，海拔高度从平均海平面以上 1 000 英尺到 2 000 英尺不等，许多低矮的丘陵耸立在这一地表之上。马纳图托-包考高原已接近成熟的断裂状态，除了包考以南非常平坦且几乎没有断裂外，其他地方的原始地表很难分辨。

The structural arrangement of the various western mountain ranges, including the Ramelau Range, suggests that the western part of the island is made of a number of discrete parallel northeast trending mountain blocks which originated from forces (stress fields) operating within the same structural setting. The mountain ranges east of the Baucau-Viqueque road are more irregular and do not occur in sets of parallel ridges like the western ranges of the Ramelau group. Instead, they are isolated and distributed in both linear and are-shaped patterns.
包括拉美劳山脉在内的西部山脉的结构布局表明，该岛西部是由许多不连续的平行东北走向山块组成的，这些山块源自同一结构环境中的作用力（应力场）。包考-维克克公路以东的山脉更不规则，不像拉梅劳群西部山脉那样形成成套的平行山脊。相反，它们是孤立的，以线形和等字形分布。

Figure 1.1. Administrative map of Timor-Leste
图 1.1.东帝汶行政地图

Figure 1.2. Physio-geographic map of the Timor Island and adjacent areas
图 1.2.帝汶岛及邻近地区的自然地理图

Source: Instituto Geografico & lastituo Superior Tecnico (Portugal).
资料来源：Instituto Geografico & lastituo Superior Tecnico（葡萄牙）：Instituto Geografico & lastituo Superior Tecnico（葡萄牙）。
Figure 1.3. Relief and subset maps of districts of Timor-Leste
图 1.3.东帝汶各地区的地形图和子集图

The distribution of the eastem mountain ranges seems unrelated to the systematic arrangement of the northeast trending ranges of the western part of the country. The Ramelau and related ranges to the north and south such as the Dili, Aileu, and Cablac ranges all trend in same direction. The two mountain systems of Timor-Leste are separated by a $20-30$$20-30$20-3020-30 kilometres wide lowland occupied by major rivers that flow mostly to the north coast. This valley is termed herein the Quelicai Lowland.
东部山脉的分布似乎与该国西部东北走向山脉的系统排列无关。拉梅劳山脉和北部和南部的相关山脉，如帝力山脉、阿伊莱乌山脉和卡布拉克山脉，都呈同一走向。东帝汶的两个山脉系统被一个 $20-30$$20-30$20-3020-30 公里宽的低地隔开，低地被主要流向北海岸的河流占据。这片谷地被称为奎利凯低地。

Fossil coral terraces are found at elevations ranging from a few metres above sea level to almost 1.000 metres ( 3,281 feet) in some interior plateaus. The most obvious plateaus capped by fossil coral reefs are located along the north coast between Manatuto and the eastern tip of the island. Inland. flat surfaces near the coast are invariably capped by Pleistocene coral reefs that are essentially planation surfaces and could be referred to as marine plains. These are surfaces upon which coral development was temporarily limited to the height of sea level. The two most obvious marine plains underlain by fossil coral reefs are the plain south of Baucau and the gently south sloping surface occupied by a large freshwater lake in the east located in Lautem District. Raised coral reefs are present as beach lines along the north coast and are especially well developed west of Manatuto and east of Baucau. Raised coral reefs are present as beach lines along the north coast and are especially well developed west of Manatuto and east of Baucau.
珊瑚化石阶地位于海拔几米到近 1,000 米（3,281 英尺）的一些内陆高原上。由珊瑚礁化石覆盖的最明显的高原位于马纳图托和岛屿东端之间的北海岸。靠近海岸的内陆平地无一例外都被更新世珊瑚礁覆盖，这些珊瑚礁基本上是平面，可以被称为海洋平原。这些表面上的珊瑚发展暂时受限于海平面的高度。化石珊瑚礁覆盖的两个最明显的海洋平原是包考以南的平原和位于劳滕区东部的一个大型淡水湖所占据的平缓南坡表面。凸起的珊瑚礁作为海滩线出现在北部海岸，在马纳图托以西和包考以东尤为发达。凸起的珊瑚礁作为海滩线出现在北海岸，在马纳图托（Manatuto）以西和包考（Baucau）以东尤为发达。

The Quaternary and Recent coral terraces on the north coast of Timor and the adjacent island of Atauro extend to 700 metres above sea level indicating rapid but spasmodic uplift in the last $100,000-200,000$$100,000-200,000$100,000-200,000100,000-200,000 years. There are eleven different terrace levels on Atauro, each of which is accompanied by the development of coral reef limestone, but the most significant and best developed surface is at an elevation of 555 metres above mean sea level.
帝汶北海岸和邻近的阿陶罗岛的第四纪和新近珊瑚阶地延伸至海拔 700 米处，表明在过去的 $100,000-200,000$$100,000-200,000$100,000-200,000100,000-200,000 年中出现了快速但痉挛性的隆起。阿陶罗岛上有 11 个不同的阶地，每个阶地都伴有珊瑚礁石灰岩的发育，但最重要和发育最好的阶地位于平均海平面以上 555 米处。

A sequence of shoreline features and fringing reefs resulted from both Quaternary sea level changes and an uplifted land margin. Many of the features have been dated using Th230 and U234 isotopes. A shoreline located about 63 metres above sea level is well developed on Atauro Island and has been dated as 120.000 years
第四纪海平面变化和陆缘隆起形成了一系列海岸线地貌和边缘礁。许多地貌的年代是用 Th230 和 U234 同位素测定的。阿陶罗岛海拔约 63 米的海岸线发育良好，其年代为 12 万年前。
before present (Chappell and Veeh, 1978). An uplift rate of 55 metres in 120,000 years indicates that the uplift rate in Atauro Island was $0.0004\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{yr}$$0.0004\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{yr}$0.0004m//yr0.0004 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{yr} or 0.4 metres per 1,000 years. If this rate had continued for one million years, parts of Timor could have been raised 400 metres ( 1,323 feet).
Chappell和Veeh，1978年）。12 万年中 55 米的隆升速度表明，阿陶罗岛的隆升速度为 $0.0004\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{yr}$$0.0004\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{yr}$0.0004m//yr0.0004 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{yr} 或每 1000 年 0.4 米。如果这个速度持续一百万年，帝汶的部分地区可能会隆起 400 米（1,323 英尺）。

Timor-Leste has an ideal climate for geophysical and geochemical exploration. The climate is tropical, warm and humid, but very dry in the most part of the year. The wet season is from December to March in the north and from December to July in the south. Practically, there are no rainfalls during the other months. Hydrocarbon exploration, focused mostly on the south coast, would enjoy hot and moist weather, with an estimated rainfall of $160-270$$160-270$160-270160-270 centimetres, and a mean temperature of ${24}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${24}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$24^(@)C24^{\circ} \mathrm{C}. The months of August through November are dry.
东帝汶的气候非常适合地球物理和地球化学勘探。东帝汶属热带气候，温暖湿润，但全年大部分时间非常干燥。北部的雨季为 12 月至 3 月，南部为 12 月至 7 月。其他月份实际上没有降雨。碳氢化合物勘探主要集中在南部沿海地区，天气炎热潮湿，降雨量估计为 $160-270$$160-270$160-270160-270 厘米，平均气温为 ${24}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${24}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$24^(@)C24^{\circ} \mathrm{C} 。8 月到 11 月比较干燥。

The north and mid-central parts of the country (Ambeno, Baucau and Viqueque districts), have a hot and dry climate with rainfall estimated at $50-110$$50-110$50-11050-110 centimetres and a mean temperature of ${26}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${26}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$26^(@)C26^{\circ} \mathrm{C}. In mountainous areas of the interior above an elevation of 1,350 metres, the climate is cool with rainfall above 320 centimetres evenly distributed. The average temperature on the coast is about ${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$25^(@)C25^{\circ} \mathrm{C} in the wet season. On the northern coast, the rainfall ranges from 500 to 1,000 millimetres per year. The southern coastal plain, receives over 2,000 millimetres and has two wet seasons.
该国北部和中北部地区（安贝诺、包考和维克克区）气候炎热干燥，降雨量约为 $50-110$$50-110$50-11050-110 厘米，平均气温为 ${26}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${26}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$26^(@)C26^{\circ} \mathrm{C} 。在海拔 1350 米以上的内陆山区，气候凉爽，降雨量平均在 320 厘米以上。雨季时，沿海地区的平均气温约为 ${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$25^(@)C25^{\circ} \mathrm{C} 。北部沿海地区的年降雨量在 500 到 1000 毫米之间。南部沿海平原的降雨量超过 2 000 毫米，有两个雨季。

The country’s main arterial roads are located along the north coast. The roads on the south coast are mostly in poor condition and surfaces consist of gravel or dirt requiring 4WD vehicles in the wet season. Good sealed roads are found in and near urban centres. The road network had a total length of $1,400\mathrm{km}$$1,400\mathrm{km}$1,400km1,400 \mathrm{~km} when surveyed in 2000. About one-third to one-half of the roads need maintenance to improve banks and prevent landslides.
该国的主要干道位于北海岸。南海岸的道路大多路况较差，路面多为碎石或泥土，雨季时需要四驱越野车通行。城市中心及附近的道路密封性较好。2000 年调查时，公路网总长度为 $1,400\mathrm{km}$$1,400\mathrm{km}$1,400km1,400 \mathrm{~km} 。大约三分之一到二分之一的道路需要维修，以改善路堤和防止塌方。

There are 450 bridges, which are well constructed but in the south a few important bridges are either out or uncompleted. Where bridges are out, the streams are shallow and can be forded most of the year. The central mountain ridge is rugged reaching 3,000 metres in elevation. It can be crossed in several places but the roads are in poor condition and consist of poorly maintained one-two lane tracks with gravel or dirt surfaces. Sealed roads in the northern coastal plain, plateaus and foothills permit average speeds of about $50\mathrm{km}/\mathrm{hs}$$50\mathrm{km}/\mathrm{hs}$50km//hs50 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{hs}. Potholes are common and most roads are narrow from 3.5 to 5 metres.
共有 450 座桥梁，这些桥梁都建造得很好，但在南部，有几座重要的桥梁要么已经停工，要么尚未完工。在没有桥梁的地方，溪流很浅，一年中大部分时间都可以溯溪而上。中部山脊崎岖不平，海拔高达 3000 米。有几处山脊可以穿越，但路况很差，只有一条两车道的小路，路面是碎石或泥土。北部沿海平原、高原和山麓的封闭道路平均车速约为 $50\mathrm{km}/\mathrm{hs}$$50\mathrm{km}/\mathrm{hs}$50km//hs50 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{hs} 。路面坑洼不平的现象十分普遍，大多数道路狭窄，宽度在 3.5 米至 5 米之间。

Timor-Leste had a population of 884,636 people in 1988 with a population growth rate of 2.87 per cent during a period from 1990 to 1997. Parts of central Timor-Leste are sparsely populated but it has about a dozen large towns along the coast in addition to its largest city and capital, Dili, located on Wetar Strait.
1988 年，东帝汶人口为 884 636 人，1990 至 1997 年间人口增长率为 2.87%。东帝汶中部部分地区人口稀少，但除了位于威塔尔海峡的最大城市和首都帝力外，沿海地区还有十几个大城镇。

The population is scattered over about 442 villages covering 213 square kilometres and primarily located in lowland areas along the north and south coasts and in the foothills. Most of the land area is forest (approximately 11,000 square kilometres) but the trees are small and the bush is not thick. There is a substantial area of vacant land ( 589 square kilometres), wetlands ( 419 square kilometres) and plantations (456 square kilometres). Mixed farms occupy 217 square kilometres. Paddy is grown in the lowlands whilst coffee is the most important crop in the west highlands.
人口分散在约 442 个村庄，占地面积 213 平方公里，主要分布在南北海岸的低洼地区和山麓地带。大部分土地为森林（约 11,000 平方公里），但树木较少，灌木丛也不茂密。还有相当大面积的空地（589 平方公里）、湿地（419 平方公里）和种植园（456 平方公里）。混合农场占地 217 平方公里。低地种植水稻，而咖啡则是西部高地最重要的作物。

The Government has decided to introduce Portuguese progressively as the language of instruction. Most people speak Tetun, the mother tongue and most adults understand Bahasa Indonesia. English is rarely spoken. Few teachers speak Portuguese. There are primary schools in most villages but before independence, 30 per
政府决定逐步引入葡萄牙语作为教学语言。大多数人讲母语德顿语，大多数成年人懂印尼语。英语很少使用。很少有教师会讲葡萄牙语。大多数村庄都有小学，但在独立前，30%的村庄没有葡萄牙语学校。
cent of the children were not enrolled at all. Secondary enrolment never reached above 36 per cent at the lower secondary level and 20 per cent at the upper secondary level (UNDP, 2002). The literacy rate was 43 per cent ( 15 years and over) in 2002. Education is the highest development priority in the country.
%的儿童根本没有入学。初中入学率从未超过 36%，高中入学率从未超过 20%（开发计划署，2002 年）。2002 年的识字率为 43%（15 岁及以上）。教育是国家发展的重中之重。

Ninety-eight and a half per cent of the population is Roman Catholic. There is no antagonism between Catholics and the other religions, Islam ( 0.79 per cent), Hinduism ( 0.68 per cent) and Buddhism ( 0.06 per cent). There are more than thirteen ethnic groups of which the most important are Timorese, Belu, Tetun, Galoli, Nambi, Tokode, Fataucu, Makasac, Midiki, Idate, Mambac, Bunak and Kemak.
98.5% 的人口信奉罗马天主教。天主教徒与其他宗教，伊斯兰教（0.79%）、印度教（0.68%）和佛教（0.06%）之间没有对立。东帝汶有超过 13 个民族，其中最重要的是帝汶人、贝卢人、德顿人、加洛里人、南比人、托科德人、法塔乌库人、马卡萨克人、米迪基人、伊达特人、曼巴赫人、布纳克人和凯马克人。

Timor-Leste is in the midst of a period of rapid development. The catastrophic violence of the recent past severely weakened the country and its population was seriously affected by the loss of their homes and food shortages in 1997 and 1998. Now, there is a need to rebuild most of the infrastructure in Dili, especially government and municipal buildings, hospitals, schools, and power stations to generate electricity. Power grids need to be repaired in some areas in order to distribute electricity. There is a need to improve farm-to-market roads as well as mountain crossings, expand ports and also develop the infrastructure necessary to support the country’s agricultural and mineral potential. There are two airports, one at Baucau and the other at Dili.
东帝汶正处于快速发展时期。不久前发生的灾难性暴力事件严重削弱了该国的力量，1997 年和 1998 年，该国人民失去家园，粮食短缺，受到严重影响。现在，需要重建帝力的大部分基础设施，特别是政府和市政建筑、医院、学校和发电站。一些地区的电网需要修复，以便分配电力。有必要改善农场到市场的道路以及山区过境点，扩大港口，并发展必要的基础设施，以支持该国的农业和矿产潜力。该国有两个机场，一个位于包考，另一个位于帝力。

Currently, there are 11 ports in Timor-Leste. Dili Port located in a small open harbor, is the main port of Timor-Leste. The approach is a narrow passage through reefs marked by beacons. The concrete wharf is 180 metres long and 20 metres wide providing for vessels with a maximum length of 140 metres and 7.2 metres of draft to dock. The wharf is being extended by 40 metres. The harbor has a beach-landing site with a rock-concrete ramp. The port has a hard stand and a container yard. Additional infrastructure includes a harbor master building, transshipment warehouse, five warehouses, and an administrative building all in good condition. The port has no container handling equipment nor is it able to offload cargo from ships (UNDP, ADB and the World Bank Joint Assessment Mission, 1999).
目前，东帝汶共有 11 个港口。帝力港位于一个开放的小港口，是东帝汶的主要港口。港口入口是一条狭窄的通道，穿过有航标的礁石。混凝土码头长 180 米，宽 20 米，可停靠最长 140 米、吃水 7.2 米的船只。码头正在扩建 40 米。港口有一个带岩石混凝土斜坡的海滩登陆点。港口有一个硬基座和一个集装箱堆场。其他基础设施包括一座港务大楼、转运仓库、五座仓库和一座行政大楼，所有设施状况良好。港口没有集装箱装卸设备，也不能从船上卸货（联合国开发计划署、亚洲开发银行和世界银行联合评估团，1999 年）。

In the past, Timor-Leste’s industrial development was focused on agricultural products such as coffee, coconuts, cinnamon, areca nuts, paddy and other crops as well as small-scale craft industries such as wood handicrafts and woven cloth. Timor-Leste has an ideal climate and soil for coffee plants and its Arabica beans attract a premium price on world markets (Backman, 1999). Sandalwood vanished from other tropical forests many years ago but can still be harvested in commercial quantities in Timor-Leste. Its wood is a source for expensive oils used to make perfumes, soap and incense sticks.
过去，东帝汶的工业发展主要集中在咖啡、椰子、肉桂、槟榔、水稻和其他农作物等农产品以及木制手工艺品和编织布等小型手工业上。东帝汶拥有种植咖啡的理想气候和土壤，其阿拉比卡咖啡豆在世界市场上的价格很高（Backman，1999 年）。檀香多年前就从其他热带森林中消失了，但在东帝汶仍可大量采伐。檀香木是用于制造香水、肥皂和香炉的昂贵精油的来源。

There is a small-scale cement industry utilizing local materials but a Portland cement plant has been proposed. Fish products could account for a larger percentage of its earnings and could become as important as they are to Iceland. Tourism is expected to be a large earner of revenue in the future.
有一个利用当地材料的小规模水泥工业，但已建议建立一个波特兰水泥厂。鱼类产品在其收入中所占的比例可能会更大，并可能变得与冰岛的鱼类产品一样重要。预计旅游业将成为未来的一大收入来源。

Timor-Leste has entered a period of modern growth and repopulation with the return of five hundred thousand people that were displaced in 1997. It has begun to trade again with neighbouring countries. In 1996, the country’s exports were valued at US$24,473,510 and it relied on imports worth USS1,788,100. Potential trade partners include Indonesia, the Southeast Asian countries, Australia, and the countries of the Indian sub-continent as well as China and the rest of Eastern Asia. Timor-Leste is well positioned to exchange goods with these countries and to export natural resources, including minerals, should their potential be realized. Timor-Leste has a good access to both Australian and Indonesian markets. Its location just across the Timor Sea from Darwin and the short distance to the large ports of Java and Sumatra give the country singular
随着 1997 年 50 万流离失所者的回归，东帝汶进入了一个现代发展和人口重建时期。东帝汶已开始重新与邻国进行贸易。1996 年，东帝汶的出口额为 24,473,510 美元，进口额为 1,788,100 美元。潜在的贸易伙伴包括印度尼西亚、东南亚国家、澳大利亚、印度次大陆国家以及中国和东亚其他国家。东帝汶完全有能力与这些国家进行商品交换，并出口包括矿产在内的自然资源，如果这些资源的潜力得到发挥的话。东帝汶拥有进入澳大利亚和印度尼西亚市场的良好通道。东帝汶与达尔文隔帝汶海相望，与爪哇和苏门答腊的大港口距离很近，这使东帝汶具有独特的地理优势。
benefits. Singapore and ports of Indochina are close enough to provide an incentive for Timor-Leste to develop bulk cargo commodities such as minerals. It is half way between potential Indian and Pacific Ocean markets and very close to a number of import ocean trade routes.
效益。新加坡和印度支那的港口距离很近，这为东帝汶开发矿物等大宗商品提供了动力。东帝汶位于印度洋和太平洋潜在市场的中途，离一些进口远洋贸易航线非常近。

The Timor-Lesteese people have a strong love of freedom. This was never stifled even through they had to endure colonial rule for hundreds of years. The human potential is excellent. Standards of health are low. Life expectancy is only 57 years due to the impact of preventable diseases such as malaria, dengue fever and respiratory tract illnesses.
东帝汶人民热爱自由。即使他们不得不忍受数百年的殖民统治，这种热爱也从未被扼杀。人的潜力是巨大的。健康水平较低。由于疟疾、登革热和呼吸道疾病等可预防疾病的影响，预期寿命只有 57 岁。

One of the strongest thrusts of the new government will be in the education sector because more than half of the population is illiterate. The Government has indicated that the language of instruction will be Portuguese, which is a problem because few teachers speak Portuguese. The language of the people is Tetun. The teaching profession needs more teachers because the current ratio of students to teachers is 60 to one in the primary schools. Curriculum development requires international assistance. One hundred per cent enrollment in primary schools is a major goal of the new Government.
新政府最有力的推动力之一将是教育部门，因为一半以上的人口是文盲。政府表示，教学语言将是葡萄牙语，这是个问题，因为会讲葡萄牙语的教师很少。人民的语言是德顿语。教师队伍需要更多的教师，因为目前小学的师生比例是 60:1。课程开发需要国际援助。小学入学率达到 100%是新政府的主要目标。

Rural houscholds are engaged in subsistence agriculture. Productivity is low. However, the soils and water situation are good so that with proper land use management and the development of irrigation systems there is promise for a brighter future. Flooding is a problem and soil erosion needs to be controlled. The agricultural sector, the mainstay of the economy, needs to have better equipment and the farm to market roads are poor. The north coast is endowed with reasonably good quality roads but the rugged mountains that divide the country into two coastal plain areas are difficult to across and all roads in the mountains require impovement.
农村家庭从事自给自足的农业。生产率很低。不过，土壤和水源状况良好，因此，如果土地使用管理得当，灌溉系统得到发展，未来的前景将更加光明。洪水是一个问题，水土流失需要加以控制。作为经济支柱的农业部门需要更好的设备，而农场到市场的道路很差。北部沿海地区的道路质量还算不错，但将该国分为两个沿海平原地区的崎岖山路难以穿越，山区的所有道路都需要改善。

Incomes are too low. The 41 per cent of the population that are living below the poverty level try to exist on only $\mathrm{\$}0.55$$\mathrm{\$}0.55$$0.55\$ 0.55 per person per day. Better incomes are found in the urban areas. The typical situation in rural areas is one of too many households with four or more children and small landholdings with a few livestock.
收入太低。41% 的人口生活在贫困线以下，每人每天仅靠 $\mathrm{\$}0.55$$\mathrm{\$}0.55$$0.55\$ 0.55 维持生计。城市地区的收入较高。农村地区的典型情况是，有四个或四个以上子女的家庭太多，土地面积小，仅有几头牲畜。

In spite of the difficulty of living in an atmosphere of weak economic conditions, the people now have a sense of well being due to the fact they feel safer. The crime rate is low. Since the advent of Independence, 43 per cent of the people feel more secure. People feel relatively good about their future chances for a better standard of living for temselves and their children.
尽管在经济不景气的环境中生活困难重重，但由于人们感到更加安全，他们现在有了一种幸福感。犯罪率很低。自独立以来，43% 的人感到更加安全。人们对自己和子女未来有机会过上更好的生活感到相对乐观。

The population is growing at about 2.5 per cent annually. The agricultural sector and the informal economy’ attract about 20,000 young people each year. The legal system is being strengthened, as the courts and judiciary were weak and corrupted in former days.
人口年增长率约为 2.5%。农业部门和非正规经济每年吸引约 20 000 名年轻人。由于以前的法院和司法机构薄弱且腐败，法律体系正在得到加强。

The most serious environmental problem is polluted water and poor sanitation. These conditions impact most severely on women and children because of the time and care that need to be devoted to sick children.
最严重的环境问题是水污染和卫生条件差。这些情况对妇女和儿童的影响最为严重，因为他们需要花时间照顾生病的孩子。

There is a strong sense of community in Timor-Leste. Community leaders and the local people are vocal and work together. Youth and student movements were active during the country’s long struggle against colonialism. They will continue to support their goals of a better way of life for all.
东帝汶有强烈的社区意识。社区领袖和当地人民敢于直言，并携手合作。在该国长期的反殖民主义斗争中，青年和学生运动十分活跃。他们将继续支持为所有人创造更美好生活的目标。

The Government recognizes the immediate needs to chart a new economic path. This requires that the agricultural sector, the main stay of the economy, receive close scrutiny. Over the long term, agricultural productivity needs to be improved. A tremendous job is required to rebuild the country’s infrastructure.
政府认识到，当务之急是开辟一条新的经济道路。这就要求对作为经济主要支柱的农业部门进行严格审查。从长远来看，需要提高农业生产率。重建国家基础设施的工作任重而道远。

The economic and social infrastructure was severely damaged during the devastating violence that was triggered by the massive vote in favour of independence on 30 August 1999. Afterwards, the Timor-Lesteese people found their homes destroyed and the Government returned to face innumerable burned out structures. Institutions were totally wrecked by the savagery of the attacks. Yet, the physical destruction coculd not dissipate the energy waiting to be used to rebuild the country. Every Timor-Lesteese heart could envision a better future and, some day, a much better way of life for their children. People were prepared to sacrifice today for the prospect of a secure future.
在 1999 年 8 月 30 日支持独立的大规模投票所引发的破坏性暴力中，经济和社会 基础设施遭到严重破坏。之后，东帝汶人民发现他们的家园被毁，政府返回时面临着无数被烧毁的建筑物。机构被野蛮的袭击彻底摧毁。然而，物质的破坏并没有消散等待用来重建国家的能量。每一颗东帝汶人的心都在憧憬着美好的未来，憧憬着有朝一日他们的孩子能过上更好的生活。为了安全的未来，人们准备牺牲今天。

Economic activity was weak before the violence and continued thereafter, from 1997 to mid-2000, but some devastated areas now have been cleaned up and a few rebuilt. Trade within the country was insignificant during this period. Agricultural areas deteriorated to the point of subsistence level farming. Manufacturing had almost ceased after 1999. However, construction activity had picked up considerably after mid-2001 and experienced modest growth in 2002. Transport and trade sectors were weak. Finance was non-existent until recently. The weakness in the economy in the year 2000 stemmed from many factors as reported by ADB (2000):
暴力事件发生前，经济活动很不活跃，暴力事件发生后，从 1997 年到 2000 年年中，经济活动一直很不活跃。在此期间，国内贸易微不足道。农业地区每况愈下，仅能维持生存。1999 年后，制造业几乎停止。然而，建筑活动在 2001 年年中之后显著回升，并在 2002 年经历了小幅增长。运输和贸易部门十分薄弱。金融业直到最近才出现。正如亚洲开发银行（2000 年）报告的那样，2000 年经济疲软是由许多因素造成的：

Since the ADB report was compiled, agricultural demand is struggling back to normal, the cash economy has picked up and most rural buildings have new roofs. The cost of goods and services is still high. Security has improved markedly with the success of the United Nations Peacekeeping operations and people feel safe.
自亚洲开发银行报告编制完成以来，农业需求正在努力恢复正常，现金经济有所回升，大多数农村建筑都有了新屋顶。商品和服务的成本仍然很高。随着联合国维和行动取得成功，安全状况明显改善，人们感到安全。

Tourism is a sector that appears to have strong potential. The country is endowed with some of the most pristine beaches and marine conditions in Asia. The countryside is clean and Timor-Lesteese villages are smart and tidy. The forests are still in reasonable good condition and the hillsides make beautiful vistas in the afternoon sun. The sunsets are spectacular.
旅游业似乎是一个潜力巨大的行业。东帝汶拥有亚洲最原始的海滩和海洋条件。东帝汶乡村干净整洁。森林仍然保持着良好的状态，山坡在午后的阳光下呈现出美丽的景色。日落非常壮观。

One of the strongest opportunities for economic development lies in the hydrocarbon industry. The offshore areas are rich in natural gas and oil. Onshore areas also have some oil and gas potential. Mineral potential is good with the discovery of a few substantial occurrences.
油气工业是经济发展的最佳机遇之一。近海地区蕴藏着丰富的天然气和石油。陆上地区也有一定的石油和天然气潜力。矿产潜力也不错，发现了一些重要矿藏。

The Govermment expenditure was US $\mathrm{\$}116$$\mathrm{\$}116$$116\$ 116 million in 1997-1998, which was considered low by regional standards. It was anticipated that this level would again be reached in 2006.
1997-1998 年，政府支出为 $\mathrm{\$}116$$\mathrm{\$}116$$116\$ 116 百万美元，按照地区标准，这一数字被认为很低。预计 2006 年将再次达到这一水平。