E Network of GO Biological Process terms enriched by gene set enrichment analysis. Node size represents number of genes within each pathway. Edges represent the number of shared genes across GO Biological Process terms. Color indicates the Enrichment Score where orange indicates a positive score and blue indicates a negative score for transcriptional signatures derived from WT infected lungs relative to E 通过基因组富集分析富集的 GO 生物过程术语网络。节点大小代表每个通路中的基因数量。边代表 GO 生物过程术语中共享基因的数量。颜色表示富集得分,其中橙色表示 WT 感染肺相对于 肺的转录特征的正得分,蓝色表示负得分。
Fig. 4 | IAV-induced inflammation is diminished in Gsdmd mice. A, B RNAseq results as in Fig. 3 were further analyzed. A Heat map for top differentially regulated genes involved with Response to Virus as defined by GO Biological Process. B Heatmap for top differentially regulated genes involved with neutrophil chemotaxis as defined by GO Biological Process. C Relative transcript quantification from targeted genes in the lungs of WT and Gsdmd mice at day 7 post infection with 50 TCID50 IAV strain PR8 via qRT-PCR (each dot represents a single mouse, error bars indicate SEM, Mocks: , IAV-infected: from 1 experiment, samples are independent from those used for RNAseq, 图 4 | Gsdmd 小鼠的 IAV 诱导的炎症反应减弱。A、B 进一步分析了图 3 中的 RNAseq 结果。A 根据 GO 生物过程定义的与对病毒的反应相关的顶级差异调控基因热图。B 根据 GO 生物过程定义的与中性粒细胞趋化有关的顶级差异调控基因热图。C 在感染 50 TCID50 IAV 毒株 PR8 后第 7 天,通过 qRT-PCR 对 WT 小鼠和 Gsdmd 小鼠肺部目标基因的相对转录量进行量化(每个点代表一只小鼠,误差条表示 SEM,Mocks: IAV 感染: 来自 1 个实验,样本与用于 RNAseq 的样本是独立的, 值由单向分析确定。
To further examine roles for GSDMD in neutrophils, we next infected primary neutrophils enriched from the bone marrow of WT or Gsdmd mice (enrichment shown in Supplementary Fig 7). Ethidium homodimer-1 fluorescence in WT neutrophil media increased over time following infection, indicating that DNA release characteristic of NETosis occurred in response to virus exposure (Fig. 5E, F). Interestingly, minimal DNA staining was observed over the same time course for Gsdmd neutrophils (Fig. 5E, F). Corroborating these results, we observed that release of neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase into the cell supernatants following infection was largely dependent on GSDMD (Fig. 5G). Given that neutrophils were previously reported to be directly infected by influenza virus and given that our in vitro results suggest a direct response of these cells to virus (Fig. 5E-G), we sought to confirm that neutrophils are infected by IAV in vivo. Using Cre recombinase-expressing PR8 in a Cre-inducible fluorescent reporter mouse , we observed infection of alveolar macrophages, a well characterized immune cell target of IAV, and also observed a population of neutrophils expressing the Cre-induced fluorescent reporter of infection (Supplementary Fig 8A). We further noted that the infected neutrophils showed higher MHCII surface levels than noninfected cells, highlighting neutrophil activation upon infection (Supplementary Fig 8B). These findings prompted us to re-evaluate neutrophil surface markers in our previously performed flow cytometry experiments from WT or Gsdmd lungs. We found that levels of Ly6G, CD11b, and Ly6C were unchanged in WT and Gsdmd 为了进一步研究 GSDMD 在中性粒细胞中的作用,我们接下来感染了从 WT 或 Gsdmd 小鼠骨髓中富集的原发性中性粒细胞(富集情况见补充图 7)。感染后,WT 中性粒细胞培养基中的乙二胺同二聚体-1 荧光随着时间的推移而增加,这表明在病毒暴露时发生了具有 NETosis 特征的 DNA 释放(图 5E、F)。有趣的是,在相同的时间过程中,Gsdmd 中性粒细胞的 DNA 染色极少(图 5E、F)。与这些结果相印证的是,我们观察到感染后细胞上清液中中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶和髓过氧化物酶的释放在很大程度上依赖于 GSDMD(图 5G)。鉴于之前有报道称中性粒细胞可直接感染流感病毒 ,也鉴于我们的体外实验结果表明这些细胞对病毒有直接反应(图 5E-G),我们试图证实中性粒细胞在体内可感染 IAV。通过在 Cre 诱导的荧光报告小鼠 中使用表达 PR8 的 Cre 重组酶,我们观察到肺泡巨噬细胞(IAV 的免疫细胞靶标)受到感染,同时还观察到表达 Cre 诱导的感染荧光报告的中性粒细胞群(补充图 8A)。我们进一步注意到,与未感染细胞相比,感染的中性粒细胞显示出更高的 MHCII 表面水平,这表明中性粒细胞在感染后被激活(补图 8B)。这些发现促使我们在之前进行的 WT 或 Gsdmd 肺流式细胞术实验中重新评估了中性粒细胞表面标记物。我们发现,无论是否感染,WT 和 Gsdmd 中性粒细胞中 Ly6G、CD11b 和 Ly6C 的水平都没有变化(补充图 9A、B)。相比之下,平均
IAV infection is among the most common causes of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults . Development of ARDS is marked by bilateral edema and worsened oxygen delivery IAV 感染是导致成人急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的最常见原因之一 。ARDS 的发展以双侧水肿和供氧恶化为特征 ,而导致这些标准的主要因素是未受控制的呼吸道感染。
RNA 测序原始数据以及处理后的基因表达矩阵(原始和归一化计数)已存入 NCBI GEO 数据库,登录代码为 GSE230656。图和补充图中 Western 印迹和图表的原始数据在源数据文件中提供。本文随附原始数据。
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Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47067-0.
Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Adriana Forero or Jacob S. Yount.
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