Biocompatibility Effect of promoting osteogenesis | BSP | Acetic anhydride, pyridine | BSP was acetylated to acBSP using pyridine and acetic anhydride. Different forms of acBSP material could be prepared through anti-phase transition method. | Human monocyte THP-1 cells line and mouse L929 fibroblasts line, human MSCs | The acBSP hydrogel efficiently facilitated the adhesion and activation of macrophages and notably induced the macrophages to express pro-osteogenic / -angiogenic genes. | [9] |
Biocompatibility Effect of promoting osteogenesis | TKP | AA, free radical initiator Benzoyl peroxide | Briefly TKP was dissolved in distilled water to make 3% (w/v) solution. Different mole ratio of AA with respect to TKP was added to the TKP solution along with PP as radical initiator for the TKP-AA hydrogel. | Mouse and rat BMMs; RCOs; mouse MSCs; RAW264.7 cells line; HUVECs; Saos-2 cells line; F-11 cells line; mouse preosteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1 | The TKP-AA hydrogel was biocompatible with HUVEC, F-11, Saos-2, Raw 264.7, RCOs, BMMs and MSCs. In the absence of any osteogenic inducing factors, the hydrogel surface enhanced the expression of different osteogenic genes in Saos-2 cells and MC3T3-E1 cells; additionally, it exhibited a pronounced effect on enhancing the differentiation of MSC-derived primary osteoblasts, although concurrently promoting cell adhesion, growth, and maturation. | [10] |
Effect of promoting osteogenesisBiocompatibility | TKP | AA, free radical initiator Benzoyl peroxide | Briefly TKP was dissolved in distilled water to make 3% (w/v) solution. Different mole ratio of AA with respect to TKP was added to the TKP solution along with PP as radical initiator for the TKP-AA hydrogel. | F-11, Saos-2, RAW 264.7 cells line; mouse and rat BMMs; mouse MSCs | The TKP-AA hydrogel promoted the proliferation of F-11, Saos-2, RAW 264.7 cells, BMMs, and MSCs; additionally, it enhances osteogenic differentiation in MSCs. | [11] |
Biocompatibility | BSP | CMC, CBM940 | CMC and CBM940 were mixed in different concentration ratios, the PH was adjusted to 7 by triethanolamine, and then added into BSP solution to prepare BSP/CMC/CBM940 hydrogel. | Mouse fresh red blood cells, M293T cells line | The BSP/CMC/CBM940 hydrogel promoted the normal growth and proliferation of M293T cells, and effectively removes hydroxyl free radicals from blood cells without hemolysis. | [12] |
Antibiosis | Egyptian ASP | PVA, Na CMC, HPMC, HEC, CBM940 and PVP | The PVA-ASP hydrogel was prepared by adding AP to aqueous PVA solution and then adding the mixed solution of polymer and bacitracin zinc, followed by repeated freeze-thaw cycles after ultrasonic treatment. | gram-positive (S. aureus and M. leutus) and gram-negative (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) | The PVA-ASP hydrogel showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus and M. leutus and was able to organize microbial penetration into the hydrogel. | [13] |
Biocompatibility | TKP | AA, free radical initiator Benzoyl peroxide | Briefly TKP was dissolved in distilled water to make 3% (w/v) solution. Different mole ratio of AA with respect to TKP was added to the TKP solution along with PP as radical initiator for the TKP-AA hydrogel. | Mouse NIH/3T3 cells line, human keratinocyte HaCat cells and F-11 cells line | The TKP-AA hydrogel not only promoted the proliferation of co-cultured HaCat and F11 cells, but also promoted the formation of cell-cell contact. | [14] |
Anti-inflammatory effectBiocompatibility | FVP | SPI, Glucono-delta-lactone powder | The FVP solution prepared at room temperature and SPI solution prepared at high temperature were mixed and heated, and finally the Glucono-δ-lactone powder was added to form the SPI-FVP gel. | Mouse RAW264.7 cells line | The SPI-FVP hydrogel promoted the proliferation and phagocytosis of macrophages with increased expression of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α. | [15] |
Antibiosis Biocompatibility | KGM | γ-PGA, EDC, ADH | NH2 solution was prepared from ADH-substituted γ-PGA by an amide condensation reaction. Oxidation of KGM was achieved using NaIO4. P-NH2 and oxidized KGM were dissolved in different concentrations of deionized water, and the 2 solutions were rapidly mixed by a vortex oscillator at a constant final volume to form a hydrogel (P-OK). | RAW 264.7 cells line and NIH/3T3 cells line; S. aureus and E. coli | NIH-3T3 cells and RAW264.7 cells could proliferate normally on the P-OK hydrogel. P-OK hydrogel can stimulate the secretion of IL-10 in RAW264.7 cells; it inhibited the growth of bacteria and has good antibacterial effect. | [16] |
Biocompatibility | BSP | PEG, PCL, AAM | Dried PCL, PEG and isophorone diisocyanate were reacted with chain extender and t9 and t12 catalysts to obtain WPU emulsion. The hydrogel was obtained by mixing wpu emulsion, AAM, poly(ethyleneglycol) dimethacrylate, potassium persulfate and different amounts of BSP. | Rabbit whole blood, NIH/3T3 cells line | The hydrogel reduced the probability of hemolysis and was less cytotoxic to NIH3T3. | [17] |
Effect of promoting osteogenesisBiocompatibility | PSP | FmocFF peptide | The FmocFF peptide was dissolved in DMSO solvent. FmocFF peptide solution was vortex mixed with PSP solution in different ratios to obtain FmocFF/PSP composite hydrogels. | MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts line | MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts could grow and proliferate on the FmocFF/PSP hydrogel and increased calcium deposition, indicating osteogenic ability. | [18] |
Biocompatibility Antibiosis | BSP | Methylcellulose and methylparaben | The hydrogel was synthesized by combining BSP and methylcellulose with 0.04% methyl methylparaben in a self-assembly reaction. | Fresh white rabbit red blood cells, L929 cells line; Bacteria S. aureus and E. coli | The hydrogel has antibacterial activity and no obvious hemolytic effect on fresh white rabbit red blood cells; in addition, L929 cells were able to grow and proliferate on it. | [19] |
Biocompatibility | ZOP | CS, epichlorohydrin | CS and ZOP were mixed in urea aqueous solution and then mixed with epichlorohydrin as a crosslinker. | Mouse RAW264.7 cells line | The hydrogel showed no cytotoxicity | [20] |
Antitumous effect | AP | HA, Apatinib | The Cu - Apatinib copper complex was loaded into oligomeric HA-polymeric micelles and subsequently embedded into an AP hydrogel. | Mouse melanoma cell B16-F10 cells line | The hydrogel inhibited the growth and proliferation of melanoma cells. | [21] |
Anti-inflammatory effect | Paramylon, 98% | 1,4-butanediol diepoxyglycerol ether | Paramylon powder and sodium hydroxide were added to water and stirred thoroughly. Then 1,4-butanediol diepoxyglycerol ether was mixed completely into the solution, and dialyzed for times. | RAW264.7 cells line induced by 10 ng/mL LPS | The hydrogel could inhibit LPS-induced macrophage inflammation and reduce the levels of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-7. | [22] |
Anti-inflammatory effectBiocompatibility | BSP | MA | MA was added into the gelatin solution and BSP solution to make GelMA and BSPMA solution respectively. Then the GelMA and BSPMA solution were mixed and irradiated with ultraviolet rays after adding a photoinitiator to make BSPMA/GelMA Dual-Cross-Linked (B–G) Hydrogels. | NIH/3T3 cells line, RAW264.7 cells line | The B-G hydrogel could effectively regulate the M1/M2 phenotype of macrophages, significantly promote the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts. | [23] |
Antibiosis | Ulvan polysaccharide | MCC, CNCs | CNCs were isolated from MCC by sulfuric acid hydrolysis. AgNO3 aqueous solution was added with CNCs or ulva polysaccharide, then aqueous solution of NaBH4 was added, and the AgNPs hydrogel was obtained by dialysis drying. | E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus | AgNPs colloids showed good stability in PBS and strong antimicrobial activity, especially showing stronger resistance to Gram strains. | [24] |
Antitumous effect Antibiosis | SPL seeds polysaccharide | MBA, C. spinarum Aqueous Leaf Extract, Encapsulation of 5-FU | APS, SPL and MBA were mixed to make SPL-DMA Semi-IPN Hydrogels. Then AgNO and C. spinarum Aqueous Leaf Extract were added to them to form Green Synthesis of SPL-DMA-Ag Nanocomposite Hydrogels. | Human HeLa and NIH/3T3 cells lines, bacteria, i.e., E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and K. pneumonia | 5-FU-loaded hydrogels showed inhibiting the growth and proliferation of HeLa and NIH/3T3 cells; the hydrogels without 5-FU shows antibacterial characters. | [25] |
Biocompatibility | TG | CLPs, TOCNF | CLPs dispersion, TOCNF, and TG were mixed with different ratio to prepare hydrogel inks, which were used by a bioprinter. | HepG2 cells line | The hydrogel showed no cytotoxicity and the ability to promote cell proferation. | [26] |
Biocompatibility | BSP | APS, MBA | APS was added to BSP solution and kept for 5 minutes to produce BSP macroradical, MBA was put into a reaction system in a nitrogen atmosphere to get BSP-g-PAA solution. The pre-dissolved PVA solution was added to the BSP-g-PAA solution. | Rabbit whole blood; L929 fibroblasts | In vitro blood compatibility test showed that the hydrogel had low hemolysis rate and good coagulation effect. The material was not cytotoxic to L929 cells. | [27] |
Biocompatibility | LP and MP | CS | A mixture of MA and isopropanol was added dropily to a basic solution of CS, desalted, filtered and dialyzed to obtain O-CCS. The mixture of LP and MP (3:1) was dissolved in 50% ethanol and redissolved in a solution of nitrogen oxide. Ethylene glycol, NaIO4 and NaCl were added successively to obtain OLMP. Finally, OPHs were prepared by mixing O-CCS and OLMP. | Mouse progastric cancer MFC cells line | MFCs could proliferate normally and spread well on the surface of the OPHs, and the hydrogel had no toxic effect on cells. | [28] |
Biocompatibility | BSP | CFs | CFs and BSP were dissolved in acetic acid and stirred to obtain CFOB, and then F-107 and PVP were dissolved in them to obtain COF hydrogel. | Human fresh blood cells, fibroblasts L929 cells line | The COF hydrogel showed the ability to promote fibroblasts proliferation, and not to lead to increased hemolysis. | [29] |
AntibiosisBiocompatibility | Aloe barbadenis polysaccharide (ABP) | PMP, TFA, D2O, PVA | ABP and honey were added to the PVA solution, heated and stirred for 30 min and then borax solution was added. The final solution was molded and bubbles removed in a Petri dish, followed by 2 cycles of freeze-thaw to obtain the ABP/Honey@PVA hydrogel. | NIH/3T3 cells line and L929 fibroblasts line; E. coli, S. aureus and fungus C. albicans | The ABP/Honey@PVA hydrogel showed excellent biocompatibility with NIH-3T3 cells and L929 cells, and showed significant growth inhibition against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans. | [30] |
BiocompatibilityAntitumous effectAntibiosis | FU | CMC, TA, HAuCl4·4H2O | The TA and HAuCl4 solution were mixed to obtaine TA-modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs@TA PMN). The FU and the sodium periodate was mixed. The resulting mixture underwent dialysis in deionized water for 3 days before being freeze-dried to obtain the oxidized FU. Multiple concentrations of AuNPs@TA PMN were dispersed in deionized water and added to the oxidized FU solution. Finally, CMC was incorporated to form a CMC/OF/AuNPs@TA hydrogel. | L929 fibroblasts, B16-F10 cells line, fresh mouse whole blood cells; E. coli, S. aureus | The CMC/OF/AuNPs@TA hydrogel demonstrated a viability of over 70% for L929 fibroblasts, exhibited <5% hemolysis in blood cells, and effectively suppressed the proliferation of B16 cells. Furthermore, it displayed potent antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. | [31] |
BiocompatibilityAnti-inflammatory effect | FU | Dextran, MA, | The DexMA was synthesized by combining dextran with glycidyl methacrylate ethyl methacrylate, and a solution was prepared by adding DexMA to the photoinitiator phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphonate lithium. FU was incorporated into the solution via UV irradiation to fabricate the FU-DexMA composite hydrogel. | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma NPC cells | The FU-DexMA hydrogel demonstrated the ability to enhance cell viability of NPC cells, attenuate intracellular inflammatory response. | [32] |
Biocompatibility | BSP | Gelatin | Dialdehyde BSP (BSP-CHO) was synthesized by Malaprade reaction with periodic salt, gelatin was modified with ethylenediamine, and the 2 were mixed to form BG-gel. | L929 fibroblasts; Rat whole blood cells | The hydrogel was not toxic to L929 cells, and the hemolysis rate was <5%. | [33] |
Effect of promoting osteogenesisBiocompatibility | FU | Nap-FFGRGD peptide | The Nap-FFGRGD peptide and the Na2CO3 solution was mixed, and then was added to the FU-containing solution. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 7.4, followed by a heating and cooling process that resulted in the formation of a self-assembling glycopeptide hydrogel. | Primary rabbit articular chondrocytes | The Nap-FFGRGD /FU hydrogel demonstrates the ability to enhance primary rabbit articular chondrocyte viability and promote cytoskeletal augmentation, thereby exhibiting a favorable osteogenic effect. | [34] |
BiocompatibilityAntibiosis | FU | Alginate, SDA, CA | The CA/FU mixture is prepared by combining sodium alginate with FU and CA. Lactobacillus rhamnosus is incorporated into the mixed hydrogel precursor (CA/FU mixture). The mixed hydrogel precursors are immersed in a 2.5% (m/v) solution of D-(+)-gluconate δ-lactone to form the hydrogel. | L929 fibroblasts; S. aureus and C. albicans | The hydrogel had no obvious toxicity to L929 cells, and could inhibit the growth of S. aureus and C. albicans. | [35] |
BiocompatibilitySecretory capacity | FU | PVA, MA, ICEMA | The PVA modified with methacrylate was obtained by incorporating ICEMA into a PVA-DMSO solution. The FU was dissolved in milliq water, followed by the addition of DMSO and excess MA. A photoinitiator at a concentration of 0.05 wt% was introduced to the PVA-MA and fucoidan-MA solution, and under ultraviolet light to obtaine the PVA-fucoidan-MA hydrogel. | Mouse insulinoma cells (MIN6) | The PVA-fucoidan-MA hydrogel not only increased the cell viability of MIN6 cells and reduced apoptosis, but also promoted the cells to secrete more insulin. | [36] |
Effect of promoting osteogenesisBiocompatibility | FU | PRF, CS | The CS was dissolved in hydrochloric acid, followed by the addition of FU/aqueous and CS solution. The sample was then subjected to another round of lyophilization, after which pure platelet-rich fibrin was added to yield PRF/FU_CS hydrogel. | Fresh human whole blood cells, human MSCs derived from bone marrow | The PRF/FU_CS hydrogel promotes the release of growth factors (TGF-β, VEGF, IL-8 and EGF) in whole blood cells and enhance the cell viability of hMSCs. | [37] |
Biocompatibility | OP | XG | The XG was dissolved in distilled water to obtain a 4% (w/v) solution, which was then combined with the OP solution of 2%, 4%, and 6% (w/v) prepared from distilled water. Subsequently, a 1% (w/v) borax solution was added and thoroughly stirred to achieve uniformity, resulting in the formation of OP/XG hydrogel. | L929 fibroblasts and HUVEC cells line; fresh rat whole blood cells | The XG/OP hydrogel demonstrated the ability to enhance cell viability in L929 and HUVEC cells. The hemolysis rate of whole blood cells remains below 5%. Additionally, it promoted the upregulation of skeletal proteins in HUVEC cells. | [38] |
BiocompatibilityAntibiosis | BSP | gelatin, ADH | The oxidized BSP was synthesized using the oxidizing agent NaIO4 to form OBGTP. ADH was subsequently incorporated into gelatin to create ADH/Gel, and finally, the 2 components were combined to produce OBGTP/ADH hydrogel. | Fresh SD rat whole blood cells, L929 fibroblasts; E. coli and S.aureus. | The hemolysis rate was found to be below 5%, although the cell survival rate exceeded 80%. Furthermore, the hydrogel exhibited inhibitory effects against E. coli and S.aureus. | [39] |
Biocompatibility | BSP | HA, Zein, CS, β-GP, Puerarin | The BSP solution was mixed with NaIO4 for dialysis to obtain oxidized BSP. Acetic acid was added to the prepared suspension of HA-SH-zein nanoparticles. The OBSP/CS hydrogel was obtained by dissolving an appropriate amount of CS and oxidized BSP in the suspension, followed by the addition of β-GP solution. | L929 fibroblasts; fresh pig colon | The OBSP/CS hydrogel could enhance the cell viability of L929 cells without showing toxicity, and has obvious retention effect on pig colon in vitro and good adhesion. | [40] |