by James Brooks Jessup 詹姆斯-布鲁克斯-杰瑟普

This dissertation is a social history of the urban community of lay Buddhist elites, known as “householders,” that vigorously pursued a mission of Buddhist activism in Shanghai during the first half of the twentieth century. The Shanghai householders were capitalists, doctors, lawyers, intellectuals and party members who chose to make a formal commitment to Buddhism and its goals of salvation yet retained their status as regular members of society with families and careers. They comprised the largest and most influential of the elite lay Buddhist communities that sprang up in cities across China during the Republican era. This study analyzes the social significance of the Shanghai householder community as it transitioned through a series of social and political upheavals from its emergence in the 1920s to its eventual demise amidst the transition to socialism in 1956. I argue that throughout these years Buddhist activism constituted an arena of civic culture in which urban elites were able to establish a durable source of moral authority and social legitimacy.
这篇论文是一部关于二十世纪上半叶在上海积极开展佛教活动的城市佛教精英（被称为 "在家居士"）群体的社会史。上海的在家居士包括资本家、医生、律师、知识分子和党员，他们选择对佛教及其救世目标做出正式的承诺，同时又保留了作为有家庭和事业的普通社会成员的身份。他们是民国时期在中国各城市兴起的最大、最有影响力的精英俗家佛教团体。本研究分析了上海在家居士群体从 20 世纪 20 年代兴起到 1956 年社会主义过渡时期最终消亡的一系列社会和政治动荡过程中的社会意义。我认为，在这些年中，佛教活动构成了一个公民文化的舞台，城市精英能够在其中建立持久的道德权威和社会合法性。

The Press as a Medium for Change: Periodical Publications and the Shaping of Modern Chinese Buddhism
作为变革媒介的报刊：期刊出版物与现代中国佛教的形成

Lianghao Lu, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2019
陆良豪，匹兹堡大学博士，2019 年
Through the lens of Buddhist periodicals, this dissertation argues that the modernization of Chinese Buddhism was shaped by debates, polemics, and communications via the periodical press, resulting in a multifaceted modernity discourse that allowed a progressive vision to coexist with a conservative one. Despite recent scholarship on the adaptation and transformation of Buddhism in Republican China, insufficient attention has been paid to the mediating role of Buddhist periodicals. This has led to a skewed historical view in which the reform discourse initiated by Taixu is seen as even more dominant than it actually was. By identifying seven periodicals from both conservative and progressive camps of Buddhists, this dissertation contends that the reform camp’s successful employment of the new medium of periodicals resulted in the dominance of both its own position and its modernization rhetoric.
本论文通过佛教期刊的视角，论证了中国佛教的现代化是通过期刊媒体的辩论、论战和交流形成的，从而形成了一种多元的现代性话语，使进步的观点与保守的观点共存。尽管近年来有学者对民国时期中国佛教的嬗变进行了研究，但对佛教期刊的中介作用却关注不够。这导致了一种扭曲的历史观，即太虚发起的改革话语被视为比实际情况更占主导地位。本论文通过对来自保守和进步佛教阵营的七种期刊的鉴定，认为改革阵营对期刊这一新媒介的成功运用导致了其自身立场及其现代化言论的主导地位。

By exploring, however, periodicals published by the conservative camp led by Dixian and Yinguang, I illustrate that the conservative camp also produced periodicals for the purpose of propagating particular Buddhist teachings to a targeted audience. In order to show the dynamics of the Buddhist periodical press, this dissertation explores several themes: the relationship between Buddhism and science; the discussion of Buddhism and the state; concrete practices concerning the temple expropriation campaign; and the exposition of Buddhist asceticism and vegetarianism. Buddhist
然而，通过对以迪贤和印光为首的保守派出版的期刊的探讨，我说明了保守派也出版期刊，目的是向目标读者宣传特定的佛教教义。为了展示佛教期刊的动态，本论文探讨了几个主题：佛教与科学的关系；佛教与国家的讨论；有关寺庙征用运动的具体实践；以及对佛教禁欲主义和素食主义的阐述。佛教
periodicals not only propagated arguments of elite leaders, but also included many ordinary contributors who had similar concerns and who ruminated on these themes. These authors are the main disseminators and agitators whose texts directly influenced the Buddhist community.
这些期刊不仅宣传精英领袖的论点，还包括许多具有类似关切并对这些主题进行反思的普通撰稿人。这些作者是主要的传播者和鼓动者，他们的文章直接影响了佛教界。

Furthermore, this dissertation discusses the often-neglected writings on Buddhist asceticism and vegetarianism in these periodicals. By doing so, it shows the fluid boundary between the reform and conservative orientations-the reform camp valued ascetic practices that showed Buddhist faith and countered charges of corruption, while the conservative camp was willing to absorb modern interpretationsto renew the vegetarian tradition. Overall, this dissertation shows that modern Chinese Buddhism was shaped by two camps and the periodicals they produced.
此外，这篇论文还讨论了这些期刊中经常被忽视的有关佛教禁欲主义和素食主义的著作。改革阵营重视苦行，以显示佛教信仰并反击腐败指控；而保守阵营则愿意吸收现代诠释，以更新素食传统。总之，这篇论文表明，中国近代佛教是由两大阵营及其创办的期刊塑造而成的。