READING PASSAGE 1 阅读文章 1

Andrea Palladio－Italian Architect
安德烈亚·帕拉第奥－意大利建筑师

A new exhibition celebrates Palladio＇s architecture 500 years on
新展览庆祝帕拉第奥建筑 500 周年

AVicenza is a pleasant，prosperous city in the Veneto， 60 km west of Venice．Its grand families settled and farmed the area from the 16 th century．But its principal claim to fame is Andrea Palladio，who is such an influential architect that a neoclassical style is known as Palladian．The city is a permanent exhibition of some of his finest buildings，and as he was born－in Padua，to be precise－ 500 years ago，the International Centre for the Study of Palladio＇s Architecture has an excellent excuse for mounting la grande mostra，the big show．
维琴察是威尼托大区一座宜人而繁荣的城市，位于威尼斯以西 60 公里处。自 16 世纪以来，其显赫家族便在此定居并耕作。然而，这座城市的主要声名源自安德烈亚·帕拉第奥，他是一位极具影响力的建筑师，以至于一种新古典主义风格被称为帕拉第奥式。这座城市永久展示着他的一些最杰出的建筑作品，而由于他恰好出生于 500 年前的帕多瓦，国际帕拉第奥建筑研究中心有充分理由举办 la grande mostra，即大型展览

B
The exhibition has the special advantage of being held in one of Palladio＇s buildings，Palazzo Barbaran da Porto．Its bold facade is a mixture of rustication and decoration set between two rows of elegant columns．On the second floor the pediments are alternately curved or pointed，a Palladian trademark．The harmonious proportions of the atrium at the entrance lead through to a dramatic interior of fine fireplaces and painted ceilings．Palladio＇s design is simple，clear and not over－crowded．The show has been organised on the same principles，according to Howard Bums， the architectural historian who co－curated it．
该展览的特别优势在于它是在帕拉第奥的建筑之一——巴巴兰达波尔托宫（Palazzo Barbaran da Porto）中举办的。其大胆的外观是粗犷与装饰的混合，位于两排优雅的柱子之间。在二楼，山墙交替采用曲线或尖顶，这是帕拉第奥的标志性特征。入口处中庭的和谐比例通向一个戏剧性的内部空间，里面有精美的壁炉和彩绘天花板。帕拉第奥的设计简单、清晰且不拥挤。据共同策划此次展览的建筑历史学家霍华德·伯恩斯（Howard Burns）介绍，展览的组织也遵循了同样的原则

CPalladio＇s father was a miller who settled in Vicenza，where the young Andrea was apprenticed to a skilled stonemason．How did a humble miller＇s son become a world－renowned architect？ The answer in the exhibition is that，as a young man，Palladio excelled at carving decorative stonework on columns，doorways and fireplaces．He was plainly intelligent，and lucky enough to come across a rich patron，Gian Giorgio Trissino，a landowner and scholar，who organised his education，taking him to Rome in the 1540 s，where he studied the masterpieces of classical Roman and Greek architecture and the work of other influential architects of the time，such as Donato Bramante and Raphael．
帕拉第奥的父亲是一位磨坊主，定居在维琴察，年轻的安德烈亚在那里被送到一位熟练的石匠那里当学徒。一个卑微的磨坊主之子是如何成为世界著名建筑师的？展览中的答案是，帕拉第奥年轻时擅长在柱子、门道和壁炉上雕刻装饰性石雕。他显然很聪明，并且幸运地遇到了一位富有的赞助人——吉安·乔治·特里西诺，一位地主和学者，他组织了帕拉第奥的教育，在 1540 年代带他去了罗马，在那里他研究了古典罗马和希腊建筑的杰作，以及当时其他有影响力的建筑师的作品，如多纳托·布拉曼特和拉斐尔

D
Burns argues that social mobility was also important．Entrepreneurs，prosperous from agriculture in the Veneto，commissioned the promising local architect to design their country villas and their urban mansions．In Venice，the aristocracy were anxious to co－opt talented artists，and Palladio was given the chance to design the buildings that have made him famous－the churches of San Giorgio Maggiore and the Redentore，both easy to admire because they can be seen from the
伯恩斯认为，社会流动性也很重要。威尼托地区因农业而富裕的企业家们委托当地有前途的建筑师设计他们的乡村别墅和城市豪宅。在威尼斯，贵族们渴望吸纳有才华的艺术家，而帕拉第奥获得了设计那些使他成名的建筑的机会——圣乔治·马焦雷教堂和救世主教堂，这两座教堂都很容易欣赏，因为它们可以从远处看到
city’s historical centre across a stretch of water.
城市的历史中心跨越一片水域。

E
He tried his hand at bridges - his unbuilt version of the Rialto Bridge was decorated with the large pediment and columns of a temple - and, after a fire at the Ducal Palace, he offered an alternative design which bears an uncanny resemblance to the Banqueting House in Whitehall in London. Since it was designed by Inigo Jones, Palladio’s first foreign disciple, this is not as surprising as it sounds.
他尝试设计桥梁——他未建成的里亚托桥版本装饰有神庙的大型山墙和圆柱——并且在公爵宫发生火灾后，他提出了一个替代设计，与伦敦白厅的宴会厅有着惊人的相似。由于这是由 Palladio 的第一个外国弟子 Inigo Jones 设计的，这并不像听起来那么令人惊讶。

F
Jones, who visited Italy in 1614, bought a trunk full of the master’s architectural drawings; they passed through the hands of the Dukes of
1614 年访问意大利的琼斯买下了一箱大师的建筑图纸；这些图纸经过了几位公爵之手

Burlington and Devonshire before settling at the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1894. Many are now on display at Palazzo Barbaran. What they show is how Palladio drew on the buildings of ancient Rome as models. The major theme of both his rural and urban building was temple architecture, with a strong pointed pediment supported by columns and approached by wide steps.
伯灵顿和德文郡在 1894 年定居于英国皇家建筑师学会之前。许多作品现在在巴勒斯坦巴博兰宫展出。它们展示了帕拉迪奥如何以古罗马建筑为模型。他乡村和城市建筑的主要主题都是寺庙建筑，带有由柱子支撑的尖顶山墙，并通过宽阔的台阶进入。

G
Palladio’s work for rich landowners alienates unreconstructed critics on the Italian left, but among the papers in the show are designs for cheap housing in Venice. In the wider world, Palladio’s reputation has been nurtured by a text he wrote and illustrated, ‘Quattro Libri dell Architettura’. His influence spread to St Petersburg and to Charlottesville in Virginia, where Thomas Jefferson commissioned a Palladian villa he called Monticello.
帕拉第奥为富有的地主所做的作品疏离了意大利左派中那些顽固的批评者，但展览中的文件包括为威尼斯廉价住房的设计。在更广泛的世界里，帕拉第奥的声誉由他所著并插图的《建筑四书》所培育。他的影响力扩展到了圣彼得堡和弗吉尼亚州的夏洛茨维尔，托马斯·杰斐逊在那里委托建造了一座他称为蒙蒂塞洛的帕拉第奥式别墅。

Vicenza’s show contains detailed models of the major buildings and is leavened by portraits of Palladio’s teachers and clients by Titian, Veronese and Tintoretto; the paintings of his Venetian buildings are all by Canaletto, no less. This is an uncompromising exhibition; many of the drawings are small and faint, and there are no sideshows for children, but the impact of harmonious lines and satisfying proportions is to impart in a viewer a feeling of benevolent calm. Palladio is history’s most therapeutic architect.
维琴察的展览包含了主要建筑的详细模型，并由提香、委罗内塞和丁托列托绘制的帕拉迪奥的老师和客户的肖像点缀；他的威尼斯建筑的画作全部出自卡纳莱托之手。这是一个毫不妥协的展览；许多图纸小而模糊，也没有为儿童准备的附带表演，但和谐线条和令人满意的比例的影响是赋予观众一种仁慈的平静感。帕拉迪奥是历史上最具治疗效果的建筑师。
‘Palladio, 500 Anni: La Grande Mostra’ is at Palazzo Barbaran da Porto, Vicenza, until January 6th 2009. The exhibition continues at the Royal Academy of Arts, London, from January 31st to April 13th, and travels afterwards to Barcelona and Madrid.
‘Palladio, 500 Anni: La Grande Mostra’展览将在维琴察的 Palazzo Barbaran da Porto 展出至 2009 年 1 月 6 日。之后，展览将于 1 月 31 日至 4 月 13 日在伦敦的皇家艺术学院继续展出，随后将前往巴塞罗那和马德里。

Questions 1-7 问题 1-7

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
以下陈述是否与文章中的信息一致？
In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write
在答题纸的 1-7 号方框中填写

TRUE	if the statement agrees with the information 如果陈述与信息一致
FALSE	if the statement contradicts the information 如果陈述与信息相矛盾
NOT GIVEN	if there is no information on this 如果没有这方面的信息

1 The building where the exhibition is staged has been newly renovated.
1 举办展览的建筑物刚刚进行了翻新。
2 Palazzo Barbaran da Porto typically represents the Palladio’s design.
2 Palazzo Barbaran da Porto 通常代表了帕拉第奥的设计。
3 Palladio’s father worked as an architect.
3 帕拉迪奥的父亲是一名建筑师。
4 Palladio’s family refused to pay for his architectural studies.
4 Palladio 的家人拒绝为他的建筑学习支付费用。
5 Palladio’s alternative design for the Ducal Palace in Venice was based on an English building.
5 帕拉第奥为威尼斯公爵宫设计的替代方案基于一座英国建筑。
6 Palladio designed for both wealthy and poor people.
6 Palladio 为富人和穷人都设计过建筑。
7 The exhibition includes paintings of people by famous artists.
7 展览包括著名艺术家的人物画作。

READING PASSAGE 2 阅读文章 2

Economic Evolution 经济演化

ALiving along the Orinoco River that borders Brazil and Venezuela are the Yanomam people, hunter-gatherers whose average annual income has been estimated at the equivalent of

$ 90

per person per year. Living along the Hudson River that borders New York State and New Jersey are the Manhattan people, consumer-traders whose average annual income has been estimated at

$ 536, 000

per person per year. That dramatic difference of 400 times, however, pales in comparison to the differences in Stock Keeping Units (SKUs, a measure of the number of types of retail products available), which has been estimated at

$ 300

for the Yanomam and

$ 10

billion for the Manhattans, a difference of 33 million times.
居住在巴西和委内瑞拉边境的奥里诺科河沿岸的是雅诺马米人，他们是狩猎采集者，其人均年收入估计相当于每人每年

$ 90

。居住在纽约州和新泽西州边境的哈德逊河沿岸的是曼哈顿人，他们是消费贸易者，其人均年收入估计为每人每年

$ 536, 000

。然而，400 倍的显著差距与库存单位（SKU，衡量可用零售产品类型的指标）的差异相比显得微不足道，雅诺马米的 SKU 估计为

$ 300

，而曼哈顿的 SKU 估计为

$ 10

亿，差距高达 3300 万倍。

B
How did this happen? According to economist Eric D. Beinhocker, who published these calculations in his revelatory work The Origin of Wealth (Harvard Business School Press, 2006), the explanation is to be found in complexity theory. Evolution and economics are not just analogous to each other, but they are actually two forms of a larger phenomenon called complex adaptive systems, in which individual elements, parts or agents interact, then process information and adapt their behaviour to changing conditions. Immune systems, ecosystems, language, the law and the Internet are all examples of complex adaptive systems.
这是如何发生的？根据经济学家埃里克·D·贝因霍克（Eric D. Beinhocker）在其开创性著作《财富的起源》（The Origin of Wealth，哈佛商学院出版社，2006 年）中发表的这些计算，解释可以在复杂性理论中找到。进化与经济学不仅仅是彼此相似，它们实际上是一个更大现象——复杂适应系统的两种形式，在这个系统中，个体元素、部分或代理相互作用，然后处理信息并根据变化的条件调整其行为。免疫系统、生态系统、语言、法律和互联网都是复杂适应系统的例子。

CIn biological evolution, nature selects from the variation produced by random genetic mutations and the mixing of parental genes. Out of that process of cumulative selection emerges complexity and diversity. In economic evolution, our material economy proceeds through the production and selection of numerous permutations of countless products. Those 10 billion products in the Manhattan village represent only those variations that made it to market, after which there is a cumulative selection by consumers in the marketplace for those deemed most useful: VHS over Betamax, DVDs over VHS, CDs over vinyl records, flip phones over brick phones, computers over typewriters, Google over Altavista, SUVs over station wagons, paper books over e-books (still), and Internet news over network news (soon). Those that are purchased ‘survive’ and ‘reproduce’ into the future through repetitive use and remanufacturing.
在生物进化中，自然从随机基因突变和父母基因混合产生的变异中进行选择。通过这种累积选择的过程，复杂性和多样性得以涌现。在经济进化中，我们的物质经济通过无数产品的生产和选择来推进。曼哈顿村的 100 亿种产品仅代表了那些成功进入市场的变异，之后消费者在市场上进行累积选择，选出那些被认为最有用的产品：VHS 胜过 Betamax，DVD 胜过 VHS，CD 胜过黑胶唱片，翻盖手机胜过砖头手机，电脑胜过打字机，Google 胜过 Altavista，SUV 胜过旅行车，纸质书胜过电子书（目前仍然如此），以及互联网新闻胜过电视新闻（很快）。那些被购买的产品通过重复使用和再制造“生存”并“繁衍”到未来。

D
As with living organisms and ecosystems, the economy looks designed - so just as humans naturally deduce the existence of a top-down intelligent designer, humans also (understandably) infer that a top-down government designer is needed in nearly every aspect of the economy. But just as living organisms are shaped from the bottom up by natural selection, the economy is molded from the bottom up by the invisible hand. The correspondence between evolution and economics is not perfect, because some top-down institutional rules and laws are needed to provide a structure within which free and fair trade can occur. But too much top-down interference into the marketplace makes trade neither free nor fair. When such attempts have been made in the past, they have failed - because markets are far too complex, interactive and autocatalytic
与生物体和生态系统一样，经济看起来是经过设计的——因此，正如人类自然会推断存在一个自上而下的智能设计者一样，人类也可以理解地推断，在经济的几乎每个方面都需要一个自上而下的政府设计者。但正如生物体通过自然选择自下而上地塑造，经济也是通过“看不见的手”自下而上地塑造的。进化与经济学之间的对应关系并不完美，因为需要一些自上而下的制度规则和法律来提供一个结构，在这个结构内可以进行自由和公平的贸易。但是，过多的自上而下干预市场会使贸易既不自由也不公平。当过去尝试过这种做法时，它们都失败了——因为市场过于复杂、互动性强且具有自催化性。
to be designed from the top down. In his 1922 book, Socialism, Ludwig Von Mises spelled out the reasons why, most notably the problem of ‘economic calculation’ in a planned socialist economy. In capitalism, prices are in constant and rapid flux and are determined from below by individuals freely exchanging in the marketplace. Money is a means of exchange, and prices are the information people use to guide their choices. Von Mises demonstrated that socialist economies depend on capitalist economics to determine what prices should be assigned to goods and services. And they do so cumbersomely and inefficiently. Relatively free markets are, ultimately, the only way to find out what buyers are willing to pay and what sellers are willing to accept.
自上而下进行设计。在 1922 年的著作《社会主义》中，路德维希·冯·米塞斯详细阐述了原因，其中最显著的是在计划社会主义经济中的“经济计算”问题。在资本主义中，价格处于不断且快速的波动中，并由市场中的个体自由交换决定。货币是交换的手段，价格是人们用来指导选择的信息。冯·米塞斯证明了社会主义经济依赖于资本主义经济学来确定商品和服务的价格，而且它们这样做既笨拙又低效。相对自由的市场，最终是唯一能够发现买家愿意支付什么和卖家愿意接受什么的方式。

EEconomics helps to explain how Yanomam-like hunter-gatherers evolved into Manhattanlike consumer-traders. In the nineteenth century French economist Frederic Bastiat well captured the principle: ‘Where goods do not cross frontiers, armies will.’ In addition to being fierce warriors, the Yanomam are also sophisticated traders, and the more they trade the less they fight. The reason is that trade is a powerful social adhesive that creates political alliances. One village cannot go to another village and announce that they are worried about being conquered by a third, more powerful village - that would reveal weakness. Instead they mask the real motives for alliance through trade and reciprocal feasting. And, as a result not only gain military protection but also initiate a system of trade that - in the long run - leads to an increase in both wealth and SKUs.
经济学有助于解释像亚诺玛米人这样的狩猎采集者如何演变成像曼哈顿人一样的消费者-交易者。十九世纪法国经济学家弗雷德里克·巴斯夏很好地捕捉到了这一原则：“如果商品不跨越国界，军队就会。”除了是凶猛的战士，亚诺玛米人也是精明的交易者，他们交易得越多，战斗就越少。原因是贸易是一种强大的社会粘合剂，能够创造政治联盟。一个村庄不能直接去另一个村庄宣布他们担心被第三个更强大的村庄征服——那会暴露弱点。相反，他们通过贸易和互惠宴请来掩盖结盟的真实动机。因此，他们不仅获得了军事保护，还启动了一个贸易体系，从长远来看，这导致了财富和 SKU 的增加。

F
Free and fair trade occurs in societies where most individuals interact in ways that provide mutual benefit. The necessary rules weren’t generated by wise men in a sacred temple, or lawmakers in congress, but rather evolved over generations and were widely accepted and practiced before the law was ever written. Laws that fail this test are ignored. If enforcement becomes too onerous, there is rebellion. Yet the concept that human interaction must, and can be controlled by a higher force is universal. Interestingly, there is no widespread agreement on who the ‘higher force’ is. Religious people ascribe good behaviour to god’s law. They cannot conceive of an orderly society of atheists. Secular people credit the government. They consider anarchy to be synonymous with barbarity. Everyone seems to agree on the concept that orderly society requires an omnipotent force. Yet, everywhere there is evidence that this is not so. An important distinction between spontaneous social order and social anarchy is that the former is developed by work and investment, under the rule of law and with a set of evolved morals while the latter is chaos. The classical liberal tradition of Von Mises and Hayek never makes the claim that the complete absence of top-down rules leads to the optimal social order. It simply says we should be sceptical about our ability to manage them in the name of social justice, equality, or progress.
自由和公平的贸易发生在大多数个体以互利方式互动的社会中。必要的规则并非由神圣寺庙中的智者或国会中的立法者制定，而是在法律被书写之前，经过几代人的演变并被广泛接受和实践。未能通过这一测试的法律被忽视。如果执法变得过于繁重，就会引发反抗。然而，人类互动必须且能够被更高力量控制的概念是普遍的。有趣的是，关于“更高力量”是谁，并没有广泛的共识。宗教人士将良好行为归因于上帝的律法。他们无法想象一个无神论者的有序社会。世俗人士则归功于政府。他们认为无政府状态等同于野蛮。似乎每个人都同意，有序社会需要一个全能的力量。然而，到处都有证据表明事实并非如此。自发社会秩序与社会无政府状态之间的一个重要区别在于，前者是在法治和一套演化出的道德规范下通过工作和投资发展起来的，而后者则是混乱。冯·米塞斯和哈耶克的古典自由主义传统从未声称完全缺乏自上而下的规则会导致最优的社会秩序。它只是说，我们应该对我们以社会正义、平等或进步的名义管理这些规则的能力持怀疑态度。

Questions 1-5 问题 1-5

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
以下陈述是否与文章中的信息一致？
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write
在答题纸上的 1-5 号方框中，写上

TRUE	if the statement agrees with the information 如果陈述与信息一致
FALSE	if the statement contradicts the information 如果陈述与信息相矛盾
NOT GIVEN	if there is no information on this 如果没有这方面的信息

1 SKUs is a more precise measurement to demonstrate the economic level of a community.
1 SKUs 是展示社区经济水平的更精确指标。
2 No concrete examples are presented when the author makes the statement concerning economic evolution.
2 作者在陈述经济演变时没有提供具体例子。

3 Evolution and economics show a defective homolog.
3 进化与经济学显示出一种有缺陷的同源关系。
4 Martial actions might be taken to cross the borders if trades do not work.
4 如果贸易手段无效，可能会采取军事行动跨越边界。
5 Profit is the invisible hand to guide the market.
利润是引导市场的无形之手。

Inspired by Mimicking Mother Nature
受到模仿大自然的启发

Using the environment not as an exploitable resource, but as a source of inspiration
将环境不仅视为可开发的资源，更视为灵感的源泉

AResearchers and designers around the globe endeavour to create new technologies that, by honouring the tenets of life, are both highly efficient and often environmentally friendly. And while biomimicry is not a new concept (Leonardo da Vinci looked to nature to design his flying machines, for example, and pharmaceutical companies have long been miming plant organisms in synthetic drugs), there is a greater need for products and manufacturing processes that use a minimum of energy, materials, and toxins. What’s more, due to technological advancements and a newfound spirit of innovation among designers, there are now myriad ways to mimic Mother Nature’s best assets.
全球的研究人员和设计师努力创造新技术，这些技术通过尊重生命的原则，既高效又通常环保。虽然仿生学并不是一个新概念（例如，莱昂纳多·达·芬奇曾借鉴自然设计飞行器，制药公司也长期模仿植物生物体合成药物），但对使用最少能源、材料和毒素的产品和制造工艺的需求更大。此外，由于技术进步和设计师中新的创新精神，现在有无数种方法可以模仿大自然的最佳资产。

B
‘We have a perfect storm happening right now,’ says Jay Harman, an inventor and CEO of PMX Scientific, which designs fans, mixers, and pumps to achieve maximum efficiency by imitating the natural flow of fluids. ‘Shapes in nature are extremely simple once you understand them, but to understand what geometries are at play, and to adapt them, is a very complex process. We only just recently have had the computer power and manufacturing capability to produce these types of shapes.’ ‘If we could capture nature’s efficiencies across the board, we could decrease dependency on fuel by at least 50 percent,’ says Harman. ‘What we’re finding already with the tools and methodology we have right now is that we can reduce energy consumption by between 30 and 40 percent.’
“我们现在正面临一场完美风暴，”PMX Scientific 的发明家兼首席执行官杰伊·哈曼说道。该公司通过模仿流体的自然流动来设计风扇、混合器和泵，以实现最大效率。“自然界中的形状一旦你理解了它们，就非常简单，但要理解其中的几何原理并加以应用，却是一个非常复杂的过程。我们直到最近才拥有计算机能力和制造能力来生产这些类型的形状。”“如果我们能够全面捕捉自然的效率，我们至少可以将对燃料的依赖减少 50%，”哈曼说。“通过我们现有的工具和方法，我们已经发现可以将能耗降低 30%到 40%。”

C
It’s only recently that mainstream companies have begun to equate biomimicry with the bottom line. Daimler Chrysler, for example, introduced a prototype car modeled on a coral reef fish. Despite its boxy, cube-shaped body, which defies a long-held aerodynamic standard in automotive design (the raindrop shape), the streamlined boxfish proved to be aerodynamically ideal and the unique construction of its skin - numerous hexagonal, bony plates - a perfect recipe for designing a car of maximum strength with minimal weight.
直到最近，主流公司才开始将仿生学与盈利联系起来。例如，戴姆勒克莱斯勒推出了一款以珊瑚礁鱼类为原型的汽车。尽管其方正、立方体的车身违背了汽车设计中长期以来的空气动力学标准（水滴形状），但流线型的箱鲀鱼被证明在空气动力学上是理想的，其皮肤独特的构造——众多六边形的骨板——是设计出最大强度与最小重量汽车的完美方案。

DCompanies and communities are flocking to Janine Benyus, author of the landmark book Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature (Perennial, 2002) and cofounder of the Biomimicry Guild, which seats biologists at the table with researchers and designers at companies such as Nike, Interface Carpets, Novell, and Procter & Gamble. Their objective is to marry industrial problems with natural solutions.
公司和社区纷纷涌向 Janine Benyus，她是具有里程碑意义的书籍《仿生学：自然启发的创新》（Perennial，2002 年）的作者，同时也是仿生学公会的联合创始人，该公会让生物学家与耐克、Interface Carpets、Novell 和宝洁等公司的研究人员和设计师坐在一起。他们的目标是将工业问题与自然解决方案结合起来。

EBenyus, who hopes companies will ultimately transcend mere product design to embrace nature on a more holistic level, breaks biomimicry into three tiers. On a basic (albeit complicated) level, industry will mimic nature’s precise and efficient shapes, 30 structures, and geometries. The microstructure of the lotus leaf, for example, causes raindrops to bead and run off
EBenyus 希望公司最终能超越单纯的产品设计，在更全面的层面上拥抱自然，他将仿生学分为三个层次。在一个基本（尽管复杂）的层面上，工业将模仿自然的精确和高效的形状、结构和几何形态。例如，荷叶的微观结构使雨滴形成珠状并流走。
immediately, while self-cleaning and drying its surface - a discovery that the British paint company Sto has exploited in a line of building paints. The layered structure of a butterfly wing or a peacock plume, which creates iridescent colour by refracting light, is being mimicked by cosmetics giant L’Oreal in a soon-to-be-released line of eye shadow, lipstick, and nail varnish.
立即，同时自我清洁并干燥其表面——这一发现已被英国涂料公司 Sto 用于一系列建筑涂料中。蝴蝶翅膀或孔雀羽毛的分层结构通过折射光线产生虹彩颜色，化妆品巨头欧莱雅正在模仿这一结构，即将推出一系列眼影、口红和指甲油。

F
The next level of biomimicry involves imitating natural processes and biochemical ‘recipes’: engineers and scientists are now looking at the nasal glands of seabirds to solve the problem of desalination; the abalone’s ability to self-assemble its incredibly durable shell in water, using local ingredients, has inspired an alternative to the conventional, and often toxic, ‘heat, beat, and treat’ manufacturing method. How other organisms deal with harmful bacteria can also be instructive: researchers for the Australian company Biosigmal, for instance, observed a seaweed that lives in an environment teeming with microbes to figure out how it kept free of the same sorts of bacterial colonies, called biofilms, that cause plaque on your teeth and clog up your bathroom drain. They determined that the seaweed uses natural chemicals, called furanones, that jam the cell-to-cell signaling systems that allow bacteria to communicate and gather.
生物仿生的下一个层次涉及模仿自然过程和生化“配方”：工程师和科学家们现在正在研究海鸟的鼻腺以解决海水淡化问题；鲍鱼在水中利用当地原料自组装其极其耐用外壳的能力，激发了一种替代传统且往往有毒的“加热、敲打和处理”制造方法的新思路。其他生物如何处理有害细菌也具有启发性：例如，澳大利亚公司 Biosigmal 的研究人员观察了一种生活在充满微生物环境中的海藻，以了解它如何避免与导致牙菌斑和堵塞浴室排水管的细菌群落（称为生物膜）相同的问题。他们发现，海藻使用一种名为呋喃酮的天然化学物质，这种物质会干扰细菌之间的细胞信号传递系统，阻止它们交流与聚集。

G
Ultimately, the most sophisticated application of biomimicry, according to Benyus, is when a company starts seeing itself as an organism in an economic ecosystem that must make thrifty use of limited resources and creates symbiotic relationships with other like organisms. A boardroom approach at this level begins with imagining any given company, or collection of industries, as a forest, prairie, or coral reef, with its own ‘food web’ (manufacturing inputs and outputs) and asking whether waste products from one manufacturing process can be used, or perhaps sold, as an ingredient for another industrial activity. For instance, Geoffrey Coates, a chemist at Cornell, has developed a biodegradable plastic synthesised from carbon dioxide and limonene (a major component in the oil extracted from citrus rind) and is working with a cement factory to trap their waste

{CO}_{2}

and use it as an ingredient.
最终，根据 Benyus 的观点，仿生学最复杂的应用是当一家公司开始将自己视为经济生态系统中的一个有机体，必须节俭地使用有限的资源，并与其他类似有机体建立共生关系。在这个层面上的董事会策略始于将任何给定的公司或产业集合想象为一个森林、草原或珊瑚礁，拥有自己的“食物网”（制造输入和输出），并询问一个制造过程的废物是否可以作为另一个工业活动的原料使用或出售。例如，康奈尔大学的化学家 Geoffrey Coates 开发了一种由二氧化碳和柠檬烯（从柑橘皮中提取的油的主要成分）合成的可生物降解塑料，并正在与一家水泥厂合作，捕捉他们的废物

{CO}_{2}

并将其用作原料。

H
Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives (ZERI), a global network of scientists, entrepreneurs, and educators, has initiated eco-industrial projects that attempt to find ways to reuse all wastes as raw materials for other processes. Storm Brewing in Newfoundland, Canada - in one of a growing number of projects around the world applying ZERI principles - is using spent grains, a byproduct of the beer-making process, to make bread and grow mushrooms.
零排放研究与倡议（ZERI）是一个由科学家、企业家和教育家组成的全球网络，已经启动了生态工业项目，试图找到将所有废物重新用作其他过程原料的方法。加拿大纽芬兰的 Storm Brewing 公司——全球越来越多的应用 ZERI 原则的项目之一——正在使用啤酒制作过程中的副产品，即废谷物，来制作面包和种植蘑菇。

As industries continue to adopt nature’s models, entire manufacturing processes could operate locally, with local ingredients - like the factories that use liquefied beach sand to make windshields. As more scientists and engineers begin to embrace biomimicry, natural organisms will come to be regarded as mentors, their processes deemed masterful.
随着各行业继续采用自然界的模型，整个制造过程可以在本地进行，使用本地原料——比如那些利用液化海滩沙制造挡风玻璃的工厂。随着越来越多的科学家和工程师开始接受仿生学，自然生物将被视为导师，它们的过程被认为是精湛的。

Questions 1-8 问题 1-8

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
以下陈述是否与文章中的信息一致？
In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet, write
在答题纸的 1-8 框中，填写

TRUE	if the statement agrees with the information 如果陈述与信息一致
FALSE	if the statement contradicts the information 如果陈述与信息相矛盾
NOT GIVEN	if there is no information on this 如果没有这方面的信息

1 Biomimicry is a totally new concept which has been unveiled recently.
1 仿生学是一个最近才被揭示的全新概念。
2 Leonardo da Vinci has been the first designer to mimic nature.
2 列奥纳多·达·芬奇是第一位模仿自然的设计师。
3 Scientists believe that it involves more than mimicking the shape to capture the design in nature.
3 科学家认为，这不仅仅是模仿形状来捕捉自然中的设计。

4 We can save the utilisation of energy by up to

40 %

if we take advantage of the current findings.
如果我们利用当前的发现，可以节省高达

40 %

的能源利用。

5 Daimler Chrysler’s prototype car modeled on a coral reef fish is a best-seller.
5 戴姆勒克莱斯勒以珊瑚礁鱼为原型的原型车是畅销产品。
6 Some great companies and communities themselves are seeking solutions beyond their own industrial scope.
6 一些伟大的公司和社区正在寻求超越自身行业范围的解决方案。

7 The British paint company Sto did not make the microstructure of the lotus leaf applicable.
7 英国涂料公司 Sto 并未将荷叶的微观结构应用化。
8 A Canadian beer company increased the production by applying ZERI principles.
8 一家加拿大啤酒公司通过应用 ZERI 原则增加了产量。

READING PASSAGE 4 阅读文章 4

Koalas 考拉

AKoalas are just too nice for their own good. And except for the occasional baby taken by birds of prey, koalas have no natural enemies. In an ideal world, the life of an arboreal couch potato would be perfectly safe and acceptable.
考拉实在是太善良了，这对它们自己并不好。除了偶尔被猛禽抓走的幼崽外，考拉没有天敌。在理想的世界里，这种树栖懒虫的生活将会是绝对安全和可接受的。

BJust two hundred years ago, koalas flourished across Australia. Now they seem to be in decline, but exact numbers are not available as the species would not seem to be ‘under threat’. Their problem, however, has been men, more specifically, the white man. Koalas and aborigine had co-existed peacefully for centuries.
仅仅两百年前，考拉在澳大利亚各地繁盛。现在它们似乎数量在减少，但确切数字尚不可得，因为该物种似乎并未“受到威胁”。然而，它们的问题在于人类，更具体地说，是白人。考拉与土著人和平共处了几个世纪。

Today koalas are found only in scattered pockets of southeast Australia where they seem to be at the risk on several fronts. The koala’s only food source, the eucalyptus tree, has declined. In the past 200 years, a third of Australia’s eucalyptus forests have disappeared. Koalas have been killed by parasites, chlamydia epidemics and a tumour-causing retrovirus. And every year 11,000 are killed by cars, ironically most of them in wild life sanctuaries, and thousands are killed by poachers. Some are also taken illegally as pets. The animals usually soon die, but they are easily replaced.
如今，考拉仅分布在澳大利亚东南部的零星地区，它们似乎面临着多方面的威胁。考拉唯一的食物来源——桉树，数量已经减少。在过去的 200 年里，澳大利亚三分之一的桉树林已经消失。考拉因寄生虫、衣原体疫情和一种致癌的逆转录病毒而死亡。每年还有 11,000 只考拉被汽车撞死，讽刺的是，其中大多数发生在野生动物保护区，另有数千只被偷猎者杀害。还有一些考拉被非法捕捉作为宠物，这些动物通常很快就会死亡，但它们很容易被替换。

D
Bush fires pose another threat. The horrific ones that raged in New South Wales recently killed between 100 and 1,000 koalas. Many that were taken into sanctuaries and shelters were found to have burnt their paws on the glowing embers. But zoologists say that the species should recover. The koalas will be aided by the eucalyptus, which grows quickly and is already burgeoning forth after the fires. So the main problem to their survival is their slow reproductive rate - they produce only one baby a year over a reproductive lifespan of about nine years.
丛林火灾构成了另一个威胁。最近在新南威尔士州肆虐的可怕火灾导致 100 到 1000 只考拉死亡。许多被带到避难所和庇护所的考拉被发现因踩在炽热的余烬上而烧伤爪子。但动物学家表示，该物种应该能够恢复。考拉将得到快速生长的桉树的帮助，桉树在火灾后已经迅速萌发。因此，它们生存的主要问题是其缓慢的繁殖率——在约九年的繁殖寿命中，它们每年只产下一只幼崽。

E
The latest problem for the species is perhaps more insidious. With plush, grey fur dark amber eyes and button nose, koalas are cuddliness incarnate Australian zoos and wildlife parks have taken advantage of their uncomplaining attitudes, and charge visitors to be photographed hugging the furry bundles. But people may not realise how cruel this is, but because of the koala’s delicate disposition, constant handling can push an already precariously balanced physiology over the edge.
该物种面临的最新问题或许更为隐蔽。考拉拥有柔软的灰色毛发、深琥珀色的眼睛和纽扣般的鼻子，它们是可爱的化身。澳大利亚的动物园和野生动物园利用它们温顺的性格，向游客收取费用，让他们抱着这些毛茸茸的小家伙拍照。但人们可能没有意识到这是多么残忍，由于考拉天性敏感，频繁的接触可能会让本已岌岌可危的生理状态彻底崩溃。

Koalas only eat the foliage of certain species of eucalyptus trees, between 600 and 1,250 grams a day. The tough leaves are packed with cellulose, tannins, aromatic oils and precursors of toxic cyanides. To handle this cocktail, koalas have a specialised digestive system. Cellulose-digesting bacteria in the caecum break down fibre, while a specially adapted gut and liver process the toxins. To digest their food properly, koalas must sit still for 21 hours every day.
考拉只吃某些特定品种的桉树叶子，每天摄入量在 600 到 1,250 克之间。这些坚韧的叶子富含纤维素、单宁、芳香油和有毒氰化物的前体。为了应对这种复杂的食物，考拉拥有专门的消化系统。盲肠中的纤维素消化细菌分解纤维，而经过特殊适应的肠道和肝脏处理毒素。为了正确消化食物，考拉每天必须静坐 21 小时。

GKoalas are the epitome of innocence and inoffensiveness. Although they are capable of ripping open a man’s arm with their needle-sharp claws, or giving a nasty nip, they simply wouldn’t. If you upset a koala, it may blink or swallow, or hiccup. But attack? No way! Koalas are just not aggressive. They use their claws to grip the hard smooth bark of eucalyptus trees.
考拉是天真无邪和无害的典范。尽管它们能够用它们针一样锋利的爪子撕开人的手臂，或者狠狠地咬一口，但它们根本不会这么做。如果你惹恼了一只考拉，它可能会眨眼、吞咽或打嗝。但攻击？不可能！考拉就是不具攻击性。它们用爪子抓住桉树坚硬光滑的树皮。

They are also very sensitive, and the slightest upset can prevent them from breeding, cause them to go off their food, and succumb to gut infections. Koalas are stoic creatures and put on a brave face until they are at death’s door. One day they may appear healthy, the next they could be dead. Captive koalas have to be weighed daily to check that they are feeding properly. A sudden loss of weight is usually the only warning keepers have that their charge is ill. Only two keepers plus a vet were allowed to handle London Zoo’s koalas, as these creatures are only comfortable with people they know. A request for the koala to be taken to meet the Queen was refused because of the distress this would have caused the marsupial. Sadly, London’s Zoo no longer has a koala. Two years ago the female koala died of a cancer caused by a retrovirus. When they come into heat, female koalas become more active, and start losing weight, but after about sixteen days, heat ends and the weight piles back on. London’s koala did not. Surgery revealed hundreds of pea-sized tumours.
它们也非常敏感，稍微的不适就可能阻止它们繁殖，导致它们停止进食，并患上肠道感染。考拉是坚忍的生物，直到濒临死亡才会表现出痛苦。某天它们可能看起来健康，第二天就可能死去。圈养的考拉必须每天称重，以确保它们正常进食。体重的突然下降通常是饲养员唯一能得到的警告，表明它们照顾的考拉生病了。只有两名饲养员和一名兽医被允许处理伦敦动物园的考拉，因为这些动物只对它们熟悉的人感到舒适。由于这会给这种有袋动物带来痛苦，所以请求将考拉带去见女王的提议被拒绝了。遗憾的是，伦敦动物园已不再拥有考拉。两年前，雌性考拉因逆转录病毒引起的癌症去世。当雌性考拉进入发情期时，它们会变得更加活跃，并开始减重，但大约十六天后，发情期结束，体重会恢复。但伦敦的考拉没有。手术揭示了数百个豌豆大小的肿瘤。

Almost every zoo in Australia has koalas - the marsupial has become the Animal Ambassador of the nation, but nowhere outside Australia would handling by the public be allowed. Koala cuddling screams in the face of every rule of good care. First, some zoos allow koalas to be passed from stranger to stranger, many children who love to squeeze. Second, most people have no idea of how to handle the animals: they like to cling on to their handler, all in their own good time and use his or her arm as a tree. For such reasons, the Association of Fauna and Marine parks, an Australian conservation society is campaigning to ban koala cuddling. Policy on koala handling is determined by state government authorities, and the largest of the numbers in the Australian Nature Conservation Agency, with the aim of instituting national guidelines. Following a wave of publicity, some zoos and wildlife parks have stopped turning their koalas into photo.
澳大利亚几乎每个动物园都有考拉——这种有袋动物已成为该国的动物大使，但在澳大利亚以外的地方，公众接触考拉是不被允许的。考拉拥抱行为违背了良好护理的每一条规则。首先，一些动物园允许考拉在陌生人之间传递，许多孩子喜欢挤压它们。其次，大多数人不知道如何对待这些动物：他们喜欢随意抓住饲养员的手臂，将其当作树来攀附。因此，澳大利亚的动物和海洋公园协会正在发起禁止考拉拥抱的运动。考拉处理政策由州政府当局决定，澳大利亚自然保护机构中最大的部门旨在制定全国性指导方针。在一波宣传之后，一些动物园和野生动物园已停止将考拉变成拍照道具。

Questions 1-7 问题 1-7

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?
以下陈述是否与文章中作者的观点一致？
In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write
在答题纸的 1-7 号方框中填写

YES	if the statement agrees with the views of the writer 如果陈述与作者的观点一致
NO	if the statement contradicts the views of the writer 如果陈述与作者的观点相矛盾
NOT GIVEN	if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 如果无法判断作者对此的看法

1 New coming human settlers caused danger to koalas.
1 新来的人类定居者给考拉带来了危险。
2 Koalas can still be seen in most of the places in Australia.
2 考拉在澳大利亚的大部分地区仍然可以看到。
3 It takes decades for the eucalyptus trees to recover after the fire.
3 桉树在火灾后需要几十年才能恢复。
4 Koalas will fight each other when food becomes scarce.
4 当食物变得稀缺时，考拉会互相争斗。
5 It is not easy to notice that koalas are ill.
5 很难注意到考拉生病了。
6 Koalas are easily infected with human contagious disease via cuddling.
6 考拉通过拥抱很容易感染人类传染病。
7 Koalas like to hold a person’s arm when they are embraced.
7 考拉在被拥抱时喜欢抓住人的手臂。

Tattoo in Tikopia 蒂科皮亚的纹身

AThere are still debates about the origins of Polynesian culture but one thing we can ensure is that Polynesia is not a single tribe but a complex one. Polynesians, which include Marquesans, Samoans, Niueans, Tongans, Cook Islanders, Hawaiians, Tahitians, and Miori, are genetically linked to indigenous peoples of parts of Southeast Asia. It’s a sub-region of Oceania, comprising of a large grouping of over 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean, within a triangle that has New Zealand, Hawaii and Easter Island as its corners.
关于波利尼西亚文化的起源仍然存在争议，但我们可以确定的是，波利尼西亚并不是一个单一的部落，而是一个复杂的群体。波利尼西亚人包括马克萨斯人、萨摩亚人、纽埃人、汤加人、库克群岛人、夏威夷人、塔希提人和毛利人，他们在基因上与东南亚部分地区的土著居民有关联。波利尼西亚是大洋洲的一个次区域，由散布在中南太平洋的 1000 多个岛屿组成，这些岛屿位于以新西兰、夏威夷和复活节岛为顶点的三角形区域内。

BPolynesian history has fascinated the Western world since Pacific cultures were first contacted by European explorers in the late 18th century. The small island of Tikopia, for many people even for many Solomon Islanders - is so far away that it seems like a mythical land, a place like Narnia, that magical land in C. S. Lewis’ classic, The Chronicles of Narnia. Maybe because of it - Tikopia, its people, and their cultures have long fascinated scholars, travellers, and casual observers. Like the pioneers Peter Dillion, Dumont D’Urville and John Colleridge Patterson who visited and wrote about the island in the 1800s, Raymond Firth is one of those people captured by the alluring attraction of Tikopia. As a result, he had made a number of trips to the island since 1920s and recorded his experiences, observations and reflections on Tikopia, its people, cultures and the changes that have occurred.
波利尼西亚的历史自 18 世纪末欧洲探险家首次接触太平洋文化以来，就深深吸引了西方世界。对于许多人来说，甚至对于许多所罗门群岛居民来说，提科皮亚这个小岛是如此遥远，以至于它仿佛是一个神话般的地方，就像 C.S.刘易斯经典作品《纳尼亚传奇》中的魔法之地纳尼亚一样。或许正因为如此，提科皮亚、它的人民及其文化长期以来一直吸引着学者、旅行者和普通观察者。像 19 世纪访问并记录该岛的先锋彼得·迪伦、杜蒙·德维尔和约翰·柯勒律治·帕特森一样，雷蒙德·弗斯也是被提科皮亚迷人魅力所吸引的人之一。因此，自 20 世纪 20 年代以来，他多次前往该岛，并记录了他对提科皮亚、其人民、文化以及所发生变化的经历、观察和思考。

CWhile engaged in study of the kinship and religious life of the people of Tikopia, Firth made a few observations on their tattooing. Brief though these notes are they may be worth putting on record as an indication of the sociological setting of the practice in this primitive Polynesian community. The origin of the English word ‘tattoo’ actually comes from the Tikopia word ‘tatau’. The word for tattoo marks in general is tau, and the operation of tattooing is known as ta tau, ta being the generic term for the act of striking.
在研究蒂科皮亚人的亲属关系和宗教生活时，弗斯对他们的纹身做了一些观察。尽管这些笔记简短，但它们可能值得记录，作为这一原始波利尼西亚社区中纹身实践的社会学背景的指示。英语单词“tattoo”实际上源自蒂科皮亚语单词“tatau”。纹身标记的通用词是 tau，而纹身的操作被称为 ta tau，ta 是打击行为的通用术语。

DThe technique of tattooing was similar throughout Polynesia. Traditional tattoo artists create their indelible tattoos using pigment made from the candlenut or kukui nut. First, they burn the nut inside a bowl made of half a coconut shell. They then scrape out the soot and use a pestle to mix it with liquid. Bluing is sometimes added to counteract the reddish hue of the carbon-based pigment. It also makes the outline of the inscribed designs bolder on the dark skin of tattooing subjects.
D 在整个波利尼西亚，纹身技术都是相似的。传统的纹身艺术家使用由烛果或桐油果制成的颜料来创作他们不可磨灭的纹身。首先，他们在半个椰子壳制成的碗里燃烧坚果。然后，他们刮出烟灰，并用杵将其与液体混合。有时会加入蓝色素以抵消碳基颜料的红色色调。这也使得纹身对象深色皮肤上的图案轮廓更加鲜明。

EFor the instruments used when tattooing, specialists used a range of chisels made from albatross wing bone which were hafted onto a handle which was made from the heart wood of the bush and struck with a mallet. The tattooer began by sketching with charcoal a design on the supine subject, whose skin at that location was stretched taut by one or more apprentices. The tattooer then dipped the appropriate points either a single one or a whole comb into the ink (usually contained in a coconut-shell cup) and tapped it into the subject’s skin, holding the blade handle
在纹身时使用的工具方面，专家们使用了一系列由信天翁翼骨制成的凿子，这些凿子被安装在由灌木心材制成的把手上，并用木槌敲击。纹身师首先用炭笔在仰卧的对象身上勾勒出设计图案，该部位的皮肤由一个或多个学徒拉紧。然后，纹身师将适当的点（单个或整个梳子）浸入墨水（通常装在椰子壳杯中），并将其敲入对象的皮肤，同时握住刀柄。
in one hand and tapping it with the other. The blood that usually trickled from the punctures was wiped away either by the tattooer or his apprentice, the latter having also served by restraining a pain-wracked subject from moving, for the operation was inevitably painful - a test of fortitude that tattooers sought to shorten by working as fast as possible. In fact, tattoos nearly always festered and often led to sickness and in some cases death.
一只手握着工具，另一只手轻轻敲打。通常从刺孔中渗出的血液由纹身师或其学徒擦拭干净，后者还负责按住因疼痛而挣扎的受试者，因为这一过程不可避免地会带来痛苦——这是对毅力的考验，纹身师试图通过尽可能快速地操作来缩短这一过程。事实上，纹身几乎总是会化脓，常常导致疾病，在某些情况下甚至会导致死亡。

F
In ancient Polynesian society, nearly everyone was tattooed. It was an integral part of ancient culture and was much more than a body ornament. Tattooing indicated one’s genealogy and/ or rank in society. It was a sign of wealth, of strength and of the ability to endure pain. Those who wait without them were seen as persons of lower social status. As such, chiefs and warriors generally had the most elaborate tattoos. Tattooing was generally begun at adolescence, and would often not be completed for a number of years. Receiving tattoo constituted an important milestone between childhood and adulthood, and was accompanied by many rites and rituals. Apart from signaling status and rank, another reason for the practice in traditional times was to make a person more attractive to the opposite sex.
在古老的波利尼西亚社会中，几乎每个人都会纹身。这是古代文化中不可或缺的一部分，远不止是身体的装饰。纹身显示了一个人的家族血统和/或社会地位。它是财富、力量和忍受疼痛能力的标志。那些没有纹身的人被视为社会地位较低的人。因此，酋长和战士通常拥有最精致的纹身。纹身通常在青春期开始，往往需要多年才能完成。接受纹身是童年和成年之间的一个重要里程碑，并伴随着许多仪式和习俗。除了标志地位和等级外，传统时代的另一个原因是为了让一个人对异性更具吸引力。

G
The male facial tattoo is generally divided into eight sections of the face. The centre of the forehead designated a person’s general rank. The area around the brows designated his position. The area around the eyes and the nose designated his hapu, or sub-tribe rank. The area around the temples served to detail his marital status, like the number of marriages. The area under the nose displayed his signature. This signature was once memorised by tribal chiefs who used it when buying property, signing deeds, and officiating orders. The cheek area designated the nature of the person’s work. The chin area showed the person’s mana. Lastly, the jaw area designated a person’s birth status.
男性面部纹身通常分为脸部的八个部分。额头中央代表一个人的总体等级。眉毛周围的区域代表他的职位。眼睛和鼻子周围的区域代表他的 hapu，即次部落等级。太阳穴周围的区域详细说明了他的婚姻状况，如结婚次数。鼻子下方的区域展示了他的签名。这个签名曾经被部落酋长记住，用于购买财产、签署契约和发布命令。脸颊区域代表一个人的工作性质。下巴区域显示一个人的 mana（威望）。最后，下颌区域代表一个人的出生地位。

H
A person’s ancestry is indicated on each side of the face. The left side is generally the father’s side, and the right side was the mother’s. The manutahi design is worked on the men’s back. It consists of two vertical lines drawn down the spine, with short vertical lines between them. When a man had the manutahi on his back, he took pride in himself. At gatherings of the people he could stand forth in their midst and display his tattoo designs with songs. And rows of triangles design on the men’s chest indicate his bravery.
一个人的血统在脸的两侧有所体现。左侧通常代表父系，右侧代表母系。manutahi 图案刻在男性的背部，由两条沿脊柱垂直向下的线条组成，中间有短垂直线条。当男性背部有 manutahi 图案时，他会为自己感到自豪。在人群聚集时，他可以站在他们中间，通过歌曲展示他的纹身图案。而男性胸部的三角形图案则表明他的勇敢。

Tattoo was a way delivering information of its owner. It’s also a traditional method to fetch spiritual power, protection and strength. The Polynesians use this as a sign of character, position and levels in a hierarchy. Polynesian peoples believe that a person’s mana, their spiritual power or life force, is displayed through their tattoo.
纹身是传递其主人信息的一种方式。它也是一种获取精神力量、保护和力量的传统方法。波利尼西亚人将其作为性格、地位和等级层次的标志。波利尼西亚人相信一个人的“mana”，即他们的精神力量或生命力，通过他们的纹身展现出来。

Questions 1-4 问题 1-4

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?
以下陈述是否与文章中作者的观点一致？
In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write
在答题纸的 1-4 框中填写

YES	if the statement agrees with the views of the writer 如果陈述与作者的观点一致
NO	if the statement contradicts the views of the writer 如果陈述与作者的观点相矛盾
NOT GIVEN	if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 如果无法判断作者对此的看法

1 Scientists like to do research in Tikopia because this tiny place is of great remoteness.
1 科学家喜欢在 Tikopia 进行研究，因为这个小地方非常偏远。
2 Firth was the first scholar to study on Tikopia.
2 Firth 是第一位研究 Tikopia 的学者。
3 Firth studied the cultural differences on Tikopia as well as on some other islands of the Pacific.
3 Firth 研究了 Tikopia 以及太平洋其他一些岛屿的文化差异。

4 The English word ‘tattoo’ is evolved from the local language of the island.
4 英文单词“tattoo”是从该岛当地语言演变而来的。

The Sense for Flavour
风味感知

A
Scientists now believe that human beings acquired the sense of taste as a way to avoid being poisoned. Edible plants generally taste sweet; deadly ones, bitter. Taste is supposed to help us differentiate food that’s good for us from food that’s not. The taste buds on our tongues can detect the presence of half a dozen or so basic tastes, including: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami (a taste discovered by Japanese researchers, a rich and full sense of deliciousness triggered by amino acids in foods such as shellfish, mushrooms, potatoes and seaweed). Taste buds offer a limited means of detection, however, compared with the human olfactory system, which can perceive thousands of different chemical aromas. Indeed, flavour, is primarily the smell of gases being released by the chemicals you’ve just put in your mouth. The aroma of food can be responsible for as much as

90 %

of its flavour.
科学家们现在认为，人类获得味觉是为了避免中毒。可食用的植物通常味道甜美；致命的植物则味道苦涩。味觉被认为可以帮助我们区分对我们有益的食物和有害的食物。我们舌头上的味蕾可以检测到大约六种基本味道，包括：甜、酸、苦、咸和鲜味（由日本研究人员发现的一种由氨基酸引发的丰富而饱满的美味感，如贝类、蘑菇、土豆和海藻中的氨基酸）。然而，与人类嗅觉系统相比，味蕾的检测手段有限，嗅觉系统可以感知数千种不同的化学气味。实际上，味道主要是由你刚放入口中的化学物质释放的气体气味决定的。食物的香气可能占其味道的

90 %

。

B
The act of drinking, sucking or chewing a substance releases its volatile gases. They flow out of the mouth and up the nostrils, or up the passageway at the back of the mouth, to a thin layer of nerve cells called the olfactory epithelium, located at the base of the nose, right between the eyes. The brain combines the complex smell signals from the epithelium with the simple taste signals from the tongue, assigns a flavour to what’s in your mouth, and decides if it’s something you want to eat.
饮用、吮吸或咀嚼物质会释放其挥发性气体。这些气体从口腔流出，进入鼻腔，或通过口腔后部的通道，到达位于鼻基底、两眼之间的薄层神经细胞，称为嗅觉上皮。大脑将来自上皮的复杂气味信号与来自舌头的简单味觉信号结合，为口中的物质赋予味道，并决定是否要食用。

CBabies like sweet tastes and reject bitter ones; we know this because scientists have rubbed various flavours inside the mouths of infants and then recorded their facial reactions. A person’s food preferences, like his or her personality, are formed during the first few years of life, through a process of socialisation. Toddlers can learn to enjoy hot and spicy food, bland health food, or fast food, depending upon what the people around them eat. The human sense of smell is still not fully understood. It is greatly affected by psychological factors and expectations. The mind filters out the overwhelming majority of chemical aromas that surround us, focusing intently on some, ignoring others. People can grow accustomed to bad smells or good smells; they stop noticing what once seemed overpowering.
婴儿喜欢甜味而拒绝苦味；我们知道这一点是因为科学家在婴儿口中涂抹了各种味道，然后记录了他们的面部反应。一个人的食物偏好，就像他或她的个性一样，是在生命的最初几年通过社会化过程形成的。幼儿可以学会享受辛辣食物、清淡的健康食品或快餐，这取决于他们周围的人吃什么。人类的嗅觉仍然没有被完全理解。它极大地受到心理因素和期望的影响。大脑过滤掉我们周围绝大多数化学气味，专注于一些，忽略其他。人们可以习惯坏气味或好气味；他们不再注意到曾经似乎压倒一切的气味。

D
Aroma and memory are somehow inextricably linked. A smell can suddenly evoke a longforgotten moment. The flavours of childhood foods seem to leave an indelible mark, and adults often return to them, without always knowing why. These ‘comfort foods’ become a source of pleasure and reassurance of a fact that fast-food chains work hard to promote childhood memories of Happy Meals can translate into frequent adult visits to McDonalds’, like those of the chain’s ‘heavy users’, the customers who eat there four or five times a week.
气味和记忆在某种程度上是密不可分的。一种气味能突然唤起一个早已遗忘的瞬间。童年食物的味道似乎留下了不可磨灭的印记，成年人常常会回到这些味道中，而不总是知道原因。这些“安慰食品”成为了一种愉悦的来源，也是对事实的安慰，即快餐连锁店努力推广的童年记忆中的“开心乐园餐”可以转化为成年人频繁光顾麦当劳的行为，就像那些“重度用户”一样，他们每周在那里用餐四到五次。

E
The human craving for flavour has been a large unacknowledged and unexamined force in history. Royal empires have been built, unexplored lands have been traversed, great religions and philosophies have been forever changed by the spice trade. In 1492, Christopher Columbus set sail in order to try to find new seasonings and thus to make his fortune with this most desired
人类对美味的渴望在历史上一直是一股未被充分认识和审视的巨大力量。皇家帝国因此建立，未探索的土地因此被穿越，伟大的宗教和哲学因香料贸易而永远改变。1492 年，克里斯托弗·哥伦布扬帆起航，试图寻找新的调味品，从而以这种最令人向往的香料致富。
commodity of that time. Today, the influence of flavour in the world marketplace is no less decisive. The rise and fall of corporate empires, soft-drink companies, snack-food companies and fast-food chains is frequently determined by how their products taste.
当时的商品。如今，风味在世界市场上的影响力同样具有决定性。企业帝国、软饮料公司、零食公司和快餐连锁店的兴衰往往取决于他们产品的味道。

F
The flavour industry emerged in the mid-1800s, as processed foods began to be manufactured on a large scale.
风味行业兴起于 19 世纪中叶，当时加工食品开始大规模生产。

Recognising the need for flavour additives, the early food processors turned to perfume companies that had years of experience working with essential oils and volatile aromas. The great perfume houses of England, France and the Netherlands produced many of the first flavour compounds. In the early part of the 20th century, Germany’s powerful chemical industry assumed the lead in flavour production. Legend has it that a German scientist discovered methyl anthranilate, one of the first artificial flavours, by accident while mixing chemicals in his laboratory. Suddenly, the lab was filled with the sweet smell of grapes. Methyl anthranilate later became the chief flavouring compound of manufactured grape juice.
认识到对风味添加剂的需求，早期的食品加工商转向了在精油和挥发性香气方面有多年经验的香水公司。英国、法国和荷兰的著名香水公司生产了许多首批风味化合物。在 20 世纪初期，德国强大的化学工业在风味生产方面占据了领先地位。传说一位德国科学家在实验室混合化学物质时偶然发现了邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯，这是最早的人工风味之一。突然，实验室里充满了葡萄的甜香。邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯后来成为制造葡萄汁的主要风味化合物。

G
The quality that people seek most of all in a food - its flavour, is usually present in a quantity too infinitesimal to be measured by any traditional culinary terms such as ounces or teaspoons. Today’s sophisticated spectrometres, gas chromatographs and headspace vapour analysers provide a detailed map of a food’s flavour components, detecting chemical aromas in amounts as low as one part per billion. The human nose, however, is still more sensitive than any machine yet invented. A nose can detect aromas present in quantities of a few parts per trillion. Complex aromas, such as those of coffee or roasted meat, may be composed of gases from nearly a thousand different chemicals. The chemical that provides the dominant flavour of bell pepper can be tasted in amounts as low as 0.02 parts per billion; one drop is sufficient to add flavour to the amount of water needed to fill five average-size swimming pools.
人们在食物中最为追求的品质——其风味，通常以极其微小的量存在，无法用任何传统的烹饪术语如盎司或茶匙来测量。如今，先进的质谱仪、气相色谱仪和顶空气体分析仪能够提供食物风味成分的详细图谱，检测到低至十亿分之一的化学香气。然而，人类的鼻子仍然比任何已发明的机器都要灵敏。鼻子能够检测到低至万亿分之几的香气。复杂的香气，如咖啡或烤肉的香气，可能由近千种不同的化学物质的气体组成。提供甜椒主要风味的化学物质，其浓度低至 0.02 十亿分之一时仍可被品尝到；一滴就足以为填满五个平均大小的游泳池所需的水增添风味。

Questions 1-5 问题 1-5

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write
以下陈述是否与文章中的信息一致？在答题纸上的 1-5 框中填写

TRUE	if the statement agrees with the information 如果陈述与信息一致
FALSE	if the statement contradicts the information 如果陈述与信息相矛盾
NOT GIVEN	if there is no information on this 如果没有这方面的信息

1 The brain determines which aromas we are aware of.
1 大脑决定我们意识到哪些气味。
2 The sense of taste is as efficient as the sense of smell.
2 味觉和嗅觉一样高效。
3 Personal tastes in food are developed in infancy.
3 个人对食物的口味在婴儿期就已形成。
4 Christopher Columbus found many different spices on his travels.
4 克里斯托弗·哥伦布在他的旅行中发现了许多不同的香料。
5 In the mid-1880s, man-made flavours were originally invented on purpose.
5 在 19 世纪 80 年代中期，人造香料最初是特意发明的。

READING PASSAGE 7 阅读文章 7

Design the Mat and Foot Health
设计 Mat 与足部健康

AYou’ve scoured the innovations website and gadget shops, trawled a dozen more sites offering ‘alternative’ gifts, spent hours on eBay, and still you haven’t found that perfect something. When just about everyone you know has just about everything, coming up with a present that is both novel and useful gets harder every year. But fear not. There is something worth having that most of us lack - something that could improve the quality of our lives immeasurably. If you really care, give the gift of a wobbly walk.
你已经浏览了创新网站和电子产品商店，搜寻了十几个提供“另类”礼物的网站，在 eBay 上花费了数小时，但仍然没有找到那个完美的礼物。当你认识的几乎每个人都有了一切时，每年想出一个既新颖又有用的礼物变得越来越难。但别担心。有一种我们大多数人都缺少的值得拥有的东西——它能够极大地提高我们的生活质量。如果你真的在乎，就送一个摇摆步行的礼物吧。

BSeriously, the feet of a typical urbanite rarely encounter terrain any more undulating than a crack in the pavement. While that may not seem like a problem, it turns out that this flatearth business is not doing us any good. By ironing all the bumps out of our urban environment we have put ourselves at risk of a surprising number of chronic illnesses and disabilities. Fortunately, the free market has come to the rescue. You can now buy the solution - in fact, there is even a choice of products. Indoor types will appreciate the cobblestone walkway, a knobbly textured plastic mat that they can wobble along in the comfort of their own homes. And for the more adventurous, there are shoes designed to throw you off balance.
说真的，典型的城市居民的脚很少会遇到比人行道裂缝更起伏的地形。虽然这看起来似乎不是问题，但事实证明，这种平坦的地面对我们没有任何好处。通过消除城市环境中的所有凹凸，我们使自己面临许多慢性疾病和残疾的风险。幸运的是，自由市场来救援了。你现在可以买到解决方案——事实上，甚至有多种产品可供选择。室内型的人会喜欢鹅卵石步道，这是一种表面凹凸不平的塑料垫，他们可以在家中舒适地摇晃行走。而对于更爱冒险的人来说，还有设计成让你失去平衡的鞋子。

C
The technology may be cutting edge, but its origins are deep and exotic. Research into the idea that flat floors could be detrimental to our health was pioneered back in the late 1960s. While others in Long Beach, California, contemplated peace and love, podiatrist Charles Brantingham and physiologist Bruce Beekman were concerned with more pedestrian matters. They reckoned that the growing epidemic of high blood pressure, varicose veins and deep-vein thromboses might be linked to the uniformity of the surfaces that we tend to stand and walk on.
这项技术可能是最前沿的，但其起源却深远而奇特。关于平坦地板可能对我们的健康有害的想法，早在 20 世纪 60 年代末就开始了研究。当加利福尼亚州长滩的其他人思考和平与爱时，足病医生 Charles Brantingham 和生理学家 Bruce Beekman 却关注着更为平凡的问题。他们认为，高血压、静脉曲张和深静脉血栓日益流行的现象，可能与我们站立和行走的表面过于一致有关。

DThe trouble, as they saw it, was that walking continuously on flat floors, sidewalks and streets concentrates forces on just a few areas of the foot. As a result, these surfaces are likely to be far more conducive to chronic stress syndromes than natural ones, where the foot meets the ground in a wide variety of orientations. The anatomy of the foot parallels that of the human hand - each having 26 bones, 33 joints and more than 100 muscles, tendons and ligaments. Modern lifestyles waste all this flexibility in your socks. Brantingham and Beekman became convinced that damage was being done simply by people standing on even surfaces and that this could be rectified by introducing a wobble.
他们认为问题在于，在平坦的地板、人行道和街道上连续行走会将力量集中在脚的少数几个区域。因此，这些表面可能比自然地面更容易导致慢性应力综合症，因为在自然地面上，脚以多种不同的角度接触地面。脚的解剖结构与人类的手相似——每只脚有 26 块骨头、33 个关节和 100 多块肌肉、肌腱和韧带。现代生活方式在你穿袜子时浪费了所有这些灵活性。Brantingham 和 Beekman 坚信，仅仅站在平坦的表面上就会造成伤害，而通过引入不稳定性可以纠正这一点。

E
‘In Beijing and Shanghai city dwellers take daily walks on cobbled paths to improve their health.’ To test their ideas, they got 65 clerks and factory workers to try standing on a variable terrain floor - spongy mats with different amounts of give across the surface. This modest irregularity allowed the soles of the volunteers’ feet to deviate slightly from the horizontal each time they shifted position. As the researchers hoped, this simple intervention turned out to make a huge difference over just a few weeks. Just a slight wobble from the floor activated a host of muscles in people’s legs, which in turn helped to pump blood back to their hearts. The muscle action prevented the pooling of blood in their feet and legs, reducing the stress on the entire cardiovascular system.
在北京和上海，城市居民每天在鹅卵石小径上散步以改善健康。为了验证他们的想法，他们让 65 名职员和工厂工人尝试站在一个可变地形的地板上——表面上具有不同弹性的海绵垫。这种适度的不规则性使得志愿者每次改变位置时，脚底都能稍微偏离水平面。正如研究人员所希望的那样，这种简单的干预在短短几周内就产生了巨大的差异。地板轻微的晃动激活了人们腿部的许多肌肉，进而帮助将血液泵回心脏。肌肉活动防止了血液在脚和腿部的淤积，减轻了整个心血管系统的压力。

And two-thirds of the volunteers reported feeling much less tired. Yet decades later, the flooring of the world’s workplaces remains relentlessly smooth.
三分之二的志愿者报告感觉疲劳大大减轻。然而几十年后，世界各地的办公场所地面仍然毫无变化地光滑。

F
Earlier this year, however, the idea was given a new lease of life when researchers in Oregon announced findings from a similar experiment with people over 60. John Fisher and colleagues at the Oregon Research Institute in Eugene designed a mat intended to replicate the effect of walking on cobblestones. In tests funded by the National Institute of Aging, they got some 50 adults to walk on the mats in their stockinged feet for less than an hour three times a week. After 16 weeks, these people showed marked improvements in balance and mobility, and even a significant reduction in blood pressure. People in a control group who walked on ordinary floors also improved but not as dramatically.
然而，今年早些时候，当俄勒冈州的研究人员宣布了一项针对 60 岁以上人群的类似实验的结果时，这一想法获得了新的生机。尤金市俄勒冈研究所的 John Fisher 及其同事设计了一种垫子，旨在复制在鹅卵石上行走的效果。在美国国家老龄化研究所资助的测试中，他们让大约 50 名成年人每周三次穿着袜子在这些垫子上行走不到一小时。16 周后，这些人在平衡和移动能力方面显示出显著改善，甚至血压也显著降低。在普通地板上行走的对照组也有所改善，但效果不如前者显著。

G
The mats are now on sale at

$ 35

. ‘Our first 1,000 cobblestone mats sold in three weeks,’ Fisher says, ‘Production is now being scaled up.’ Even so, demand could exceed supply if this foot-stimulating activity really is a ‘useful non-pharmacological approach for preventing or controlling hypertension of older adults’, as the researchers believe. They are not alone in extolling the revitalising powers of cobblestones. Reflexologists have long advocated walking on textured surfaces to stimulate so-called ‘acupoints’ on the soles of the feet. Practitioners of this unorthodox therapy believe that pressure applied to particular spots on the foot connects directly to corresponding organs and somehow enhances their function. In China, spas, hotels, apartment blocks and even factories promote their cobblestone paths as healthful amenities. Fisher admits he got the idea from regular visits to the country. In Beijing and Shanghai, city dwellers take daily walks along cobbled paths to improve their health. ‘In the big cities, people take off their shoes and walk on these paths for 5 or 10 minutes, perhaps several times a day,’ Fisher says.
这些垫子现在在

$ 35

有售。Fisher 说：“我们的前 1000 块鹅卵石垫在三个星期内售罄，现在正在扩大生产。”即便如此，如果这种足部刺激活动真的像研究人员所认为的那样，是“预防或控制老年人高血压的有用的非药物方法”，需求可能会超过供应。他们并不是唯一赞美鹅卵石恢复活力功效的人。反射疗法师长期以来一直提倡在纹理表面上行走，以刺激脚底所谓的“穴位”。这种非传统疗法的实践者认为，对脚部特定部位施加的压力直接连接到相应的器官，并在某种程度上增强其功能。在中国，水疗中心、酒店、公寓楼甚至工厂都宣传他们的鹅卵石路径是有益健康的设施。Fisher 承认，他的这个想法来自于定期访问中国。在北京和上海，城市居民每天沿着鹅卵石路径散步以改善健康。Fisher 说：“在大城市，人们脱下鞋子，在这些路径上行走 5 或 10 分钟，可能一天几次。”

HThe idea is now taking off in Europe too. People in Germany, Austria and Switzerland can visit ‘barefoot parks’ and walk along ‘paths of the senses’ with mud, logs, stone and moss underfoot to receive what’s known there as reflexion-massage. And it is not difficult to construct your own ‘health pathway’. American reflexologists Barbara and Kevin Kunz, based in Albuquerque, New Mexico, advise that you cobble together a walkway using broom handles, bamboo poles, hosepipes, gravel, pebbles, dried peas, driftwood, fallen logs, sand, door mats and strios of turf.
这一理念如今在欧洲也开始流行。德国、奥地利和瑞士的人们可以参观“赤脚公园”，沿着“感官小径”行走，脚下踩着泥土、木头、石头和苔藓，体验当地所称的反射按摩。而且，自己动手打造一条“健康小径”并不难。来自美国新墨西哥州阿尔伯克基的反射疗法专家 Barbara 和 Kevin Kunz 建议，你可以用扫帚柄、竹竿、软管、碎石、鹅卵石、干豌豆、浮木、倒下的木头、沙子、门垫和草皮条拼接出一条步道。

If your enthusiasm for DIY doesn’t stretch to this, and Fisher’s cobblestone mats are all sold out, there is another option. A new shoe on the market claims to transform flat, hard, artificial surfaces into something like natural uneven ground. ‘These shoes have an unbelievable effect,’ says Benno Nigg, an exercise scientist at the human performance laboratory of Calgary University in Canada, which has done contract research for the shoe’s manufacturers. ‘They are one of the best things to have happened to humankind for years.’ Known as Masai Barefoot Technology, or MBTs, the shoes have rounded soles that cause you to rock slightly when you stand still, exercising the small muscles around the ankle that are responsible for fore-aft stability. Forces in the joint are reduced, putting less strain on the system, Nigg claims.
如果你对 DIY 的热情没有达到这种程度，而且 Fisher 的鹅卵石垫已经售罄，还有另一个选择。市场上出现了一款新鞋，声称能将平坦、坚硬的人造表面转化为类似自然不平的地面。“这些鞋的效果令人难以置信，”加拿大卡尔加里大学人类表现实验室的运动科学家 Benno Nigg 说，该实验室为鞋子的制造商进行了合同研究。“它们是多年来发生在人类身上的最好的事情之一。”这款鞋被称为 Masai Barefoot Technology，简称 MBT，鞋底呈圆形，当你站立不动时，会使你轻微摇摆，锻炼脚踝周围负责前后稳定的小肌肉。Nigg 声称，关节中的力量减少，对系统的压力也减轻了。

Perhaps this all sounds a bit high-tech. If so, hang consumerism and go for the radical solution:
也许这一切听起来有点高科技。如果是这样，那就摒弃消费主义，选择激进的解决方案：

✓

search out a patch of Mother Earth that has yet to be concreted over and walk around on it for a few hours. You can even take your shoes off first, at no extra charge. But hurry: this offer is available for a limited period only.

✓

找一块尚未被混凝土覆盖的大地，在上面走几个小时。你甚至可以先脱掉鞋子，无需额外费用。但要抓紧：此优惠仅限时提供。

TRUE	if the statement agrees with the information 如果陈述与信息一致
FALSE	if the statement contradicts the information 如果陈述与信息相矛盾
NOT GIVEN	if there is no information on this 如果没有这方面的信息

1 Charles Brantingham and Bruce Beekman are the first researchers on the connection between damage to health and conditions of floor.
1 Charles Brantingham 和 Bruce Beekman 是首位研究健康损害与地板条件之间关系的研究人员。

2 John Fisher and his colleagues found that those who walked on cobblestones suffered a worsening physical condition.
约翰·费舍尔和他的同事们发现，那些在鹅卵石上行走的人身体状况恶化了。

3 Manufacture of Fisher’s cobblestone mats booms with high demand of this product.
3 随着 Fisher 鹅卵石垫产品需求的激增，其制造业务蓬勃发展。
4 The research works such as customised pathway from Barbara and Kevin Kunz were inspired from an oversea trip.
4 Barbara 和 Kevin Kunz 的研究工作，如定制化路径，是受到一次海外旅行的启发。

5 Benno Nigg suggests that shoes of Masai Barefoot Technology have specific age limitation.
5 Benno Nigg 指出，Masai Barefoot Technology 的鞋子有特定的年龄限制。

Mental Gymnastics 脑力体操

A
The working day has just started at the head office of Barclays Bank in London. Seventeen staff are helping themselves to a buffet breakfast as young psychologist Sebastian Bailey enters the room to begin the morning’s training session. But this is no ordinary training session. He’s not here to sharpen their finance or management skills. He’s here to exercise their brains.
工作日刚刚在伦敦巴克莱银行总部开始。十七名员工正在享用自助早餐，年轻的心理学家塞巴斯蒂安·贝利走进房间，开始早上的培训课程。但这不是一次普通的培训。他来这里不是为了提高他们的金融或管理技能。他来这里是为了锻炼他们的大脑。

B
Today’s workout, organised by a company called the Mind Gym in London, is entitled ‘having presence’. What follows is an intense 90-minute session in which this rather abstract concept is gradually broken down into a concrete set of feelings, mental tricks and behaviours. At one point the bankers are instructed to shut their eyes and visualise themselves filling the room and then the building. They finish up by walking around the room acting out various levels of presence, from low-key to over the top.
今天的锻炼由伦敦一家名为 Mind Gym 的公司组织，主题是“展现存在感”。接下来是一个紧张的 90 分钟课程，这个相当抽象的概念被逐步分解为一系列具体的感觉、心理技巧和行为。在某一个时刻，银行家们被指示闭上眼睛，想象自己填满整个房间，然后是整栋建筑。最后，他们通过在房间里走动，从低调到夸张，表演出不同层次的存在感。

It’s easy to poke fun. Yet similar mental workouts are happening in corporate seminar rooms around the globe. The Mind Gym alone offers some 70 different sessions, including ones on mental stamina, creativity for logical thinkers and ‘zoom learning’. Other outfits draw more directly on the exercise analogy, offering ‘neurobics’ courses with names like ‘brain sets’ and ‘cerebral fitness’. Then there are books with titles like Pumping, full of brainteasers that claim to ‘flex your mind’, and software packages offering memory and spatial-awareness games.
嘲笑很容易。然而，类似的思维锻炼正在全球的企业研讨室中进行。仅 Mind Gym 就提供了大约 70 种不同的课程，包括关于心理耐力、逻辑思维者的创造力以及“快速学习”的课程。其他机构更直接地借鉴了运动类比，提供名为“大脑训练”和“脑力健身”的“神经操”课程。此外，还有像《Pumping》这样的书籍，充满了声称能“锻炼你的思维”的脑筋急转弯，以及提供记忆和空间意识游戏的软件包。

◻

But whatever the style, the companies’ sales pitch is invariably the same - follow our routines to shape and sculpt your brain or mind, just as you might tone and train your body. And, of course, they nearly all claim that their mental workouts draw on serious scientific research and thinking into how the brain works.

◻

但无论风格如何，公司的销售说辞总是一样的——遵循我们的日常训练来塑造和锻炼你的大脑或思维，就像你可能锻炼和训练你的身体一样。当然，他们几乎都声称他们的脑力训练借鉴了关于大脑如何运作的严肃科学研究和思考。

One outfit, Brainergy of Cambridge, Massachusetts (motto: ‘Because your grey matter matters’) puts it like this: ‘Studies have shown that mental exercise can cause changes in brain anatomy and brain chemistry which promote increased mental efficiency and clarity. The neuroscience is cuttingedge.’ And on its website, Mind Gym trades on a quote from Susan Greenfield, one of Britain’s best known neuroscientists: ‘It’s a bit like going to the gym, if you exercise your brain it will grow.’
马萨诸塞州剑桥市的 Brainergy 公司（口号：“因为你的大脑很重要”）这样表述：“研究表明，脑力锻炼可以引起大脑解剖结构和化学物质的变化，从而提高脑力效率和清晰度。其神经科学处于前沿。”而在其网站上，Mind Gym 引用英国著名神经科学家苏珊·格林菲尔德的话进行宣传：“这有点像去健身房，如果你锻炼大脑，它就会成长。”

F
Indeed, the Mind Gym originally planned to hold its sessions in a local health club, until its founders realised where the real money was to be made. Modern companies need flexible, bright thinkers and will seize on anything that claims to create them, especially if it looks like a quick fix backed by science. But are neuronic workouts really backed by science? And do we need them?
事实上，Mind Gym 最初计划在当地健身俱乐部举办课程，直到其创始人意识到真正的赚钱机会在哪里。现代公司需要灵活、聪明的思考者，并会抓住任何声称能培养他们的东西，尤其是如果它看起来像是由科学支持的快速解决方案。但是，神经锻炼真的得到科学支持吗？我们需要它们吗？

GNor is there anything remotely high-tech about what Lawrence Katz, co-author of Keep Your Brain Alive, recommends. Katz, a neurobiologist at Duke University Medical School in North Carolina, argues that just as many of us fail to get enough physical exercise, so we also lack sufficient mental stimulation to keep our brain in trim. Sure we are busy with jobs, family and housework. But most of this activity is repetitive routine. And any leisure time is spent slumped in front of the TV.
《让你的大脑保持活力》的合著者劳伦斯·卡茨所推荐的内容也远非高科技。卡茨是北卡罗来纳州杜克大学医学院的神经生物学家，他认为，正如我们许多人未能获得足够的体育锻炼一样，我们也缺乏足够的心理刺激来保持大脑的健康。诚然，我们忙于工作、家庭和家务。但这些活动大多是重复的例行公事。而任何闲暇时间都花在了瘫在电视机前。

HSo, read a book upside down. Write or brush your teeth with your wrong hand. Feel your way around the room with your eyes shut. Sniff vanilla essence while listening intently to orchestral music. Anything, says Katz, to break your normal mental routine. It will help invigorate your brain, encouraging its
所以，倒着读一本书。用你不常用的手写字或刷牙。闭上眼睛在房间里摸索。在专心听管弦乐的同时闻香草精华。卡茨说，任何能打破你正常思维习惯的事情都会有助于激活你的大脑，激发其
cells to make new connections and pump out neurotrophins, substances that feed and sustain brain circuits.
细胞形成新的连接并释放神经营养因子，这些物质能够滋养和维持大脑回路。
Well, up to a point it will. ‘What I’m really talking about is brain maintenance rather than bulking up your IQ.’ Katz adds. Neurobics, in other words, is about letting your brain fulfill its potential. It cannot create super-brains. Can it achieve even that much, though? Certainly the brain is an organ that can adapt to the demands placed on it. Tests on animal brain tissue, for example, have repeatedly shown that electrically stimulating the synapses that connect nerve cells thought to be crucial to learning and reasoning, makes them stronger and more responsive. Brain scans suggest we use a lot more of our grey matter when carrying out new or strange tasks than when we’re doing well-rehearsed ones. Rats raised in bright cages with toys sprout more neural connections than rats raised in bare cages - suggesting perhaps that novelty and variety could be crucial to a developing brain. Katz, and neurologists have proved time and again that people who lose brain cells suddenly during a stroke often sprout new connections to compensate for the loss especially if they undergo extensive therapy to overcome any paralysis.
嗯，在一定程度上确实如此。Katz 补充道：“我真正谈论的是大脑的维护，而不是提高你的智商。”换句话说，神经健身术是让大脑发挥其潜力。它不能创造出超级大脑。然而，它能否达到这一点呢？大脑确实是一个能够适应需求的器官。例如，对动物脑组织的测试反复表明，电刺激被认为是学习和推理关键的神经细胞之间的突触，会使它们变得更强大、反应更灵敏。脑部扫描显示，在执行新的或陌生的任务时，我们使用的灰质比在做熟悉的任务时多得多。在装有玩具的明亮笼子中长大的老鼠比在空笼子中长大的老鼠长出更多的神经连接——这可能表明新奇和多样性对发育中的大脑至关重要。Katz 和神经学家已经多次证明，中风期间突然失去脑细胞的人往往会生长出新的连接来补偿损失，特别是如果他们接受广泛的治疗来克服任何瘫痪。

Guy Claxton, an educational psychologist at the University of Bristol, dismisses most of the neurological approaches as ‘neuro-babble’. ‘Nevertheless there are specific mental skills we can learn,’ he contends. ‘Desirable attributes such as creativity, mental flexibility, and even motivation, are not the fixed faculties that most of us think.’ They are thought habits that can be learned. The problem, says Claxton, is that most of us never get proper training in these skills. We develop our own private set of mental strategies for tackling tasks and never learn anything explicitly. Worse still, because any learned skill - even driving a car or brushing our teeth - quickly sinks out of consciousness, we can no longer see the very thought habits we’re relying upon. Our mental tools become invisible to us.
布里斯托大学的教育心理学家 Guy Claxton 将大多数神经学方法斥为“神经胡言”。然而，他主张，“我们仍可以学习特定的心理技能。诸如创造力、心理灵活性，甚至动机等理想特质，并非我们大多数人所认为的固定能力。”它们是可以通过学习获得的思想习惯。Claxton 指出，问题在于我们大多数人从未接受过这些技能的适当训练。我们发展了自己的一套心理策略来应对任务，却从未明确地学习过任何东西。更糟糕的是，由于任何学到的技能——即使是开车或刷牙——都会迅速从意识中消失，我们再也看不到我们所依赖的那些思想习惯。我们的心理工具对我们来说变得不可见。

1Claxton is the academic adviser to the Mind Gym. So not surprisingly, the company espouses his solution - that we must return our thought patterns to a conscious level, becoming aware of the details of how we usually think. Only then can we start to practise better thought patterns, until eventually these become our new habits. Switching metaphors, picture not gym classes, but tennis or football coaching.
1Claxton 是 Mind Gym 的学术顾问。因此，毫不奇怪，该公司支持他的解决方案——我们必须将思维模式恢复到意识层面，意识到我们通常如何思考的细节。只有这样，我们才能开始练习更好的思维模式，直到最终这些成为我们的新习惯。换个比喻，想象的不是健身课程，而是网球或足球教练。

In practice, the training can seem quite mundane. For example, in one of the eight different creativity workouts offered by the Mind Gym - entitled ‘creativity for logical thinkers’, one of the mental strategies taught is to make a sensible suggestion, then immediately pose its opposite. So, asked to spend five minutes inventing a new pizza, a group soon comes up with no topping, sweet topping, cold topping, price based on time of day, flat-rate prices and so on.
在实践中，训练可能显得相当平凡。例如，在 Mind Gym 提供的八种不同的创造力训练之一——“逻辑思维者的创造力”中，教授的一种心理策略是提出一个合理的建议，然后立即提出其对立面。因此，当被要求花五分钟时间发明一种新披萨时，一个小组很快就提出了无配料、甜配料、冷配料、根据时间定价、统一价格等等。

MBailey agrees that the trick is simple. But it is surprising how few such tricks people have to call upon when they are suddenly asked to be creative: ‘They tend to just label themselves as uncreative, not realising that there are techniques that every creative person employs.’ Bailey says the aim is to introduce people to half a dozen or so such strategies in a session so that what at first seems like dauntingly abstract mental task becomes a set of concrete, learnable behaviours. He admits this is not a short cut to genius. Neurologically, some people do start with quicker circuits or greater handling capacity. However, with the right kind of training he thinks we can dramatically increase how efficiently we use it.
MBailey 同意这个技巧很简单。但令人惊讶的是，当人们突然被要求发挥创造力时，他们能够调用的此类技巧却少之又少：“他们往往只是给自己贴上没有创造力的标签，没有意识到每个有创造力的人都会使用一些技巧。”Bailey 表示，目标是在一次课程中向人们介绍大约六种这样的策略，以便让最初看起来令人生畏的抽象思维任务变成一套具体、可学习的行为。他承认这并不是通往天才的捷径。从神经学角度来看，有些人确实一开始就有更快的神经回路或更大的处理能力。然而，他认为通过正确的训练，我们可以显著提高我们使用这些能力的效率。

NIt is hard to prove that the training itself is effective. How do you measure a change in an employee’s creativity levels, or memory skills? But staff certainly report feeling that such classes have opened their eyes. So, neurological boosting or psychological training? At the moment you can pay your money and take your choice. Claxton for one believes there is no reason why schools and universities shouldn’t spend more time teaching basic thinking skills, rather than trying to stuff heads with facts and hoping that effective thought habits are somehow absorbed by osmosis.
很难证明培训本身是有效的。你如何衡量员工创造力水平或记忆技能的变化？但员工们确实报告说，这类课程让他们大开眼界。那么，是神经增强还是心理训练？目前，你可以花钱并做出选择。Claxton 认为，学校和大专院校没有理由不花更多时间教授基本的思维技能，而不是试图用事实填满脑袋，并希望有效的思维习惯能通过某种渗透被吸收。

Questions 1-5 问题 1-5

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the passage?
以下陈述是否与文章中作者的观点一致？
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write
在答题纸上的 1-5 号方框中，写上

YES	if the statement agrees with the views of the writer 如果陈述与作者的观点一致
NO	if the statement contradicts the views of the writer 如果陈述与作者的观点相矛盾
NOT GIVEN	if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 如果无法判断作者对此的看法

1 Mind Gym coach instructed employees to imagine that they are the building.
1 Mind Gym 教练指导员工想象自己就是大楼。
2 Mind Gym uses the similar marketing theory that is used all round.
2 Mind Gym 使用了全球范围内类似的营销理论。
3 Susan Greenfield is the founder of Mind Gym.
3 Susan Greenfield 是 Mind Gym 的创始人。
4 All business and industries are using Mind Gym’s session globally.
4 全球所有企业和行业都在使用 Mind Gym 的课程。
5 According to Mind Gym, extensive scientific background supports their mental training sessions.
5 根据 Mind Gym 的说法，广泛的科学背景支持他们的心理训练课程。

Carlill VS Carbolic Smoke Ball Company
卡尔利尔诉卡波利克烟球公司

AThe Carbolic Smoke Ball Company made a product called the ‘smoke ball’. It claimed to be a cure for influenza and a number of other diseases, in the context of the 1889-1890 flu pandemic (estimated to have killed 1 million people). The bottle was a patented design and the nozzle part was mental one with the gauze inside which filter the air flux. The smoke ball was a rubber ball with a tube attached. It was filled with carbolic acid (or phenol). The tube would be inserted into a user’s nose and squeezed at the bottom to release medicine powder (the vapours) hold inside the rubber ball bottle. The nose would run, ostensibly flushing out viral infections.
卡波利克烟雾球公司生产了一种名为“烟雾球”的产品。它声称可以治疗流感和其他多种疾病，背景是 1889-1890 年的流感大流行（估计导致 100 万人死亡）。瓶子是专利设计，喷嘴部分是金属的，内部有纱布过滤空气流量。烟雾球是一个带有管子的橡胶球，里面装满了石炭酸（或苯酚）。管子会插入用户的鼻子，挤压底部以释放橡胶球瓶内的药粉（蒸汽）。鼻子会流鼻涕，表面上可以冲洗掉病毒感染。

BThe Company published advertisements in the Pall Mall Gazette and other newspapers on November 13, 1891, claiming that it would pay

£ 100

to anyone who got sick with influenza after using its product according to the instructions set out in the advertisement.
B 公司于 1891 年 11 月 13 日在《Pall Mall Gazette》及其他报纸上刊登广告，声称任何按照广告中的说明使用其产品后患上流感的人将获得

£ 100

的赔偿。

’ 100 reward will be paid by the Carbolic Smoke Ball Company to any person who contracts the increasing epidemic influenza colds, or any disease caused by taking cold, after having used the ball three times daily for two weeks, according to the printed directions supplied with each ball.
“卡巴利克烟球公司”将向任何按照每球附带的印刷说明，每日使用三次，持续两周后，仍感染日益流行的流感感冒或由感冒引起的任何疾病的人支付 100 英镑的奖励。
$£ 1, 000$ is deposited with the Alliance Bank, Regent Street, showing our sincerity in the matter.
$£ 1, 000$ 已存入摄政街的联盟银行，显示我们在此事上的诚意。

During the last epidemic of influenza many thousand carbolic smoke balls were sold as preventives against this disease, and in no ascertained case was the disease contracted by those using the carbolic smoke ball.
在上一次流感流行期间，成千上万的 carbolic smoke balls 被作为预防该疾病的药物出售，而在使用 carbolic smoke ball 的人群中，没有确切病例感染该疾病。

One carbolic smoke ball will last a family several months, making it the cheapest remedy in the world at the price. 10s, post free. The ball can be refilled at a cost of 5s. Address: “Carbolic Smoke Ball Company”, 27, Princes Street. Hanover Square. London.’
一个 Carbolic Smoke Ball 可以供一个家庭使用数月，使其成为世界上最便宜的药品，售价 10 先令，邮费全免。球体可以重新填充，费用为 5 先令。地址：伦敦汉诺威广场王子街 27 号“Carbolic Smoke Ball 公司”。

?
Mrs Louisa Elizabeth Carlill saw the advertisement, bought one of the balls and used it three
路易莎·伊丽莎白·卡利尔夫人看到了广告，购买了一个球并使用了三次
times daily for nearly two months until she contracted the flu on 17 January 1892. She claimed

£ 100

from the Carbolic Smoke Ball Company. They ignored two letters from her husband, a solicitor. On a third request for her reward, they replied with an anonymous letter that if it is used properly the company had complete confidence in the smoke ball’s efficacy, but ‘to protect themselves against all fraudulent claims’ they would need her to come to their office to use the ball each day and be checked by the secretary. Mrs Carlill brought a claim to court. The barristers representing her argued that the advertisement and her reliance on it was a contract between her and the company, and so they ought to pay. The company argued it was not a serious contract.
每天数次，持续了近两个月，直到 1892 年 1 月 17 日她感染了流感。她向 Carbolic Smoke Ball 公司提出了索赔。他们忽略了她丈夫（一位律师）的两封信。在第三次要求奖励时，他们用一封匿名信回复说，如果正确使用，公司对烟雾球的功效完全有信心，但“为了保护自己免受所有欺诈性索赔”，他们需要她每天到他们的办公室使用烟雾球，并由秘书进行检查。Carlill 夫人向法院提起了诉讼。代表她的律师辩称，广告及其依赖构成了她与公司之间的合同，因此他们应该支付。公司辩称这不是一份严肃的合同。

The Carbolic Smoke Ball Company, despite being represented by HH Asquith, lost its argument at the Queen’s Bench. It appealed straight away. The Court of Appeal unanimously
卡波利克烟球公司（The Carbolic Smoke Ball Company）尽管由 HH Asquith 代表，但在女王座法院（Queen’s Bench）败诉。该公司立即提出上诉。上诉法院（Court of Appeal）一致
rejected the company’s arguments and held that there was a fully binding contract for

£ 100

with Mrs Carlill. Among the reasons given by the three judges were (1) that the advert was a unilateral offer to all the world (2) that satisfying conditions for using the smoke ball constituted acceptance of the offer (3) that purchasing or merely using the smoke ball constituted good consideration, because it was a distinct detriment incurred at the behest of the company and, furthermore, more people buying smoke balls by relying on the advert was a clear benefit to Carbolic (4) that the company’s claim that

£ 1, 000

was deposited at the Alliance Bank showed the serious intention to be legally bound.
驳回了公司的论点，并认定与 Carlill 夫人之间存在一份具有完全约束力的合同。三位法官给出的理由包括：(1)广告是对全世界发出的单方面要约；(2)满足使用烟球的条件即构成对要约的接受；(3)购买或仅仅使用烟球即构成有效的对价，因为这是在公司要求下产生的明确损害，而且依赖广告购买烟球的人数增加对 Carbolic 公司明显有利；(4)公司声称

£ 1, 000

存放在 Alliance Bank，表明其具有受法律约束的严肃意图。

ELord Justice Lindley gave the first judgment, after running through the facts again. He makes short shrift of the insurance and wagering contract arguments that were dealt with in the Queen’s Bench. He believed that the advert was intended to be issued to the public and to be read by the public. How would an ordinary person reading this document construe it? It was intended unquestionably to have some effect. He followed on with essentially five points. First, the advert was not ‘mere puff’ as had been alleged by the company, because the deposit of

£ 1, 000

in the bank evidenced seriousness. Second, the advertisement was an offer to the world. Third, communication of acceptance is not necessary for a contract when people’s conduct manifests an intention to contract. Fourth, that the vagueness of the advert’s terms was no insurmountable obstacle. And fifth, the nature of Mrs Carlill’s consideration (what she gave in return for the offer) was good, because there is both an advantage in additional sales in reaction to the advertisement and a ‘distinct inconvenience’ that people go to use a smoke ball.
大法官林德利在再次梳理事实后作出了第一个判决。他迅速处理了在女王座法庭中已讨论过的保险和赌博合同论点。他认为广告是面向公众发布并供公众阅读的。一个普通人阅读这份文件会如何理解它？毫无疑问，它旨在产生某种效果。他接着提出了五个基本观点。首先，广告并非如公司所声称的“仅仅是吹嘘”，因为银行中的

£ 1, 000

存款证明了其严肃性。第二，广告是对全世界的要约。第三，当人们的行为表现出订立合同的意图时，接受的通知并非合同成立的必要条件。第四，广告条款的模糊性并非不可克服的障碍。第五，卡莉尔夫人的对价（她为要约所给予的回报）的性质是良好的，因为广告带来的额外销售既有优势，也有人们使用烟球的“明显不便”。

F
Lord Justice Bowen LJ’s opinion was more tightly structured in style and is frequently cited. Five main steps in his reasoning can be identified. First, he says that the contract was not too vague to be enforced, because it could be interpreted according to what ordinary people would understand by it. He differed slightly to Lindley LJ on what time period one could contract flu and still have a claim (Lindley LJ said a ‘reasonable time’ after use, while Bowen LJ said ‘while the smoke ball is used’) but this was not a crucial point, because the fact was that Mrs Carlill got flu while using the smoke ball. Second, like Lindley LJ, Bowen LJ says that the advert was not mere puff because

£ 1, 000

was deposited in the bank to pay rewards. Third, he said that although there was an offer to the whole world, there was not a contract with the whole world. Therefore, it was not an absurd basis for a contract, because only the people that used it would bind the company. Fourth, he says that communication is not necessary to accept the terms of an offer; conduct is and should be sufficient. Fifth, there was clearly good consideration given by Mrs Carlill because she went to the ‘inconvenience’ of using it, and the company got the benefit of extra sales.
Lord Justice Bowen LJ 的意见在风格上更加严谨，并且经常被引用。他的推理可以分为五个主要步骤。首先，他说合同并不因为过于模糊而无法执行，因为它可以根据普通人的理解来解释。他在关于人们可以在什么时间段内感染流感并仍然提出索赔的问题上，与 Lindley LJ 略有不同（Lindley LJ 说是在使用后的“合理时间”内，而 Bowen LJ 说是在“使用烟雾球期间”），但这并不是关键点，因为事实是 Carlill 夫人在使用烟雾球期间感染了流感。其次，与 Lindley LJ 一样，Bowen LJ 认为广告不仅仅是夸大其词，因为

£ 1, 000

被存入银行以支付奖励。第三，他说虽然广告是向全世界发出的要约，但并不是与全世界签订的合同。因此，这并不是一个荒谬的合同基础，因为只有使用它的人才会对公司产生约束力。第四，他说接受要约条款并不需要沟通；行为就足够了。第五，Carlill 夫人显然给予了充分的考虑，因为她经历了使用该产品的“不便”，而公司则获得了额外销售的好处。

G
Carlill is frequently cited as a leading case in the common law of contract, particularly where unilateral contracts are concerned. This is perhaps due to the ingenuity of Counsel for the Defendant in running just about every available defense, requiring the court to deal with these points in turn in the judgment. It provides an excellent study of the basic principles of contract and how they relate to everyday life till modern world. The case remains good law. It still binds the lower courts of England and Wales and is cited by judges with approval. However, in addition to the contractual remedy afforded to users, the same facts would give rise to a number of additional statutory remedies and punishments were an individual to place an advert in the same terms today.
Carlill 经常被引用为合同法中的主要案例，特别是在涉及单边合同的情况下。这可能是由于被告律师的巧妙策略，他们几乎运用了所有可用的辩护，要求法院在判决中逐一处理这些问题。它为合同基本原则及其与现代世界日常生活的关联提供了极好的研究。该案例仍然是有效的法律。它仍然对英格兰和威尔士的下级法院具有约束力，并得到法官的认可和引用。然而，除了为用户提供的合同救济外，如果今天有人以相同条款发布广告，同样的事实将引发一系列额外的法定救济和惩罚。

Questions 1-4 问题 1-4

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
以下陈述是否与文章中的信息一致？
In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write
在答题纸的 1-4 框中填写

TRUE	if the statement agrees with the information 如果陈述与信息一致
FALSE	if the statement contradicts the information 如果陈述与信息相矛盾
NOT GIVEN	if there is no information on this 如果没有这方面的信息

1 Influenza epidemic was more rampant in London City than in rural areas.
1 流感疫情在伦敦市比在农村地区更为猖獗。
2 A letter has replied to Mrs. Carlill bearing no signed name to claim the company’s innocence.
2 一封未署名的信件回复了 Carlill 女士，声称公司无罪。
3 The Carbolic Smoke Ball Company lost its lawsuit then the company accepted the sentence straight away.
3 The Carbolic Smoke Ball Company 输掉了诉讼，随后公司立即接受了判决。

4 The new patented carbolic acid product can be poisonous and viral infectious.
4 新型专利碳酸产品可能具有毒性和病毒传染性。

READING PASSAGE 10 阅读文章 10

The Impact of Environment on Children
环境对儿童的影响

AWhat determines how a child develops? In reality, it would be impossible to account for each and every influence that ultimately determines who a child becomes. What we can look at are some of the most apparent influences such as genetics, parenting, experiences, friends, family relationships and school to help us understand the influences that help contribute to a child’s growth.
什么决定了一个孩子的发展？实际上，要考虑到最终决定一个孩子成为什么样的人的所有影响因素是不可能的。我们可以关注一些最明显的影响因素，如遗传、父母教养、经历、朋友、家庭关系和学校，以帮助我们理解有助于孩子成长的影响因素。

B
Think of these influences as building blocks. While roost people tend to have the same basic building blocks, these components can be put together in an infinite number of ways. Consider your own overall personality. How much of who you are today was shaped by your genetic inheritance, and how much is a result of your lifetime of experiences? This question has puzzled philosophers, psychologists and educators for hundreds of years and is frequently referred to as the nature versus nurture debate. Generally, the given rate of influence to children is

40 %

50 %

. It may refer to all of siblings of a family. Are we the result of nature (our genetic background) or nurture (our environment)? Today, most researchers agree that child development involves a complex interaction of both nature and nurture, while some aspects of development may be strongly influenced by biology, environmental influences may also play a role. For example, the timing of when the onset of puberty occurs is largely the results of heredity, but environmental factors such as nutrition can also have an effect.
将这些影响视为构建模块。虽然大多数人往往拥有相同的基本构建模块，但这些组件可以以无限的方式组合在一起。考虑一下你自己的整体个性。你今天是谁，有多少是由你的遗传继承塑造的，又有多少是你一生经历的结果？这个问题已经困扰了哲学家、心理学家和教育家数百年，通常被称为“先天与后天”的辩论。通常，对儿童的影响率是

40 %

到

50 %

。这可能指的是一个家庭中的所有兄弟姐妹。我们是先天（我们的遗传背景）还是后天（我们的环境）的结果？今天，大多数研究者认为儿童发展涉及先天和后天的复杂互动，虽然发展的某些方面可能受到生物学的强烈影响，但环境因素也可能发挥作用。例如，青春期开始的时间在很大程度上是遗传的结果，但营养等环境因素也可能产生影响。

C
From the earliest moments of life, the interaction of heredity and the environment works to shape who children are and who they will become. While the genetic instructions a child inherits from his parents may set out a road map for development, the environment can impact how these directions are expressed, shaped or event silenced. The complex interaction of nature and nurture does not just occur at certain moments or at certain periods of time; it is persistent and lifelong.
从生命的最初时刻起，遗传与环境的相互作用就开始塑造孩子的身份及其未来的发展。虽然孩子从父母那里继承的基因指令可能为发展绘制了路线图，但环境可以影响这些指令如何被表达、塑造甚至被抑制。这种复杂的自然与养育的相互作用并不仅仅发生在某些特定的时刻或时期；它是持续且终生的。

D
The shared environment (also called common environment) refers to environmental influences that have the effect of making siblings more similar to one another. Shared environmental influences can include shared family experiences, shared peer groups, and sharing the same school and community. In general, there has not been strong evidence for shared environmental effects on many behaviours, particularly those measured in adults. Possible reasons for this are discussed. Shared environmental effects are evident in children and adolescents, but these effects generally decrease across the life span. New developments in behaviour genetic methods have made it possible to specify shared environments of importance and to tease apart familial and nonfamilial sources of shared environmental influence. It may also refer to all of siblings of a family, but the rate of influence is less than 10 per cent.
共享环境（也称为共同环境）指的是那些使兄弟姐妹彼此更加相似的环境影响。共享环境影响可以包括共享的家庭经历、共享的同龄群体以及共享的学校和社区。总的来说，对于许多行为，特别是成年人中测量的行为，没有强有力的证据表明共享环境的影响。本文讨论了可能的原因。共享环境影响在儿童和青少年中是明显的，但这些影响通常会随着年龄的增长而减弱。行为遗传学方法的新发展使得指定重要的共享环境以及区分家庭和非家庭来源的共享环境影响成为可能。它也可能指一个家庭中的所有兄弟姐妹，但影响率低于 10%。

The importance of non-shared environment lay hidden within quantitative genetic studies since they began nearly a century ago. Quantitative genetic methods, such as twin and adoption methods, were designed to tease apart nature and nurture in order to explain family resemblance. For nearly all complex phenotypes, it has emerged that the answer to the question of the origins of family resemblance is nature - things run in families primarily for genetic reasons. However, the best available evidence for the importance of environmental influence comes from this same quantitative genetic research because genetic influence never explains all of the variance for complex phenotypes, and the remaining variance must be ascribed to environmental influences. Non-shared environment, it may refer to part of siblings of a family, the rate of influence to children is

40 %

50 %

.
非共享环境的重要性自近一个世纪前开始就隐藏在定量遗传学研究中。定量遗传学方法，如双胞胎和领养方法，旨在区分先天与后天，以解释家族相似性。对于几乎所有复杂的表型，家族相似性起源的答案都是先天——家族中的特征主要是由于遗传原因。然而，环境因素重要性的最佳证据同样来自这些定量遗传学研究，因为遗传影响从未解释复杂表型的所有变异，剩余的变异必须归因于环境影响。非共享环境，可能指家庭中兄弟姐妹的一部分，对儿童的影响率在

40 %

到

50 %

之间。

F
Yet it took many decades for the full meaning of these findings to emerge. If genetics explains why siblings growing up in the same family are similar, but the environment is important, then it must be the case that the salient environmental effects do not make siblings similar. That is, they are not shared by children growing up in the same family - they must be ‘non-shared’. This implication about non-shared environmental import lay fallow in the field of quantitative genetics because the field’s attention was then firmly on the nature-nurture debate. ‘Nurture’ in the nature-nurture debate was implicitly taken to mean shared environment because from Freud onwards, theories of socialisation had assumed that children’s environments are doled out on a family-by-family basis. In contrast, the point of non-shared environment is that environments are doled out on a child-by-child basis. Note that the phrase ‘non-shared environment’ is shorthand for a component of phenotypic variance - it refers to ‘effects’ rather than ‘events’, as discussed later. Research in recent years suggested that the impact from parents will be easy to be interrupted by the influence from the children of the same age. That also showed that variations of knowledge that children get from other culture is increasing. A number of interests between, whatever, fathers and mothers or parents and their children are conflicting.
然而，这些发现的全部意义直到几十年后才显现出来。如果遗传学解释了为什么在同一个家庭中长大的兄弟姐妹是相似的，但环境也很重要，那么必然的情况是，显著的环境影响并不会使兄弟姐妹相似。也就是说，这些影响并不是由在同一个家庭中长大的孩子所共享的——它们必须是“非共享的”。这一关于非共享环境重要性的隐含意义在数量遗传学领域中一直未被重视，因为该领域的注意力当时主要集中在先天与后天的辩论上。在先天与后天的辩论中，“后天”被默认为指的是共享环境，因为自弗洛伊德以来，社会化理论一直假设儿童的环境是以家庭为单位分配的。相比之下，非共享环境的观点是，环境是以每个孩子为单位分配的。需要注意的是，“非共享环境”这个短语是表型方差的一个组成部分的简写——它指的是“影响”而不是“事件”，这一点将在后面讨论。近年来的研究表明，父母的影响很容易被同龄孩子的影响所打断。这也表明，孩子们从其他文化中获得的知识差异正在增加。无论是父亲和母亲之间，还是父母与子女之间，许多兴趣都存在冲突。

GBecause siblings living in the same home share some but not all of the potential genetic and environmental factors that influence their behaviours, teasing apart the potential influences of genetic and non-genetic factors that differentiate siblings is very difficult. Turkheimer and Waldron (2000) have noted that non-shared environmental influences - which include all of the random measurement error - may not be systematic, but instead may operate idiosyncratically and in ways that cannot be ascertained. Thus, the question is whether or not quasi-experimental behavioural genetic designs can be used to actually identify systematic non-shared environmental mechanisms cross sectionally and longitudinally. This is the impetus for the current study.
由于生活在同一家庭的兄弟姐妹共享一些但并非所有影响他们行为的潜在遗传和环境因素，区分兄弟姐妹之间遗传和非遗传因素的潜在影响非常困难。Turkheimer 和 Waldron（2000）指出，非共享的环境影响——包括所有随机测量误差——可能不是系统性的，而是可能以独特且无法确定的方式运作。因此，问题是准实验行为遗传设计是否能够真正识别出系统性的非共享环境机制，无论是横截面还是纵向。这是当前研究的推动力。

Questions 1-4 问题 1-4

YES	if the statement agrees with the views of the writer 如果陈述与作者的观点一致
NO	if the statement contradicts the views of the writer 如果陈述与作者的观点相矛盾
NOT GIVEN	if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 如果无法判断作者对此的看法

1 The more children there are in a family, the more impacts of environment it is.
1 家庭中的孩子越多，环境的影响就越大。
2 Methods based on twin studies still meet unexpected differences that cannot be ascribed purely to genetic explanation.
基于双胞胎研究的方法仍然遇到了无法完全归因于遗传解释的意外差异。

3 Children prefer to speak the language from the children of the same age to the language spoken by their parents.
3 孩子们更喜欢与同龄人讲同一种语言，而不是父母的语言。

4 The study of non-shared environmental influences can be a generally agreed idea among researchers in the field.
4 非共享环境影响的研究可以成为该领域研究者普遍认同的观点。

READING PASSAGE 1 阅读文章 1

Andrea Palladio－Italian Architect 安德烈亚·帕拉第奥－意大利建筑师

Questions 1-7 问题 1-7

READING PASSAGE 2 阅读文章 2

Economic Evolution 经济演化

Questions 1-5 问题 1-5

Inspired by Mimicking Mother Nature 受到模仿大自然的启发

Questions 1-8 问题 1-8

READING PASSAGE 4 阅读文章 4

Koalas 考拉

Questions 1-7 问题 1-7

Tattoo in Tikopia 蒂科皮亚的纹身

Questions 1-4 问题 1-4

The Sense for Flavour风味感知

Questions 1-5 问题 1-5

READING PASSAGE 7 阅读文章 7

Design the Mat and Foot Health设计 Mat 与足部健康

Mental Gymnastics 脑力体操

Questions 1-5 问题 1-5

Carlill VS Carbolic Smoke Ball Company卡尔利尔诉卡波利克烟球公司

Questions 1-4 问题 1-4

READING PASSAGE 10 阅读文章 10

The Impact of Environment on Children环境对儿童的影响

Questions 1-4 问题 1-4

Andrea Palladio－Italian Architect
安德烈亚·帕拉第奥－意大利建筑师

Inspired by Mimicking Mother Nature
受到模仿大自然的启发

The Sense for Flavour
风味感知

Design the Mat and Foot Health
设计 Mat 与足部健康

Carlill VS Carbolic Smoke Ball Company
卡尔利尔诉卡波利克烟球公司

The Impact of Environment on Children
环境对儿童的影响