Up的话

亲爱的同学，

词汇是英语学习的根本， 现在市面上的词汇课大概有两个类型。

一种是自下而上型(bottom-up)的：如四六级大纲词汇表，乱序词汇，红皮书，白皮书等。这些词汇课程有一些是利用谐音、构词法、词源等手段讲解词汇，总结词汇。
一种是自下而上型（bottom-up）的：如四六级大纲词汇表，乱序词汇，红皮书，白皮书等。这些词汇课程有一些是利用谐音、构词法、词源等手段讲解词汇，总结词汇。

另一种是自上而下的方法：利用文章、音频等方式，通过学习者已有知识来拓展词汇，在学习词汇的同时还学习文章的意思。

两种流派各有优劣势。第一种适合考前突击，短期记忆效果好。第二种适合扎实打牢基础，真正看懂文章，提升英语水平。

这套课程主要是利用第二种自上而下的方式（top-down）。包含了2900左右四六级的常用词汇，穿插在35篇文章里，包含了英语考试中常见话题，如：语言文化、医疗健康、自然科学、互联网、国际组织、政治、经济、职场等话题词汇。课程中也会讲解英语构词法、联想法、词根词缀、词源等方法。学完以后，你应该能看懂文章。
这套课程主要是利用第二种自上而下的方式（top-down）。包含了2900左右四六级的常用词汇，穿插在35篇文章里，包含了英语考试中常见话题，如：语言文化、医疗健康、自然科学、互联网、国际组织、政治、经济、职场等话题词汇。课程中也会讲解英语构词法、联想法、词根词缀、词源等方法。学完以后，你应该能看懂文章。

关于24年版本的更新：新增了5篇文章六级拔高、增加了文章后练习答案，部分文章的词汇英文解释、重新录制文章音频，课外篇：新增30篇外刊进行拓展，每篇文章对应一讲词汇课，其词汇主要是词汇课学过的，可以用于进行复习。

最后，祝大家学习愉快，希望大家能够跟着24学习计划（发布在B站置顶动态）一起学习。

你们的老朋友

瑞斯拜

24下半年新增内容：

Cultural Insights: English-Speaking Countries and Their Traditions
文化洞察：英语国家及其传统

The tapestry of traditions in English-speaking countries is as diverse as it is rich, painting a colorful picture of history, beliefs, and customs. From the United Kingdom’s regal ceremonies to the spirited festivals of the United States, each nation offers a unique cultural experience. This article delves into these traditions, uncovering the customs that define and distinguish these nations.
英语国家的传统挂毯既丰富又多样，描绘了历史、信仰和习俗的丰富多彩。从英国的富丽堂皇的仪式到美国充满活力的节日，每个国家都提供独特的文化体验。本文深入探讨了这些传统，揭示了定义和区分这些国家的习俗。

The United Kingdom: A Blend of History and Pageantry
英国：历史与盛况的交融

In the United Kingdom, tradition is synonymous with history. The Changing of the Guard at Buckingham Palace is a quintessential example, combining military precision with royal history. This ceremony, alongside the Trooping the Colour, commemorates the Queen’s official birthday with pomp and pageantry.
在英国，传统是历史的代名词。白金汉宫的卫兵换岗就是一个典型的例子，它将军事精确性与皇家历史相结合。这个仪式与 Trooping the Colour 一起，以盛大和盛大的方式纪念女王的官方生日。

Another deeply ingrained British tradition is the celebration of Guy Fawkes Night on November 5th. Commemorating the failed Gunpowder Plot of 1605, it’s marked by fireworks and bonfires, symbolizing the capture and subsequent fate of Guy Fawkes. This event blends history with contemporary celebrations, illustrating the UK’s ability to merge past and present.
另一个根深蒂固的英国传统是 11 月 5 日的盖伊福克斯之夜庆祝活动。为了纪念 1605 年失败的火药阴谋，它以烟花和篝火为标志，象征着盖伊·福克斯 （Guy Fawkes） 的被捕和随后的命运。该活动将历史与现代庆祝活动融为一体，展示了英国将过去与现在融合的能力。

Tea is more than a beverage in the UK; it’s a cultural institution. The tradition of afternoon tea, dating back to the 1840s, is a social event featuring tea, sandwiches, scones, and pastries. It’s a practice that underscores the British emphasis on social rituals and their historical roots.
在英国，茶不仅仅是一种饮料;它是一个文化机构。下午茶的传统可以追溯到 1840 年代，是一项以茶、三明治、烤饼和糕点为特色的社交活动。这种做法强调了英国人对社会仪式及其历史根源的重视。

Canada: A Mosaic of Cultural Celebrations
加拿大：文化庆典的马赛克

Canada’s cultural landscape is a mosaic of indigenous and immigrant traditions. National Aboriginal Day, for instance, celebrates the heritage, diverse cultures, and achievements of First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples. This day is marked by ceremonies and festivals showcasing traditional dances, music, and storytelling, reflecting Canada’s commitment to recognizing and honoring its indigenous roots.
加拿大的文化景观是土著和移民传统的马赛克。例如，全国原住民日庆祝原住民、因纽特人和梅蒂斯人的遗产、多元文化和成就。这一天的标志是展示传统舞蹈、音乐和讲故事的仪式和节日，反映了加拿大对承认和尊重其土著根源的承诺。

The Calgary Stampede, known as “The Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth,” is another hallmark of Canadian tradition. This annual rodeo, exhibition, and festival held in Calgary, Alberta, celebrates the Western heritage and values of hard work, hospitality, and community spirit. It features chuckwagon races, parades, concerts, and a rich display of First Nations cultures.
卡尔加里牛仔节被称为“地球上最伟大的户外表演”，是加拿大传统的另一个标志。这个一年一度的牛仔竞技表演、展览和节日在阿尔伯塔省卡尔加里举行，旨在庆祝西方传统和辛勤工作、热情好客和社区精神的价值观。它以马车比赛、游行、音乐会和丰富的原住民文化展示为特色。

Thanksgiving in Canada, observed on the second Monday of October, differs from its American counterpart but shares the same spirit of gratitude and family. It’s a time for Canadians to gather and give thanks for the harvest and blessings of the past year, encompassing both religious and secular aspects.
加拿大的感恩节在 10 月的第二个星期一庆祝，与美国的感恩节不同，但具有相同的感恩和家庭精神。这是加拿大人聚集在一起，感谢过去一年的收获和祝福的时候，包括宗教和世俗方面。

United States: A Melting Pot of Traditions
美国：传统的大熔炉

The United States, often described as a melting pot, has a rich tapestry of traditions derived from its diverse population. Thanksgiving, celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November, is a quintessential American tradition. Originating as a harvest festival, it’s now a time for family gatherings, feasting on turkey and other traditional foods, and reflecting on gratitude.
美国经常被描述为一个大熔炉，拥有源自其多元化人口的丰富传统。感恩节在 11 月的第四个星期四庆祝，是典型的美国传统。它起源于丰收节，现在是家庭聚会、享用火鸡和其他传统美食以及表达感恩之情的时刻。

Independence Day on July 4th is a patriotic celebration marking the country’s declaration of independence from Britain in 1776. Characterized by fireworks, parades, barbecues, and concerts, it’s a day that ignites national pride and commemorates American freedom and values.
7 月 4 日的独立日是纪念该国于 1776 年宣布脱离英国独立的爱国庆典。以烟花、游行、烧烤和音乐会为特色，这一天点燃了民族自豪感，纪念美国的自由和价值观。

Another unique American tradition is the Super Bowl Sunday. More than just a championship game of the National Football League, it’s a cultural phenomenon encompassing elaborate halftime shows, parties, and iconic commercials. It reflects America’s love for sports and its penchant for grand-scale entertainment.
另一个独特的美国传统是超级碗星期天。它不仅仅是美国国家橄榄球联盟 （National Football League） 的冠军赛，它还是一种文化现象，包括精心制作的中场秀、派对和标志性广告。它反映了美国对体育的热爱和对大型娱乐的热爱。

Australia: Celebrating Diversity and Heritage
澳大利亚：赞颂多元化和传统

Australia’s traditions reflect its indigenous heritage and British colonial past, alongside its multicultural present. Australia Day, observed on January 26th, commemorates the 1788 arrival of the First Fleet at Port Jackson and the raising of the British flag at Sydney Cove. However, this day is also a point of contention, particularly among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who view it as “Invasion Day.” This highlights the complex interplay of history and identity in Australian culture.
澳大利亚的传统反映了其土著遗产和英国殖民历史，以及其多元文化的现在。1 月 26 日是澳大利亚国庆日，旨在纪念 1788 年第一舰队抵达杰克逊港和在悉尼湾升起英国国旗。然而，这一天也是一个争论的焦点，尤其是在原住民和托雷斯海峡岛民中，他们将其视为“入侵日”。这凸显了澳大利亚文化中历史和身份的复杂相互作用。

Anzac Day, observed on April 25th, is another significant tradition. It honors the members of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) who served in World War I. Marked by dawn services, marches, and the playing of the Last Post, it’s a solemn day of national remembrance and reflection.
4 月 25 日庆祝的澳新军团日是另一个重要的传统。它是为了纪念在第一次世界大战中服役的澳大利亚和新西兰陆军团 （ANZAC） 的成员。以黎明服务、游行和播放 Last Post 为标志，这是一个庄严的全国纪念和反思日。

The Melbourne Cup, a thoroughbred horse race, is an event that brings the nation to a standstill. Known as “the race that stops a nation,” it’s celebrated with public holidays in some regions and is synonymous with fashion, festivities, and sporting spirit.
墨尔本杯是一项纯种赛马，是一项使国家陷入停顿的赛事。它被称为“阻止一个国家的比赛”，在某些地区与公共假期一起庆祝，是时尚、节日和体育精神的代名词。

Continuing with the exploration of traditions in Ireland, New Zealand, and South Africa, this article will delve into the unique cultural customs and festivals that define these English-speaking nations.
继续探索爱尔兰、新西兰和南非的传统，本文将深入探讨定义这些英语国家的独特文化习俗和节日。

Ireland: A Rich Tapestry of Cultural Heritage
爱尔兰：丰富的文化遗产

Ireland, with its deep-rooted cultural heritage, is renowned for its unique traditions that have both historical and mythical origins. St. Patrick’s Day, celebrated on March 17th, is perhaps the most famous Irish tradition. Originally a religious feast day for the patron saint of Ireland, it has evolved into a global celebration of Irish culture, marked by parades, music, dancing, and wearing green. It encapsulates the spirit of the Irish people and their influence on the world.
爱尔兰拥有根深蒂固的文化遗产，以其独特的传统而闻名，这些传统既有历史渊源，也有神话渊源。3 月 17 日庆祝的圣帕特里克节可能是爱尔兰最著名的传统。它最初是爱尔兰守护神的宗教节日，现已演变成为爱尔兰文化的全球庆祝活动，以游行、音乐、舞蹈和穿着绿色衣服为标志。它概括了爱尔兰人民的精神及其对世界的影响。

The Irish tradition of storytelling, or “seanchaí,” is a revered cultural practice. Storytelling sessions in pubs and gatherings, where tales of folklore, legends, and family histories are shared, are integral to preserving Ireland’s rich oral history and folklore.
爱尔兰的讲故事传统或“seanchaí”是一种受人尊敬的文化习俗。在酒吧和聚会上讲故事，分享民间传说、传说和家族历史的故事，是保存爱尔兰丰富的口述历史和民间传说不可或缺的一部分。

Another significant tradition is the Irish wake, a ceremonial way of bidding farewell to the deceased. It involves a blend of mourning and celebration, reflecting the Irish approach to death as an important part of life. The wake symbolizes the community’s support for the bereaved and their shared acknowledgment of life and death.
另一个重要的传统是爱尔兰守灵，这是一种向死者告别的仪式方式。它涉及哀悼和庆祝的混合，反映了爱尔兰人将死亡视为生活重要部分的态度。守灵象征着社区对死者亲人的支持以及他们对生与死的共同承认。

New Zealand: A Fusion of Maori and European Traditions
新西兰：毛利人和欧洲传统的融合

New Zealand’s cultural traditions are a fascinating blend of Maori and European influences. Waitangi Day, observed on February 6th, commemorates the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, New Zealand’s founding document. This day is marked by ceremonies at the Waitangi Treaty Grounds, cultural performances, and discussions, symbolizing New Zealand’s bicultural foundation.
新西兰的文化传统融合了毛利人和欧洲人的影响。2 月 6 日是怀唐伊日，旨在纪念 1840 年新西兰建国文件《怀唐伊条约》的签署。这一天的标志是怀唐伊条约签署地 （Waitangi Treaty Grounds） 的仪式、文化表演和讨论，象征着新西兰的双文化基础。

The Haka, a traditional Maori war dance, is a powerful expression of New Zealand’s indigenous culture. Performed at various events, including sports matches, it’s a display of pride, strength, and unity. The Haka’s global recognition, particularly before rugby matches, highlights the importance of Maori culture in New Zealand’s national identity.
哈卡战舞是一种传统的毛利战舞，是新西兰土著文化的有力表达。在各种活动中表演，包括体育比赛，这是自豪感、力量和团结的展示。哈卡战舞的全球认可，尤其是在橄榄球比赛之前，凸显了毛利文化在新西兰国家认同中的重要性。

Matariki, the Maori New Year, is another unique tradition, celebrated with the rising of the Matariki star cluster. It’s a time of remembrance, celebration, and preparation for the year ahead, incorporating traditional food, music, and storytelling.
玛塔里基，即毛利新年，是另一个独特的传统，随着玛塔里基星团的升起而庆祝。这是一个纪念、庆祝和为来年做准备的时刻，融合了传统美食、音乐和讲故事。

South Africa: A Rainbow of Cultural Practices
南非：彩虹般的文化习俗

South Africa, known as the “Rainbow Nation,” offers a spectrum of traditions reflecting its diverse population. The Day of Reconciliation, observed on December 16th, is a significant day in South Africa’s history, symbolizing the nation’s commitment to racial harmony and unity. It marks the end of apartheid and the beginning of a new era of inclusivity and understanding.
南非被称为“彩虹之国”，提供了反映其多元化人口的一系列传统。12 月 16 日的和解日是南非历史上的重要日子，象征着该国对种族和谐与团结的承诺。它标志着种族隔离制度的结束，以及包容性和理解新时代的开始。

The tradition of Ubuntu, a Nguni Bantu term meaning “humanity,” is deeply ingrained in South African culture. It’s a philosophy that emphasizes community, compassion, and the interconnectedness of all people, influencing social behavior and fostering a sense of collective responsibility.
Ubuntu 的传统是 Nguni Bantu 术语，意思是“人性”，在南非文化中根深蒂固。这是一种强调社区、同情心和所有人的相互联系的理念，影响社会行为并培养集体责任感。

Braai, or South African barbecue, is not just a culinary tradition but a social event. It’s a way for South Africans of all backgrounds to gather, share stories, and enjoy the nation’s diverse culinary flavors, symbolizing the country’s spirit of unity and community.
烤肉或南非烧烤不仅是一种烹饪传统，而且是一项社交活动。这是各种背景的南非人聚会、分享故事和享受该国多样化美食的一种方式，象征着该国的团结和社区精神。

In conclusion, the cultural traditions of English-speaking countries are as varied as they are vibrant, each reflecting the unique history, values, and spirit of their people. From the historical ceremonies of the United Kingdom to the indigenous celebrations of New Zealand, these traditions not only offer a window into the soul of each nation but also demonstrate the rich diversity that characterizes the English-speaking world. As we explore these traditions, we gain deeper insights into the cultural tapestry that binds these nations together, while also appreciating the distinctiveness that sets each one apart.
总之，英语国家的文化传统既丰富多彩又充满活力，每一种都反映了其人民独特的历史、价值观和精神。从英国的历史仪式到新西兰的土著庆祝活动，这些传统不仅为了解每个国家的灵魂提供了一扇窗，还展示了英语世界丰富的多样性。当我们探索这些传统时，我们会更深入地了解将这些国家联系在一起的文化挂毯，同时也欣赏使每个国家与众不同的独特性。

第一篇：According to the World Health Organization over a billion adults around the world suffer from high blood pressure. It is now taking steps to fight against what is called a silent killer. High blood pressure can lead to strokes and a heart attack.
第一篇：根据 世界卫生组织的数据，全球有超过 10 亿 成年人患有高血压。    它现在正在采取措施  打击所谓的无声杀手。高血压会导致 中风 和 心脏病 发作。

Almost 10 million people die of these two diseases every year. They are the number one causes of death globally. High blood pressure also leads to kidney failure, blindness and other illnesses. It often goes hand in hand with diabetes and obesity, which increases heath risks even further.
每年有近 1000 万人死于这两种疾病。它们是全球第一大 死 因 。高血压还会导致 肾功能衰竭、 失明 和其他疾病。它通常与 糖尿病 和 肥胖症齐头并进，这进一步增加了健康风险。

As the WHO reports, people in developing countries in Africa suffer more from high blood pressure than people in developed countries. The reason is that health care in the developed world is much better organized and people go to the doctor soon enough.
正如世界卫生组织报告的那样，非洲发展中国家  的人 比 发达国家的人更容易患高血压。 原因是发达国家的医疗保健组织得更好，人们很快就会去看医生。

High blood pressure should never be ignored and always taken seriously. It is a warning sign from your body that something is not OK. Although people may live with high blood pressure for years without even knowing it, it is important to check your blood pressure regularly and take the necessary steps.
高血压永远 不应被忽视 ，并始终受到重视。这是来自您身体的警告信号，表明有些事情不对劲。 尽管 人们可能在不知道的情况下患有高血压多年，但定期检查血压 并采取 必要的措施很重要。  

Words bank：
字库：

according to = as reported by
 根据 = 报告

although = while
虽然 = while

avoid = keep away from
避免 = 远离

balanced diet = all  kinds of food that your body needs in order to be healthy and grow properly
均衡饮食 = 您的身体为了保持健康和正常成长而需要的各种 食物

billion = a thousand million
 账单 = 一亿

blindness = not being able to see
失 明 = 看不见

blood pressure = the force with which blood flows through your body
 血压 = 血液流经身体的力量

cause = reason
原因 = 原因

consult = ask, go to
consult = 询问，转到

developed countries = rich countries
 发达国家 = 富裕国家

developing countries = poor countries in Africa, Asia and Latin  America
 发展中国家 = 非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲 的贫穷国家

diabetes = serious disease in which there is too much sugar in your blood
糖尿病 = 血液中糖分过多的严重疾病

failure = if something stops working
failure = 如果某些东西停止工作

globally = around the world
全球 = 全球

ignore = pay no attention to
ignore = 不注意

kidney = one of the two organs in your lower back that separates waste products from your blood and makes urine
肾脏 = 下背部的两个器官之一，用于从血液中分离废物并产生尿液

necessary = needed
necessary = 需要

obesity = when someone is fat in an unhealthy way
 肥胖 = 当某人以不健康的方式肥胖时

reduce = lower
reduce = 降低

regularly = often
经常 = 经常

step = measure, action
step = 度量、操作

stroke = when a blood vessel suddenly breaks or gets blocked
中风 = 当血管突然破裂或阻塞时

suffer = to be  ill with
 suffer = 生病  

配套练习

Malnutrition is a disorder of your food intake. It occurs when a person eats too little or too much, or has an unbalanced diet. In most cases malnutrition means undernourishment, a lack of food and not enough calories. It is widespread in developing countries. On the other side obesity occurs in developed countries where people eat too much. According to the World Health Organization malnutrition is one of the greatest dangers of global health. Currently, about one billion people around the world do not have enough to eat.
营养不良是一种 食物摄入障碍  。当一个人吃得太少或太多，或饮食不均衡时，就会 发生这种情况 。 在大多数情况下，营养不良意味着 营养不良、 缺乏 食物和热量不足。它在发展中国家很 普遍  。另一方面 ，肥胖 发生在 人们吃得太多的发达国家 。 根据 世界卫生组织的数据， 营养不良是全球 健康的最大危险之一。 目前，全球约有10 亿 人没有足够的食物。

When does malnutrition occur
营养不良何时发生

Malnutrition happens when people lack nutrients, vitamins and minerals. Not enough proteins can have negative effects on a person’s growth and lead to physical problems. Vitamins are important for good health and the functioning of your body. A lack of them can cause major problems. Vitamin A deficiency may lead to eye problems and blindness. A lack of calcium leads to a bad growth of bones and teeth. Iron deficiency can affect the brain and lead to a lower IQ rate. It can make children less active and not able to concentrate.
当人们 缺乏 营养、 维生素 和矿物质时，就会发生营养不良。蛋白质不足  会对人的生长产生负面影响并导致 身体 问题。维生素对身体健康和 身体机能 很重要。缺少它们可能会导致 重大 问题。维生素 A 缺乏 症可能导致眼睛问题和失明。缺钙会导致骨骼和牙齿发育 不良。 缺 铁会影响   大脑并导致智商降低。   它会使儿童不那么活跃，无法集中注意力。

Malnutrition increases the risk of diseases and weakens the immune system. It affects the transmission of viruses, including HIV. It is especially widespread among women, children and older people. Children can be at risk even before birth because they depend on the mother’s nutrition.
营养 不良会增加 患 病 的风险并削弱免疫系统。它 会影响  病毒的传播 ， 包括 HIV。 它在妇女、儿童和老年人中尤其 普遍 。孩子甚至在出生前就可能处于危险之中，因为他们 依赖 母亲的营养。 

One in ten people around the world is malnourished. Eating disorders account for 60 million deaths a year, including six million children. It is the main cause of child mortality.
全世界每 10 人中就有 1 人营养 不良。饮食失调 每年导致 6000 万人死亡，其中包括 600 万儿童。它是儿童死亡的主要原因 。  

Causes of malnutrition
营养不良的原因

One of the major causes of malnutrition in developing countries is famine and drought which lead to the unavailability of food. Many countries in the Third World to not have enough land to grow food on or do not know how to use it. They do not have the money to afford imported food. In other countries the government neglects the importance of agriculture and does not help famers.
发展中国家  营养 不良的主要原因  之一是饥荒 和 干旱 ，这导致 食物无法获得 。许多第三世界国家没有足够的土地来种植 粮食 ，或者不知道如何使用它。他们没有钱买  进口食品。在其他国家，政府 忽视 了农业的重要性 ，不帮助 农民。

In places with a lack of or dirty drinking water diseases, like diarrhea, lead to indigestion of food.
在缺乏或肮脏的饮用水  的地方，腹泻等 疾病会导致 食物消化 不良。

Digestive disorders may also be causes of malnutrition. People eat properly but their body cannot digest the food. In the Third World many mothers do not breastfeed their children, thus weakening the immune system.
消化系统疾病 也可能是营养不良的原因。人们吃得好，但他们的身体无法 消化 食物。在第三世界，许多母亲不 用 母乳喂养孩子，从而 削弱 了免疫系统。

Signs of malnutrition
营养不良的迹象

tiredness and not enough energy
疲倦和精力不足

decaying teeth
 蛀牙

poor growth
生长不良

weight loss
减肥

fragile bones that break easily
 脆弱的骨骼容易折断

weakening of muscles
肌肉无 力

diarrhea
腹泻

dizziness
头晕

Depression Obesity
D压迫肥胖

In developed countries obesity is the most widespread form of malnutrition. Obese people consume more calories than they need. This may lead to diabetes and contribute to heart problems and high blood pressure. Too many fats in your diet can lead to high  cholesterol levels.
在发达国家 ，肥胖 是最常见的  营养不良形式。肥胖者 消耗 的卡路里超过他们需要的卡路里。这可能会导致 糖尿病 ，并 导致  心脏 问题和 高血压。饮食中脂肪过多会导致高 胆固醇 水平。

Solutions and Treatment
解决方案和处理

One way to help avoid malnutrition is to enrich food with vitamins. For example, milk is enriched with Vitamin D. In Third World countries schools must try to teach children the right eating habits and emphasize eating vegetables and fruit. Governments and other institutions must do their part in educating the population to eat the right things. The World Health Organization and other groups try to help the poorest of these countries with financial aid and other support.
帮助 避免 营养不良的一种方法是 用维生素丰富 食物。例如，牛奶富含维生素 D。在第三世界国家，学校必须努力教孩子们正确的饮食 习惯，并强调 吃蔬菜和水果。 政府和其他机构必须尽自己的一份力量，教育人们吃正确的食物。   世界卫生组织和其他组织试图通过财政 援助 和其他支持来帮助这些国家中最贫穷的国家。

Word Bank
词库

account for = to be  responsible for
account for = 负责  

affect = have an influence on
affect = 影响

afford = to have the money to buy something
 afford = 有钱买东西

agriculture = farming
 农业 = 农业

aid = help
aid = 帮助

avoid = stop
避免 = 停止

billion = a thousand million
亿 = 一亿

blood pressure = the power with which blood travels through  your body
血压 = 血液流经 身体的能力

brain = organ inside your head that controls how you feel and think
大脑 = 大脑内部控制您感受和思考方式的器官

breastfeeding = to give a baby milk from its mother’s breast instead of from a bottle
 breastfeeding = 用妈妈的乳房而不是奶瓶给婴儿喝奶

cause = reason
原因 = 原因

cholesterol = chemical substance that is in your blood; too much of it can lead to heart problems
 胆固醇 = 血液中的化学物质;胆固醇过多会导致心脏问题

consume = take in
消耗 = 接收

contribute = lead to
贡献 = 潜在客户

currently = at the moment
currently = 目前

decay = to be damaged in a natural way
 decay = 以自然方式受损

deficiency = not enough of something
 缺乏 = 某物不足

depend on = need
depend on = 需要

developed countries = rich countries in Europe, North America, as well as Japan and Australia
 发达国家 = 欧洲、北美以及日本和澳大利亚的富裕国家

developing countries = poor countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America
 发展中国家 = 非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲的贫穷国家

diabetes = disease in which there is too much sugar in your blood
糖尿病 = 血液中糖分过多的疾病

diarrhea = illness in which waste comes out of your body in a watery form
 腹泻 = 废物以水样形式从体内流出的疾病

digest = to change the food into substances your body can use
 digest = 将食物变成身体可以使用的物质

disorder = an illness that stops your body from working the way it should
紊乱 = 一种阻止您的身体按应有的方式工作的疾病 

dizziness = feeling unable to stand steadily
头晕 = 感觉无法稳稳站立

drought = long period of dry weather when there is not enough rainfall
干旱 = 降雨量不足时长时间干燥的天气

emphasize = highlight, stress, call to attention
强调 = 突出、强调、引起注意

enrich = to make better
enrich = 变得更好

especially = above all
特别是 = 高于一切

famine = a situation in which many people die  of hunger or have little food for a long time
饥荒 = 许多人 死于饥饿或长期缺乏食物的情况

food intake = what you eat
食物摄入量 = 你吃什么

fragile = not strong
fragile = 不强

functioning = how something works
functioning = 事物如何运作

global = worldwide
global = 全球

government = people who rule a country
government = 统治一个国家的人

habit = routine ; what you do every day
 习惯 = 例行公事;你每天做什么

including = also
包括 = 也

increase = if something goes up
increase = 如果某物上升

indigestion = pain that you get when you your stomach cannot break down the food and use it the way it should
消化 不良 = 当您的胃无法分解食物并按照应有的方式使用它时，您会感到疼痛

iron = metal that is found in very small quantities in food and blood
铁 = 食物和血液中含量极少量的金属

lack = not enough, shortage of
lack = 不足，短缺

major = important
major = 重要

malnourish = not having the right things to eat
营养 不良 = 没有正确的食物

mortality =  the number of deaths among a certain group of people in a year
 死亡率 =  某一群体一年中的死亡人数

muscle = pieces of flesh that you use to move things and which connect your bones together
肌肉 = 你用来移动东西并将你的骨骼连接在一起的肉块

neglect = not care about
 忽视 = 不在乎

nutrient = chemical or food that gives us what we need to survive
营养 = 为我们提供生存所需物质的化学物质或食物

nutrition = food
营养 = 食物

obesity = being fat in an unhealthy way
 肥胖 = 以不健康的方式肥胖

occur = happen
发生 = 发生

physical = about the body
physical = 关于身体

protein = a natural substance that is in meat, eggs and beans and that our body needs to grow in the right way
蛋白质 = 肉、蛋和豆类中的天然物质，我们的身体需要以正确的方式生长

unavailability = when something does not exist
unavailability = 当某些内容不存在时

unbalanced diet = too much of the same kind of food
饮食 不均衡 = 同种食物过多

undernourishment = to be healthy and weak because you have not had enough to eat
营养 不良 = 因为你没有吃饱而保持健康和虚弱

weakening = to make weaker
weakening = 使 weaker

weight loss = to lose weight
减肥 = 减肥

widespread = very common
广泛 = 非常常见

Amazon.Com - The World's Largest Internet Company
Amazon.Com - 全球最大的互联网公司

Amazon.com is the world's largest Internet company. It started out as an online bookstore in the middle of the 1990s and grew gradually over the years. Today Amazon sells almost everything from CDs and DVDs to sportswear and electrical appliances. The company also produces its own tablets and e-readers and lets users upload their own photos and other files to the Amazon-based cloud
Amazon.com 是全球最大的互联网公司。它于 1990 年代中期以一家在线书店起家，多年来逐渐发展壮大。如今，亚马逊销售的几乎所有商品，从 CD 和 DVD 到运动服和电器。该公司还生产自己的平板电脑和电子阅读器，并允许用户将自己的照片和其他文件上传到基于 Amazon 的云中.

Amazon offers its services all over the world. It operates its own websites in the UK, Germany, China, Australia, as well as many South American and Asian countries.
亚马逊在世界各地提供服务  。它 在英国、德国、中国、 澳大利亚以及许多南美和亚洲国家运营 自己的网站。

Amazon.com was founded by Jeff Bezos in 1994. It first operated out of a small garage in Washington state. Within a year Amazon offered hundreds of thousands of books. People could not only order books from an online catalogue but also write their own reviews. In 1997 Amazon.com started trading shares on the NASDAQ stock exchange. By 2000 it made over a billion dollars in sales
Amazon.com 由 Jeff Bezos 于 1994 年创立。它最初在华盛顿州的一个小车库里运作。在一年内，亚马逊提供了数十万本书。人们不仅可以从在线目录中订购书籍，还可以撰写自己的评论。1997 年，Amazon.com 开始在纳斯达克证券交易所交易股票。到 2000 年，它的销售额超过 10 亿美元.

As time went on Amazon.com grew gradually. It bought many of its rivals and today cooperates with other companies and lets them sell their products via the Amazon website.
随着时间的推移，Amazon.com 逐渐增长 。它收购了许多 竞争对手 ，如今 与其他公司合作 ，让他们通过亚马逊网站销售他们的产品。

In 2007 Amazon went a step further. It surprised the electronics world with a revolutionary eBook reader, the Kindle, which today dominates the market. In 2011 a tablet computer followed, the Amazon Fire. In the following years the company started selling music downloads and videos on demand. Amazon customers can store everything they buy on their private cloud and download it anytime they want.
2007 年，亚马逊更进一步。它以 革命性的 电子书阅读器 Kindle 让电子世界感到惊讶，Kindle 如今 在市场上占据 主导地位。2011 年，平板电脑 Amazon Fire 紧随其后。在接下来的几年里，该公司开始销售音乐下载和 视频点播。Amazon 客户可以  将他们购买的所有内容存储在 私有云上，并随时下载。

Today, Amazon.com serves 20 million customers every day. Its annual income is over 34 billion dollars.
如今，Amazon.com 每天为 2000 万 客户提供  服务。其 年收入 超过 340 亿美元。

There are a number of reasons for Amazon’s success. One of them is company founder Jeff Bezos himself. TIME magazine’s “Man of the Year” of 1999 is a visionary, an ambitious businessman who is not afraid of taking risks, even if it means a downturn for the company at first. Amazon’s website tries to personalize the buying experience for its customers. It knows what you want and what you are interested in.
Amazon 的成功有很多原因。其中一位是公司 创始人 杰夫·贝佐斯本人。 《时代》 杂志 1999 年的“年度人物”是一位 富有远见的人，一位 雄心勃勃 的商人，他不怕冒险，即使一开始意味着 公司经济低 迷。亚马逊的网站试图 为其买家提供个性化的 购买 体验 。它知道你想要什么，你对什么感兴趣。

Although Amazon.com is the biggest internet retailer in the world it is often criticized. Economic experts say that Amazon is turning Internet business into a monopoly. Others point out the bad working conditions for Amazon employees
尽管 Amazon.com 是世界上最大的互联网零售商，但它经常受到批评。经济专家表示，亚马逊正在将互联网业务变成垄断企业。其他人指出亚马逊员工的工作条件恶劣.

Amazon is a business empire that sells almost anything cheaper and faster than anyone else.
亚马逊是一个商业 帝国 ，几乎比其他任何人都更便宜、更快地销售任何东西。

Word bank
词库

although = while
虽然 = while

Amazon-based = here: something that only works with Amazon and its own computers
基于 Amazon 的 = 这里：仅适用于 Amazon 及其自己的计算机的东西

ambitious = hard-working, very motivated
雄心勃勃 = 勤奋、积极进取

annual = yearly
每年 = 每年

appliance = machine that you use for doing something at home
appliance = 您在家中用来做某事的机器

billion = a thousand million
亿 = 一亿

cloud = when you work on your own computer but use software or store files on other computers on the Internet
云 = 当您在自己的计算机上工作，但在 Internet 上的其他计算机上使用软件或存储文件时

condition= situation
condition= 情况

cooperate = work together with
合作 = 携手合作

customer = a person who buys a product
客户 = 购买产品的人

dominate = control, lead
支配 = 控制、领导 

downturn = here: sales go down
低迷 = 这里：销售额下降

empire = here: very large company or group of companies
 empire = 这里： 非常大的公司或公司集团

employee = worker
员工 = 工人

experience = event, something that happens
经验 = 事件，发生的事情

found – founded = start something new
找到 – 成立 = 开始新事物

gradually = slowly
逐渐 = 慢慢

income = the money you get from selling products
收入 = 您通过销售产品获得的钱

monopoly = a large company that controls all or most of the business
monopoly = 控制所有或大部分业务的大公司

operate = work
operate = 工作

personalize = to organize something so that it fits the habits of a certain person
personalize = 组织某物，使其符合某个人的习惯

point out = want to show
 指出 = 想显示

retailer = person that sells products to customers
 零售商 = 向客户销售产品的人

review = an opinion about a book, movie etc..
评论 = 关于一本书、一部电影等的看法。

revolutionary = something new or not done before
revolutionary = 新的或以前没有做过的事情

rival = other company that wants to sell the same products
 rival = 想要销售相同产品的其他公司

sales = selling products
销售额 = 销售商品

serve = sell products to
serve = 将产品销售至

services = what a company offers its customers
服务 = 公司为其客户提供什么

share = part of a company
share = 公司的一部分

sportswear = clothes you need for doing sports
运动服 = 运动所需的衣服

stock exchange = a place where you can buy and sell parts of a company
 证券交易所 = 您可以买卖公司部分内容的地方

store = save something in order to use it later
store = 保存一些东西以便以后使用

tablet = small computer with a touch screen, but without a keyboard and mouse
平板电脑 = 带触摸屏但没有键盘和鼠标的小型计算机

video on demand = you can download a video to watch on your computer or TV whenever you want to
视频点播 = 您可以随时下载视频并在计算机或电视上观看

visionary = someone who has clear ideas and strong feelings about the future
有 远见的人 = 对未来有清晰的想法和强烈的感情

Before OPEC was created, there were large oil companies that controlled the world’s oil production. They wanted to sell as much oil as possible and did not let governments influence their decisions.  Oil-rich countries, especially in the Middle East, wanted more control over the oil that they produce. As a result, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Venezuela founded OPEC. In the following years Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, Angola and the United Arab Emirates also become members.
在欧佩克成立之前，有大型石油公司控制着世界的石油生产。他们想尽可能多地销售石油，不让 政府影响 他们的 决定。 石油丰富的国家， 特别是在 中东，希望对他们生产的石油有更多的控制权。 结果， 伊朗、伊拉克、 沙特阿拉伯、科威特和委内瑞拉 成立了 石油输出国组织。在接下来的几年里，卡塔尔、印度尼西亚、利比亚、阿尔及利亚、尼日利亚、厄瓜多尔、安哥拉和阿拉伯联合酋长国也成为成员。

In the 1960s, OPEC did not have much power. This changed in 1973 when the third Arab-Israeli war started. The United States and a few European countries supported Israel.  As a form of punishment, OPEC nations, influenced by the Arab countries, stopped selling oil to the West. Within the next six years oil prices rose to ten times the price of the early 1970s. OPEC countries became rich with so-called petrodollars; the West sank into deep recession because they needed OPEC’s oil.
 在 1960 年代，欧佩克没有太多权力。1973 年第三次 阿以战争 开始时，这种情况发生了变化。美国和一些欧洲国家 支持 以色列。 作为一种 惩罚形式，欧佩克国家受 阿拉伯国家的影响 ，停止向西方出售石油。在接下来的六年里，油价 上涨 到 1970 年代初的十倍。欧佩克国家以所谓的 石油美元致富;西方陷入深度 衰退 ，因为它们需要欧佩克的石油。

In the aftermath of the energy crisis of the 1970s, western countries started looking for alternative forms of energy in order to become more independent from OPEC and the oil-producing nations. In 1986, oil prices dropped to the lowest rate in history. Oil-producing nations lost much of their income.  In the 80s and 90s OPEC’s power diminished, often because of conflicts and internal arguments and because member states could not agree on production quotas. Some OPEC countries did not keep agreements and produced more oil, thus lowering prices.
 在 1970 年代能源危机之后 ，西方国家开始寻找 替代能源 形式，以便更加 独立于 欧佩克和产油国。1986 年，油价 跌 至历史上的最低 水平 。产油国损失了大部分 收入。 在 80 年代和 90 年代，欧佩克的实力 减弱，通常是因为冲突和 内部争论 ，以及成员国无法就生产配额达成 一致。一些欧佩克国家不遵守 协议 ，生产了更多的石油， 从而降低 了价格。

After 2000, oil prices began to rise again and reached an all-time high in 2007. The financial crisis of 2007 and 2008 hit world economy hard and oil prices fell once again. Since the Arab Spring of 2011, prices have gone up and down several times.
2000 年后，油价再次开始 上涨 ，并在 2007 年达到 历史新高 。 2007 年和 2008 年的金融危机对世界 经济造成了沉重打击，油价再次下跌。   自 2011 年阿拉伯之春以来 ，价格已经多次上涨和下跌  。

Today OPEC still controls about 60% of the world’s oil reserves and produces 40% of the world’s oil. Saudi Arabia is the most powerful member of the group, because it has the largest reserves. Even though there have been quarrels in the cartel in the last 5 decades it remains a powerful organization.
今天，欧佩克仍然控制着世界约 60% 的石油 储量 ，生产了世界 40% 的石油。沙特阿拉伯是该集团中最强大的成员，因为它拥有最大的储备。 尽管在过去 5 年中，卡特尔 内部发生了争吵，但它 仍然 是一个强大的组织。    

Word bank
词库

aftermath = what comes after a special event
aftermath = 特殊事件之后的内容

agree on =  decide, come to a decision
 同意 =  决定，做出决定

agreement = promise, deal
协议 = 承诺、交易

aim = goal; what somebody wants to do
目标 = 目标;某人想做什么

all-time high = the highest price  in history
历史最高 价 = 历史最高价  

alternative = other, new
alternative = 其他、新

amount = how much of a product
amount = 产品的数量

argument = quarrel, fight
争论 = 争吵、打架

as a result = that is why
结果 = 这就是为什么

capital = most important city of a country; in which the government is
capital = 一个国家最重要的城市;政府所在的城市

cartel = countries that agree to sell something at the same price
卡特尔 = 同意以相同价格出售商品的国家

currently = right now, at the moment
currently = 现在，此时此刻

decision = deciding something
决定 = 决定某事

diminish = become less, weaker
 diminish = 变得更小、更弱

drop= go down
drop= 向下

economy = the system by which a country’s money and goods are produced and used
经济 = 生产和使用一个国家的货币和商品的制度

especially = above all
特别是 = 高于一切

even though = while
 即使 = while

found-founded = start, create something new
found-founded = 开始，创建新的东西

government = people who rule a country
government = 统治一个国家的人

headquarters = the main building of an organization
headquarters = 组织的主楼

income = the money you get for selling products
收入 = 您销售产品获得的钱

independent = free
独立 = 免费

influence = power, control
影响力 = 权力、控制

internal = between member countries
内部 = 成员国之间

petrodollars = money that you get by selling oil
Petrodollars = 你通过卖石油获得的钱

petroleum = oil
 石油 = 石油

production quota = official limit on how much a country can produce
生产配额 = 一个国家可以生产多少的官方限制

punishment = penalty; to make someone suffer because they have done something wrong
 惩罚 = 惩罚;让某人因为做错事而受苦

quarrel = argument, fight
quarrel = 争论， 打架

rate = here: price
rate = 这里：价格

recession = difficult time in business, when there is less production and people do not earn enough money and buy things
经济衰退 = 商业困难时期，当产量减少，人们赚不到足够的钱来买东西时

regulate = control
调节 = 控制

remain = stay
remain = 停留

reserves = here: the oil that probably is in the ground and can be produced in the future
储量 = 此处：可能在地下并在未来可以生产的石油

rise – rose- risen = go up
rise – rose- risen = 上升

several = a few
几个 = 几个

steady rate = stable price
稳定的汇率 = 稳定的价格

support = help; assist
支持 = 帮助;协助

thus = therefore
因此 = 因此

A research report says that virtual worlds can be important places where children practice what they will do in real life. They are also a powerful and attractive alternative to more passive adventures like watching TV. The research was done with children using the BBC's Adventure Rock virtual world, aimed at those aged 6-12.It surveyed and interviewed children who were the first to test the game.
一份 研究 报告称， 虚拟 世界可以成为孩子们练习他们在现实生活中将要做的事情的重要场所。它们也是看电视等更被动冒险的强大而 有吸引力的 替代品。这项研究 是使用 BBC 的 Adventure Rock 虚拟世界对儿童进行的， 针对 6-12 岁的儿童。   

The online world is a theme island built for the BBC's children channel by Belgian game maker Larian. Children explore the world alone but they use message boards to share what they find and what they do in the different creative studios they find around the virtual space.
在线世界是 比利时游戏制造商 Larian 为 BBC 儿童频道构建的主题岛 。孩子们 独自探索 世界，但他们使用留言板分享 他们在虚拟空间周围的 不同创意工作室 中发现的内容和 工作。 

At times children were explorers and at others they were social climbers eager to connect with other players. Some were power users looking for more information about how the virtual space really worked. The children could try all kinds of things without having to be afraid of the consequences that would follow if they tried them in the real world. They learned many useful social skills and played around with their identity in ways that would be much more difficult in real life.
有时孩子是 探险家 ，有时他们是 渴望与其他玩家建立联系的社交 攀登 者。 有些是高级用户，正在寻找有关虚拟空间实际运作方式 的更多信息。 孩子们可以尝试各种事情，而不必担心如果他们在现实世界中尝试这些事情会带来什么 后果 。他们学到了许多有用的 社交技能 ，并以在现实生活中要困难得多的方式玩弄自己的身份。

According to the study what children liked about virtual worlds was the chance to create content such as music, cartoons and videos.
 根据这项研究，孩子们喜欢虚拟世界的地方在于有机会 创建 音乐、卡通和视频等内容 。

The publishers of the report say that virtual worlds can be a powerful, engaging and real interactive alternative to more passive media. They urged creators of virtual spaces for children to get young people involved very early on because they really do have good ideas to add and they are very good critical friends.
 该报告的出版商 表示，虚拟世界可以成为更被动的媒体的强大、 引人入胜 和真正的互动替代方案。他们 敦促 儿童虚拟空间的创建者尽早让年轻人 参与 进来，因为他们确实有好的想法可以添加，而且他们是非常好的批判性朋友。

Words
的话

according = as shown by someone or said by someone
根据 = 由某人显示或由某人说

aim = target
目标 = 目标

attractive = here: to have good qualities
有吸引力 = 这里：拥有良好的品质

connect = meet
连接 = 满足

consequences = result, outcome
后果 = 结果、结果

content = here: facts, ideas, opinions
内容 = 这里： 事实、想法、观点

creator = a person who makes something
 creator = 创造某物的人

eager = ready , waiting to do something
eager = ready ， 等待做某事

engaging = here: to make interesting
engaging = here： 让有趣

explore = to travel around a place and find out things about it
explore = 在一个地方旅行，了解它的事情

involved = here: to make young people play the game
参与 = 这里：让年轻人玩游戏

power user = here: a child who plays a lot with the game
高级用户 = 这里：一个经常玩这个游戏的孩子

publisher = person who shows the report to the people
 发布者 = 向人员显示报表的人员

research = the study of a subject to find out new facts about it
research = 对一个主题的研究，以找出有关它的新事实

social skills = things that you will need when you later work with or get into contact with other people
社交技能 = 以后与他人合作或接触时需要的东西

survey = to ask people about what they think
survey = 询问人们的想法

theme island = here: an island with many different topics
主题岛 = 这里：一个拥有许多不同主题的岛屿

urge = tell someone to do something
urge = 告诉某人做某事

useful = things that you can use
useful = 您可以使用的内容

virtual space = a world that is not real
虚拟空间 = 不真实的世界

whales can be described as follows:
鲸鱼可以描述如下：

Like all mammals, whales breathe air,
像所有哺乳动物一样，鲸鱼呼吸空气，

They are warm-blooded,
他们是温血动物，

They nurse their young with milk,
他们用奶喂养幼崽，

They have body hair.
他们有体毛。

Whales have a four-chambered heart.
鲸鱼有一个四腔心脏。

读前猜词： whale， mammal， respiratory system
读前猜词 Whale， mammal， Respiratory System

Whales are mammals, so in many ways, they are just like human beings. The most important difference is that humans and whales live in different environments and whales have a special respiratory system that enables them to stay underwater for several minutes without breathing oxygen. For this reason, they are said to be voluntary breathers. That is, because of whales underwater environment, they must be conscious breathers. They think about every breath they take and come up to the surface of the water to breathe through blowholes on top of their heads.
鲸鱼是哺乳动物，所以在很多方面，它们就像人类一样。最重要的区别是人类和鲸鱼生活在不同的环境中，鲸鱼有一个特殊的呼吸系统，使它们能够在不呼吸氧气的情况下在水下停留几分钟。因此，他们被称为自愿呼吸者。也就是说，由于鲸鱼的水下环境，它们必须是有意识的呼吸者。他们思考每一次呼吸，然后浮出水面，通过头顶的气孔呼吸。

What is outstanding about whales is the way they can sleep. While all mammals sleep, whales cannot afford to become unconscious for long because they may drown. The only way they can sleep is by remaining partially conscious. It is believed that only one hemisphere of the whale's brain sleeps at a time, so they rest but are never completely asleep. They can do so most probably near the surface so that they can come up for air easily.
鲸鱼的突出之处在于它们的睡眠方式。虽然所有哺乳动物都在睡觉，但鲸鱼不能长时间失去知觉，因为它们可能会溺水。他们唯一能入睡的方式是保持部分清醒。据信，鲸鱼大脑的一个半球一次都在睡觉，所以它们会休息，但永远不会完全睡着。它们很可能在靠近水面的地方这样做，这样它们就可以很容易地上来呼吸空气。

Whales are like fish in the way they breathe.
鲸鱼的呼吸方式就像鱼。
a. 
一个。

Whales don't sleep at all.
鲸鱼根本不睡觉。
a. 
一个。

Whales sleep by letting the whole brain rest for a lapse of time.
鲸鱼通过让整个大脑休息一段时间来睡觉。
a. True
一个。真
b.  False 
b. 假

List as many mammals as you can
列出尽可能多的哺乳动物

Mammal：
哺乳动物：

Synonym:
同义词：

Dolphins are often regarded as one of Earth's most intelligent animals. They are social creatures, living in pods of up to a dozen individuals. In places with a high abundance of food, pods can merge temporarily, forming a superpod; such groupings may exceed 1,000 dolphins. They communicate using a variety of clicks, whistle-like sounds and other vocalizations.
海豚通常被认为是地球上最聪明的动物之一。它们是群居动物，生活在多达十几个个体的群体中。在食物丰富的地方，海豚群可以暂时合并，形成一个 超级海豚群;这样的群体可能超过 1,000 只海豚。它们使用各种咔嗒声、类似口哨的声音和其他发声进行交流。

Membership in pods is not rigid; interchange is common. Dolphins can, however, establish strong social bonds; they will stay with injured or ill individuals, even helping them to breathe by bringing them to the surface if needed. This altruism does not appear to be limited to their own species. The dolphin Moko in New Zealand has been observed guiding a female Pygmy Sperm Whale together with her calf out of shallow water where they had stranded several times. They have also been seen protecting swimmers from sharks by swimming circles around the swimmers or charging the sharks to make them go away.
Pod 中的成员资格不是严格的;交换很常见。然而，海豚可以建立牢固的社会纽带;他们将陪伴受伤或生病的人，甚至在需要时将他们带到水面帮助他们呼吸。这种利他主义似乎并不局限于他们自己的物种。据观察，新西兰的海豚 Moko 引导一头雌性侏儒抹香 鲸 和她的幼崽离开它们搁浅数次的浅水区。人们还看到他们通过在游泳者周围绕圈游泳或向鲨鱼收费以使它们离开来保护游泳者免受鲨鱼的侵害。

Dolphins also display culture, something long believed to be unique to humans. In May 2005, a discovery in Australia found Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) teaching their young to use tools. They cover their snouts with sponges to protect them while foraging (looking or searching for food or provisions.) Using sponges as mouth protection as well as other transmitted behavior proves dolphins' intelligence. This knowledge is mostly transferred by mothers to daughters.
海豚还展示了文化，长期以来人们认为这是人类独有的。2005 年 5 月，澳大利亚的一项发现发现印度太平洋宽吻海豚 （Tursiops aduncus） 正在教它们的幼崽使用工具。它们用海绵盖住鼻子，以便在觅食（寻找或寻找食物或食物）时保护它们。使用海绵作为口腔保护以及其他传播行为证明了海豚的智力。这些知识主要由母亲传授给女儿。

Dolphins are solitary creatures.
海豚是独居生物。 
a. 
一个。

Dolphins are selfish. 
海豚是自私的。 
a. 
一个。

Dolphins teach each other some behaviors.
海豚会互相教一些行为。
a. 
一个。

Synonym：
同义词：

Discover
发现

Individual
个人

Creature
生物

Shallow
浅

Intelligent
智能

Injure
伤害

Rainforests are forests characterized by biodiversity and high rainfall, with annual rainfall between 250 and 450 centimeters (98 and 177 in). There are two types of rainforest: tropical rainforest and temperate rainforest. Tropical rainforests are characterized by a warm and wet climate with no substantial dry season: typically found within 10 degrees north and south of the equator in areas such as South America, Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Temperate rainforests, however, are only found in few temperate regions around the world such as Europe, North America and East Asia.
热带雨林 是以生物多样性和高降雨量为特征的森林，年降雨量在 250 至 450 厘米（98 至 177 英寸）之间。热带雨林有两种类型：热带雨林和温带雨林。 热带雨林 的特点是气候温暖潮湿，没有大量的旱季：通常分布在赤道以北和以南 10 度以内的南美洲、东南亚和撒哈拉以南非洲等地区。 然而，温带雨林只分布在世界上少数几个温带地区，例如欧洲、 北美和东亚。

Biodiversity
生物多样性

Around 40% to 75% of all biotic species are indigenous to the rainforests. It has been estimated that there may be many millions of species of plants, insects and microorganisms still undiscovered in tropical rainforests. Tropical rainforests have been called the "jewels of the Earth" and the "world's largest pharmacy", because over one quarter of natural medicines have been discovered there. Rainforests are also responsible for 28% of the world's oxygen turnover; that is why ropical forests are also called "Earth's lungs."
大约 40% 到 75% 的生物物种是热带雨林的本地物种。 据估计，热带雨林中可能仍有数百万种植物、昆虫和微生物尚未被发现。热带雨林被称为“地球的瑰宝”和“世界上最大的药房”，因为超过四分之一的天然药物都是在那里发现的。热带雨林还占世界氧气周转量的 28%;这就是为什么 Ropical Forest 也被称为“地球之肺”。

Economy
经济

Rainforests produce many items that we all use in our daily lives. Tropical rainforests provide timber as well as animal products such as meat and hides. Other common rainforests products include: chocolate, sugar, cinnamon, rubber, medicine, and pineapples. Rainforests also have value as tourism destinations and for the ecosystem services provided.
热带雨林生产了许多我们在日常生活中都会使用的物品。热带雨林提供木材以及肉类和兽皮等动物产品。其他常见的热带雨林产品包括：巧克力、糖、肉桂、橡胶、药品和菠萝。热带雨林作为旅游目的地和提供的生态系统服务也具有价值。

Tropical forests are found only in tropical regions.
热带森林只存在于热带地区。
a.  True
一个。 真
b.  False
b. 假

Many species of plants, insects and microorganisms haven't been discovered in tropical rainforests yet.
许多种类的植物、昆虫和微生物尚未在热带雨林中被发现。
a.  True
一个。 真
b.  False
b. 假

Rainforests have contributed to economic development.
热带雨林为经济发展做出了贡献。
a.  True
一个。 真
b.  False
b. 假

Walt Disney was born on December 5, 1901. Disney became one of the best-known motion picture producers in the world. He is particularly noted for being a film producer and a popular showman, as well as an innovator in animation and theme park design.
沃尔特·迪斯尼 出生于 1901 年 12 月 5 日。迪斯尼成为世界上最知名的电影制片人之一。他尤其以电影制片人和受欢迎的表演者以及动画和主题公园设计的创新者而闻名。

Disney is famous for his contributions in the field of entertainment during the 20th century. His first success was through the series, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit which was created by the Disney studio for Charles Mintz of Universal Studios. When Disney asked for a larger budget for his popular Oswald series, Mintz refused and Disney had to quit. Later, Disney and his brother Roy O. Disney started from scratch and co-founded Walt Disney Productions, now known as The Walt Disney Company. Today, this company has annual revenues of approximately U.S. $35 billion. This succes is largely due to a number of the world's most famous fictional characters he and his staff created including Mickey Mouse, a character for which Disney himself was the original voice.
迪斯尼以其在 20 世纪娱乐领域的贡献而闻名。他的第一个成功是通过系列 ，幸运兔 奥斯瓦尔德，这是由 迪斯尼工作室 为环球影城的查尔斯·明茨创作的。当迪斯尼要求为他广受欢迎的奥斯瓦尔德系列提供更大的预算时，明茨拒绝了，迪斯尼不得不退出。后来，迪斯尼和他的兄弟罗伊·奥·迪斯尼 （Roy O. Disney） 白手起家，共同创立了华特迪士尼制作公司，现在被称为 华特迪士尼公司。如今，这家公司的年收入约为 350 亿美元。这在很大程度上要归功于他和他的员工创造了许多世界上最著名的虚构人物，包括 米老鼠，迪斯尼本人是这个角色的原声。

Disney won 26 Academy Awards out of 59 nominations, including a record four in one year, giving him more awards and nominations than any other individual. He is also the namesake for Disneyland and Walt Disney World Resort theme parks in the United States, as well as the international resorts in Japan, France, and China.
迪士尼在 59 项提名中赢得了 26 项奥斯卡金像奖，其中包括创纪录的一年内获得 4 项，使他获得的奖项和提名比其他任何人都多。他还是美国迪斯尼乐园和华特迪士尼世界度假区主题公园以及日本、法国和中国国际度假村的同名 人士。   

Disney died of lung cancer in Burbank, California, on December 15, 1966. The following year, construction began on Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. His brother Roy Disney inaugurated The Magic Kingdom on October 1, 1971.
迪斯尼于 1966 年 12 月 15 日在加利福尼亚州伯班克死于肺癌。次年，佛罗里达州的华特迪士尼世界度假区开始建设。他的兄弟罗伊·迪斯尼 （Roy Disney） 于 1971 年 10 月 1 日为魔法王国揭幕  。

The following is a list of some of Walt Disney best quotes:
以下是一些沃尔特·迪斯尼 （Walt Disney） 最佳名言的列表：

"All our dreams can come true, if we have the courage to pursue them."
“如果我们有勇气追求它们，我们所有的梦想都可以成真。”

"I always like to look on the optimistic side of life, but I am realistic enough to know that life is a complex matter."
“我总是喜欢看生活乐观的一面，但我足够现实，知道生活是一件复杂的事情。”

"I do not like to repeat successes, I like to go on to other things."
“我不喜欢重复成功，我喜欢继续做其他事情。”

"I have been up against tough competition all my life. I wouldn't know how to get along without it."
“我一生都在与激烈的竞争作斗争。没有它，我就不知道该如何相处。

"If you can dream it, you can do it."
“如果你能梦想它，你就能做到。”

"The way to get started is to quit talking and begin doing."
“开始的方法是停止谈论并开始行动。”

单词：词性	文中释义	文中搭配

William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright, and actor. He was born on 26 April 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon. His father was a successful local businessman and his mother was the daughter of a landowner. Shakespeare is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and nicknamed the Bard of Avon. He wrote about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses, of which the authorship of some is uncertain. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.
威廉·莎士比亚 （William Shakespeare ） 是一位英国诗人、剧作家和演员。他于 1564 年 4 月 26 日出生在埃文河畔斯特拉特福。他的父亲是一位成功的当地商人，他的母亲是一位地主的女儿。莎士比亚被广泛认为是英语中最伟大的作家和世界上最杰出的剧作家。他经常被称为英格兰的 民族诗人 ，绰号 “雅芳吟游诗人”。他写了大约 38 部戏剧、154 首十四行诗、两首长篇叙事诗和一些其他诗句，其中一些诗句的作者不确定。他的戏剧已被翻译成所有主要的现存语言，并且比其他任何剧作家的演出频率都高。

Marriage and career
婚姻与事业

Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway at the age of 18. She was eight years older than him. They had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. After his marriage information about his life became very rare. But he is thought to have spent most of his time in London writing and performing in his plays. Between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men
莎士比亚在 18 岁时嫁给了安妮·海瑟薇。她比他大八岁。他们有三个孩子：Susanna 和双胞胎 Hamnet 和 Judith。婚后，关于他生活的信息变得非常罕见。但据信，他大部分时间都在伦敦写作和表演他的戏剧。1585 年至 1592 年间，他在伦敦开始了成功的职业生涯，成为一名演员、作家和一家名为 Lord Chamberlain's Men（后来被称为 King's Men）的戏剧公司的部分所有者.

Retirement and death
退休和死亡

Around 1613, at the age of 49, he retired to Stratford , where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive. He died on 23 April 1616, at the age of 52. He died within a month of signing his will, a document which he begins by describing himself as being in "perfect health". In his will, Shakespeare left the bulk of his large estate to his elder daughter Susanna.
1613 年左右，49 岁的他退休到斯特拉特福，三年后在那里去世。关于莎士比亚私生活的记录很少留存下来。他于 1616 年 4 月 23 日去世，享年 52 岁。他在签署遗嘱后一个月内去世，这份文件一开始他就将自己描述为“非常健康”。 在他的遗嘱中，莎士比亚将他的大部分大笔遗产留给了他的大女儿苏珊娜。

His work
他的工作

Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories and these works remain regarded as some of the best work produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights.
莎士比亚在 1589 年至 1613 年间创作了他的大部分已知作品。他的早期戏剧主要是喜剧和历史剧，这些作品仍然被认为是这些类型中最好的作品之一。然后，直到 1608 年左右，他主要创作悲剧，包括 《哈姆雷特》、《 奥赛罗》、《 李尔王》和 《麦克白》，这些被认为是英语中最好的作品之一。在他的最后阶段，他写了悲喜剧，也被称为浪漫喜剧，并与其他剧作家合作。

Shakespeare's plays remain highly popular today and are constantly studied, performed, and reinterpreted in diverse cultural and political contexts throughout the world
莎士比亚的戏剧在今天仍然非常受欢迎，并在世界各地的不同文化和政治背景下不断被研究、表演和重新诠释.

Shakespeare's parents were poor.
莎士比亚的父母很穷。
a.  True
一个。 真
b.  False
b. 假

His wife was 18 when they got married.
他的妻子结婚时 18 岁。
a.  True
一个。 真
b.  False
b. 假

Shakespeare died in Stratford.
莎士比亚在斯特拉特福去世。
a.  True
一个。 真
b.  False
b. 假

In the last years of his life, he wrote mainly tragicomedy
在他生命的最后几年，他主要写悲喜剧.
a.  True
一个。 真
b.  False
b. 假

Charles Dickens was an English writer and social critic. During his lifetime, his works enjoyed unprecedented popularity. He is now considered a literary genius because he created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. His novels and short stories enjoy lasting popularity.
查尔斯·狄更斯 （Charles Dickens ） 是一位英国作家和社会评论家。在他的一生中，他的作品获得了前所未有的人气。他现在被认为是文学天才，因为他创造了一些世界上最知名的虚构人物，并被认为是维多利亚时代最伟大的小说家。他的小说和短篇小说广受欢迎。

His early life
他的早年生活

Dickens was born on February 7, 1812  in Portsmouth, on the southern coast of England. His father, John Dickens, was a naval clerk who dreamed of becoming rich and his mother, Elizabeth Barrow, aspired to be a teacher and school director. But the family’s financial situation had grown worse because John Dickens used to spend money dangerously beyond the family’s means. Consequently, John was sent to prison for debt in 1824, when Charles was just 12 years old.
狄更斯于 1812  年 2 月 7 日出生于英格兰南部海岸的朴茨茅斯。他的父亲约翰·狄更斯 （John Dickens） 是一名梦想致富的海军文员，他的母亲伊丽莎白·巴罗 （Elizabeth Barrow） 立志成为一名教师和学校主任。但这个家庭的经济状况越来越糟，因为约翰·狄更斯 （John Dickens） 过去常常危险地花钱，超出了家庭的承受能力。因此，约翰在 1824 年因债务而被送进监狱，当时查尔斯只有 12 岁。

After his father's imprisonment, Charles Dickens left school to work in a factory. Despite his lack of formal education, he edited a weekly journal for 20 years, wrote 15 novels, five novellas, hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles, lectured and performed extensively, was an indefatigable letter writer, and campaigned vigorously for children's rights, education, and other social reforms.
父亲入狱后，查尔斯·狄更斯辍学到一家工厂工作。尽管他没有受过正规教育，但他编辑了一份周刊 20 年，写了 15 部小说、5 篇中篇小说、数百篇短篇小说和非小说类文章，广泛演讲和表演，是一位不知疲倦的写信人，并积极倡导儿童权利、教育和其他社会改革。

His literary success
他的文学成就

Dickens's literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers. Within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity, famous for his humor, satire, and keen observation of character and society. His novels, most published in monthly or weekly instalments, pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction, which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication.
狄更斯的文学成功始于 1836 年连载的《匹克威克外传》。几年之内，他已成为国际文学名人，以其幽默、讽刺和对人物和社会的敏锐观察而闻名。他的小说大多以月刊或周刊的形式出版，开创了叙事小说的连载出版，成为维多利亚时代小说出版的主要模式。

Dickens was regarded as the literary colossus of his age. His 1843 novella, A Christmas Carol, remains popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre. Oliver Twist and Great Expectations are also frequently adapted, and, like many of his novels, evoke images of early Victorian London. His 1859 novel, A Tale of Two Cities, set in London and Paris, is his best-known work of historical fiction.
狄更斯被认为是他那个时代的文学巨人。他 1843 年的中篇小说《圣诞颂歌》仍然很受欢迎，并继续激发各种艺术流派的改编灵感。《雾都孤儿》和《远大前程》也经常被改编，并且像他的许多小说一样，让人想起维多利亚时代早期的伦敦。他 1859 年的小说《双城记》以伦敦和巴黎为背景，是他最著名的历史小说作品。

His Death
他的死

Dicken's family was rich.
狄更斯的家庭很富有。
a.  True
一个。 真
b.  False
b. 假

Dicken’s novels were characterized by realism.
狄更斯的小说以现实主义为特征。
a.  True
一个。真
b.  False
b. 假

He died due to a stroke.
他因中风去世。
a.  True
一个。 真
b.  False.
b. 假。

The US political parties
美国政党

There have usually only been two main political parties in the US. Since the 1860s, two main parties have been the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. It should be noted though that there are other minor parties such as the Libertarian Party, the Green Party, and Constitution Party.
美国通常只有两个主要政党。自 1860 年代以来，两个主要政党一直是共和党和民主党。但应该注意的是，还有其他小党，如自由党、绿党和宪法党。

The Democratic Party
民主党

The Democratic Party started in 1828 as a pro-slavery party with its Andrew Jackson as the first President in 1829. However, through the economic resurgence after the Great Depression in the 1930s and 1940s, as well as the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s, the Democratic party became an advocate of racial equality. The party's philosophy of modern liberalism adopts social and economic equality principles. It aims at setting government intervention and regulation in the economy such as the introduction of social progr