环境工程微生物学课后习题答案（周群英第四版） Answers to Environmental Engineering Microbiology Exercises (Fourth Edition by Zhou Qunying)
目 录
环境工程微生物学 错误!未定义书签。 Environmental Engineering Microbiology Error! Bookmark not defined.
绪论 ..... 2 Introduction ..... 2
1、何谓原核微生物？它包括哪些微生物？ ..... 2
1. What are prokaryotic microorganisms? Which microorganisms does it include? ..... 2.
2、何谓真核微生物？它包括哪些微生物？ ..... 2
2. What are eukaryotic microorganisms? Which microorganisms does it include? ..... 2
3、微生物是如何分类的
3. How are microorganisms classified?
6、写出大肠埃希氏杆菌和桔草芽孢杆菌的拉丁文全称。 ..... 2
6. Write down the full Latin names of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.
7、微生物有哪些特点? ..... 2 7. What are the characteristics of microorganisms? ..... 2
第一章 病毒 ..... 2
Chapter One Virus ..... 2
第二章 原核微生物 ..... 7
Chapter 2 Prokaryotic Microorganisms ..... 7
1、细菌有哪几种形态？各举一种细菌为代表。 ..... 7
What are the different forms of bacteria? Give an example of each. ..... 7
2、细菌有哪些一般结构和特殊结构? 它们各有哪些生理功能? ..... 7
2. What are the general and special structures of bacteria? What are their respective physiological functions? ..... 7
3、荚膜、粘液层、菌胶团和衣鞘 ..... 7 3. Pod membrane, mucous layer, bacterial mass, and sheath ..... 7
第三章 真核微生物 ..... 12
Chapter Three Eukaryotic Microorganisms ..... 12
第四章 微生物的生理 ..... 15
Chapter Four Physiology of Microorganisms ..... 15
第五章 微生物的生长繁殖与生存因子 ..... 20
Chapter Five Growth, Reproduction, and Survival Factors of Microorganisms ..... 20
第六章 微生物的遗传与变异 ..... 28
Chapter Six Genetics and Variation of Microorganisms ..... 28
第七章 微生物的生态 ..... 35
Chapter Seven Microbial Ecology ..... 35
第八章 微生物在环境物质循环中的作用 ..... 40
Chapter Eight The Role of Microorganisms in the Cycling of Environmental Substances ..... 40
第九章 水环境污染控制与治理的生态工程及微生物学原理. ..... 44
Chapter Nine Ecological Engineering and Microbiological Principles of Water Environment Pollution Control and Governance. ..... 44
第十章 有机固体废物与废弃的微生物处理及微生物群落 ..... 48
Chapter Ten Organic Solid Waste and Abandoned Microbial Treatment and Microbial Community ..... 48
第十一章 有机固体废物与废气的微生物处理及其微生物群落 ..... 54
Chapter Eleven Microbial Treatment of Organic Solid Waste and Waste Gas and Their Microbial Communities ..... 54
What is composting, composting and compost? ..... 54
2 , 叙述好氧堆肥的机理。参与堆肥发酵的微生物有哪些? ..... 54
2. Describe the mechanism of aerobic composting. What microorganisms are involved in compost fermentation? ..... 54
3 ，好氧堆肥的运行条件有哪些? ..... 55
3. What are the operating conditions of aerobic composting? ..... 55
4, 好氧堆肥法有几种工艺？简述各个工艺的过程。 ..... 55
4. How many types of aerobic composting methods are there? Briefly describe the process of each method. ..... 55
第十二章 微生物学新技术在环境工程中的应用 ..... 60
Chapter Twelve Application of New Biotechnology in Environmental Engineering ..... 60
绪论 ..... 2 Introduction ..... 2
1、何谓原核微生物？它包括哪些微生物？ ..... 2
1. What are prokaryotic microorganisms? Which microorganisms does it include? ..... 2.
2、何谓真核微生物？它包括哪些微生物？ ..... 2
2. What are eukaryotic microorganisms? Which microorganisms does it include? ..... 2
3、微生物是如何分类的
3. How are microorganisms classified?
6、写出大肠埃希氏杆菌和桔草芽孢杆菌的拉丁文全称。 ..... 2
6. Write down the full Latin names of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.
7、微生物有哪些特点? ..... 2 7. What are the characteristics of microorganisms? ..... 2
第一章 病毒 ..... 2
Chapter One Virus ..... 2
第二章 原核微生物 ..... 7
Chapter 2 Prokaryotic Microorganisms ..... 7
1、细菌有哪几种形态？各举一种细菌为代表。 ..... 7
What are the different forms of bacteria? Give an example of each. ..... 7
2、细菌有哪些一般结构和特殊结构? 它们各有哪些生理功能? ..... 7
2. What are the general and special structures of bacteria? What are their respective physiological functions? ..... 7
3、荚膜、粘液层、菌胶团和衣鞘 ..... 7 3. Pod membrane, mucous layer, bacterial mass, and sheath ..... 7
第三章 真核微生物 ..... 12
Chapter Three Eukaryotic Microorganisms ..... 12
第四章 微生物的生理 ..... 15
Chapter Four Physiology of Microorganisms ..... 15
第五章 微生物的生长繁殖与生存因子 ..... 20
Chapter Five Growth, Reproduction, and Survival Factors of Microorganisms ..... 20
第六章 微生物的遗传与变异 ..... 28
Chapter Six Genetics and Variation of Microorganisms ..... 28
第七章 微生物的生态 ..... 35
Chapter Seven Microbial Ecology ..... 35
第八章 微生物在环境物质循环中的作用 ..... 40
Chapter Eight The Role of Microorganisms in the Cycling of Environmental Substances ..... 40
第九章 水环境污染控制与治理的生态工程及微生物学原理. ..... 44
Chapter Nine Ecological Engineering and Microbiological Principles of Water Environment Pollution Control and Governance. ..... 44
第十章 有机固体废物与废弃的微生物处理及微生物群落 ..... 48
Chapter Ten Organic Solid Waste and Abandoned Microbial Treatment and Microbial Community ..... 48
第十一章 有机固体废物与废气的微生物处理及其微生物群落 ..... 54
Chapter Eleven Microbial Treatment of Organic Solid Waste and Waste Gas and Their Microbial Communities ..... 54
What is composting, composting and compost? ..... 54
2 , 叙述好氧堆肥的机理。参与堆肥发酵的微生物有哪些? ..... 54
2. Describe the mechanism of aerobic composting. What microorganisms are involved in compost fermentation? ..... 54
3 ，好氧堆肥的运行条件有哪些? ..... 55
3. What are the operating conditions of aerobic composting? ..... 55
4, 好氧堆肥法有几种工艺？简述各个工艺的过程。 ..... 55
4. How many types of aerobic composting methods are there? Briefly describe the process of each method. ..... 55
第十二章 微生物学新技术在环境工程中的应用 ..... 60
Chapter Twelve Application of New Biotechnology in Environmental Engineering ..... 60
- 酶制剂剂型有几种? ..... 60 How many types of enzyme preparations are there? ..... 60
- 何谓固定化酶和固定化微生物? ..... 60 What are immobilized enzymes and immobilized microorganisms? ..... 60
- 酶和酶菌体固定化方法有哪几种? 各用什么载体? ..... 60
What are the several methods of enzyme and enzyme cell immobilization? What carriers are used for each? ..... 60 - 固定化酶和固定化微生物有什么优点？存在什么问题? ..... 60
What are the advantages of immobilized enzymes and immobilized microorganisms? What are the problems? ..... 60 - 生物膜是固定化微生物吗？为什么? ..... 60
Is the biofilm immobilized microorganisms? Why? ..... 60 - 何谓表面活性剂？生物表面活性剂有哪几类？ ..... 60
What is a surfactant? What are the types of biological surfactants? ..... 60 - 絮凝剂有几类? 微生物絮凝剂在污水生物处理中起什么作用? ..... 60
How many types of flocculants are there? What role does microbial flocculant play in sewage biological treatment? ..... 60 - 叙述污水处理中微生物絮凝剂的作用原理？ ..... 60
Describe the principle of microbial flocculants in sewage treatment? ..... 60 - 微生物制剂有哪些用途? ..... 60 What are the uses of microbial agents? ..... 60
- 有几种产氢微生物? 它们是如何产氢的? ..... 61
How many kinds of hydrogen-producing microorganisms are there? How do they produce hydrogen? ..... 61 - 请叙述微生物产氢电池的工作原理。 ..... 61
Please describe the working principle of microbial hydrogen fuel cells.
绪论
1、何谓原核微生物？它包括哪些微生物？ What are prokaryotic microorganisms? Which microorganisms does it include?
答: 原核微生物的核很原始, 发育不全, 只有 DNA 链高度折叠形成的一个核区, 没有核膜, 核质裸露, 与细胞质没有明显界限, 叫拟核或似核。原核微生物没有细胞器, 只有由细胞质膜内陷形成的不规则的泡沫体系, 如间体核光合作用层片及其他内折。也不进行有丝分裂。原核微生物包括古菌（即古细菌）、真细菌、放线菌、蓝细菌、粘细菌、立克次氏体、支原体、衣原体和螺旋体。
Answer: The nucleus of prokaryotic microorganisms is very primitive, underdeveloped, with only a nucleoid formed by highly folded DNA chains, lacking a nuclear membrane, with naked nucleoplasm, and no clear boundary with the cytoplasm, known as a nucleoid or pseudonucleus. Prokaryotic microorganisms do not have organelles, only an irregular vesicular system formed by invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane, such as thylakoid membranes in photosynthetic layers and other internal folds. They also do not undergo mitosis. Prokaryotic microorganisms include archaea (ancient bacteria), bacteria, actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, myxobacteria, rickettsiae, spirochetes, chlamydiae, and spirilla.
Answer: The nucleus of prokaryotic microorganisms is very primitive, underdeveloped, with only a nucleoid formed by highly folded DNA chains, lacking a nuclear membrane, with naked nucleoplasm, and no clear boundary with the cytoplasm, known as a nucleoid or pseudonucleus. Prokaryotic microorganisms do not have organelles, only an irregular vesicular system formed by invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane, such as thylakoid membranes in photosynthetic layers and other internal folds. They also do not undergo mitosis. Prokaryotic microorganisms include archaea (ancient bacteria), bacteria, actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, myxobacteria, rickettsiae, spirochetes, chlamydiae, and spirilla.
2、何谓真核微生物？它包括哪些微生物? What is eukaryotic microorganisms? Which microorganisms does it include?
答: 真核微生物由发育完好的细胞核, 核内由核仁核染色质。由核膜将细胞核和细胞质分开, 使两者由明显的界限。有高度分化的细胞器, 如线粒体、中心体、高尔基体、内质网、溶酶体和叶绿体等。进行有丝分裂。真核微生物包括除蓝藻以外的藻类、酵母菌、需菌、原生动物、微型后生动物等。
Answer: Eukaryotic microorganisms have well-developed cell nuclei, with nucleoli and chromatin inside the nucleus. The nuclear membrane separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm, giving them distinct boundaries. They have highly differentiated organelles such as mitochondria, centrioles, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and chloroplasts, etc. They undergo mitosis. Eukaryotic microorganisms include algae other than blue-green algae, yeast, fungi, protozoa, and micro-metazoans.
Answer: Eukaryotic microorganisms have well-developed cell nuclei, with nucleoli and chromatin inside the nucleus. The nuclear membrane separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm, giving them distinct boundaries. They have highly differentiated organelles such as mitochondria, centrioles, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and chloroplasts, etc. They undergo mitosis. Eukaryotic microorganisms include algae other than blue-green algae, yeast, fungi, protozoa, and micro-metazoans.
3、微生物是如何分类的? 3. How are microorganisms classified?
答：各种微生物按其客观存在的生物属性（如个体形态及大小、染色反应、菌落特征、细胞结构、生理生化反应、与氧的关系、血清学反应等）及它们的亲缘关系, 由次序地分门别类排列成一个系统, 从大到小, 按界、门、纲、目、科、属、种等分类。种是分类的最小单位, “株” 不是分类单位。
Answer: Various microorganisms are classified into a system based on their objective biological properties (such as individual morphology and size, staining reactions, colony characteristics, cell structure, physiological and biochemical reactions, relationship with oxygen, serological reactions, etc.) and their phylogenetic relationships, arranged in order from large to small, classified by kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, etc. Species is the smallest unit of classification, and "strain" is not a classification unit.
Answer: Various microorganisms are classified into a system based on their objective biological properties (such as individual morphology and size, staining reactions, colony characteristics, cell structure, physiological and biochemical reactions, relationship with oxygen, serological reactions, etc.) and their phylogenetic relationships, arranged in order from large to small, classified by kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, etc. Species is the smallest unit of classification, and "strain" is not a classification unit.
4、生物的分界共有几种分法，他们是如何划分的? 4. How many ways are there to classify living organisms, and how are they classified?
答: 1969 年魏泰克提出生物五界分类系统, 后被 Margulis 修改成为普遍接受的五界分类系统: 原核生物界 (包括细菌、放线菌、蓝绿细菌)、原生生物界 (包括蓝藻以外的藻类及原生动物）、真菌界（包括酵母菌和霉菌）、动物界和植物界。我国王教授提出六界: 病毒界、原核生物界、真核生物界、真菌界、动物界和植物界。
Answer: In 1969, Weitek proposed the biological five-kingdom classification system, which was later modified by Margulis into the widely accepted five-kingdom classification system: Prokaryote Kingdom (including bacteria, actinomycetes, cyanobacteria), Protist Kingdom (including algae other than cyanobacteria and protozoa), Fungi Kingdom (including yeast and mold), Animal Kingdom, and Plant Kingdom. Professor Wang of China proposed six kingdoms: Virus Kingdom, Prokaryote Kingdom, Eukaryote Kingdom, Fungi Kingdom, Animal Kingdom, and Plant Kingdom.
Answer: In 1969, Weitek proposed the biological five-kingdom classification system, which was later modified by Margulis into the widely accepted five-kingdom classification system: Prokaryote Kingdom (including bacteria, actinomycetes, cyanobacteria), Protist Kingdom (including algae other than cyanobacteria and protozoa), Fungi Kingdom (including yeast and mold), Animal Kingdom, and Plant Kingdom. Professor Wang of China proposed six kingdoms: Virus Kingdom, Prokaryote Kingdom, Eukaryote Kingdom, Fungi Kingdom, Animal Kingdom, and Plant Kingdom.
5、微生物是如何命名的？举例说明。 5. How are microorganisms named? Give an example.
答: 微生物的命名是采用生物学中的二名法, 即用两个拉丁字命名一个微生物的种。这个种的名称是由一个属名和一个种名组成, 属名和种名都用斜体字表示,属名在前, 用拉丁文名词表示, 第一个字母大写。种名在后, 用拉丁文的形容词表示，第一个字母小写。如大肠埃希氏杆菌的名称是 Escherichia coli。
Answer: The naming of microorganisms follows the binomial nomenclature in biology, which uses two Latin words to name a species of microorganism. The name of a species consists of a genus name and a species name, both written in italics, with the genus name first in Latin noun form with the first letter capitalized, and the species name following in Latin adjective form with the first letter in lowercase. For example, the name of the bacterium Escherichia coli is written as Escherichia coli.
Answer: The naming of microorganisms follows the binomial nomenclature in biology, which uses two Latin words to name a species of microorganism. The name of a species consists of a genus name and a species name, both written in italics, with the genus name first in Latin noun form with the first letter capitalized, and the species name following in Latin adjective form with the first letter in lowercase. For example, the name of the bacterium Escherichia coli is written as Escherichia coli.
6、写出大肠埃希氏杆菌和桔草芽孢杆菌的拉丁文全称。
Write the full Latin names of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.
答: 大肠埃希氏杆菌的名称是 Escherichia coli，桔草芽狍杆菌的名称是 Bacillus subtilis。
Answer: The name of Escherichia coli is Escherichia coli, and the name of Bacillus subtilis is Bacillus subtilis.
Answer: The name of Escherichia coli is Escherichia coli, and the name of Bacillus subtilis is Bacillus subtilis.
7、微生物有哪些特点？ 7. What are the characteristics of microorganisms?
答: (一) 个体极小: 微生物的个体极小, 有几纳米到几微米, 要通过光学显微镜才能看见, 病毒小于 0.2 微米, 通过电子显微镜才可看见。
Answer: (1) Extremely small individual: The individual of microorganisms is extremely small, ranging from several nanometers to several micrometers, and can only be seen through an optical microscope. Viruses are smaller than 0.2 micrometers and can only be seen through an electron microscope.
Answer: (1) Extremely small individual: The individual of microorganisms is extremely small, ranging from several nanometers to several micrometers, and can only be seen through an optical microscope. Viruses are smaller than 0.2 micrometers and can only be seen through an electron microscope.
（二）分布广, 种类繁多：环境的多样性如极端高温、高盐和极端
(2) Widely distributed, diverse species: The diversity of the environment, such as extreme high temperatures, high salinity, and extremes
(2) Widely distributed, diverse species: The diversity of the environment, such as extreme high temperatures, high salinity, and extremes
(三) 繁殖快: 大多数微生物以裂殖的方式繁殖后代，在适宜的环境条件下，十几分钟至二十分钟就可繁殖一代。
(Three) Fast reproduction: Most microorganisms reproduce offspring by fission, and under suitable environmental conditions, a generation can be reproduced in ten to twenty minutes.
(Three) Fast reproduction: Most microorganisms reproduce offspring by fission, and under suitable environmental conditions, a generation can be reproduced in ten to twenty minutes.
（四）易变异：易受外界环境因素影响，引起遗传物质 DNA 的改变而发生变异。或者变异为优良菌种, 或使菌种退化。
(4) Easy to mutate: It is easily influenced by external environmental factors, causing changes in genetic material DNA to occur. The mutation can either produce superior bacterial strains or cause bacterial strains to degenerate.
(4) Easy to mutate: It is easily influenced by external environmental factors, causing changes in genetic material DNA to occur. The mutation can either produce superior bacterial strains or cause bacterial strains to degenerate.
第一章
1. 病毒是一类什么样的微生物? 它有什么特点?
What kind of microorganism is a virus? What are its characteristics?
答: 病毒是没有细胞结构, 专性寄生在活的敏感宿主体内, 可通过细菌过滤器,大小在 0.2 微米一下的超微小微生物。
Answer: Viruses are microorganisms without cellular structure, which parasitize specifically in living sensitive hosts and can pass through bacterial filters, with a size smaller than 0.2 micrometers.
Answer: Viruses are microorganisms without cellular structure, which parasitize specifically in living sensitive hosts and can pass through bacterial filters, with a size smaller than 0.2 micrometers.
特点: 大小在 0.2 微米以下, 故在光学显微镜下看不见, 你必须在电子显微镜下方可合成蛋白质的机构一一核糖体, 也没有合成细胞物质和繁殖所必备的酶系统, 不具独立的代谢能力, 必须专性寄生在活的敏感宿主细胞内, 依靠宿主细胞合成病毒的化学组成和繁殖新个体。病毒在活的敏感宿主细胞内是具有生命的超微生物, 然而, 在宿主体外却呈现不具生命特征的大分子物质, 但仍保留感染宿主的潜在能力, 一旦重新进入活的宿主细胞内又具有生命特征, 重新感染新的宿主。
Features: The size is below 0.2 micrometers, so it cannot be seen under an optical microscope. You must use an electron microscope to see the structure of the protein synthesis organelle - ribosome. It does not have the necessary enzyme systems for synthesizing cell material and reproduction, lacks independent metabolic capabilities, and must parasitize within living sensitive host cells. It relies on the host cell to synthesize the chemical composition of the virus and reproduce new individuals. The virus is a living ultramicroorganism within the living sensitive host cell. However, outside the host, it appears as a large molecule without life characteristics, but still retains the potential to infect the host. Once it re-enters a living host cell, it exhibits life characteristics again and re-infects a new host.
Features: The size is below 0.2 micrometers, so it cannot be seen under an optical microscope. You must use an electron microscope to see the structure of the protein synthesis organelle - ribosome. It does not have the necessary enzyme systems for synthesizing cell material and reproduction, lacks independent metabolic capabilities, and must parasitize within living sensitive host cells. It relies on the host cell to synthesize the chemical composition of the virus and reproduce new individuals. The virus is a living ultramicroorganism within the living sensitive host cell. However, outside the host, it appears as a large molecule without life characteristics, but still retains the potential to infect the host. Once it re-enters a living host cell, it exhibits life characteristics again and re-infects a new host.
2. 病毒的分类依据是什么? 分为哪几类病毒? What is the basis for the classification of viruses? Into how many categories are viruses divided?
答：病毒是根据病毒的宿主、所致疾病、核酸的类型、病毒粒子的大小、病毒的结构、有或无被膜等进行分类的。
Answer: Viruses are classified according to the virus host, the resulting disease, the type of nucleic acid, the size of the virus particle, the structure of the virus, and whether or not it is enveloped.
Answer: Viruses are classified according to the virus host, the resulting disease, the type of nucleic acid, the size of the virus particle, the structure of the virus, and whether or not it is enveloped.
根据专性宿主分类: 有动物病毒、植物病毒、细菌病毒（噬菌体）、放线菌病毒 （㗱放线菌体）、藻类病毒（噬藻体），真菌病毒（噬真菌体）。
According to the classification of specific hosts: there are animal viruses, plant viruses, bacterial viruses (bacteriophages), actinomycete viruses (actinophages), algal viruses (algal phages), and fungal viruses (mycoviruses).
According to the classification of specific hosts: there are animal viruses, plant viruses, bacterial viruses (bacteriophages), actinomycete viruses (actinophages), algal viruses (algal phages), and fungal viruses (mycoviruses).
按核酸分类: 有 DNA 病毒 (除细小病毒组的成员是单链 DNA 外, 其余所有的病毒都是双链 DNA) 和 RNA 病毒 (除呼肠孤病毒组的成员是双链 RNA 外, 其余所有的病毒都是单链 RNA）。
Classified by nucleic acid: there are DNA viruses (except for single-stranded DNA in the parvovirus group, all other viruses are double-stranded DNA) and RNA viruses (except for double-stranded RNA in the reovirus group, all other viruses are single-stranded RNA).
Classified by nucleic acid: there are DNA viruses (except for single-stranded DNA in the parvovirus group, all other viruses are double-stranded DNA) and RNA viruses (except for double-stranded RNA in the reovirus group, all other viruses are single-stranded RNA).
3. 病毒具有什么样的化学组成和结构? What is the chemical composition and structure of the virus?
答: 一、病毒的化学组成: 病毒的化学组成有蛋白质和核酸, 个体大的病毒如痘病毒, 除含蛋白质和核酸外, 还含类脂类和多糖。
Answer: 1. Chemical composition of virus: The chemical composition of virus includes proteins and nucleic acids. Large viruses such as poxviruses not only contain proteins and nucleic acids, but also lipids and polysaccharides.
Answer: 1. Chemical composition of virus: The chemical composition of virus includes proteins and nucleic acids. Large viruses such as poxviruses not only contain proteins and nucleic acids, but also lipids and polysaccharides.
二、病毒的结构: 病毒没有细胞结构, 却有其自身独特的结构。整个病毒分两部分: 蛋白质衣壳和核酸内芯, 两者构成核衣壳。完整的具有感染力的病毒叫病毒粒子。病毒粒子有两种: 一种是不具被膜（亦称囊膜）的裸露病毒粒子; 另一种是在核衣壳外面有被膜所构成的病毒粒子。寄生在植物体内的类病毒和拟病毒结构更简单, 只具 RNA，不具蛋白质。
Virus Structure: Viruses do not have cellular structure, but they have their own unique structure. The entire virus consists of two parts: a protein coat and a nucleic acid core, which together form the nucleocapsid. A complete infectious virus is called a virus particle. There are two types of virus particles: one is a naked virus particle without an envelope (also known as a capsid); the other is a virus particle composed of an envelope outside the nucleocapsid. Plant parasitic viruses and viroid structures are simpler, containing only RNA and no protein.
Virus Structure: Viruses do not have cellular structure, but they have their own unique structure. The entire virus consists of two parts: a protein coat and a nucleic acid core, which together form the nucleocapsid. A complete infectious virus is called a virus particle. There are two types of virus particles: one is a naked virus particle without an envelope (also known as a capsid); the other is a virus particle composed of an envelope outside the nucleocapsid. Plant parasitic viruses and viroid structures are simpler, containing only RNA and no protein.
1）、蛋白质衣壳：是由一定数量的衣壳粒（由一种或几种多肽链折叠而成的蛋白质亚单位) 按一定的排列组合构成的病毒外壳，成为蛋白质衣壳。由于衣壳粒的排列组合不同病毒有三种对称构型: 立体对称型, 螺旋对称型和复合对称型。
1) Protein capsid: It is a virus capsid composed of a certain number of capsomeres (protein subunits folded from one or several polypeptide chains) arranged in a certain combination, forming a protein capsid. Due to different arrangements of capsomeres, viruses have three types of symmetrical configurations: icosahedral symmetry, helical symmetry, and complex symmetry.
1) Protein capsid: It is a virus capsid composed of a certain number of capsomeres (protein subunits folded from one or several polypeptide chains) arranged in a certain combination, forming a protein capsid. Due to different arrangements of capsomeres, viruses have three types of symmetrical configurations: icosahedral symmetry, helical symmetry, and complex symmetry.
2）、蛋白质的功能: 保护病毒使其免受环境因素的影响。决定病毒感染的特异性, 使病毒与敏感细胞表面特定部位有特异亲和力, 病毒可牢固的附着在敏感细胞上。病毒蛋白质还有致病性、毒力和抗原性。动物病毒有的含 DNA, 有的含 RNA。植物病毒大多数含 RNA, 少数含 DNA。噬菌体大多数含 DNA, 少数含 RNA。病毒核酸的功能是: 决定病毒遗传、变异和对敏感宿主细胞的感染力。
2) The function of proteins: Protect viruses from environmental influences. Determine the specificity of virus infection, allowing viruses to have specific affinity for certain sites on the surface of sensitive cells, enabling the virus to firmly attach to sensitive cells. Virus proteins also have pathogenicity, virulence, and antigenicity. Some animal viruses contain DNA, while others contain RNA. Most plant viruses contain RNA, while a few contain DNA. Most bacteriophages contain DNA, while a few contain RNA. The function of viral nucleic acids is to determine the virus's genetics, variation, and infectivity to sensitive host cells.
2) The function of proteins: Protect viruses from environmental influences. Determine the specificity of virus infection, allowing viruses to have specific affinity for certain sites on the surface of sensitive cells, enabling the virus to firmly attach to sensitive cells. Virus proteins also have pathogenicity, virulence, and antigenicity. Some animal viruses contain DNA, while others contain RNA. Most plant viruses contain RNA, while a few contain DNA. Most bacteriophages contain DNA, while a few contain RNA. The function of viral nucleic acids is to determine the virus's genetics, variation, and infectivity to sensitive host cells.
3）、被膜（囊膜）: 痘病毒、腮腺炎病毒及其他病毒具有被膜, 它们除含蛋白质和核酸外, 还含有类脂质, 其中
3) Envelope (capsid): Pox viruses, mumps viruses, and other viruses have envelopes. In addition to containing proteins and nucleic acids, they also contain glycolipids, with
3) Envelope (capsid): Pox viruses, mumps viruses, and other viruses have envelopes. In addition to containing proteins and nucleic acids, they also contain glycolipids, with
4. 叙述大肠杆菌 T 系噬菌体的繁殖过程。
4. Describe the replication process of Escherichia coli T phage.
答: 大肠杆菌
Answer: The replication process of Escherichia coli bacteriophage
Answer: The replication process of Escherichia coli bacteriophage
1、吸附：首先大肠杆菌
1. Adsorption: First, the bacteriophage T4 attaches to a specific chemical component on the surface of a sensitive cell with its tail end.
1. Adsorption: First, the bacteriophage T4 attaches to a specific chemical component on the surface of a sensitive cell with its tail end.
2、侵入: 尾部借尾丝的帮助固着在敏感细胞的细胞壁上, 尾部的酶水解细胞壁的肽聚糖形成小孔, 尾鞘消耗 ATP 获得能量而收缩将尾鞘压入宿主细胞内 (不具尾鞘的丝状大肠杆菌 T 系噬菌体将 DNA 压入宿主细胞内的速度较慢) 尾髓将头部的 DNA 注入宿主细胞内, 蛋白质外壳留在宿主细胞外, 此时, 宿主细胞壁上的小孔被修复。【噬菌体不能繁殖, 这与矬菌体在宿主细胞内增值所引起的裂解不同】。
2. Invasion: With the help of the tail fibers, the tail is anchored to the cell wall of sensitive cells. The tail enzyme hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan of the cell wall to form small holes. The tail sheath consumes ATP to obtain energy and contracts to push the tail sheath into the host cell (bacteriophage T series of Escherichia coli without a tail sheath enters the host cell more slowly). The tail tube injects the DNA from the head into the host cell, while the protein shell remains outside the host cell. At this point, the small holes in the host cell wall are repaired. [Bacteriophages cannot reproduce, which is different from the lysis caused by phages multiplying inside host cells].
2. Invasion: With the help of the tail fibers, the tail is anchored to the cell wall of sensitive cells. The tail enzyme hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan of the cell wall to form small holes. The tail sheath consumes ATP to obtain energy and contracts to push the tail sheath into the host cell (bacteriophage T series of Escherichia coli without a tail sheath enters the host cell more slowly). The tail tube injects the DNA from the head into the host cell, while the protein shell remains outside the host cell. At this point, the small holes in the host cell wall are repaired. [Bacteriophages cannot reproduce, which is different from the lysis caused by phages multiplying inside host cells].
3、复制与聚集：噬菌体侵入细胞内后, 立即引起宿主的代谢改变, 宿主细胞胞内的核酸不能按自身的遗传特性复制和合成蛋白质，而有噬菌体核酸所携带的遗传信息控制, 借用宿主细胞的合成机构如核糖体, mRNA、tRNA、ATP 及酶等复制核酸, 进而合成噬菌体的蛋白质, 核酸和蛋白质聚集合成新的唚菌体, 这过程叫装配。大肠杆菌噬菌体 T4 的装配过程如下: 先合成含 DNA 的头部, 然后合成尾部的尾鞘, 尾髓和尾丝。并逐个加上去就装配成一个完整的新的大肠杆菌噬菌体 T4。
3. Replication and Assembly: After the bacteriophage invades the cell, it immediately causes metabolic changes in the host. The host cell's nucleic acids cannot replicate and synthesize proteins according to its own genetic characteristics. Instead, the genetic information carried by the bacteriophage nucleic acid controls the process, utilizing the host cell's synthetic machinery such as ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA, ATP, and enzymes to replicate nucleic acids and synthesize bacteriophage proteins. The nucleic acids and proteins aggregate to form new bacteriophages, a process known as assembly. The assembly process of bacteriophage T4 of Escherichia coli is as follows: first, the head containing DNA is synthesized, followed by the tail sheath, tail tube, and tail fibers. Each component is added sequentially to assemble a complete new bacteriophage T4 of Escherichia coli.
3. Replication and Assembly: After the bacteriophage invades the cell, it immediately causes metabolic changes in the host. The host cell's nucleic acids cannot replicate and synthesize proteins according to its own genetic characteristics. Instead, the genetic information carried by the bacteriophage nucleic acid controls the process, utilizing the host cell's synthetic machinery such as ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA, ATP, and enzymes to replicate nucleic acids and synthesize bacteriophage proteins. The nucleic acids and proteins aggregate to form new bacteriophages, a process known as assembly. The assembly process of bacteriophage T4 of Escherichia coli is as follows: first, the head containing DNA is synthesized, followed by the tail sheath, tail tube, and tail fibers. Each component is added sequentially to assemble a complete new bacteriophage T4 of Escherichia coli.
4、宿主细胞裂解和成熟噬菌体粒子的释放：噬菌体粒子成熟后, 噬菌体水解酶水解宿主细胞壁而使宿主细胞裂解, 噬菌体被释放出来重新感染新的宿主细胞,一个宿主细胞课释放
4. Lysis of host cells and release of mature bacteriophage particles: After the bacteriophage particles mature, the bacteriophage hydrolase hydrolyzes the host cell wall, causing the host cell to lyse, releasing the bacteriophage to infect new host cells again. One host cell can release
4. Lysis of host cells and release of mature bacteriophage particles: After the bacteriophage particles mature, the bacteriophage hydrolase hydrolyzes the host cell wall, causing the host cell to lyse, releasing the bacteriophage to infect new host cells again. One host cell can release
5. 什么叫毒性噬菌体？什么叫温和噬菌体？ What is a toxic bacteriophage? What is a temperate bacteriophage?
答: 毒性噬菌体: 就是指侵入宿主细胞后, 随即引起宿主细胞裂解的俰菌体; 是正常表现的噬菌体。
Answer: Toxic bacteriophage: refers to a bacteriophage that invades host cells and immediately causes host cell lysis; it is a normal manifestation of bacteriophage.
Answer: Toxic bacteriophage: refers to a bacteriophage that invades host cells and immediately causes host cell lysis; it is a normal manifestation of bacteriophage.
温和噬菌体: 就是指侵入细胞后, 其核酸附着并整合在宿主染色体上, 和宿主细胞的核酸同步复制, 宿主细胞不裂解而继续生长, 这种不引起宿主细胞裂解的噬菌体称作温和噬菌体。
Temperate bacteriophage: refers to the bacteriophage that, after invading the cell, attaches its nucleic acid and integrates it into the host chromosome, replicates synchronously with the host cell's nucleic acid, and allows the host cell to continue growing without lysing. This type of bacteriophage that does not cause host cell lysis is called temperate bacteriophage.
Temperate bacteriophage: refers to the bacteriophage that, after invading the cell, attaches its nucleic acid and integrates it into the host chromosome, replicates synchronously with the host cell's nucleic acid, and allows the host cell to continue growing without lysing. This type of bacteriophage that does not cause host cell lysis is called temperate bacteriophage.
6. 什么叫溶原细胞（菌）？什么叫原噬菌体？ What is a lysogenic cell (bacterium)? What is a bacteriophage?
答：溶原细胞就是指含有温和噬菌体核酸的宿主细胞。原噬菌体就是指在溶原细胞内的温和噬菌体核酸, 又称为前矬菌体。
Answer: Lysogenic cells refer to host cells containing temperate bacteriophage nucleic acid. The prophage refers to the temperate bacteriophage nucleic acid inside the lysogenic cell, also known as a pro-phage.
Answer: Lysogenic cells refer to host cells containing temperate bacteriophage nucleic acid. The prophage refers to the temperate bacteriophage nucleic acid inside the lysogenic cell, also known as a pro-phage.
7. 解释 Escherichia coil K12（
7. Explain the meanings of the words in Escherichia coli K12 (
答: 溶原性噬菌体的命名是在敏感菌株的名称后面加一个括弧, 在括弧内写上溶原性噬菌体
Answer: The nomenclature of lytic phages is to add a parenthesis after the name of the sensitive strain, and write the lytic phage inside the parenthesis
Answer: The nomenclature of lytic phages is to add a parenthesis after the name of the sensitive strain, and write the lytic phage inside the parenthesis
8. 病毒（噬菌体）在固体培养基上有什么样的培养特征。
8. What are the cultivation characteristics of viruses (bacteriophages) on solid culture media?
答: 将唖菌体的敏感细菌接种在琼脂固体培养基上生长形成许多个菌落, 当接种稀释适度的噬菌体悬液后引起点性感染, 在感染点上进行反复的感染过程, 宿主细菌菌落就一个个被裂解成一个个空斑, 这些空斑就叫噬菌斑。
Answer: Inoculate sensitive bacteria with bacteriophage on solid agar medium to grow many colonies. When inoculated with a diluted suspension of bacteriophage, it causes point infection, and repeated infection processes occur at the infection point. The bacterial colonies of the host are lysed one by one into clear spots, which are called plaques.
Answer: Inoculate sensitive bacteria with bacteriophage on solid agar medium to grow many colonies. When inoculated with a diluted suspension of bacteriophage, it causes point infection, and repeated infection processes occur at the infection point. The bacterial colonies of the host are lysed one by one into clear spots, which are called plaques.
9. 噬菌体在液体培养基和固体培养基中各有什么样的培养特征。
9. What are the cultivation characteristics of bacteriophages in liquid and solid culture media?
答: 噬菌体在固体培养基上的培养特征如上; Answer: The cultivation characteristics of bacteriophages on solid culture media are as follows;
噬菌体在液体培养基上的培养特征是：将噬菌体的敏感细菌接种在液体培养基中, 经培养后敏感细菌均匀分布在培养基中而使培养基浑浊。然后接种堡菌体, 敏感细胞被唡菌体感染后发生菌体裂解, 原来浑浊的细菌悬液变成透明的裂解溶液。
The cultivation characteristics of bacteriophages in liquid culture medium are: the sensitive bacteria of bacteriophages are inoculated in liquid culture medium, and after cultivation, the sensitive bacteria are evenly distributed in the culture medium, making the culture medium turbid. Then, bacteriophages are inoculated, and the sensitive cells are infected by the bacteriophages, leading to bacteriophage lysis, transforming the originally turbid bacterial suspension into a transparent lysate solution.
The cultivation characteristics of bacteriophages in liquid culture medium are: the sensitive bacteria of bacteriophages are inoculated in liquid culture medium, and after cultivation, the sensitive bacteria are evenly distributed in the culture medium, making the culture medium turbid. Then, bacteriophages are inoculated, and the sensitive cells are infected by the bacteriophages, leading to bacteriophage lysis, transforming the originally turbid bacterial suspension into a transparent lysate solution.
10. 什么叫噬菌斑？什么是 PFU? What is dental plaque? What is PFU?
答: 将噬菌体的敏感细菌接种在琼脂固体培养基上生长形成许多个菌落, 当接种稀释适度的噬菌体悬液后引起点性感染, 在感染点上进行反复的感染过程,宿主细菌菌落就一个个被裂解成一个个空斑, 这些空斑就叫噬菌斑。
Answer: Inoculate sensitive bacteria of bacteriophages on solid agar medium to grow many colonies. When inoculating with a diluted suspension of bacteriophages, it causes point infection. Through repeated infection processes at the infection point, host bacterial colonies are lysed one by one into clear spots, which are called plaques.
Answer: Inoculate sensitive bacteria of bacteriophages on solid agar medium to grow many colonies. When inoculating with a diluted suspension of bacteriophages, it causes point infection. Through repeated infection processes at the infection point, host bacterial colonies are lysed one by one into clear spots, which are called plaques.
11. 破坏病毒的物理因素有哪些? 它们是如何破坏病毒的?
What are the physical factors that destroy viruses? How do they destroy viruses?
答: 共有三类: Answer: There are three types:
1、温度：高温使病毒的核酸和蛋白质衣壳受损伤，高温对病毒蛋白质的灭活比病毒核酸的灭活要快。
Temperature: High temperature damages the nucleic acid and protein coat of the virus. The inactivation of virus protein by high temperature is faster than the inactivation of virus nucleic acid.
Temperature: High temperature damages the nucleic acid and protein coat of the virus. The inactivation of virus protein by high temperature is faster than the inactivation of virus nucleic acid.
蛋白质的变性阻碍了病毒吸附到宿主细胞上, 削弱了病毒的感染力。
The denaturation of proteins hinders the virus from attaching to host cells, weakening the infectivity of the virus.
The denaturation of proteins hinders the virus from attaching to host cells, weakening the infectivity of the virus.
2、光及其他辐射：（1）紫外辐射：其灭活部位使病毒的核酸, 使核酸中的嘧啶环收到影响, 形成胸腺
2. Light and other radiation: (1) Ultraviolet radiation: Its inactivation site affects the viral nucleic acid, causing an impact on the pyrimidine ring in the nucleic acid, forming a thymus
2. Light and other radiation: (1) Ultraviolet radiation: Its inactivation site affects the viral nucleic acid, causing an impact on the pyrimidine ring in the nucleic acid, forming a thymus
嘧啶二聚体，尿嘧啶残基的水和作用也会损伤病毒。（2）可见光：在氧气和燃料存在的条件下, 大多数肠道病毒对可见光很敏感而被杀死, 这叫“光灭活作用”;燃料附着在核酸上, 催化光催化作用, 引起病毒灭活。（3）离子辐射: X 射线、
Dimer of pyrimidine, water and action of uracil residues can also damage viruses. (2) Visible light: Under the conditions of oxygen and fuel, most enteroviruses are very sensitive to visible light and are killed, which is called "photodynamic action"; fuel is attached to nucleic acid, catalyzing photocatalysis, causing virus inactivation. (3) Ionizing radiation: X-rays,
Dimer of pyrimidine, water and action of uracil residues can also damage viruses. (2) Visible light: Under the conditions of oxygen and fuel, most enteroviruses are very sensitive to visible light and are killed, which is called "photodynamic action"; fuel is attached to nucleic acid, catalyzing photocatalysis, causing virus inactivation. (3) Ionizing radiation: X-rays,
3、干燥: 被灭活的原因是在干燥环境中病毒 RNA 释放出来而随后裂解
3. Drying: The reason for inactivation is that the virus RNA is released in a dry environment and then degraded
3. Drying: The reason for inactivation is that the virus RNA is released in a dry environment and then degraded
12. 紫外线如何破坏病毒? How does ultraviolet light destroy viruses?
答: 紫外线照射到病毒之上, 其灭活部位是病毒的核酸, 是核酸中的嘧啶环到影响，形成胸腺嘧啶二聚
Answer: Ultraviolet light irradiates the virus, and the inactivated site is the virus's nucleic acid, which is the thymine ring in the nucleic acid, forming thymine dimer
Answer: Ultraviolet light irradiates the virus, and the inactivated site is the virus's nucleic acid, which is the thymine ring in the nucleic acid, forming thymine dimer
体（即在相邻的胸腺嘧啶残基之间形成共价键）。尿嘧啶残基的水和作用也会损伤病毒。
The body (that is, forming a covalent bond between adjacent thymine residues). The water and action of uracil residues can also damage the virus.
The body (that is, forming a covalent bond between adjacent thymine residues). The water and action of uracil residues can also damage the virus.
13. 灭活宿主体外壳的化学物质有哪些? 他们是如何破坏病毒的?
What are the chemical substances that can inactivate the host shell? How do they destroy the virus?
答: 酚: 破坏病毒蛋白质的衣壳。 Answer: Phenol: Destroys the viral protein coat.
低离子强度（低渗缓冲溶液）的环境: 使病毒蛋白质的衣壳发生细微变化, 阻止病毒附着在宿主
Low ionic strength (low permeability buffer solution) environment: causes subtle changes in the viral protein shell, preventing the virus from attaching to the host
Low ionic strength (low permeability buffer solution) environment: causes subtle changes in the viral protein shell, preventing the virus from attaching to the host
细胞上。 On the cell.
附加: 碱性环境课破坏蛋白质衣壳和核酸, 当
Addendum: Alkaline environments can damage the protein coat and nucleic acid of viruses. When the pH is above
Addendum: Alkaline environments can damage the protein coat and nucleic acid of viruses. When the pH is above
14. 破坏病毒的蛋白质衣壳、核酸和脂类被膜的化学物质有哪些?
What are the chemical substances that can destroy the protein coat, nucleic acid, and lipid membrane of viruses?
答: 破坏病毒蛋白质衣壳的化学物质有: 酚, 低离子强度; 破坏病毒核酸的化学物质: 甲醛 (破坏核酸, 但不改变病毒的抗原特性), 亚硝酸 (导致嘌呤和嘧啶碱基的脱氨基作用），氨（引起病毒颗粒内 RNA 的裂解）; 破坏病毒脂类被膜的化学物质: 醚、十二烷基硫酸钠、氯仿、去氧胆酸钠等。
Answer: Chemical substances that destroy the protein coat of viruses include: phenol, low ionic strength; Chemical substances that destroy viral nucleic acids include: formaldehyde (destroys nucleic acids but does not alter the virus's antigenic properties), nitrite (causes deamination of purine and pyrimidine bases), ammonia (causes the breakdown of RNA inside virus particles); Chemical substances that destroy the lipid membrane of viruses include: ether, sodium dodecyl sulfate, chloroform, sodium deoxycholate, etc.
Answer: Chemical substances that destroy the protein coat of viruses include: phenol, low ionic strength; Chemical substances that destroy viral nucleic acids include: formaldehyde (destroys nucleic acids but does not alter the virus's antigenic properties), nitrite (causes deamination of purine and pyrimidine bases), ammonia (causes the breakdown of RNA inside virus particles); Chemical substances that destroy the lipid membrane of viruses include: ether, sodium dodecyl sulfate, chloroform, sodium deoxycholate, etc.
15. 你怎么判断病毒有、无被膜? 15. How do you determine whether a virus has an envelope or not?
答: 凡对醚类等脂溶剂敏感的病毒为有被膜的病毒; 对脂溶剂不敏感的病毒为不具被膜的病毒。
Answer: Viruses sensitive to lipophilic solvents such as ether are enveloped viruses; viruses insensitive to lipophilic solvents are non-enveloped viruses.
Answer: Viruses sensitive to lipophilic solvents such as ether are enveloped viruses; viruses insensitive to lipophilic solvents are non-enveloped viruses.
16. 病毒在水体和土壤中的存活时间主要受哪些因素影响
16. What factors mainly affect the survival time of viruses in water and soil?
答: 病毒在各种环境中由于影响因素的不同, 其存活时间也是不同的。
Answer: The survival time of the virus varies in different environments due to different influencing factors.
Answer: The survival time of the virus varies in different environments due to different influencing factors.
1、病毒在水体中的存活: 在海水和淡水中, 温度是影响病毒存活的主要因素,也与病毒类型也有关。在水体淤泥中, 病毒吸附在固体颗粒上或被有机物包裹在颗粒中间, 受到保护其存活时间会较长一些。
1. Virus survival in water: In seawater and freshwater, temperature is the main factor affecting virus survival, which is also related to the type of virus. In water sediments, viruses adsorb onto solid particles or are enveloped by organic matter within the particles, providing protection and prolonging their survival time.
1. Virus survival in water: In seawater and freshwater, temperature is the main factor affecting virus survival, which is also related to the type of virus. In water sediments, viruses adsorb onto solid particles or are enveloped by organic matter within the particles, providing protection and prolonging their survival time.
2、病毒在土壤中的存活: 主要受土壤温度和湿度的影响最大, 低温时的存活时间比在高温时长; 干燥易使病毒灭活, 其灭活的原因是病毒成分的解离和核酸的降解。
2. Survival of viruses in soil: It is mainly influenced by soil temperature and humidity, with longer survival time at low temperatures than at high temperatures; dry conditions can easily inactivate viruses, the reason for their inactivation being the dissociation of viral components and the degradation of nucleic acids.
2. Survival of viruses in soil: It is mainly influenced by soil temperature and humidity, with longer survival time at low temperatures than at high temperatures; dry conditions can easily inactivate viruses, the reason for their inactivation being the dissociation of viral components and the degradation of nucleic acids.
【附】：土壤的截留病毒的能力受土壤的类型、渗滤液的流速、土壤孔隙的饱和度、
【Attachment】: The ability of soil to retain viruses is influenced by the type of soil, the flow rate of infiltrating liquid, the saturation of soil pores,
【Attachment】: The ability of soil to retain viruses is influenced by the type of soil, the flow rate of infiltrating liquid, the saturation of soil pores,
3、病毒在空气中的存活: 干燥、相对湿度、太阳光中的紫外辐射、温度和风速等的影响。相对湿度大, 病毒存活时间长; 相对湿度小, 越是干燥, 病毒存活时间短。
3. The survival of the virus in the air: the impact of dryness, relative humidity, ultraviolet radiation in sunlight, temperature, and wind speed. The higher the relative humidity, the longer the virus survives; the lower the relative humidity, the drier it is, the shorter the virus survival time.
3. The survival of the virus in the air: the impact of dryness, relative humidity, ultraviolet radiation in sunlight, temperature, and wind speed. The higher the relative humidity, the longer the virus survives; the lower the relative humidity, the drier it is, the shorter the virus survival time.
17. 病毒有哪些危害? 怎样控制病毒? What are the hazards of viruses? How to control viruses?
危害: 由于它寄生在生物体内, 破坏生物机体, 可引起人类及与人类密切相关的动植物疾病, 甚至死亡。如水痘、天花、非典以及最近的新型冠状病毒肺炎。控制: 清洁环境、喷洒药物消毒器物和环境; 注射疫苗, 使人产生抗体, 增强免疫力。
Harm: Because it parasitizes in the organism, damages the biological organism, can cause diseases in humans and closely related animals and plants, and even death. Such as chickenpox, smallpox, SARS, and the recent novel coronavirus pneumonia. Control: Clean the environment, spray disinfectants on objects and the environment; inject vaccines to produce antibodies in humans and enhance immunity.
Harm: Because it parasitizes in the organism, damages the biological organism, can cause diseases in humans and closely related animals and plants, and even death. Such as chickenpox, smallpox, SARS, and the recent novel coronavirus pneumonia. Control: Clean the environment, spray disinfectants on objects and the environment; inject vaccines to produce antibodies in humans and enhance immunity.
18. 噬菌体有哪些方面的应用？如何应用？ What are the applications of bacteriophages? How are they applied?
噬菌体的应用领域有医疗、发酵工业、水产养殖、畜牧养殖、农林业和环境保护具体应用: (1)用于细菌鉴定和分型; (2)分子生物学领域的工具和材料; (3)用于预防和治疗传染性疾病; (4)用于检测抗癌物质; (5)检测病原菌
The application fields of bacteriophages include medical, fermentation industry, aquaculture, animal husbandry, agriculture and forestry, and environmental protection. Specific applications include: (1) used for bacterial identification and typing; (2) tools and materials in the field of molecular biology; (3) used for prevention and treatment of infectious diseases; (4) used for detecting anticancer substances; (5) detecting pathogens
The application fields of bacteriophages include medical, fermentation industry, aquaculture, animal husbandry, agriculture and forestry, and environmental protection. Specific applications include: (1) used for bacterial identification and typing; (2) tools and materials in the field of molecular biology; (3) used for prevention and treatment of infectious diseases; (4) used for detecting anticancer substances; (5) detecting pathogens
第二章 原核微生物 Chapter 2 Prokaryotic Microorganisms
1、细菌有哪几种形态？各举一种细菌为代表。 What are the different forms of bacteria? Give an example of each.
答: 细菌有四种形态: 球状、杆状、螺旋状和丝状。分别叫球菌、杆菌、螺旋菌和丝状菌。
Answer: Bacteria have four morphologies: spherical, rod-shaped, helical, and filamentous. They are respectively called cocci, bacilli, spirilla, and filamentous bacteria.
Answer: Bacteria have four morphologies: spherical, rod-shaped, helical, and filamentous. They are respectively called cocci, bacilli, spirilla, and filamentous bacteria.
1、球菌: 有单球菌 (脲微球菌), 双球菌（肺炎链球菌）。排列不规则的金黄色葡萄球菌、四联球菌。八个球菌垒叠成立方体的有甲烷八叠球菌。链状的有乳链球菌。
1. Cocci: includes single cocci (ureaplasma), diplococci (pneumococcus). Irregularly arranged golden staphylococci, streptococci. Eight cocci stacked into a cube form methane-producing cocci. Chain-shaped cocci include streptococci.
1. Cocci: includes single cocci (ureaplasma), diplococci (pneumococcus). Irregularly arranged golden staphylococci, streptococci. Eight cocci stacked into a cube form methane-producing cocci. Chain-shaped cocci include streptococci.
2、杆菌: 有单杆菌, 其中有长杆菌和短杆菌（或近似球形）。产芽狍杆菌有枯草芽狍杆菌。梭状的芽狍杆菌有溶纤维梭菌等。还有双杆菌和链杆菌之分。
2. Bacteria: There are single rod-shaped bacteria, including long rod-shaped bacteria and short rod-shaped bacteria (or nearly spherical). Budding rod-shaped bacteria include Bacillus subtilis. Spindle-shaped budding bacteria include Clostridium cellulolyticum, etc. There are also bifid bacteria and chain bacteria.
2. Bacteria: There are single rod-shaped bacteria, including long rod-shaped bacteria and short rod-shaped bacteria (or nearly spherical). Budding rod-shaped bacteria include Bacillus subtilis. Spindle-shaped budding bacteria include Clostridium cellulolyticum, etc. There are also bifid bacteria and chain bacteria.
3、螺旋菌呈螺旋卷曲状, 厌氧污泥中有紫硫螺旋菌、红螺旋菌属和绿螺旋菌属。螺纹不满一周的叫弧菌, 如: 脱硫弧菌。呈逗号型的如: 逗号弧菌, 霍乱弧菌是其中的一直被那个。弧菌可弧线连接成螺旋形。螺纹满一周的叫螺旋菌。
3. Spiral bacteria are spiral and curved, and there are purple sulfur spiral bacteria, red spiral bacteria, and green spiral bacteria in anaerobic sludge. Those with less than one turn are called vibrios, such as desulfurizing vibrios. Those in comma shape, such as comma vibrios, cholera vibrios are among them. Vibrios can be connected in a spiral shape. Those with a full turn are called spiral bacteria.
3. Spiral bacteria are spiral and curved, and there are purple sulfur spiral bacteria, red spiral bacteria, and green spiral bacteria in anaerobic sludge. Those with less than one turn are called vibrios, such as desulfurizing vibrios. Those in comma shape, such as comma vibrios, cholera vibrios are among them. Vibrios can be connected in a spiral shape. Those with a full turn are called spiral bacteria.
4、丝状菌: 分布在水生环境, 潮湿土壤和活性污泥中。有铁细菌如: 富有球衣菌、泉发菌属即原铁细菌属及纤发菌属。丝状菌属如: 发硫菌属, 贝日阿托氏菌属、透明颤菌属、亮发菌属等多重丝状菌。丝状体是丝状菌分类的特征。
4. Filamentous bacteria: distributed in aquatic environments, moist soil, and activated sludge. There are iron bacteria such as: Leptothrix, Gallionella, Sphaerotilus, and Leptothrix. Filamentous bacteria genera include: Beggiatoa, Thiothrix, Leucothrix, and Leptothrix. Filamentous body is a characteristic feature of filamentous bacteria classification.
4. Filamentous bacteria: distributed in aquatic environments, moist soil, and activated sludge. There are iron bacteria such as: Leptothrix, Gallionella, Sphaerotilus, and Leptothrix. Filamentous bacteria genera include: Beggiatoa, Thiothrix, Leucothrix, and Leptothrix. Filamentous body is a characteristic feature of filamentous bacteria classification.
【附】在正常的生长条件下, 细菌的形态是相对稳定的。培养基的化学组成、浓度、培养温度、
【Attachment】Under normal growth conditions, the morphology of bacteria is relatively stable. Changes in the chemical composition, concentration, culture temperature,
【Attachment】Under normal growth conditions, the morphology of bacteria is relatively stable. Changes in the chemical composition, concentration, culture temperature,
2、细菌有哪些一般结构和特殊结构? 它们各有哪些生理功能?
What are the general structures and special structures of bacteria? What are their respective physiological functions?
答: 细菌是单细胞的。所有的细菌均有如下结构: 细胞壁、细胞质膜、细胞质及其内含物、细胞核质。部分细菌有特殊结构：芽孢、鞭毛、荚膜、粘液层、菌胶团、衣鞘及光合作用层片。
Answer: Bacteria are single-celled organisms. All bacteria have the following structures: cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and its contents, nucleoid. Some bacteria have special structures: endospores, flagella, capsule, slime layer, biofilm, sheath, and photosynthetic lamellae.
Answer: Bacteria are single-celled organisms. All bacteria have the following structures: cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and its contents, nucleoid. Some bacteria have special structures: endospores, flagella, capsule, slime layer, biofilm, sheath, and photosynthetic lamellae.
1、细胞壁 Cell wall
【生理功能】 : a、保护原生质体免受渗透压引起破裂的作用;
【Physiological Function】: a. Protect the protoplast from bursting caused by osmotic pressure
【Physiological Function】: a. Protect the protoplast from bursting caused by osmotic pressure
b、维持细菌形态（可用溶菌酶处理不同的细菌细胞壁后，菌体均呈现圆形得到证明）;
b. Maintain bacterial morphology (it has been proven that the bacteria all appear round after treatment with different bacteriolytic enzymes on the bacterial cell wall)
b. Maintain bacterial morphology (it has been proven that the bacteria all appear round after treatment with different bacteriolytic enzymes on the bacterial cell wall)
c、细胞壁是多孔结构的分子篮, 阻挡某些分子进入和保留蛋白质在间质（革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁和细胞质之间的区域）;
c. The cell wall is a porous molecular basket that blocks certain molecules from entering and retains proteins in the periplasm (the region between the cell wall and the cytoplasm in Gram-negative bacterial cells)
c. The cell wall is a porous molecular basket that blocks certain molecules from entering and retains proteins in the periplasm (the region between the cell wall and the cytoplasm in Gram-negative bacterial cells)
2、原生质体 2. Protoplast
【生理功能】： a、维持渗透压的梯度和溶质的转移;
【Physiological Functions】: a. Maintaining the gradient of osmotic pressure and the transfer of solutes;
【Physiological Functions】: a. Maintaining the gradient of osmotic pressure and the transfer of solutes;
b、细胞质膜上有合成细胞壁和形成横膈膜组分的酶, 故在膜的外表面合成细胞壁;
b. There are enzymes on the cytoplasmic membrane that synthesize cell walls and form septal membrane components, so cell walls are synthesized on the outer surface of the membrane
b. There are enzymes on the cytoplasmic membrane that synthesize cell walls and form septal membrane components, so cell walls are synthesized on the outer surface of the membrane
c、膜内陷形成的中间体 (相当于高等植物的线粒体) 含有细胞色素, 参与呼吸作用。中间体与染色体的分离和细胞分裂有关,还为 DNA 提供附着点。
The intermediate formed by invagination of the membrane (equivalent to the mitochondria of higher plants) contains cytochromes and participates in respiration. The intermediate is related to the separation of chromosomes and cell division, and also provides attachment points for DNA.
The intermediate formed by invagination of the membrane (equivalent to the mitochondria of higher plants) contains cytochromes and participates in respiration. The intermediate is related to the separation of chromosomes and cell division, and also provides attachment points for DNA.
d、细胞质膜上有琥珀酸脱氢酶、NADH 脱氢酶、细胞色素氧化酶、电子传递系统、氧化磷酸化酶及腺苷三磷酸酶。在细胞之抹上进行物质代谢和能量代谢。
d. There are succinate dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, electron transfer system, oxidative phosphorylation enzyme, and adenosine triphosphatase on the cytoplasmic membrane. They are involved in substance metabolism and energy metabolism on the cell membrane.
d. There are succinate dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, electron transfer system, oxidative phosphorylation enzyme, and adenosine triphosphatase on the cytoplasmic membrane. They are involved in substance metabolism and energy metabolism on the cell membrane.
e、细胞质膜上有鞭毛基粒, 鞭毛由此长出, 即为鞭毛提供附着点。
On the cytoplasmic membrane, there are basal bodies for cilia, from which cilia grow, providing attachment points for cilia.
On the cytoplasmic membrane, there are basal bodies for cilia, from which cilia grow, providing attachment points for cilia.
3、荚膜、粘液层、菌胶团和衣鞘 3. Pod membrane, mucous layer, bacterial gel mass, and sheath
A 荚膜: A capsule:
【生理功能】：
【Physiological Function】:
【生理功能】：
【Physiological Function】:
b、护致病菌免受宿主吞噬细胞的吞噬, 保护细菌免受干燥的
b. Protect pathogenic bacteria from being engulfed by host phagocytic cells, protecting bacteria from drying out
b. Protect pathogenic bacteria from being engulfed by host phagocytic cells, protecting bacteria from drying out
影响;
c 当缺乏营养时, 有的荚膜还可作氮源; When lacking in nutrients, some pod membranes can also serve as a nitrogen source
The cell capsule membrane in wastewater treatment has a bio-adsorption effect, which adsorbs organic and inorganic substances in wastewater and on the surface of bacterial cells.
Mucous layer: In the process of wastewater biological treatment, there is a biological adsorption effect. In the aeration tank, due to aeration stirring and the impact of water, bacteria mucus is easily washed into the water, thereby increasing the organic matter in the water, which can be utilized by other microorganisms.
D 衣鞘: D Sheath:
【附】荚膜、粘液层、衣鞘和菌胶团对染料的亲和力极低, 很难着色, 都用衬托法着色。
[Attachment] The pod membrane, mucous layer, sheath, and fungal mass have very low affinity for dyes, making it difficult to color them, so they are all colored by contrast method.
[Attachment] The pod membrane, mucous layer, sheath, and fungal mass have very low affinity for dyes, making it difficult to color them, so they are all colored by contrast method.
4 芽孢: 抵抗外界不良化境 (原因是大多数酶处于不活动状态, 代谢力极低)。 特点: a, 含水率低:
4 spores: resistant to adverse environments (due to the inactivity of most enzymes, very low metabolism). Characteristics: a, low water content:
4 spores: resistant to adverse environments (due to the inactivity of most enzymes, very low metabolism). Characteristics: a, low water content:
B, 壁厚而致密, 分三层：外层为芽孢外壳，为蛋白质性质。中层为皮层，有肽聚糖构成, 含大量 2,6 吡啶二羧酸。内层为狍子壁, 有肽聚糖构成,包围芽孢细胞质和核质。芽孢萌发后孢子壁变为营养细胞的细胞壁。
B, thick and dense, divided into three layers: the outer layer is the spore shell, which is proteinaceous. The middle layer is the cortex, composed of peptidoglycan, containing a large amount of 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid. The inner layer is the perisporium, composed of peptidoglycan, surrounding the spore cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. After germination, the spore wall becomes the cell wall of the vegetative cell.
B, thick and dense, divided into three layers: the outer layer is the spore shell, which is proteinaceous. The middle layer is the cortex, composed of peptidoglycan, containing a large amount of 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid. The inner layer is the perisporium, composed of peptidoglycan, surrounding the spore cytoplasm and nucleoplasm. After germination, the spore wall becomes the cell wall of the vegetative cell.
C, 呀包中的 2, 6 吡啶二羧酸 (DPA) 含量高, 为芽孢干重的
C, the content of 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (DPA) in the bag is high, accounting for
C, the content of 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (DPA) in the bag is high, accounting for
是细菌运动 (靠细胞质膜上的 ATP 酶水解 ATP 提供能量) 。不同细菌的鞭毛着生的部位不同。有单根鞭毛（正端生和亚极端生），周生鞭毛。
It is the movement of bacteria (powered by the hydrolysis of ATP by ATPase on the cytoplasmic membrane). The flagella of different bacteria are located in different parts. There are single flagella (polar and subpolar), and peritrichous flagella.
It is the movement of bacteria (powered by the hydrolysis of ATP by ATPase on the cytoplasmic membrane). The flagella of different bacteria are located in different parts. There are single flagella (polar and subpolar), and peritrichous flagella.
3、革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌的细胞壁结构有什么异同？各有哪些化学组成?
3. What are the similarities and differences in the cell wall structure of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria? What are their chemical compositions?
答: 细菌分为革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌两大类, 两者的化学组成和结构不同。格兰仕阳性菌的细胞壁厚, 其厚度为
Answer: Bacteria are divided into two major categories: Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria, with different chemical compositions and structures. The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is thick, with a thickness of
Answer: Bacteria are divided into two major categories: Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria, with different chemical compositions and structures. The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is thick, with a thickness of
4、古菌包括哪几种？它们与细菌有什么不同？ What kinds of archaea are there? How are they different from bacteria?
答: 古菌分为五大群: 产甲烷古菌, 古生硫酸盐还原菌, 极端嗜盐菌, 无细胞壁古生菌和极端嗜热硫代谢均。
Answer: Archaea are divided into five major groups: methanogenic archaea, sulfur-reducing archaea, halophilic archaea, cell wall-free archaea, and hyperthermophilic sulfur-metabolizing archaea.
Answer: Archaea are divided into five major groups: methanogenic archaea, sulfur-reducing archaea, halophilic archaea, cell wall-free archaea, and hyperthermophilic sulfur-metabolizing archaea.
与细菌的不同：大多数古菌生活在极端环境，如盐分高的湖泊水中，极热、极酸和据对厌氧的环境。有特殊的代谢途径, 有的古菌还有热稳定性酶和其他特殊酶。繁殖速度较慢, 进化速度也比细菌慢。
Difference from bacteria: Most archaea live in extreme environments, such as high-salt lakes, extremely hot, extremely acidic, and strictly anaerobic environments. They have special metabolic pathways, some archaea also have heat-stable enzymes and other special enzymes. They reproduce slowly, and their evolution rate is slower than that of bacteria.
Difference from bacteria: Most archaea live in extreme environments, such as high-salt lakes, extremely hot, extremely acidic, and strictly anaerobic environments. They have special metabolic pathways, some archaea also have heat-stable enzymes and other special enzymes. They reproduce slowly, and their evolution rate is slower than that of bacteria.
5、叙述细菌细胞质膜结构和化学组成, 它有哪些生理功能?
Describe the structure and chemical composition of bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, what are its physiological functions?
答: 细胞质膜是紧贴在细胞壁的内侧而包围细胞的一层柔软而富有弹性的薄膜。
Answer: The cell membrane is a soft and elastic membrane that is tightly attached to the inner side of the cell wall and surrounds the cell.
Answer: The cell membrane is a soft and elastic membrane that is tightly attached to the inner side of the cell wall and surrounds the cell.
【结构】由上下两层致密的着色层, 中间夹一个不着色层组成。不着色层是由具有正、负电荷, 有记性的磷脂双分子层组成, 是两性分子。亲水基朝着膜的内、外表面的水相, 疏水基（由脂肪酰基组成）在不着色区域。蛋白质主要结合在膜的表面, 有的位于均匀的双层磷脂中, 疏水键占优势。有的蛋白质有外侧伸入膜的中部, 有的穿透两层磷脂分子, 膜表面的蛋白质还带有多糖。有些蛋白质在膜内的位珞不固定, 能转动和扩散, 使细胞质膜成为一个流动镶嵌的功能区域。细胞质膜可内陷成层状、管状或囊状的膜内折系统，位于细胞质的表面或深部，常见的有中间体。
【Structure】Consists of two dense colored layers, with an uncolored layer sandwiched in between. The uncolored layer is composed of phospholipid bilayers with positive and negative charges, possessing memory, and are amphiphilic molecules. The hydrophilic groups face the aqueous phases on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane, while the hydrophobic groups (composed of fatty acyl chains) are in the uncolored regions. Proteins mainly bind to the surface of the membrane, some located within the uniform bilayer of phospholipids where hydrophobic interactions predominate. Some proteins extend into the middle of the membrane from the outer side, while others penetrate the two layers of phospholipid molecules. Proteins on the membrane surface also carry polysaccharides. Some proteins within the membrane are not fixed in position, allowing rotation and diffusion, making the cytoplasmic membrane a fluid mosaic functional area. The cytoplasmic membrane can invaginate into layered, tubular, or vesicular intracellular membrane folding systems, located on the surface or deep within the cytoplasm, with the endoplasmic reticulum being common.
【Structure】Consists of two dense colored layers, with an uncolored layer sandwiched in between. The uncolored layer is composed of phospholipid bilayers with positive and negative charges, possessing memory, and are amphiphilic molecules. The hydrophilic groups face the aqueous phases on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane, while the hydrophobic groups (composed of fatty acyl chains) are in the uncolored regions. Proteins mainly bind to the surface of the membrane, some located within the uniform bilayer of phospholipids where hydrophobic interactions predominate. Some proteins extend into the middle of the membrane from the outer side, while others penetrate the two layers of phospholipid molecules. Proteins on the membrane surface also carry polysaccharides. Some proteins within the membrane are not fixed in position, allowing rotation and diffusion, making the cytoplasmic membrane a fluid mosaic functional area. The cytoplasmic membrane can invaginate into layered, tubular, or vesicular intracellular membrane folding systems, located on the surface or deep within the cytoplasm, with the endoplasmic reticulum being common.
【化学组成】
【Chemical composition】
【Chemical composition】
【生理功能】a 维持渗透压的梯度和溶质的转移; 【Physiological Function】Maintaining the gradient of osmotic pressure and the transfer of solutes;
On the cytoplasmic membrane, there are enzymes that synthesize the cell wall and form the components of the septum, so the cell wall is synthesized on the outer surface of the membrane
c 膜内陷形成的中间体（相当于高等植物的线粒体）含有细胞色素, 参与呼吸作用。中间体与染色体的分离和细胞分裂有关, 还为 DNA 提供附着点。
The intermediate formed by the invagination of the c membrane (equivalent to the mitochondria of higher plants) contains cytochromes and is involved in respiration. The intermediate is related to the separation of chromatids and cell division, and also provides attachment points for DNA.
The intermediate formed by the invagination of the c membrane (equivalent to the mitochondria of higher plants) contains cytochromes and is involved in respiration. The intermediate is related to the separation of chromatids and cell division, and also provides attachment points for DNA.
On the cytoplasmic membrane, there are succinate dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, electron transfer system, oxidative phosphorylation enzyme, and adenosine triphosphatase. They carry out substance metabolism and energy metabolism on the surface of the cell.
On the cytoplasmic membrane, there are basal bodies for cilia, from which cilia grow, providing an attachment point for cilia.
6、何谓核糖体？它有哪些生理功能？ 6. What is ribosome? What are its physiological functions?
答: 原核微生物的核糖体是分散在细胞质中的亚微颗粒, 是合成蛋白质的部位。 RNA 占
Answer: The ribosome of prokaryotic microorganisms is dispersed in the cytoplasm as submicron particles, which is the site for protein synthesis. RNA accounts for
Answer: The ribosome of prokaryotic microorganisms is dispersed in the cytoplasm as submicron particles, which is the site for protein synthesis. RNA accounts for
7、在
In the solution where
答: 细菌体含有
Answer: Bacterial cells contain more than
Answer: Bacterial cells contain more than
8、叙述革兰氏染色的机制和步骤。 8. Describe the mechanism and steps of Gram staining.
答: 1884 年丹麦细菌学家 Christain Gram 创立了革兰氏染色法。将一大类细菌染上色, 而另一类染不上色, 一边将两大类细菌分开, 作为分类鉴定重要的第一步。
Answer: In 1884, Danish bacteriologist Christain Gram established the Gram staining method. By staining one type of bacteria while leaving another unstained, the two types of bacteria can be separated, serving as an important first step in classification and identification.
Answer: In 1884, Danish bacteriologist Christain Gram established the Gram staining method. By staining one type of bacteria while leaving another unstained, the two types of bacteria can be separated, serving as an important first step in classification and identification.
其染色步骤如下: The staining steps are as follows:
1 在无菌操作条件下, 用接种环挑取少量细菌于干净的载玻片上涂布均匀, 固定。
Under aseptic conditions, pick a small amount of bacteria with an inoculation loop and spread it evenly on a clean slide, then fix it.
Under aseptic conditions, pick a small amount of bacteria with an inoculation loop and spread it evenly on a clean slide, then fix it.
2 用草酸铵结晶紫染色
2. Stain with ammonium oxalate crystal violet, wash off the excess color with water.
2. Stain with ammonium oxalate crystal violet, wash off the excess color with water.
3 用碘一碘化钾溶液媒染
Stain with iodine-potassium iodide solution for 3 minutes, then pour off the excess solution.
Stain with iodine-potassium iodide solution for 3 minutes, then pour off the excess solution.
4 用中型脱色剂如乙醇或丙酮酸脱色, 革兰氏阳性菌不被裉色而呈紫色。革兰氏阴性菌被褪色而成无色
4. Use a medium decolorizer such as ethanol or acetone to decolorize. Gram-positive bacteria remain purple without decolorization. Gram-negative bacteria are decolorized and become colorless.
4. Use a medium decolorizer such as ethanol or acetone to decolorize. Gram-positive bacteria remain purple without decolorization. Gram-negative bacteria are decolorized and become colorless.
5 用蕃红染液复染
5 Stain with safranin dye again
5 Stain with safranin dye again
9. 细菌的物理化学特性与污水生物处理有哪些方面的关系?
What are the relationships between the physical and chemical characteristics of bacteria and biological wastewater treatment?
(1), 细胞质的多相胶体性质决定细菌在曝气池中吸收污水中的有机污染物的种类, 数量, 和速度;
(1) The colloidal properties of the cytoplasm determine the types, quantities, and rates at which bacteria absorb organic pollutants in sewage in aeration tanks
(1) The colloidal properties of the cytoplasm determine the types, quantities, and rates at which bacteria absorb organic pollutants in sewage in aeration tanks
(2), 细菌表面解离层的
(2), The type
(2), The type
(3), 比表面积的大小决定其吸附, 吸收污染物的能力及与其他微生物的竞争能力
(3), the size of the specific surface area determines its adsorption, absorption capacity for pollutants, and competitive ability with other microorganisms
(3), the size of the specific surface area determines its adsorption, absorption capacity for pollutants, and competitive ability with other microorganisms
(4), 细菌的带电性与他的吸附, 吸收污水有机污染物的能力, 与填料载体的结合力有关，还与絮凝，沉淀性能有关
(4) The electronegativity of bacteria is related to their ability to adsorb, absorb organic pollutants in wastewater, their binding force with the filler carrier, and their coagulation and precipitation performance
(4) The electronegativity of bacteria is related to their ability to adsorb, absorb organic pollutants in wastewater, their binding force with the filler carrier, and their coagulation and precipitation performance
(5)密度和质量与其沉淀效果有关 (5) Density and quality are related to their sedimentation effect
10. 何谓细菌菌落？细菌有哪些培养特征？这些培养特征有什么实践意义？
What is a bacterial colony? What are the cultivation characteristics of bacteria? What is the practical significance of these cultivation characteristics?
答: 细菌菌落就是由一个细菌繁殖起来的, 有无数细菌组成具有一定形态特征的细菌集团。
Answer: A bacterial colony is formed by the reproduction of bacteria, consisting of countless bacteria with certain morphological characteristics.
Answer: A bacterial colony is formed by the reproduction of bacteria, consisting of countless bacteria with certain morphological characteristics.
【培养特征】
【Cultivation characteristics】 The cultivation characteristics on solid culture medium are the colony characteristics.
【Cultivation characteristics】 The cultivation characteristics on solid culture medium are the colony characteristics.
The cultivation characteristic on the gelatin medium is to classify bacteria based on the different morphologies of the lysis zones or whether they lyse or not.
In the semi-solid culture medium, various growth states are presented, and the respiration type and flagella of bacteria can be judged according to the growth state of bacteria, as well as whether they can move.
Cultivation characteristics in liquid medium: Different growth states grow according to the characteristics of the genus and species of bacteria.
11、可用什么培养技术判断细菌的呼吸类型和能否运动？如何判断？
What techniques can be used to determine the respiration type and motility of bacteria? How to determine?
答: 用穿刺接种技术将细菌接种在含
Answer: Bacteria can be inoculated in agar semi-solid medium containing
Answer: Bacteria can be inoculated in agar semi-solid medium containing
判断细菌呼吸类型: 如果细菌在培养基的表面及穿刺线的上部生长者为好氧菌。沿着穿刺线自上而下生长者为兼性厌氧菌或兼性好氧菌。如果只在穿刺线的下部生长者为厌氧菌。
Determine the type of bacterial respiration: If bacteria grow on the surface of the culture medium and above the stab line, they are aerobic bacteria. If they grow along the stab line from top to bottom, they are facultative anaerobic or facultative aerobic bacteria. If they only grow below the stab line, they are anaerobic bacteria.
判断细菌能否运动: 如果只沿着穿刺线生长者为没有鞭毛, 不运动的细菌;如果不但沿着穿刺线生长而且穿透培养基扩散生长着为有鞭毛运动的细菌。
To determine whether bacteria can move: those that grow only along the puncture line without flagella are non-motile bacteria; those that not only grow along the puncture line but also spread and grow through the medium are motile bacteria with flagella.
Determine the type of bacterial respiration: If bacteria grow on the surface of the culture medium and above the stab line, they are aerobic bacteria. If they grow along the stab line from top to bottom, they are facultative anaerobic or facultative aerobic bacteria. If they only grow below the stab line, they are anaerobic bacteria.
判断细菌能否运动: 如果只沿着穿刺线生长者为没有鞭毛, 不运动的细菌;如果不但沿着穿刺线生长而且穿透培养基扩散生长着为有鞭毛运动的细菌。
To determine whether bacteria can move: those that grow only along the puncture line without flagella are non-motile bacteria; those that not only grow along the puncture line but also spread and grow through the medium are motile bacteria with flagella.
12、蓝细菌是一类什么微生物？分几纲, 其中有那几属与水体富营养化有关?
12. What kind of microorganism is cyanobacteria? How many orders are there, and which genera are related to eutrophication of water bodies?
答: 蓝细菌: 有一类细菌细胞结构简单, 只具原始核, 没有核仁和核膜, 只有染色质, 只具叶绿素, 没有叶绿体。故将它隶属于原核生物界的蓝色光合菌门。按蓝细菌的形态和结构的特征, 老的分类为二纲: 色球藻纲和藻殖段纲。
Answer: Cyanobacteria: A type of bacteria with simple cell structure, only primitive nucleus, no nucleolus and nuclear membrane, only chromatin, only chlorophyll, no chloroplast. Therefore, it is classified as Cyanophyta in the prokaryotic kingdom. According to the morphological and structural characteristics of cyanobacteria, the old classification is divided into two orders: Chroococcales and Nostocales.
Answer: Cyanobacteria: A type of bacteria with simple cell structure, only primitive nucleus, no nucleolus and nuclear membrane, only chromatin, only chlorophyll, no chloroplast. Therefore, it is classified as Cyanophyta in the prokaryotic kingdom. According to the morphological and structural characteristics of cyanobacteria, the old classification is divided into two orders: Chroococcales and Nostocales.
色球藻纲可分为色球藻属、微囊藻属、腔球藻属、管狍藻属及皮果藻属。其中的微囊藻属和腔球藻属课引起富营养化水体发生水华。
The order of Cyanophyta can be divided into the genus Microcystis, Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Oscillatoria, and Nostoc. The genera Microcystis and Anabaena can cause water blooms in eutrophic water bodies.
The order of Cyanophyta can be divided into the genus Microcystis, Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Oscillatoria, and Nostoc. The genera Microcystis and Anabaena can cause water blooms in eutrophic water bodies.
藻殖段纲分颤藻属、念珠藻属、筒狍藻属、胶拄藻属好、及单岐藻属。其中鱼腥藻属在富营养化水体中形成水华。
The order of algae includes genera such as Dinobryon, Chlorella, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, and Chlamydomonas. Among them, Dinoflagellates form blooms in eutrophic waters.
The order of algae includes genera such as Dinobryon, Chlorella, Ulothrix, Spirogyra, and Chlamydomonas. Among them, Dinoflagellates form blooms in eutrophic waters.
13、何谓放线菌？革兰氏染色是何种反应？ What is actinomycetes? What kind of reaction is Gram staining?
答: 放线菌是在固体培养基上呈辐射状生长而得名的细菌.
Answer: Actinomycetes are bacteria named for their radial growth on solid culture media.
Answer: Actinomycetes are bacteria named for their radial growth on solid culture media.
是枝动菌属为革兰氏阴性菌以外, 其余全部放线菌均为革兰氏阳性菌, 而且是
Apart from the genus Nocardia, all other actinomycetes are Gram-positive bacteria, and they are Gram-positive bacteria with a
Apart from the genus Nocardia, all other actinomycetes are Gram-positive bacteria, and they are Gram-positive bacteria with a
14. 丝状细菌有哪几种? 你如何识别它们? What are the types of filamentous bacteria? How do you identify them?
(1) 铁细菌: 纤发菌属、微丝菌属 Iron bacteria: Leptothrix, Crenothrix
(2) 丝状硫细菌 (2) Filamentous sulfur bacteria
(1)贝日阿托氏菌和粒硫菌属: 前者尾端与菌体一致, 上下均匀; 后者尾端呈锥形
Beijerinckia and Thiobacillus: the former has a tail end that is consistent with the body, uniform in shape; the latter has a conical tail end
Beijerinckia and Thiobacillus: the former has a tail end that is consistent with the body, uniform in shape; the latter has a conical tail end
(2)发硫菌属和亮发菌属: 前者微量好氧, 后者严格好氧
(2) Thiobacillus and Leptothrix: the former is slightly aerobic, the latter is strictly aerobic
(2) Thiobacillus and Leptothrix: the former is slightly aerobic, the latter is strictly aerobic
15. 厌氧氨氧化菌是什么样的细菌? 它们与细菌有什么不同?
What kind of bacteria are anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria? How are they different from other bacteria?
厌氧氨氧化菌为自养型细菌, 可在缺氧条件下以氨为电子供体, 亚硝酸盐为电子受体, 产生氮气。对全球氮循环具有重要意义, 也是污水处理中的重要细菌。
Anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria are autotrophic bacteria that can use ammonia as an electron donor and nitrite as an electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions to produce nitrogen gas. They are of great significance to the global nitrogen cycle and are also important bacteria in wastewater treatment.
Anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria are autotrophic bacteria that can use ammonia as an electron donor and nitrite as an electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions to produce nitrogen gas. They are of great significance to the global nitrogen cycle and are also important bacteria in wastewater treatment.
- 立克次氏体、支原体、衣原体和螺旋体各是什么样的微生物? 人类咋对它?
What are the characteristics of Legionella, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, and Helicobacter? How does the human body respond to them?
1）立克次氏体：细胞结构与细菌相似; 短杆状; 不能通过细菌过滤器, 不具鞭毛不运动; 革兰氏染色阴性反应; 二分裂。传染病媒介, 存在活性污泥中。
1) Rickettsia: cell structure similar to bacteria; short rods; unable to pass through bacterial filters, non-motile without flagella; negative Gram staining reaction; binary fission. Vector for infectious diseases, present in activated sludge.
1) Rickettsia: cell structure similar to bacteria; short rods; unable to pass through bacterial filters, non-motile without flagella; negative Gram staining reaction; binary fission. Vector for infectious diseases, present in activated sludge.
2）支原体：自由生活最小原核微生物, 无细胞壁, 为多形性体态; 革兰氏染色阴性反应; 二分裂, 也有出芽生殖。多为腐生性的, 也有致病的, 分布在污水、垃圾、脊椎动物和人体
2) Mycoplasma: the smallest free-living prokaryotic microorganism, without a cell wall, exhibiting pleomorphic forms; negative reaction in Gram staining; reproduces by binary fission and budding. Mostly saprophytic, some are pathogenic, found in sewage, garbage, vertebrates, and human bodies.
2) Mycoplasma: the smallest free-living prokaryotic microorganism, without a cell wall, exhibiting pleomorphic forms; negative reaction in Gram staining; reproduces by binary fission and budding. Mostly saprophytic, some are pathogenic, found in sewage, garbage, vertebrates, and human bodies.
3）衣原体：球形；革兰氏染色阴性反应；二分裂，多寄生于哺乳动物及鸟类。引起人类患沙眼等疾病
Chlamydia: spherical; Gram-negative staining reaction; binary fission, mostly parasitic in mammals and birds. Causes diseases such as trachoma in humans.
Chlamydia: spherical; Gram-negative staining reaction; binary fission, mostly parasitic in mammals and birds. Causes diseases such as trachoma in humans.
- 螺旋体: 不具鞭毛, 有轴丝, 靠轴丝收缩运动; 纵裂, 腐生或寄生。引起人类患梅毒等疾病
Spirillum: without flagella, with axial filaments, moves by contracting along the axial filaments; longitudinally divided, saprophytic or parasitic. Causes diseases such as syphilis in humans.
第三章 真核微生物 Chapter Three Eukaryotic Microorganisms
1、何谓原生动物？它有哪些细胞器和营养方式? What are protozoa? What organelles and nutritional modes do they have?
答: 原生动物是动物中最原始、最低等。结构最简单的单细胞动物。
Answer: Protozoa are the most primitive and lowest animals. The simplest single-celled animals in structure.
Answer: Protozoa are the most primitive and lowest animals. The simplest single-celled animals in structure.
原生动物为单细胞, 没有细胞壁, 有细胞质膜、细胞质, 有分化的细胞器其细胞核具有核膜（较高级类型有两个和），故属真和微生物。
Primitive animals are single-celled, without cell walls, with cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, differentiated organelles, and their nuclei have nuclear membranes (more advanced types have two), so they belong to true and microorganisms.
Primitive animals are single-celled, without cell walls, with cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, differentiated organelles, and their nuclei have nuclear membranes (more advanced types have two), so they belong to true and microorganisms.
营养方式: 全动性营养、植物性营养和腐生性营养三种方式。
Nutritional modes: holozoic nutrition, saprophytic nutrition, and autotrophic nutrition.
Nutritional modes: holozoic nutrition, saprophytic nutrition, and autotrophic nutrition.
2、原生动物分几纲？在废水生物处理中有几纲？ 2. How many classes are there in native animals? How many classes are there in wastewater biological treatment?
答：原生动物分四纲：鞭毛纲、肉足纲、纤毛纲（包括吸管纲）及孢子纲。
Answer: Protozoa are divided into four classes: Mastigophora, Sarcodina, Ciliophora (including Suctoria), and Sporozoa.
Answer: Protozoa are divided into four classes: Mastigophora, Sarcodina, Ciliophora (including Suctoria), and Sporozoa.
鞭毛纲、肉足纲和纤毛纲存在水体中, 在废水生物处理中起重要作用。孢子纲中的孢子虫营寄生生活, 几声在人体和动物体内, 可随粪便拍到污水中, 故需要消灭之。
The class of flagella, the class of cilia, and the class of ciliates exist in water bodies and play an important role in wastewater biological treatment. The spores of the class of sporozoa live as parasites, some of them in the human and animal bodies, and can be excreted with feces into sewage, so they need to be eliminated.
The class of flagella, the class of cilia, and the class of ciliates exist in water bodies and play an important role in wastewater biological treatment. The spores of the class of sporozoa live as parasites, some of them in the human and animal bodies, and can be excreted with feces into sewage, so they need to be eliminated.
3、你如何区分鞭毛纲中的眼虫和杆糞虫? How do you distinguish between eye worms and rod dung worms in the flagellate class?
从形态结构上区分: 眼虫为纺锤形, 前端钝圆, 后端尖杆囊虫呈椭圆形
Distinguish from the morphological structure: eye worms are spindle-shaped, with a blunt round front end and a pointed rod-shaped posterior end
Distinguish from the morphological structure: eye worms are spindle-shaped, with a blunt round front end and a pointed rod-shaped posterior end
4、纤毛纲中包括哪些固着型纤毛虫（钟虫类）？你如何区分固着型纤毛虫的各种虫体?
4. Which attached ciliates (peritrichs) are included in the class Peritrichia? How do you distinguish the various stages of attached ciliates?
答: 纤毛纲中的固着型纤毛虫有独缩虫属、聚缩虫属、累枝虫属、盖纤虫属等。这些群体很相像, 单它们的虫体和尾柄还有各自的特征。独缩虫和聚缩虫的虫体很像, 每个虫体的尾柄相连, 但肌丝不相连, 因此一个虫体收缩时不牵动其他虫体, 故名独缩虫。聚缩虫不同, 其尾柄相连, 肌丝也相连。所以当一个虫体收缩时牵动其他虫体一起收缩, 故叫聚缩虫。累枝虫和盖纤虫有相同处, 尾柄都有分支, 尾柄内没有肌丝, 不能收缩, 但在从提的基部有肌原纤维, 当虫体收到刺激时, 其基部收缩, 前端胞口闭锁。其不同点是: 累枝虫的虫体口缘有两圈纤毛环形成的似波动膜, 和钟虫相像, 其柄等分支或不等分支。盖纤虫的口缘有两齐全纤毛形成的盖形物, 能运动, 因有盖而得名。
Answer: The attached ciliated protozoa in the Ciliophora include the genera Vorticella, Epistylis, Zoothamnium, and Opercularia. These groups are very similar, but their bodies and stalks have their own characteristics. Vorticella and Epistylis have similar bodies, with each body connected by a stalk, but the myonemes are not connected, so when one body contracts, it does not pull the others, hence the name Vorticella. In contrast, Epistylis has connected stalks and myonemes. Therefore, when one body contracts, it pulls the others together, hence the name Epistylis. Zoothamnium and Opercularia have similarities, with branched stalks and no myonemes inside the stalks, so they cannot contract. However, there are myoneme fibers at the base of the stalks. When stimulated, the base contracts, closing the anterior cell mouth. The difference is that Zoothamnium has two circles of cilia around the mouth edge, forming a waving membrane similar to a bell animal, with equal or unequal branches. Opercularia has a cover formed by two complete cilia around the mouth edge, which can move, hence the name due to the cover.
Answer: The attached ciliated protozoa in the Ciliophora include the genera Vorticella, Epistylis, Zoothamnium, and Opercularia. These groups are very similar, but their bodies and stalks have their own characteristics. Vorticella and Epistylis have similar bodies, with each body connected by a stalk, but the myonemes are not connected, so when one body contracts, it does not pull the others, hence the name Vorticella. In contrast, Epistylis has connected stalks and myonemes. Therefore, when one body contracts, it pulls the others together, hence the name Epistylis. Zoothamnium and Opercularia have similarities, with branched stalks and no myonemes inside the stalks, so they cannot contract. However, there are myoneme fibers at the base of the stalks. When stimulated, the base contracts, closing the anterior cell mouth. The difference is that Zoothamnium has two circles of cilia around the mouth edge, forming a waving membrane similar to a bell animal, with equal or unequal branches. Opercularia has a cover formed by two complete cilia around the mouth edge, which can move, hence the name due to the cover.
5、原生动物中各纲在水体自净和污水生物处理中如何起指示作用?
5. How do various classes of native animals play an indicative role in self-purification of water and biological treatment of sewage?
答: 原生动物在正常的环境条件下都各自保持自己的形态特征, 但当环境条件变化, 超过其适应能力时, 都可使原生动物不能正常生活而形成胞囊。所以在水体自净和污水生物处理中, 一旦形成胞囊, 就可判断污水处理不正常。
Answer: Protozoa maintain their morphological characteristics under normal environmental conditions, but when the environmental conditions change and exceed their adaptive capacity, protozoa can form cysts that prevent them from living normally. Therefore, in water self-purification and sewage biological treatment, the formation of cysts indicates abnormal sewage treatment.
Answer: Protozoa maintain their morphological characteristics under normal environmental conditions, but when the environmental conditions change and exceed their adaptive capacity, protozoa can form cysts that prevent them from living normally. Therefore, in water self-purification and sewage biological treatment, the formation of cysts indicates abnormal sewage treatment.
1 原生动物中各纲在水体自净和污水生物处理中如何其指示作用?
How do various phyla of native animals play a role in self-purification of water and biological treatment of sewage?
答: (1) 鞭毛纲: 在污水生物处理中系统中, 活性污泥培养初期或在处理效果差时鞭毛虫大量出现, 可作污水处理的指示生物。(2)肉足纲: 变形虫喜
Answer: (1) Flagellate: In the system of sewage biological treatment, a large number of flagellates appear in the early stage of activated sludge cultivation or when the treatment effect is poor, which can serve as indicator organisms for sewage treatment. (2) Ciliate: Protozoa like to live in meso-trophic or eu-trophic natural water bodies. They appear in the mid-term of activated sludge cultivation in sewage biological treatment systems. (3) Ciliate: Most of the swimming ciliates in the Ciliate class live in meso-trophic or eu-trophic water bodies, and a few live in oligo-trophic water bodies. In the system of sewage biological treatment, ciliates will appear in the mid-term of activated sludge cultivation or when the treatment effect is poor.
Answer: (1) Flagellate: In the system of sewage biological treatment, a large number of flagellates appear in the early stage of activated sludge cultivation or when the treatment effect is poor, which can serve as indicator organisms for sewage treatment. (2) Ciliate: Protozoa like to live in meso-trophic or eu-trophic natural water bodies. They appear in the mid-term of activated sludge cultivation in sewage biological treatment systems. (3) Ciliate: Most of the swimming ciliates in the Ciliate class live in meso-trophic or eu-trophic water bodies, and a few live in oligo-trophic water bodies. In the system of sewage biological treatment, ciliates will appear in the mid-term of activated sludge cultivation or when the treatment effect is poor.
6、何谓原生动物的胞囊? 它是如何形成的? 6. What is the cyst of protozoa? How is it formed?
答: 在正常的环境条件下, 所有的原生动物都各自保证、吃自己的形态特征。当环境条件变坏, 如水干枯、水温和
Answer: Under normal environmental conditions, all protozoa ensure their own morphological characteristics. When environmental conditions deteriorate, such as water drying up, water temperature being too high or too low, insufficient dissolved oxygen, lack of food or excessive accumulation of excreta, organic matter concentration in wastewater exceeding its adaptive capacity, etc., protozoa may not be able to live normally and form cysts. Therefore, cysts are a type of dormant body that resist adverse environments.
胞囊的形成过程: 先是虫体变圆, 鞭毛、纤毛或伪足等细胞器缩入体内或消失,细胞水分陆续有伸缩泡排除, 虫体缩小, 最后伸缩泡消失, 分泌一种胶状物质于体表, 尔后凝固形成胞壳。胞壳有两层, 外层较厚, 表面凸起, 内层薄而透明。胞囊很轻易随灰尘漂浮或被其他动物带至地方, 胞囊遇到适宜环境其胞壳破裂回复虫体原型。
The formation process of cysts: first, the body of the organism becomes round, flagella, cilia, or pseudopods and other organelles shrink into the body or disappear, and the cell water is gradually expelled by contractile vacuoles. The organism shrinks, and finally the contractile vacuoles disappear, secreting a gelatinous substance on the surface of the body, which then solidifies to form a cyst shell. The cyst shell has two layers, the outer layer is thicker and protruding, while the inner layer is thin and transparent. Cysts can easily float with dust or be carried to other places by other animals. When the cyst encounters a suitable environment, its cyst shell ruptures and the organism reverts to its original form.
Answer: Under normal environmental conditions, all protozoa ensure their own morphological characteristics. When environmental conditions deteriorate, such as water drying up, water temperature being too high or too low, insufficient dissolved oxygen, lack of food or excessive accumulation of excreta, organic matter concentration in wastewater exceeding its adaptive capacity, etc., protozoa may not be able to live normally and form cysts. Therefore, cysts are a type of dormant body that resist adverse environments.
胞囊的形成过程: 先是虫体变圆, 鞭毛、纤毛或伪足等细胞器缩入体内或消失,细胞水分陆续有伸缩泡排除, 虫体缩小, 最后伸缩泡消失, 分泌一种胶状物质于体表, 尔后凝固形成胞壳。胞壳有两层, 外层较厚, 表面凸起, 内层薄而透明。胞囊很轻易随灰尘漂浮或被其他动物带至地方, 胞囊遇到适宜环境其胞壳破裂回复虫体原型。
The formation process of cysts: first, the body of the organism becomes round, flagella, cilia, or pseudopods and other organelles shrink into the body or disappear, and the cell water is gradually expelled by contractile vacuoles. The organism shrinks, and finally the contractile vacuoles disappear, secreting a gelatinous substance on the surface of the body, which then solidifies to form a cyst shell. The cyst shell has two layers, the outer layer is thicker and protruding, while the inner layer is thin and transparent. Cysts can easily float with dust or be carried to other places by other animals. When the cyst encounters a suitable environment, its cyst shell ruptures and the organism reverts to its original form.
7、微型后生动物包括哪几种? 7. Which kinds of microorganisms include?
答：轮虫、线虫、寡毛类动物（飘体虫、颤蚓、水丝蚓等）、浮游甲壳动物、苔藓动物（苔藓虫, 羽苔虫）
Answer: Rotifers, nematodes, oligochaetes (such as tubificid worms, earthworms, aquatic oligochaetes), planktonic crustaceans, moss animals (bryozoans, phoronids)
Answer: Rotifers, nematodes, oligochaetes (such as tubificid worms, earthworms, aquatic oligochaetes), planktonic crustaceans, moss animals (bryozoans, phoronids)
8、常见的浮游甲壳动物有哪些？你如何利用浮游甲壳动物判断水体的清洁程
What are the common planktonic crustaceans? How do you use planktonic crustaceans to assess the cleanliness of water?
度?答: 常见的浮游甲壳动物有剑水蚤和水蚤。 Answer: Common planktonic crustaceans include copepods and water fleas.
水蚤的血液含血红素, 血红素溶于血浆, 肌肉、卵巢和肠壁等细胞中也含血红素。血红素的含量常随环境中溶解氧量的高低而变化。水体中含氧量低, 水蚤的血红素含量高; 水蚤的含氧量高, 水蚤的血红素含量低。由于在污染水体中的溶解氧低, 清水中氧的含量高, 所以, 在污染水体中的水虫颜色比在清水中的红些, 这就是水蚤常呈不同颜色的原因, 是适应环境的表现。可以利用水蚤的这个特点, 判断水体的清洁程度。
The blood of water fleas contains hemoglobin, which is soluble in blood plasma. Hemoglobin is also present in cells such as muscles, ovaries, and intestinal walls. The amount of hemoglobin often varies with the level of dissolved oxygen in the environment. When the oxygen content in the water is low, the hemoglobin content in water fleas is high; when the oxygen content in water fleas is high, the hemoglobin content is low. Due to low dissolved oxygen in polluted water and high oxygen content in clean water, water fleas in polluted water are redder than those in clean water. This is the reason why water fleas often appear in different colors, as an adaptation to the environment. This characteristic of water fleas can be used to assess the cleanliness of water bodies.
The blood of water fleas contains hemoglobin, which is soluble in blood plasma. Hemoglobin is also present in cells such as muscles, ovaries, and intestinal walls. The amount of hemoglobin often varies with the level of dissolved oxygen in the environment. When the oxygen content in the water is low, the hemoglobin content in water fleas is high; when the oxygen content in water fleas is high, the hemoglobin content is low. Due to low dissolved oxygen in polluted water and high oxygen content in clean water, water fleas in polluted water are redder than those in clean water. This is the reason why water fleas often appear in different colors, as an adaptation to the environment. This characteristic of water fleas can be used to assess the cleanliness of water bodies.
9、藻类的分类依据是什么？它分为几门？ What is the classification basis of algae? How many phyla is it divided into?
答: 藻类的分类依据是: 光合色素的种类, 个体形态, 细胞机构, 生殖方式和生活史等。
Answer: The classification of algae is based on the types of photosynthetic pigments, individual morphology, cell structure, reproductive methods, and life history, etc.
Answer: The classification of algae is based on the types of photosynthetic pigments, individual morphology, cell structure, reproductive methods, and life history, etc.
分类：蓝藻门、裸藻门、绿藻门、轮藻们、金藻门、黄藻门、硅藻门、甲藻门、红藻门及褐藻门。
Classification: Cyanobacteria, Euglenozoa, Chlorophyta, Dinoflagellates, Chrysophyta, Phaeophyta, Bacillariophyta, Pyrrophyta, Rhodophyta, and Phaeophyta.
Classification: Cyanobacteria, Euglenozoa, Chlorophyta, Dinoflagellates, Chrysophyta, Phaeophyta, Bacillariophyta, Pyrrophyta, Rhodophyta, and Phaeophyta.
也有分为 8 门的, 即使、把金藻门、黄藻门和硅藻门合并入金藻门; 黄藻和硅藻列为金藻门的两个纲: 黄藻纲和硅藻纲。分 11 门的是保留上述的 10 门之外另加隐藻门。
There are also 8 divisions, even if the golden algae, yellow algae, and diatoms are merged into the golden algae; yellow algae and diatoms are classified as two classes of the golden algae: yellow algae class and diatom class. The 11 divisions are to retain the above 10 divisions and add another cryptophyte division.
There are also 8 divisions, even if the golden algae, yellow algae, and diatoms are merged into the golden algae; yellow algae and diatoms are classified as two classes of the golden algae: yellow algae class and diatom class. The 11 divisions are to retain the above 10 divisions and add another cryptophyte division.
10、裸藻和绿藻有什么相似和不同之处? What are the similarities and differences between naked algae and green algae?
答:
【相同点】具有叶绿体, 内含叶绿色
【Similarities】Have chloroplasts, containing chlorophyll
【Similarities】Have chloroplasts, containing chlorophyll
【不同】1、繁殖方式: 裸藻为纵裂, 绿藻为无性生殖和有性生殖。
【Different】1. Reproduction method: Diatoms reproduce by longitudinal division, while green algae reproduce asexually and sexually.
【Different】1. Reproduction method: Diatoms reproduce by longitudinal division, while green algae reproduce asexually and sexually.
2、生活环境: 裸藻主要生长在有机物丰富的静止水体或才、缓慢的流水中, 大量繁殖时形成绿色、红色或褐色的水花。绿藻在流动和静止的水体、土壤表面和树干都能生长。寄生的绿藻引起植物病害。
2. Living environment: Diatoms mainly grow in stagnant water bodies rich in organic matter or slow-flowing water, forming green, red, or brown water blooms when reproducing in large quantities. Green algae can grow in flowing and stagnant water bodies, soil surfaces, and tree trunks. Parasitic green algae cause plant diseases.
2. Living environment: Diatoms mainly grow in stagnant water bodies rich in organic matter or slow-flowing water, forming green, red, or brown water blooms when reproducing in large quantities. Green algae can grow in flowing and stagnant water bodies, soil surfaces, and tree trunks. Parasitic green algae cause plant diseases.
3、裸藻是水体富营养化的指示生物, 而绿藻在水体自净中起净化和指示生物的作用。
3. Diatoms are indicator organisms of eutrophication in water bodies, while green algae play a role in purification and indication in self-purification of water bodies.
3. Diatoms are indicator organisms of eutrophication in water bodies, while green algae play a role in purification and indication in self-purification of water bodies.
11、绿藻在人类生活、科学研究和水体自净中起什么作用?
What role do green algae play in human life, scientific research, and water self-purification?
答: 绿藻中的小球藻和栅藻富含蛋白质可供人食用和作动物饲料。绿藻是藻类生理生化研究的材料及宇宙航行的供氧体, 有的可制藻胶。绿藻在水体自净中起净化和指示生物的作用。
Answer: Chlorella and Spirulina in green algae are rich in protein for human consumption and animal feed. Green algae are materials for physiological and biochemical research on algae and oxygen suppliers for space travel, some of which can produce alginates. Green algae play a role in purifying and indicating organisms in water self-purification.
Answer: Chlorella and Spirulina in green algae are rich in protein for human consumption and animal feed. Green algae are materials for physiological and biochemical research on algae and oxygen suppliers for space travel, some of which can produce alginates. Green algae play a role in purifying and indicating organisms in water self-purification.
12、硅藻和甲藻是什么样的藻类? 水体富氧化与那些藻类有关?
12. What are diatoms and dinoflagellates? How are they related to oxygen-rich water bodies?
答: 多数的甲藻对光照强度 和水温范围要求严格, 在适宜的光照和水温条件下, 甲藻在短期内大量繁殖岛城海洋“赤潮”。
Answer: Most dinoflagellates have strict requirements for light intensity and water temperature range. Under suitable light and water temperature conditions, dinoflagellates can reproduce in large numbers in a short period of time, causing "red tides" in coastal waters.
Answer: Most dinoflagellates have strict requirements for light intensity and water temperature range. Under suitable light and water temperature conditions, dinoflagellates can reproduce in large numbers in a short period of time, causing "red tides" in coastal waters.
13、真菌包括哪些微生物？他们在废水生物处理中各起什么作用？
What microorganisms are included in fungi? What roles do they play in wastewater biological treatment?
答: 真菌属低等植物, 种类繁多, 形态、大小各异, 包括酵母菌、霔菌及各种伞菌。酵母菌处理和有机固体废弃物生物处理中都起积极作用。酵母菌还可用作检测重金属, 霉菌对废水中氰化物的去除率达
Answer: Fungi are lower plants with a wide variety of species, diverse in morphology and size, including yeast, mold, and various mushrooms. Yeast plays a positive role in organic solid waste biotreatment. Yeast can also be used to detect heavy metals, and mold can achieve a removal rate of over
Answer: Fungi are lower plants with a wide variety of species, diverse in morphology and size, including yeast, mold, and various mushrooms. Yeast plays a positive role in organic solid waste biotreatment. Yeast can also be used to detect heavy metals, and mold can achieve a removal rate of over
14、酵母菌有哪些细胞结构
What are the cell structures of yeast? How many types of yeast are there?
答：酵母菌的细胞结构有细胞壁、细胞质膜、细胞核、细胞质及内含物。酵母菌的细胞组分含葡聚糖、甘露聚糖、蛋白质及脂类。啤酒酵母还含几丁质。
Answer: The cell structure of yeast includes cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and contents. The cell components of yeast include glucan, mannan, proteins, and lipids. Brewer's yeast also contains chitin.
Answer: The cell structure of yeast includes cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and contents. The cell components of yeast include glucan, mannan, proteins, and lipids. Brewer's yeast also contains chitin.
15、雪菌有几种菌丝? 如何区别霝菌和放线菌的菌落?
How many kinds of mycelium does snow fungus have? How to distinguish the colonies of snow fungus and actinomycetes?
答: 霉菌有营养菌丝和气生菌丝。 Answer: Molds have nutrient mycelium and aerial mycelium.
霔菌的菌落呈圆形线毛状、絮状或蜘蛛网状。比其他微生物的菌落都答, 长得很快可蔓延至整个平板。霉菌菌落疏松, 与培养基结合不紧, 用接种环很容易挑取。放线菌的菌落是由一个分生孢子或一段营养菌丝生长繁殖引起许多菌丝互相缠绕而成, 质地紧密, 表面呈线状或紧密干燥多皱。菌丝潜入培养基, 整个菌落像是潜入培养集中, 不易吹挑取。有的菌落成白色粉末状, 质地松散, 易被挑取。
The colonies of fungi are circular, filamentous, flocculent, or spider-web-like. They grow faster and can spread throughout the entire agar plate compared to other microorganisms. Mold colonies are loose and not tightly bound to the medium, making them easy to pick up with an inoculation loop. Actinomycetes colonies are formed by the growth and reproduction of many hyphae intertwined with each other from a single spore or a segment of vegetative mycelium. They have a dense texture, with a surface that appears linear or tightly dry and wrinkled. The hyphae penetrate the medium, making the entire colony seem concentrated and difficult to pick up by blowing. Some colonies are powdery white, loose in texture, and easy to pick up.
The colonies of fungi are circular, filamentous, flocculent, or spider-web-like. They grow faster and can spread throughout the entire agar plate compared to other microorganisms. Mold colonies are loose and not tightly bound to the medium, making them easy to pick up with an inoculation loop. Actinomycetes colonies are formed by the growth and reproduction of many hyphae intertwined with each other from a single spore or a segment of vegetative mycelium. They have a dense texture, with a surface that appears linear or tightly dry and wrinkled. The hyphae penetrate the medium, making the entire colony seem concentrated and difficult to pick up by blowing. Some colonies are powdery white, loose in texture, and easy to pick up.
第四章 微生物的生理 Chapter Four Physiology of Microorganisms
1、酶是什么? 它有哪些组成? 各有什么生理功能?
What is an enzyme? What are its components? What are their physiological functions?
答: 酶是由细胞产生的, 可在体内体外起催化作用的一类具有活性中心和特殊构象的生物大分子。
Answer: Enzymes are a class of biologically large molecules produced by cells that can catalyze reactions both inside and outside the body, with active centers and special conformations.
Answer: Enzymes are a class of biologically large molecules produced by cells that can catalyze reactions both inside and outside the body, with active centers and special conformations.
组成有两类: Composition has two types:
1、单组分酶, 只含蛋白质。 1. Single-component enzyme, containing only protein.
2、全酶, 有蛋白质和不含氮的小分子有机物组成, 或有蛋白质和不含氮的小分子有机物加上金属离子组成。
2. Enzymes are composed of proteins and nitrogen-free small organic molecules, or proteins and nitrogen-free small organic molecules combined with metal ions.
2. Enzymes are composed of proteins and nitrogen-free small organic molecules, or proteins and nitrogen-free small organic molecules combined with metal ions.
酶的各组分的功能: 酶蛋白起加速生物化学反应的作用; 辅基和辅酶起传递电子、原子、化学基团的作用; 金属离子除传递电子之外, 还起激活剂的作用。
Functions of various components of enzymes: Enzyme proteins accelerate biochemical reactions; Coenzymes and cofactors transfer electrons, atoms, and chemical groups; In addition to transferring electrons, metal ions also act as activators.
Functions of various components of enzymes: Enzyme proteins accelerate biochemical reactions; Coenzymes and cofactors transfer electrons, atoms, and chemical groups; In addition to transferring electrons, metal ions also act as activators.
2、什么是辅基? 什么是辅酶？有哪些物质可作辅基或辅酶?
2. What is a coenzyme? What is a cofactor? What substances can act as coenzymes or cofactors?
2. What is a coenzyme? What is a cofactor? What substances can act as coenzymes or cofactors?
答: 辅基:与酶蛋白结紧合的 Answer: Cofactor: tightly bound to enzyme protein
辅酶: 与酶蛋白结合不紧的 Cofactor: loosely bound to enzyme protein
3、简述酶蛋白的结构及酶的活性中心. 3. Briefly describe the structure of enzyme proteins and the active center of enzymes.
答: 组成酶的 20 种氨基酸按一定的排列顺序有肽腱连接成多肽链, 两条多肽链之间或一条多肽链卷曲后相邻的基团之间以氢键、盐键、脂键、疏水键、范德华力及金属键等相连接而成。分一、二、三级结构, 少数酶具有四级结构。
Answer: The 20 amino acids that make up enzymes are connected by peptide bonds in a certain sequence to form a polypeptide chain. The adjacent groups between two polypeptide chains or within a polypeptide chain after curling are connected by hydrogen bonds, salt bonds, lipid bonds, hydrophobic bonds, van der Waals forces, and metal bonds. They are divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary structures, with a few enzymes having quaternary structures.
Answer: The 20 amino acids that make up enzymes are connected by peptide bonds in a certain sequence to form a polypeptide chain. The adjacent groups between two polypeptide chains or within a polypeptide chain after curling are connected by hydrogen bonds, salt bonds, lipid bonds, hydrophobic bonds, van der Waals forces, and metal bonds. They are divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary structures, with a few enzymes having quaternary structures.
酶的活性中心是指酶蛋白分子中与底物结合, 并起催化最用的小部分氨基酸微区。构成活性中心的微区或处在同一条台联的不同部位, 或处在不同肽链上;在多肽链盘曲成一定空间构型时, 它们按一定位珞靠近在一起, 形成特定的酶活性中心。
The active center of an enzyme refers to a small area of amino acids in the enzyme protein molecule that binds to the substrate and catalyzes the most used. The microareas that make up the active center are located in different parts of the same polypeptide chain or on different peptide chains; when the polypeptide chains are folded into a certain spatial configuration, they are brought close together in a certain position to form a specific enzyme active center.
The active center of an enzyme refers to a small area of amino acids in the enzyme protein molecule that binds to the substrate and catalyzes the most used. The microareas that make up the active center are located in different parts of the same polypeptide chain or on different peptide chains; when the polypeptide chains are folded into a certain spatial configuration, they are brought close together in a certain position to form a specific enzyme active center.
4、按酶所在细胞的不同部位, 酶可分为哪几种？按催化反应类型可分为哪几类? 这两种划分如何联系和统一 ?
4. According to the different parts of the cell where enzymes are located, what are the different types of enzymes? According to the types of catalytic reactions, what are the different categories? How are these two classifications related and unified?
4. According to the different parts of the cell where enzymes are located, what are the different types of enzymes? According to the types of catalytic reactions, what are the different categories? How are these two classifications related and unified?
答：按酶在细胞的不同部位可把酶分为胞外酶、胞内酶和表面酶。
Answer: Enzymes can be divided into extracellular enzymes, intracellular enzymes, and surface enzymes according to their different locations in the cell.
Answer: Enzymes can be divided into extracellular enzymes, intracellular enzymes, and surface enzymes according to their different locations in the cell.
按催化反应类型可分为水解酶类、氧化还原酶类、异构酶类、转移酶类、裂解酶类和合成酶类。【按酶作用底物的不同可分为淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶、纤维素酶、核糖核酸酶】
According to the types of catalytic reactions, enzymes can be divided into hydrolytic enzymes, oxidoreductases, isomerases, transferases, lyases, and synthetases.【According to the different substrates of enzyme action, they can be divided into amylases, proteases, lipases, cellulases, and ribonucleases】.
According to the types of catalytic reactions, enzymes can be divided into hydrolytic enzymes, oxidoreductases, isomerases, transferases, lyases, and synthetases.【According to the different substrates of enzyme action, they can be divided into amylases, proteases, lipases, cellulases, and ribonucleases】.
上述三种分类和命名方法可右击低联系和统一起来。如: 淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶和纤维素酶均催化水解反应, 属于水解酶类; 而他们均位于细胞外, 属胞外酶。除此之外的大多数酶类, 如氧化还原酶、异构酶、转移酶、裂解酶和合成酶等,均位于细胞内, 属胞内酶。
The above three classification and naming methods can be integrated and unified. For example, amylase, protease, lipase, and cellulase all catalyze hydrolysis reactions, belonging to hydrolase class; and they are all located outside the cell, belonging to extracellular enzymes. Most other enzyme classes, such as oxidoreductases, isomerases, transferases, lyases, and synthetases, are located inside the cell, belonging to intracellular enzymes.
The above three classification and naming methods can be integrated and unified. For example, amylase, protease, lipase, and cellulase all catalyze hydrolysis reactions, belonging to hydrolase class; and they are all located outside the cell, belonging to extracellular enzymes. Most other enzyme classes, such as oxidoreductases, isomerases, transferases, lyases, and synthetases, are located inside the cell, belonging to intracellular enzymes.
5、酶的催化作用有哪些特征? What are the characteristics of enzyme catalysis?
答: 1、酶积极参与生物化学反应, 加速化学速度, 速度按反应到达平衡的时间，但不改变反应的平衡点。
Answer: 1. Enzymes actively participate in biochemical reactions, accelerating the chemical rate, which is the time it takes for the reaction to reach equilibrium, but does not change the equilibrium point of the reaction.
Answer: 1. Enzymes actively participate in biochemical reactions, accelerating the chemical rate, which is the time it takes for the reaction to reach equilibrium, but does not change the equilibrium point of the reaction.
2、酶的催化作用具有专一性。一种酶只作用与一种物质或一类物质, 或催化一种或一类化学反应, 产生一定的产物。
2. Enzyme catalysis is specific. An enzyme only acts on one substance or a class of substances, or catalyzes one or a class of chemical reactions, producing specific products.
2. Enzyme catalysis is specific. An enzyme only acts on one substance or a class of substances, or catalyzes one or a class of chemical reactions, producing specific products.
3、酶的催化作用条件温和。 3. Enzymes catalyze reactions under mild conditions.
4、酶对环境条件极为敏感。高温、强酸和强碱都能使酶丧失活性; 重金属离子能针化酶, 使之失活。
4. Enzymes are extremely sensitive to environmental conditions. High temperature, strong acids, and strong alkalis can all cause enzymes to lose their activity; heavy metal ions can denature enzymes, rendering them inactive.
4. Enzymes are extremely sensitive to environmental conditions. High temperature, strong acids, and strong alkalis can all cause enzymes to lose their activity; heavy metal ions can denature enzymes, rendering them inactive.
【附】酶催化效率极高的原因是酶能降低反应的能阀, 从而降低反应物所需的活化能】
【Attached】The reason why enzymes have extremely high catalytic efficiency is that enzymes can lower the energy barrier of the reaction, thereby reducing the activation energy required by the reactants
【Attached】The reason why enzymes have extremely high catalytic efficiency is that enzymes can lower the energy barrier of the reaction, thereby reducing the activation energy required by the reactants
6、影响酶活力（酶促反应速度）的主要因素有哪些? 并加以讨论。
6. What are the main factors that affect enzyme activity (enzyme catalyzed reaction rate)? Discuss them.
6. What are the main factors that affect enzyme activity (enzyme catalyzed reaction rate)? Discuss them.
答: 酶促反应速度受酶浓度和底物宁都的影响, 也受温度,
Answer: The rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions is influenced by enzyme concentration and substrate concentration, as well as temperature, pH, activators, and inhibitors
剂的影响。 The impact of the dose.
Answer: The rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions is influenced by enzyme concentration and substrate concentration, as well as temperature, pH, activators, and inhibitors
剂的影响。 The impact of the dose.
7、微生物含有哪些化学组成? 各组分占的比例是多少?
7. What are the chemical compositions of microorganisms? What are the proportions of each component?
答：微生物机体质量的
Answer: The mass of microbial organisms is
Answer: The mass of microbial organisms is
8、微生物需要哪些营养物质? 供给营养时应注意什么? 为什么?
What nutrients do microorganisms need? What should be paid attention to when providing nutrients? Why?
答: 微生物需要的营养物质有水、碳素营养源、氮素营养源、无机盐及 生长因子。供养时应当把所需物质按一定的比例配制而成。少的话不能正常生长, 多的话就会导致反驯化。
Answer: Microorganisms require nutrients such as water, carbon sources, nitrogen sources, inorganic salts, and growth factors. When feeding, the required substances should be prepared in certain proportions. Insufficient amounts will result in abnormal growth, while excessive amounts will lead to reverse domestication.
Answer: Microorganisms require nutrients such as water, carbon sources, nitrogen sources, inorganic salts, and growth factors. When feeding, the required substances should be prepared in certain proportions. Insufficient amounts will result in abnormal growth, while excessive amounts will lead to reverse domestication.
9、根据微生物对碳源和能量需要的不同, 可把微生物分为哪几种类型?
According to the different carbon sources and energy requirements of microorganisms, what types of microorganisms can be classified into?
According to the different carbon sources and energy requirements of microorganisms, what types of microorganisms can be classified into?
答: 可分为无机营养微生物 (光能自养微生物和化能自养微生物) 、有机营养微生物和混合营养微生物。
Answer: It can be divided into inorganic nutrition microorganisms (photoautotrophic microorganisms and chemoautotrophic microorganisms), organic nutrition microorganisms, and mixotrophic microorganisms.
Answer: It can be divided into inorganic nutrition microorganisms (photoautotrophic microorganisms and chemoautotrophic microorganisms), organic nutrition microorganisms, and mixotrophic microorganisms.
10、当处理某一工业废水时, 怎样着手和考虑配给营养?
10. When dealing with a certain industrial wastewater, how to start and consider nutrient allocation?
答: 为了保证废水生物处理的效果, 要按碳氮磷比配给营养。但有的工业废水缺某种营养, 当营养量不足时, 应供给或补足。某些工业废水缺氮; 洗涤剂废水磷过剩, 也缺氮。对此可用粪便污水或尿素补充氮若有的废水缺磷, 则可用磷酸氢二钾补充。但如果工业废水不缺营养, 就切勿添加上述物质, 否则会导致反驯化,影响处理效果。
Answer: In order to ensure the effectiveness of wastewater biological treatment, nutrients should be allocated according to the carbon-nitrogen-phosphorus ratio. However, some industrial wastewater lacks certain nutrients. When the nutrient level is insufficient, it should be supplied or supplemented. Some industrial wastewater lacks nitrogen; detergent wastewater has an excess of phosphorus but lacks nitrogen. In this case, nitrogen can be supplemented with fecal sewage or urea. If some wastewater lacks phosphorus, it can be supplemented with potassium dihydrogen phosphate. However, if industrial wastewater does not lack nutrients, do not add the above substances, as it may lead to reverse domestication and affect treatment effectiveness.
Answer: In order to ensure the effectiveness of wastewater biological treatment, nutrients should be allocated according to the carbon-nitrogen-phosphorus ratio. However, some industrial wastewater lacks certain nutrients. When the nutrient level is insufficient, it should be supplied or supplemented. Some industrial wastewater lacks nitrogen; detergent wastewater has an excess of phosphorus but lacks nitrogen. In this case, nitrogen can be supplemented with fecal sewage or urea. If some wastewater lacks phosphorus, it can be supplemented with potassium dihydrogen phosphate. However, if industrial wastewater does not lack nutrients, do not add the above substances, as it may lead to reverse domestication and affect treatment effectiveness.
11、什么叫培养基？按物质的不同，培养基可分为哪几类？按实验目的和用途的不同, 可分为哪几类?
What is a culture medium? According to different substances, how many types of culture media can be divided into? According to different experimental purposes and uses, how many types can be divided into?
答: 根据各种微生物的营养要求, 将谁、碳源、氮源、无机盐和生长因子等物质按一定的比例配制而成的，用以培养微生物的基质，即培养基。
Answer: According to the nutritional requirements of various microorganisms, a medium for cultivating microorganisms, namely a culture medium, is prepared by formulating substances such as carbon source, nitrogen source, inorganic salts, and growth factors in certain proportions.
Answer: According to the nutritional requirements of various microorganisms, a medium for cultivating microorganisms, namely a culture medium, is prepared by formulating substances such as carbon source, nitrogen source, inorganic salts, and growth factors in certain proportions.
根据实验目的和用途不同，培养基可分为: 基础培养基、选择培养基、鉴别培养基和加富（富集）培养基。
According to different experimental purposes and uses, culture media can be divided into: basic culture media, selective culture media, differential culture media, and enrichment culture media.
According to different experimental purposes and uses, culture media can be divided into: basic culture media, selective culture media, differential culture media, and enrichment culture media.
【按物质的不同，培养基可分为合成培养基、天然培养基和符合培养基】
According to the difference in materials, culture media can be divided into synthetic culture media, natural culture media, and complex culture media
According to the difference in materials, culture media can be divided into synthetic culture media, natural culture media, and complex culture media
12、什么叫选择培养基? 那些培养基属于选择培养基?
What is meant by selective media? Which media belong to selective media?
答: 选择培养基就是用以抑制非目的微生物的生长并使所要分离的微生物生长繁殖的培养基。麦康盖培养基、乳糖发酵培养基。【配制选择培养基时可加入染料、胆汁盐、金属盐类、酸、碱或抗生素等其中的一种】
Answer: The selective medium is a medium used to inhibit the growth of non-target microorganisms and promote the growth and reproduction of the microorganisms to be isolated. Examples include MacConkey agar medium and lactose fermentation medium. [When preparing selective media, dyes, bile salts, metal salts, acids, bases, or antibiotics can be added as needed.]
Answer: The selective medium is a medium used to inhibit the growth of non-target microorganisms and promote the growth and reproduction of the microorganisms to be isolated. Examples include MacConkey agar medium and lactose fermentation medium. [When preparing selective media, dyes, bile salts, metal salts, acids, bases, or antibiotics can be added as needed.]
13、什么叫鉴别培养基? 哪些培养基属于鉴别培养基?
What is a selective medium? Which media belong to selective media?
答: 当几种细菌由于对培养基中某一成分的分界能力不同, 其菌落通过指示剂先是除不太那个的颜色而被区分开, 这种起鉴别和区分不同细菌作用的培养基叫鉴别培养基。
Answer: When several types of bacteria have different abilities to utilize a component in the culture medium, their colonies are first distinguished by the indicator color, which cannot be removed easily. This type of culture medium that distinguishes and differentiates different bacteria is called a differential medium.
Answer: When several types of bacteria have different abilities to utilize a component in the culture medium, their colonies are first distinguished by the indicator color, which cannot be removed easily. This type of culture medium that distinguishes and differentiates different bacteria is called a differential medium.
常用的鉴别培养基远滕氏培养基、醋酸铅锌培养基、伊红一美蓝（EMB）培养基等。
Commonly used differential media include Tinsdale medium, lead acetate zinc medium, and Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) medium.
Commonly used differential media include Tinsdale medium, lead acetate zinc medium, and Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) medium.
14、如何从被粪便污染的水样中将大肠杆菌群中的四种菌逐一鉴别出来?
14. How to identify the four kinds of bacteria in the Escherichia coli group from water samples contaminated with feces?
答: 大肠菌属中的大肠埃希氏菌、枸酸盐杆菌、产气杆菌、副大肠杆菌等均能在远藤氏培养基上生长, 但它们对乳酸的分解能力不同: 前三种能分界乳糖,但分解能力有强有弱, , 大肠埃希氏菌分解能力最强, 菌落呈紫红色带金属光泽;枸 酸盐杆菌次之, 菌落呈紫红或深红色; 产气杆菌第三, 菌落呈淡红色。副大肠杆菌不能分界乳糖, 菌落无色透明。
15、如何判断某水样是否被粪便污染?
答: 检测水样中是否含总大肠菌群
16、营养物质是如何进入细胞的? How do nutrients enter cells?
答: 微生物的营养物质各种各样, 有水溶性和脂溶性, 有小分子和大分子。不同营养物质进入细胞的方式也不同: 单纯扩散、促进扩散、主动运输和基团转位。
17、营养物质顺浓度梯度进入细胞的方式有哪些? 是如何进入的?
答: 有单纯扩散和促进扩散。单纯扩散是利用细胞质膜上的小孔，促进扩散是利用细胞质膜上的特殊蛋白质。
18、营养物质逆浓度梯度进入细胞的方式有哪些? 是如何进入的?
答: 有主动运输和基团转位。主动运输需要渗透酶 (单向转运载体、同向转运载体和反向转运载体) 和能量。基团转位有特定的转移酶系统, 是通过单向性的磷酸化作用而实现的, 细胞质膜对大多数磷酸化的化合物有高度的不渗透性。
19、什么叫主动运输？什么叫基团转位?
答: 主动运输: 当微生物细胞内所积累的营养物质的浓度高于细胞外的浓度时, 营养物质就不能按浓度梯度扩散到细胞内, 而是逆浓度梯度被 “抽” 进细胞内, 这种需要能量和渗透酶的逆浓度梯度积累营养物的过程;
基团转位: 以糖为例, 在细胞内, 在酶 I 存在下, 先是
20、什么叫新陈代谢
答: 微生物从外界环境中不断的摄取营养物质, 经过一系列的生物化学反应,转变成细胞的组分, 同时产生出废物并排泄到体外, 这个过程叫新陈代谢。
Answer: Microorganisms continuously take in nutrients from the external environment, undergo a series of biochemical reactions, transform into cellular components, and at the same time produce waste and excrete it outside the body. This process is called metabolism.
Answer: Microorganisms continuously take in nutrients from the external environment, undergo a series of biochemical reactions, transform into cellular components, and at the same time produce waste and excrete it outside the body. This process is called metabolism.
【无】21、微生物呼吸作用的本质是什么？可分为哪几种类型？各类型有什么特点?
答: 微生物呼吸作用的本质是氧化与还原的统一过程, 这过程中有能量的产生和能量的转移。微生物的呼吸类型有三类: 发酵、好氧呼吸和无氧呼吸。最终电子受体不同, 分别为中间代谢产物、氧气、氧气外的无机化合物。另外产能的多少也不同
22、葡萄糖在好氧条件下是如何氧化彻底的?
答: 在好氧呼吸过程中, 葡萄糖的氧化分解分两阶段: I 葡萄糖经 EMP 途径酵解。这一过程不需要消耗氧, 形成中间产物一一丙酮酸。II 丙酮酸的有氧分解。丙酮酸氧化过程的一系列步骤总称为三羧酸循环 (TCA 循环) 。三羧酸 (TCA)循环、乙醛酸循环和电子传递体系。
23、什么加底物水平磷酸化、氧化磷酸化和光合磷酸化?
23. What enhances substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and photosynthetic phosphorylation?
答: 底物水平磷酸化: 厌氧微生物和兼性厌氧微生物在基质氧化过程中, 产生一种含高自由能的中间体, 如发酵中产生含高能键的 1, 3-二磷酸甘油酸。这一中间体将高能键 ( ) 交给 ADP, 使 ADP 磷酸化而生成 ATP。
Answer: Substrate-level phosphorylation: Anaerobic microorganisms and facultative anaerobic microorganisms produce a high-energy intermediate during substrate oxidation, such as 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid containing high-energy bonds produced during fermentation. This intermediate transfers high-energy bonds to ADP, phosphorylating ADP to generate ATP.
Answer: Substrate-level phosphorylation: Anaerobic microorganisms and facultative anaerobic microorganisms produce a high-energy intermediate during substrate oxidation, such as 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid containing high-energy bonds produced during fermentation. This intermediate transfers high-energy bonds to ADP, phosphorylating ADP to generate ATP.
氧化磷酸化: 好氧微生物在呼吸时, 通过电子传递体系产生 ATP 的过程。
Phosphorylation of Oxidative Phosphorylation: The process by which aerobic microorganisms generate ATP through an electron transport system during respiration.
光合磷酸化: 光引起叶绿素、菌绿素或菌紫素逐出电子, 通过电子传递产生 ATP 的过程。
Photosynthetic phosphorylation: The process by which light causes chlorophyll, bacteriochlorophyll, or bacteriopheophytin to release electrons, generating ATP through electron transfer.
Phosphorylation of Oxidative Phosphorylation: The process by which aerobic microorganisms generate ATP through an electron transport system during respiration.
光合磷酸化: 光引起叶绿素、菌绿素或菌紫素逐出电子, 通过电子传递产生 ATP 的过程。
Photosynthetic phosphorylation: The process by which light causes chlorophyll, bacteriochlorophyll, or bacteriopheophytin to release electrons, generating ATP through electron transfer.
24、何谓光合作用, 比较阐扬光合作用和不产氧光合作用的异同。
What is photosynthesis, and compare and explain the similarities and differences between photosynthesis and non-oxygenic photosynthesis.
What is photosynthesis, and compare and explain the similarities and differences between photosynthesis and non-oxygenic photosynthesis.
原核微生物的核很原始，发育不全，只有 dna 链高度折叠形成的一个核区，没有核膜，核质裸露, 与细胞质没有明显界限, 叫拟核或似核。原核微生物没有细胞器, 只有由细胞质膜内陷形成的不规则的泡沫体系, 如间体核光合作用层片及其他内折。也不进行有丝分裂。原核微生物包括古菌（即古细菌）、真细菌、放线菌、蓝细菌、粘细菌、立克次氏体、支原体、衣原体和螺旋体
The nucleus of prokaryotic microorganisms is primitive, underdeveloped, with only a nucleoid formed by highly folded DNA chains, lacking a nuclear membrane, with exposed nucleoplasm, and no clear boundary with the cytoplasm, known as a nucleoid or pseudonucleus. Prokaryotic microorganisms lack organelles, only having an irregular vesicular system formed by invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane, such as thylakoid membranes in photosynthetic layers and other internal folds. They also do not undergo mitosis. Prokaryotic microorganisms include archaea (i.e., archaebacteria), bacteria, actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, myxobacteria, rickettsiae, spirochetes, chlamydiae, and spirilla.
The nucleus of prokaryotic microorganisms is primitive, underdeveloped, with only a nucleoid formed by highly folded DNA chains, lacking a nuclear membrane, with exposed nucleoplasm, and no clear boundary with the cytoplasm, known as a nucleoid or pseudonucleus. Prokaryotic microorganisms lack organelles, only having an irregular vesicular system formed by invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane, such as thylakoid membranes in photosynthetic layers and other internal folds. They also do not undergo mitosis. Prokaryotic microorganisms include archaea (i.e., archaebacteria), bacteria, actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, myxobacteria, rickettsiae, spirochetes, chlamydiae, and spirilla.
| 藻类光合作用 Algal photosynthesis | 细菌光合作用 Bacterial photosynthesis | |||||
| 微生物 | 蓝细菌、真核藻类 Blue-green algae, eukaryotic algae | Purple sulfur bacteria, green sulfur bacteria, purple non-sulfur bacteria
|
||||
| 叶绿素类型 Chlorophyll type | Chlorophyll a (absorbs red light), b, c, d, e
|
Bacterial chlorophyll (some absorb far-red light)
|
||||
Light system 1 (cyclic photophosphorylation)
|
有 | 有 | ||||
Photosystem 2 (non-cyclic photophosphorylation)
|
有 | 无 | ||||
| 产生氧 | 有 | 无 | ||||
| 供氢体 |
|
|
- 酶可以分为哪 6 大类? 写出其反应通式。
What are the 6 major categories of enzymes? Write down their reaction formulas.
答:
(2) 转移酶类:
(3) 水解酶类:
（5）异构酶：葡萄糖
(6) 合成酶:
- 生物氧化的本质是什么? 它可分几种类型? 各有什么特点?
What is the essence of biological oxidation? How many types can it be divided into? What are their characteristics?
答: 微生物的生物氧化本质是氧化与还原的统一过程, 是指细胞内一系列产能代谢的总称。可将生物氧化分为三类: 发酵、好氧呼吸和无氧呼吸。
Answer: The essence of microbial biooxidation is a unified process of oxidation and reduction, which refers to a series of energy metabolism in cells. Biooxidation can be divided into three categories: fermentation, aerobic respiration, and anaerobic respiration.
(1) 发酵: 指在无外在电子受体时, 底物脱氢后所产生的还原力
(1) Fermentation: refers to the reducing power generated after substrate dehydrogenation in the absence of external electron acceptors, which is directly transferred to a certain endogenous intermediate without passing through the respiratory chain, to achieve substrate-level phosphorylation energy production.
(1) Fermentation: refers to the reducing power generated after substrate dehydrogenation in the absence of external electron acceptors, which is directly transferred to a certain endogenous intermediate without passing through the respiratory chain, to achieve substrate-level phosphorylation energy production.
(2) 好氧呼吸: 有外在最终电子受体
(2) Aerobic respiration: The oxidation process of substrates in the presence of external terminal electron acceptors
(2) Aerobic respiration: The oxidation process of substrates in the presence of external terminal electron acceptors
(3) 无氧呼吸: 是电子传递体系末端的受氢体为外源无机氧化物的生物氧化。
(3) Anaerobic respiration: It is the biological oxidation of an exogenous inorganic oxidant by the hydrogen acceptor at the end of the electron transfer system.
(3) Anaerobic respiration: It is the biological oxidation of an exogenous inorganic oxidant by the hydrogen acceptor at the end of the electron transfer system.
27. 什么是乙醛酸循环? 试述它在微生物生命活动中的重要性。
What is the citric acid cycle? Describe its importance in the life activities of microorganisms.
答: 乙醛酸循环是植物细胞内脂肪酸氧化分解后再转化为糖的过程, 有的细菌可以利用乙酸盐进行乙醛酸循环。
Answer: The glyoxylate cycle is the process in plant cells where fatty acids are oxidized and converted into sugars. Some bacteria can utilize acetate to carry out the glyoxylate cycle.
Answer: The glyoxylate cycle is the process in plant cells where fatty acids are oxidized and converted into sugars. Some bacteria can utilize acetate to carry out the glyoxylate cycle.
重要性: 是重要的呼吸途径, 可弥补 TCA 循环一些中间产物的不足。
Importance: It is an important respiratory pathway that can compensate for the deficiency of some intermediate products in the TCA cycle.
Importance: It is an important respiratory pathway that can compensate for the deficiency of some intermediate products in the TCA cycle.
- 简述自养微生物固定二氧化碳的卡尔文循环。 Briefly describe the Calvin cycle of autotrophic microorganisms fixing carbon dioxide.
答：固定
Answer: The fixation pathway of
Answer: The fixation pathway of
第五章 微生物的生长繁殖与生存因子 Chapter Five Factors Affecting the Growth, Reproduction, and Survival of Microorganisms
- 微生物与温度的关系如何? 高温是如何杀菌的? 高温杀菌力与什
What is the relationship between microorganisms and temperature? How does high temperature sterilize? What is the sterilization power of high temperature?
么有关系
答: 温度是微生物的重要生存因子。在适宜的温度范围内, 温度毎升高 10 摄氏度, 酶促反应速度将提高
Answer: Temperature is an important survival factor for microorganisms. Within the appropriate temperature range, for every 10 degrees Celsius increase in temperature, the enzyme-catalyzed reaction rate will increase by
Answer: Temperature is an important survival factor for microorganisms. Within the appropriate temperature range, for every 10 degrees Celsius increase in temperature, the enzyme-catalyzed reaction rate will increase by
高温主要破坏微生物的机体的基本组成物质一一蛋白质, 酶蛋白和脂肪。。蛋白质被高温严重破坏而发生凝固, 为不可逆变性, 微生物经超高温处理后必然死亡。细胞质膜含有受热易溶解的脂类, 当用超高温处理时, 细胞质膜的脂肪受热溶解使膜产生小孔, 引起细胞内含物泄漏而死亡。
High temperature mainly destroys the basic components of microorganisms' bodies - proteins, enzyme proteins, and fats. Proteins are severely damaged by high temperatures, leading to coagulation and irreversible denaturation. Microorganisms will inevitably die after being treated with ultra-high temperatures. The cytoplasmic membrane contains lipids that are easily dissolved by heat. When treated with ultra-high temperatures, the heat dissolves the fats in the cytoplasmic membrane, causing the membrane to form pores, leading to leakage of cell contents and death.
High temperature mainly destroys the basic components of microorganisms' bodies - proteins, enzyme proteins, and fats. Proteins are severely damaged by high temperatures, leading to coagulation and irreversible denaturation. Microorganisms will inevitably die after being treated with ultra-high temperatures. The cytoplasmic membrane contains lipids that are easily dissolved by heat. When treated with ultra-high temperatures, the heat dissolves the fats in the cytoplasmic membrane, causing the membrane to form pores, leading to leakage of cell contents and death.
高温的杀菌效果和微生物的种类, 数量, 生理状态, 芽孢有无及
The high temperature sterilization effect is related to the types, quantities, physiological states, and presence of spores of microorganisms.
The high temperature sterilization effect is related to the types, quantities, physiological states, and presence of spores of microorganisms.
- 什么叫灭菌？灭菌方法有哪几种? 试述其优缺点。 What is sterilization? What are the methods of sterilization? Describe their advantages and disadvantages.
答：灭菌是通过超高温或其他的物理、化学因素将所有的微生物的营养细胞和所有的芽孢或孢子全部杀死。
Answer: Sterilization is to kill all the nutritional cells of microorganisms and all spores or spores through ultra-high temperature or other physical and chemical factors.
Answer: Sterilization is to kill all the nutritional cells of microorganisms and all spores or spores through ultra-high temperature or other physical and chemical factors.
灭菌的方法有干热灭菌法和湿热灭菌法。 There are two methods of sterilization: dry heat sterilization and moist heat sterilization.
湿热灭菌法比干热灭菌法优越, 因为湿热的穿透力和热传导都比干热的强, 湿热时微生物吸收高温水分, 菌体蛋白易凝固变性, 所以灭菌效果好。
Moist heat sterilization is superior to dry heat sterilization because moist heat has better penetration and heat conduction than dry heat. Microorganisms absorb high-temperature moisture during moist heat treatment, causing denaturation and coagulation of microbial proteins, resulting in better sterilization effects.
Moist heat sterilization is superior to dry heat sterilization because moist heat has better penetration and heat conduction than dry heat. Microorganisms absorb high-temperature moisture during moist heat treatment, causing denaturation and coagulation of microbial proteins, resulting in better sterilization effects.
3. 什么叫消毒？有哪些方法? What is disinfection? What are the methods?
答: 消毒是用物理、化学因素杀死致病菌, 或是杀死所有微生物的营养细胞或一部分芽孢。
Answer: Disinfection is the use of physical and chemical factors to kill pathogenic bacteria, or to kill the nutritional cells of all microorganisms or some spores.
Answer: Disinfection is the use of physical and chemical factors to kill pathogenic bacteria, or to kill the nutritional cells of all microorganisms or some spores.
方法有巴斯德消毒法和煮沸消毒法两种。 There are two methods: Pasteurization and boiling disinfection.
- 嗜冷微生物为什么能在低温环境生长繁殖? Why can psychrophilic microorganisms grow and reproduce in low-temperature environments?
答：嗜冷微生物具备更有效的催化反应的酶, 其主动传送物质的功能运转良好, 使之能有效地集中必需的营养物质, 嗜冷微生物的细胞质膜含有大量的不饱和脂肪酸, 在低温下保持半流动性。
Answer: Psychrophilic microorganisms have enzymes that catalyze reactions more effectively, with a well-functioning active transport system for material transfer, allowing them to efficiently concentrate essential nutrients. The cytoplasmic membrane of psychrophilic microorganisms contains a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids, maintaining semi-fluidity at low temperatures.
Answer: Psychrophilic microorganisms have enzymes that catalyze reactions more effectively, with a well-functioning active transport system for material transfer, allowing them to efficiently concentrate essential nutrients. The cytoplasmic membrane of psychrophilic microorganisms contains a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids, maintaining semi-fluidity at low temperatures.
- 高温菌和中温菌在低温环境中的代谢能力为什么减弱?
Why is the metabolic capacity of thermophilic and mesophilic bacteria weakened in a low-temperature environment?
答: 在低温条件下, 微生物的代谢极微弱, 基本处于休眠状态, 但不致死。嗜中温微生物在低于十摄氏度的温度下不生长, 因为蛋白质合成的启动受阻, 不能合成蛋白质。又由于许多酶对反馈抑制异常敏感,很易和反馈抑制剂紧密结合, 从而影响微生物的生长。处于低温下的微生物一旦获得适宜温度, 即可恢复活性, 以原来的生长速率生长繁殖。
Answer: Under low temperature conditions, the metabolism of microorganisms is extremely weak, basically in a dormant state, but not dead. Mesophilic microorganisms do not grow at temperatures below ten degrees Celsius because the initiation of protein synthesis is blocked, and proteins cannot be synthesized. Furthermore, many enzymes are highly sensitive to feedback inhibition, easily binding tightly with feedback inhibitors, thereby affecting the growth of microorganisms. Once microorganisms at low temperatures reach suitable temperatures, they can regain activity and grow and reproduce at their original growth rate.
Answer: Under low temperature conditions, the metabolism of microorganisms is extremely weak, basically in a dormant state, but not dead. Mesophilic microorganisms do not grow at temperatures below ten degrees Celsius because the initiation of protein synthesis is blocked, and proteins cannot be synthesized. Furthermore, many enzymes are highly sensitive to feedback inhibition, easily binding tightly with feedback inhibitors, thereby affecting the growth of microorganisms. Once microorganisms at low temperatures reach suitable temperatures, they can regain activity and grow and reproduce at their original growth rate.
- 细菌、放线菌、酵母菌、䨣菌、藻类和原生动物等的正常生长繁殖分别要求什么样的
What kind ofis required for the normal growth and reproduction of bacteria, actinomycetes, yeast, fungi, algae, and protozoa?
答: 大多数细菌、藻类和原生动物的最适宜
Answer: The optimal temperature for most bacteria, algae, and protozoa is
Answer: The optimal temperature for most bacteria, algae, and protozoa is
- 试述
过高或过低对微生物的不良影响。用活性污泥法处理污 （废）水时为什么要保持在 以上?
Discuss the adverse effects of excessive or insufficienton microorganisms. Why is it necessary to maintain a pH of or above when treating wastewater with activated sludge method?
答: (1)
Answer: (1) If the
胞。(4) 过高或者过低的
(4) Excessive or insufficient
Answer: (1) If the
胞。(4) 过高或者过低的
(4) Excessive or insufficient
答: 微生物在培养基中分解蒲萄糖, 乳产生有机酸会引起培养基的
Answer: Microorganisms decompose glucose in the culture medium, and the production of organic acids will cause the pH of the culture medium to decrease, making it acidic. Microorganisms grow in neutral substance culture media containing proteins, peptones, amino acids, etc., which can be decomposed by microorganisms to produce amines and other alkaline substances, causing the pH of the culture medium to rise.
Answer: Microorganisms decompose glucose in the culture medium, and the production of organic acids will cause the pH of the culture medium to decrease, making it acidic. Microorganisms grow in neutral substance culture media containing proteins, peptones, amino acids, etc., which can be decomposed by microorganisms to produce amines and other alkaline substances, causing the pH of the culture medium to rise.
在生产过程中, 处理城市生活污水、污泥中含有蛋白质, 可不加缓冲性物质。如果不含蛋白质、氨等物质, 处理前就要投加缓冲物质。缓冲物质有碳酸氢钠、碳酸钠、氢氧化钠、氢氧化铵及氨等。以碳酸氢钠最佳。
In the production process, when dealing with protein-containing urban sewage and sludge, no buffering material needs to be added. If there is no protein, ammonia and other substances, buffering material should be added before treatment. Buffering materials include sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and ammonia. Sodium bicarbonate is the best choice.
In the production process, when dealing with protein-containing urban sewage and sludge, no buffering material needs to be added. If there is no protein, ammonia and other substances, buffering material should be added before treatment. Buffering materials include sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and ammonia. Sodium bicarbonate is the best choice.
霸菌和酵母菌对有机物具有较强的分解能力。
Bacteria and yeast have strong decomposition abilities for organic matter. Lower industrial wastewater can be treated with bacteria and yeast without the need for alkali adjustment, saving costs.
Bacteria and yeast have strong decomposition abilities for organic matter. Lower industrial wastewater can be treated with bacteria and yeast without the need for alkali adjustment, saving costs.
- 微生物对氧化还原电位要求如何? 在培养微生物过程中氧化还原电位如何变化? 有什么办法控制?
How do microorganisms require redox potential? How does the redox potential change during the cultivation of microorganisms? What methods can be used to control it?
答: 各种微生物要求的氧化还原电位不同。一般好氧微生物要求的
Answer: Various microorganisms have different requirements for redox potential. Generally, aerobic microorganisms require a redox potential of
在培养微生物的过程中, 由于微生物繁殖消耗了大量氧气, 分解有机物产生氢气, 使得氢气还原电位降低, 在微生物对数生长期降到最低点。
During the cultivation of microorganisms, the reproduction of microorganisms consumes a large amount of oxygen, decomposes organic matter to produce hydrogen gas, causing a decrease in the reduction potential of hydrogen gas, reaching the lowest point during the logarithmic growth phase of microorganisms.
Answer: Various microorganisms have different requirements for redox potential. Generally, aerobic microorganisms require a redox potential of
在培养微生物的过程中, 由于微生物繁殖消耗了大量氧气, 分解有机物产生氢气, 使得氢气还原电位降低, 在微生物对数生长期降到最低点。
During the cultivation of microorganisms, the reproduction of microorganisms consumes a large amount of oxygen, decomposes organic matter to produce hydrogen gas, causing a decrease in the reduction potential of hydrogen gas, reaching the lowest point during the logarithmic growth phase of microorganisms.
氧化还原电位可用一些还原剂加以控制, 使微生物体系中的氧化还原电位维持在低水平上。这类还原剂有抗坏血酸、硫二乙醇钠、三硫苏糖醇、谷胱甘肽、硫化氢及金属铁。
Redox potential can be controlled by some reducing agents to maintain the redox potential in microbial systems at a low level. These reducing agents include ascorbic acid, sodium hydrosulfite, thioglycerol, glutathione, hydrogen sulfide, and ferrous metal.
Redox potential can be controlled by some reducing agents to maintain the redox potential in microbial systems at a low level. These reducing agents include ascorbic acid, sodium hydrosulfite, thioglycerol, glutathione, hydrogen sulfide, and ferrous metal.
- 好氧微生物需要氧气作何用? 充氧效率与微生物生长有什么关系?
What is the use of oxygen for aerobic microorganisms? What is the relationship between oxygen saturation efficiency and microbial growth?
答: 氧对好氧微生物有两个作用: (1) 作为微生物好养呼吸的最终电子受体; (2)参与甾醇类和不饱和脂肪酸的生物合成。充氧量与与好氧微生物的生长量、有机物浓度等成正相关性。
Answer: Oxygen has two functions for aerobic microorganisms: (1) as the final electron acceptor for microbial respiration; (2) participating in the biosynthesis of sterols and unsaturated fatty acids. The amount of oxygen is positively correlated with the growth of aerobic microorganisms, organic matter concentration, etc.
Answer: Oxygen has two functions for aerobic microorganisms: (1) as the final electron acceptor for microbial respiration; (2) participating in the biosynthesis of sterols and unsaturated fatty acids. The amount of oxygen is positively correlated with the growth of aerobic microorganisms, organic matter concentration, etc.
- 兼性厌氧微生物为什么在有氧和无氧条件下都能生长?
Why can facultative anaerobic microorganisms grow under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions?
答: 兼性厌氧微生物既有脱氢酶也有氧化酶, 所以, 既能在无氧条件下, 又能在有氧条件下生存。在好痒条件下生长时, 氧化酶活性强,细胞色素及电子传递体系的其他组分正常存在。在无氧条件下, 细胞细胞色素及电子传递体系的其他组分减少或全部丧失, 氧化酶无活吽: 一日通入氧氞, 这些组分的合成很快恢复。
Answer: Facultative anaerobic microorganisms have both dehydrogenases and oxidases, so they can survive both under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. When growing under good conditions, the oxidase activity is strong, and the other components of the cytochrome and electron transfer system are present normally. Under anaerobic conditions, the other components of the cytochrome and electron transfer system are reduced or completely lost, and the oxidase is inactive. Once oxygen is introduced, the synthesis of these components quickly recovers.
Answer: Facultative anaerobic microorganisms have both dehydrogenases and oxidases, so they can survive both under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. When growing under good conditions, the oxidase activity is strong, and the other components of the cytochrome and electron transfer system are present normally. Under anaerobic conditions, the other components of the cytochrome and electron transfer system are reduced or completely lost, and the oxidase is inactive. Once oxygen is introduced, the synthesis of these components quickly recovers.
- 专性厌氧微生物为什么不需要氧? 氧对专性厌氧微生物有什么不良影响?
Why don't obligate anaerobic microorganisms need oxygen? What are the adverse effects of oxygen on obligate anaerobic microorganisms?
答: 因为专性厌氧微生物一遇到氧就会死亡。 Answer: Because obligate anaerobic microorganisms will die when exposed to oxygen.
在氧气存在时, 专性厌氧微生物代谢产生的
In the presence of oxygen, the metabolites produced by obligate anaerobic microorganisms generate
In the presence of oxygen, the metabolites produced by obligate anaerobic microorganisms generate
- 紫外线杀菌的机理是什么? 何谓光复活和暗复活现象?
What is the mechanism of ultraviolet sterilization? What are the phenomena of light reactivation and dark reactivation?
答: 紫外辐射的波长范围是 200 390nm, 紫外辐射对微生物有致死作用是由于微生物细胞中的核酸、嘌呤、嘧啶、及蛋白质对紫外辐射有特别强的吸收能力。DNA 和 RNA 对紫外辐射的吸收峰在
Answer: The wavelength range of ultraviolet radiation is 200-390nm. The lethal effect of ultraviolet radiation on microorganisms is due to the strong absorption capacity of nucleic acids, purines, pyrimidines, and proteins in microbial cells. DNA and RNA have absorption peaks for ultraviolet radiation at
Answer: The wavelength range of ultraviolet radiation is 200-390nm. The lethal effect of ultraviolet radiation on microorganisms is due to the strong absorption capacity of nucleic acids, purines, pyrimidines, and proteins in microbial cells. DNA and RNA have absorption peaks for ultraviolet radiation at
经紫外辐射照射的菌体或孢子悬液, 随即暴露于蓝色可见光下,有一部分受损伤的细胞可恢复其活力, 这种现象叫光复活。在黑暗条件下修复 DNA 链称为暗复活。
Bacterial cells or spore suspensions irradiated with ultraviolet radiation and then exposed to blue visible light can partially restore the vitality of damaged cells, a phenomenon known as photoreactivation. Repairing DNA chains under dark conditions is called dark reactivation.
Bacterial cells or spore suspensions irradiated with ultraviolet radiation and then exposed to blue visible light can partially restore the vitality of damaged cells, a phenomenon known as photoreactivation. Repairing DNA chains under dark conditions is called dark reactivation.
- 几种重金属盐如何起杀菌作用的? How do several heavy metal salts act as bactericides?
答: 重金属录、银、铜、铅及其化合物可以有效的杀菌, 它们都是蛋白质的沉淀剂。其杀菌机理是与酶的-SH 基结合, 使酶失去活性; 或与菌体蛋白质结合使之变性或沉淀。
Answer: Heavy metals such as silver, copper, lead, and their compounds can effectively kill bacteria, as they are all protein precipitants. The bactericidal mechanism involves binding with the -SH group of enzymes, causing them to lose activity; or binding with bacterial proteins to denature or precipitate them.
Answer: Heavy metals such as silver, copper, lead, and their compounds can effectively kill bacteria, as they are all protein precipitants. The bactericidal mechanism involves binding with the -SH group of enzymes, causing them to lose activity; or binding with bacterial proteins to denature or precipitate them.
- 氯和氯化物的杀菌机理是什么? What is the sterilization mechanism of chlorine and chlorides?
答: 氯和氯化物对细胞壁有较强的吸附穿透能力, 可有效地氧化细胞内含疏基的酶, 还可以快速地抑制徽生物蛋白质的合成来破坏微生
Answer: Chlorine and chloride have strong adsorption and penetration capabilities on the cell wall, can effectively oxidize enzymes containing sulfhydryl groups in cells, and can quickly inhibit the synthesis of microbial proteins to destroy microorganisms
Answer: Chlorine and chloride have strong adsorption and penetration capabilities on the cell wall, can effectively oxidize enzymes containing sulfhydryl groups in cells, and can quickly inhibit the synthesis of microbial proteins to destroy microorganisms
物。
- 有哪几种有机化合物杀菌剂? 它们的杀菌机理死是什么?
What are the several types of organic compound fungicides? What is their mechanism of action for killing fungi?
答: (1) 醇: 醇是脱水剂和脂溶剂, 可使蛋白质脱水, 变性, 溶解细胞质膜的脂类物质, 进而杀死微生物机体。(2) 甲醛: 甲醛可与蛋白质的氨基结合而干扰细菌的代谢能力。(3) 酚：酚与其衍生物能引起
Answer: (1) Alcohol: Alcohol is a dehydrating agent and a lipid solvent, which can dehydrate proteins, denature them, dissolve lipid substances in cell membranes, and thereby kill microbial organisms. (2) Formaldehyde: Formaldehyde can interfere with bacterial metabolism by binding to the amino groups of proteins. (3) Phenol: Phenol and its derivatives can cause
蛋白质变性, 并破坏细胞质膜。(4)新洁而灭: 是一种表面活性强的杀菌剂。对许多非芽胞型的致病菌、革兰氏阳性菌及革兰氏阴性菌有着极强的致死作用。(5) 合成洗涤剂: 去污能力强, 还有杀菌作用。(6) 染料: 有抑菌作用。
Protein denaturation and destruction of cytoplasmic membrane. (4) Xinjie and Mie: It is a strong surfactant disinfectant. It has a strong lethal effect on many non-spore-forming pathogens, Gram-positive bacteria, and Gram-negative bacteria. (5) Synthetic detergents: Strong cleaning ability, also has bactericidal effect. (6) Dyes: Have bacteriostatic effect.
Answer: (1) Alcohol: Alcohol is a dehydrating agent and a lipid solvent, which can dehydrate proteins, denature them, dissolve lipid substances in cell membranes, and thereby kill microbial organisms. (2) Formaldehyde: Formaldehyde can interfere with bacterial metabolism by binding to the amino groups of proteins. (3) Phenol: Phenol and its derivatives can cause
蛋白质变性, 并破坏细胞质膜。(4)新洁而灭: 是一种表面活性强的杀菌剂。对许多非芽胞型的致病菌、革兰氏阳性菌及革兰氏阴性菌有着极强的致死作用。(5) 合成洗涤剂: 去污能力强, 还有杀菌作用。(6) 染料: 有抑菌作用。
Protein denaturation and destruction of cytoplasmic membrane. (4) Xinjie and Mie: It is a strong surfactant disinfectant. It has a strong lethal effect on many non-spore-forming pathogens, Gram-positive bacteria, and Gram-negative bacteria. (5) Synthetic detergents: Strong cleaning ability, also has bactericidal effect. (6) Dyes: Have bacteriostatic effect.
- 为何渗透压? 渗透压有与微生物有什么关系? Why osmotic pressure? What is the relationship between osmotic pressure and microorganisms?
答: 任何两种浓度的液体被半渗透膜隔开, 均会产生渗透压。当两液面高差产生的压力足够阻止水在流动时, 渗透停止, 这时出现的两液面高差间的压力就是渗透压。
Answer: When two liquids of any concentration are separated by a semi-permeable membrane, osmotic pressure will be generated. When the pressure generated by the height difference between the two liquid surfaces is sufficient to prevent water from flowing, osmosis stops, and the pressure between the height difference of the two liquid surfaces is the osmotic pressure.
Answer: When two liquids of any concentration are separated by a semi-permeable membrane, osmotic pressure will be generated. When the pressure generated by the height difference between the two liquid surfaces is sufficient to prevent water from flowing, osmosis stops, and the pressure between the height difference of the two liquid surfaces is the osmotic pressure.
在等渗透压中的微生物生长得很好, 在低渗透压中溶液中的水分子大量渗入微生物体内, 使微生物发生膨胀, 严重者破裂, 在高渗透压溶液中，微生物体内水分子大量渗到体外，使细菌质壁分离。
Microorganisms grow well in isotonic environments, where water molecules in low osmotic pressure solutions infiltrate into the microorganisms, causing them to swell and, in severe cases, burst. In high osmotic pressure solutions, water molecules inside the microorganisms infiltrate outside, leading to the separation of the bacterial cell wall.
Microorganisms grow well in isotonic environments, where water molecules in low osmotic pressure solutions infiltrate into the microorganisms, causing them to swell and, in severe cases, burst. In high osmotic pressure solutions, water molecules inside the microorganisms infiltrate outside, leading to the separation of the bacterial cell wall.
- 水的活度与干燥对微生物有什么影响? How does the activity of water and dryness affect microorganisms?
答: 大多数股微生物在
Answer: Most bacteria grow best at pH
Answer: Most bacteria grow best at pH
干燥能使细菌体内的蛋白质变性, 引起代谢活动停止, 所以干燥会影响微生物的活性以及生命力。
Drying can cause denaturation of proteins inside bacterial cells, leading to the cessation of metabolic activities, so drying can affect the activity and vitality of microorganisms.
Drying can cause denaturation of proteins inside bacterial cells, leading to the cessation of metabolic activities, so drying can affect the activity and vitality of microorganisms.
- 何谓表面张力？它对微生物有什么影响? What is surface tension? What impact does it have on microorganisms?
答: 表面张力是分子力的一种表现。它发生在液体和气体接触时的边界部分。是由于表面层的液体分子处于特殊情况决定的。液体内部的分子和分子间几乎是紧挨着的, 分子间经常保持平衡距离, 稍远一些就相吸, 稍近一些就相斥, 这就决定了液体分子不像气体分子那样可以无限扩散, 而只能在平衡位置附近振动和旋转。在液体表面附近的分子由于只显著受到液体内侧分子的作用, 受力不均, 使速度较大的分子很容易冲出液面, 成为蒸汽, 结果在液体表面层(跟气体接触的液体薄层)的分子分布比内部分子分布来得稀疏。相对于液体内部分子的分布来说, 它们处在特殊的情况中。表面层分子间的斥力随它们彼此间的距离增大而减小, 在这个特殊层中分子间的引力作用占优势。因此, 如果在液体表面上任意划一条分界线
Answer: Surface tension is a manifestation of molecular force. It occurs at the boundary between liquid and gas when they come into contact. It is determined by the special situation of the liquid molecules in the surface layer. The molecules inside the liquid are almost tightly packed and maintain an equilibrium distance between them. They attract when slightly farther apart and repel when slightly closer, which means liquid molecules cannot diffuse infinitely like gas molecules but can only vibrate and rotate near the equilibrium position. The molecules near the liquid surface are significantly affected by the molecules inside the liquid, resulting in uneven forces. This makes the molecules with higher velocity easily escape the liquid surface and become vapor, leading to a sparser distribution of molecules in the liquid surface layer (the thin layer of liquid in contact with the gas) compared to the internal distribution of molecules. They are in a special situation relative to the distribution of molecules inside the liquid. The repulsive force between the molecules in the surface layer decreases as their distance increases, and the gravitational force between the molecules in this special layer predominates. Therefore, if a boundary line is arbitrarily drawn on the liquid surface to divide it into two parts, as shown in the diagram, the attraction between the molecules in the surface layer of one part and the other part is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. The mutual attraction between any two parts in this surface layer causes the liquid surface layer to tend to contract. Due to the action of surface tension, the liquid surface always tends to minimize its area, so small liquid droplets in the air often take on a spherical shape.
Answer: Surface tension is a manifestation of molecular force. It occurs at the boundary between liquid and gas when they come into contact. It is determined by the special situation of the liquid molecules in the surface layer. The molecules inside the liquid are almost tightly packed and maintain an equilibrium distance between them. They attract when slightly farther apart and repel when slightly closer, which means liquid molecules cannot diffuse infinitely like gas molecules but can only vibrate and rotate near the equilibrium position. The molecules near the liquid surface are significantly affected by the molecules inside the liquid, resulting in uneven forces. This makes the molecules with higher velocity easily escape the liquid surface and become vapor, leading to a sparser distribution of molecules in the liquid surface layer (the thin layer of liquid in contact with the gas) compared to the internal distribution of molecules. They are in a special situation relative to the distribution of molecules inside the liquid. The repulsive force between the molecules in the surface layer decreases as their distance increases, and the gravitational force between the molecules in this special layer predominates. Therefore, if a boundary line is arbitrarily drawn on the liquid surface to divide it into two parts, as shown in the diagram, the attraction between the molecules in the surface layer of one part and the other part is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. The mutual attraction between any two parts in this surface layer causes the liquid surface layer to tend to contract. Due to the action of surface tension, the liquid surface always tends to minimize its area, so small liquid droplets in the air often take on a spherical shape.
表面张力是润湿的函数。如果细菌不被液体培养基润湿, 它们将在表面生成一层薄菌膜。如果它们被润湿, 则在培养基中均匀生长、培养基变混浊。若要使那些在液体培养基中均匀生长的细菌呈膜状生长, 则可增加类脂质含量, 保护菌体不受润湿, 细菌则可呈膜状生长。
Surface tension is a function of wetting. If bacteria are not wetted by the liquid culture medium, they will form a thin bacterial film on the surface. If they are wetted, they will grow uniformly in the culture medium, making the medium turbid. To make bacteria that grow uniformly in liquid culture medium grow in a film-like manner, the content of lipids can be increased to protect the bacteria from wetting, allowing them to grow in a film-like manner.
Surface tension is a function of wetting. If bacteria are not wetted by the liquid culture medium, they will form a thin bacterial film on the surface. If they are wetted, they will grow uniformly in the culture medium, making the medium turbid. To make bacteria that grow uniformly in liquid culture medium grow in a film-like manner, the content of lipids can be increased to protect the bacteria from wetting, allowing them to grow in a film-like manner.
- 抗生素是如何杀菌和抑菌的? How do antibiotics kill bacteria and inhibit their growth?
答：抗生素是通过四个方面杀菌和抑菌的：(1) 抑制微生物细胞壁合成；（2）破坏微生物的细胞质膜；（3）抑制蛋白质合成; (4) 干扰核酸的合成。
Answer: Antibiotics kill and inhibit bacteria through four aspects: (1) inhibiting microbial cell wall synthesis; (2) destroying microbial cytoplasmic membrane; (3) inhibiting protein synthesis; (4) interfering with nucleic acid synthesis.
Answer: Antibiotics kill and inhibit bacteria through four aspects: (1) inhibiting microbial cell wall synthesis; (2) destroying microbial cytoplasmic membrane; (3) inhibiting protein synthesis; (4) interfering with nucleic acid synthesis.
- 在天然环境和人工环境中微生物之间存在哪几种关系? 举例说明。
What are the different types of relationships between microorganisms in natural and artificial environments? Please provide examples.
答: 有种内关系和种间关系，包括: Answer: There are intra-relationship and interrelationship, including:
(1) 竞争关系: 在好氧生物处理中, 当溶解氧或营养成为限制因子时,菌胶团细菌和丝状菌表现出明显的竞争关系。
Competitive relationship: In aerobic biological treatment, when dissolved oxygen or nutrients become limiting factors, floc-forming bacteria and filamentous bacteria exhibit obvious competitive relationships.
Competitive relationship: In aerobic biological treatment, when dissolved oxygen or nutrients become limiting factors, floc-forming bacteria and filamentous bacteria exhibit obvious competitive relationships.
(2) 原始合作关系 (互生关系): 固氮菌具有固定空气中氮气的能力,但不能利用纤维素作碳源和能源, 而纤维素分解菌分解纤维素为有机酸对他本身的生产繁殖不利, 但当两者一起生活时, 固氮菌固定的氮为纤维素分解菌提供氮源, 纤维素分解菌分解纤维素的产物有机酸被固氮菌用作碳源和能源，也为纤维素分解菌解毒。
(2) Primitive cooperation relationship (symbiotic relationship): Nitrogen-fixing bacteria have the ability to fix nitrogen in the air, but cannot use cellulose as a carbon source and energy source. Cellulose-degrading bacteria decompose cellulose into organic acids, which is not conducive to their own production and reproduction. However, when they live together, the nitrogen fixed by nitrogen-fixing bacteria provides a nitrogen source for cellulose-degrading bacteria. The products of cellulose decomposition by cellulose-degrading bacteria, organic acids, are used by nitrogen-fixing bacteria as carbon source and energy source, and also detoxify cellulose-degrading bacteria.
(2) Primitive cooperation relationship (symbiotic relationship): Nitrogen-fixing bacteria have the ability to fix nitrogen in the air, but cannot use cellulose as a carbon source and energy source. Cellulose-degrading bacteria decompose cellulose into organic acids, which is not conducive to their own production and reproduction. However, when they live together, the nitrogen fixed by nitrogen-fixing bacteria provides a nitrogen source for cellulose-degrading bacteria. The products of cellulose decomposition by cellulose-degrading bacteria, organic acids, are used by nitrogen-fixing bacteria as carbon source and energy source, and also detoxify cellulose-degrading bacteria.
（3）共生关系：原生动物中的纤毛虫类、放射虫类、有孔虫类与藻类共生。
(3) Symbiotic relationship: Ciliates, radiolarians, foraminifera, and algae in protozoa live symbiotically.
(3) Symbiotic relationship: Ciliates, radiolarians, foraminifera, and algae in protozoa live symbiotically.
(4) 偏害关系: 乳酸菌产生乳酸使
(4) Antagonistic relationship: Lactic acid produced by lactobacilli lowers the pH value, inhibiting the growth of spoilage bacteria.
(4) Antagonistic relationship: Lactic acid produced by lactobacilli lowers the pH value, inhibiting the growth of spoilage bacteria.
(5) 捕食关系: 大原生动物吞食小原生动物。 (5) Predation relationship: Large protozoa eat small protozoa.
（6）寄生关系：蛭弧菌属有寄生在假单胞菌等菌体中的种。
(6) Parasitic relationship: The genus Rickettsia parasitizes species such as Pseudomonas.
(6) Parasitic relationship: The genus Rickettsia parasitizes species such as Pseudomonas.
22. 电离辐射有几种? 电离辐射如何致死微生物的?
How many types of ionizing radiation are there? How does ionizing radiation kill microorganisms?
答:
Answer:
Answer:
由于辐射先引起水分解出游离
Due to radiation, water is decomposed to produce free
Due to radiation, water is decomposed to produce free
23. 耐辐射异常球菌为什么能抗电离辐射? Why can radiation-resistant bacteria resist ionizing radiation?
答: (1) 它具有特殊细胞壁和拟核结构 Answer: (1) It has a special cell wall and a pseudonucleus structure
(2) 具有兄余的遗传信息 (2) Genetic information with brother surplus
（3）具有完善的抗活性氧自由基的酶系统 (3) Enzyme system with perfect anti-reactive oxygen species
（4）具有强大的 DNA 修复机制和功能 (4) Has a powerful DNA repair mechanism and function
第六章 微生物的遗传与变异 Chapter Six Genetic and Variation of Microorganisms
- 什么是微生物的遗传性和变异性? 遗传和变异的物质基础是什么? 如何得以证明?
What is the heritability and variability of microorganisms? What is the material basis of heredity and variation? How can it be proven?
答: 微生物将其生长发育所需要的营养类型和环境条件, 以及对这些营养和外界条件产生的一定反应, 或出现的一定性状传给后代, 并相对稳定的一代一代传下去。这时微生物的遗传。
Answer: Microorganisms pass on the types of nutrients and environmental conditions needed for their growth and development, as well as the responses to these nutrients and external conditions, or certain traits that appear, to their offspring, and pass them down relatively stably from generation to generation. This is the genetics of microorganisms.
Answer: Microorganisms pass on the types of nutrients and environmental conditions needed for their growth and development, as well as the responses to these nutrients and external conditions, or certain traits that appear, to their offspring, and pass them down relatively stably from generation to generation. This is the genetics of microorganisms.
微生物从它适应的环境迁移到不适应的环境后, 微生物改变自己对营养和环境条件的要求, 在新的生活条件下产生适应新环境的酶, 从而适应新环境并良好生长, 这是遗传的变异。
Microorganisms change their requirements for nutrients and environmental conditions after migrating from their adapted environment to an unadapted environment. They produce enzymes that adapt to the new environment under the new living conditions, enabling them to adapt to the new environment and grow well. This is genetic variation.
Microorganisms change their requirements for nutrients and environmental conditions after migrating from their adapted environment to an unadapted environment. They produce enzymes that adapt to the new environment under the new living conditions, enabling them to adapt to the new environment and grow well. This is genetic variation.
DNA 是遗传和变异的物质基础。可以从格里菲斯经典的转化实验和大肠杆菌 T2 噬菌体感染大肠杆菌的实验得到证明。
DNA is the material basis of heredity and variation. This can be proven by Griffith's classic transformation experiment and the experiment of bacteriophage T2 infecting E. coli.
DNA is the material basis of heredity and variation. This can be proven by Griffith's classic transformation experiment and the experiment of bacteriophage T2 infecting E. coli.
- 微生物的遗传基因是什么? 微生物的遗传信息是如何传递的?
What are the genetic genes of microorganisms? How is the genetic information of microorganisms transmitted?
答: 微生物的遗传基因是微生物体内储存传递信息的、有自我复制功能的单位。从分子遗传学的角度看, 微生物的遗传信息是通过 DNA 将决定各种遗传性状的信息传递给子代的。
Answer: The genetic genes of microorganisms are self-replicating units that store and transmit information within the microorganism. From the perspective of molecular genetics, the genetic information of microorganisms is transmitted to offspring through DNA, which determines various hereditary traits.
Answer: The genetic genes of microorganisms are self-replicating units that store and transmit information within the microorganism. From the perspective of molecular genetics, the genetic information of microorganisms is transmitted to offspring through DNA, which determines various hereditary traits.
- 什么叫分子遗传学的中心法则? 什么叫反向转录? What is the central dogma of molecular genetics? What is reverse transcription?
答: DNA 的复制和遗传信息传递的基本规则, 称为分子遗传学的中心法则。
Answer: The basic rules of DNA replication and transmission of genetic information are called the central dogma of molecular genetics.
Answer: The basic rules of DNA replication and transmission of genetic information are called the central dogma of molecular genetics.
只含 RNA 的病毒其遗传信息储存在 RNA 上, 通过反转录酶的作用由 RNA 转录为 DNA, 这
The genetic information of RNA viruses is stored in RNA only, and is transcribed into DNA by the action of reverse transcriptase
叫反向转录。 Called reverse transcription.
The genetic information of RNA viruses is stored in RNA only, and is transcribed into DNA by the action of reverse transcriptase
叫反向转录。 Called reverse transcription.
- DNA 是如何复制的？何谓 DNA 的变性和复性？
How is DNA replicated? What is denaturation and renaturation of DNA?
答: DNA 的自我复制大致如下: 首先是 DNA 分子中的两条多核苷酸链之间的氢键断裂, 彼此分开成两条单链; 然后各自以原有的多核苷酸链上的碱基排列顺序, 各自合成出一条新的互补的多核苷酸链。新合成额一条多核苷酸链和原有的多核苷酸链又以氢键连接成新的双螺旋结构。
Answer: The self-replication of DNA is roughly as follows: first, the hydrogen bonds between the two polynucleotide chains in the DNA molecule break, separating into two single strands; then each synthesizes a new complementary polynucleotide chain based on the base sequence of the original polynucleotide chain. The newly synthesized polynucleotide chain and the original polynucleotide chain are connected by hydrogen bonds to form a new double helix structure.
Answer: The self-replication of DNA is roughly as follows: first, the hydrogen bonds between the two polynucleotide chains in the DNA molecule break, separating into two single strands; then each synthesizes a new complementary polynucleotide chain based on the base sequence of the original polynucleotide chain. The newly synthesized polynucleotide chain and the original polynucleotide chain are connected by hydrogen bonds to form a new double helix structure.
当天然双链 DNA 受热或其他因素的作用下, 两条链之间的结合力被破坏而分开成单链 DNA, 即称为 DNA 的变性。变性的 DNA 溶液经适当处理后重新形成天然 DNA 的过程叫复性。
When natural double-stranded DNA is heated or subjected to other factors, the binding force between the two strands is disrupted and separated into single-stranded DNA, which is called DNA denaturation. The process of re-forming natural DNA from denatured DNA solution after appropriate treatment is called renaturation.
When natural double-stranded DNA is heated or subjected to other factors, the binding force between the two strands is disrupted and separated into single-stranded DNA, which is called DNA denaturation. The process of re-forming natural DNA from denatured DNA solution after appropriate treatment is called renaturation.
5.微生物有几种 RNA？ How many types of RNA do microorganisms have?
答: RNA 有 4 种: tRNA, rRNA, mRNA, 反义 RNA。
Answer: There are 4 types of RNA: tRNA, rRNA, mRNA, and antisense RNA.
Answer: There are 4 types of RNA: tRNA, rRNA, mRNA, and antisense RNA.
转移 RNA、核糖体 RNA、信使 RNA 和反义 RNA 能与 DNA 碱基互补
Transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA, and antisense RNA can complement DNA bases
Transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA, and antisense RNA can complement DNA bases
- 微生物生长过程中蛋白质是如何合成的？细胞是如何分裂的?
How are proteins synthesized during the growth of microorganisms? How do cells divide?
答: (1) DNA 复制: 首先, 决定某种蛋白质分子结构的相应一段 DNA 链的自我复制。
Answer: (1) DNA replication: First, the self-replication of a segment of DNA chain that determines the structure of a certain protein molecule.
Answer: (1) DNA replication: First, the self-replication of a segment of DNA chain that determines the structure of a certain protein molecule.
(2) 转录 mRNA: 转录是双链 DNA 分开, 以它其中一条单链为模板遵循碱基配对的原则转录出一条 mRNA。新转录的 mDNA 链的核苷
Transcription mRNA: Transcription is the separation of double-stranded DNA, using one of its single strands as a template to transcribe an mRNA following the principle of base pairing. The newly transcribed mRNA strand's nucleotides.
酸碱基的排列顺序与模板 DNA 链的核苷酸碱基排列顺序互补。转录后, mRNA 的顺序又通过三联密码子的方式由 tRNA 翻译成相应的氨基酸排列顺序, 产生具有不同生理特性的功能蛋白。
The arrangement order of acid-base is complementary to the nucleotide base arrangement order of the template DNA chain. After transcription, the sequence of mRNA is translated into the corresponding amino acid sequence by tRNA through the triplet codon, generating functional proteins with different physiological characteristics.
Transcription mRNA: Transcription is the separation of double-stranded DNA, using one of its single strands as a template to transcribe an mRNA following the principle of base pairing. The newly transcribed mRNA strand's nucleotides.
酸碱基的排列顺序与模板 DNA 链的核苷酸碱基排列顺序互补。转录后, mRNA 的顺序又通过三联密码子的方式由 tRNA 翻译成相应的氨基酸排列顺序, 产生具有不同生理特性的功能蛋白。
The arrangement order of acid-base is complementary to the nucleotide base arrangement order of the template DNA chain. After transcription, the sequence of mRNA is translated into the corresponding amino acid sequence by tRNA through the triplet codon, generating functional proteins with different physiological characteristics.
(3) 翻译: 翻译由
Translation: Translation was completed by
Translation: Translation was completed by
（4）蛋白质合成: 通过两端的识别作用, 把特定氨基酸转送到核糖体上, 使不同的氨基酸按照 mRNA 上的碱基顺序连接起来, 在多肽合成酶的作用下合成多肽链, 多肽链通过高度折叠形成特定的蛋白质结构, 最终产生具有不同生理特性的功能蛋白。
(4) Protein synthesis: Through the recognition function at both ends, specific amino acids are transferred to the ribosome, connecting different amino acids according to the base sequence on mRNA, synthesizing a polypeptide chain under the action of peptidyl transferase, the polypeptide chain folds highly to form a specific protein structure, ultimately producing functional proteins with different physiological characteristics.
(4) Protein synthesis: Through the recognition function at both ends, specific amino acids are transferred to the ribosome, connecting different amino acids according to the base sequence on mRNA, synthesizing a polypeptide chain under the action of peptidyl transferase, the polypeptide chain folds highly to form a specific protein structure, ultimately producing functional proteins with different physiological characteristics.
由于 DNA 复制和蛋白质合成而使两者成倍增加后的一个有秩序的过程, 即微生物细胞的分裂。微生物将成倍增加的核物质和蛋白质均等地分配给两个子细胞, 在细胞的中部合成横膈膜并逐渐内陷, 最终将两个子细胞分开, 细胞分裂完成。
As a result of DNA replication and protein synthesis, an orderly process in which both are doubled, microbial cell division occurs. Microbes evenly distribute the doubled nuclear material and proteins to two daughter cells, synthesize a septum in the middle of the cell that gradually invaginates, and eventually separates the two daughter cells, completing the cell division.
As a result of DNA replication and protein synthesis, an orderly process in which both are doubled, microbial cell division occurs. Microbes evenly distribute the doubled nuclear material and proteins to two daughter cells, synthesize a septum in the middle of the cell that gradually invaginates, and eventually separates the two daughter cells, completing the cell division.
- 微生物变异的实质是什么? 微生物突变类型有几种? 变异表现在哪些方面?
What is the essence of microbial variation? How many types of microbial mutations are there? In what aspects does variation manifest?
答: 微生物变异的实质是基因突变。突变的类型有自发突变和诱发突变。表现在个体形态的变异、菌落形态的变异、营养要求的变异、对温度,
Answer: The essence of microbial variation is genetic mutation. There are spontaneous mutations and induced mutations. It manifests as variations in individual morphology, colony morphology, nutritional requirements, temperature requirements, pH requirements, virulence, resistance, physiological and biochemical characteristics, as well as variations in metabolic pathway products.
Answer: The essence of microbial variation is genetic mutation. There are spontaneous mutations and induced mutations. It manifests as variations in individual morphology, colony morphology, nutritional requirements, temperature requirements, pH requirements, virulence, resistance, physiological and biochemical characteristics, as well as variations in metabolic pathway products.
- 废水处理中变异现象有哪几方面? What are the aspects of variation in wastewater treatment?
答: 废水处理中变异现象有: 有营养要求的变异; 对温度,
Answer: The variations in wastewater treatment include: variations with nutritional requirements; variations in temperature,
Answer: The variations in wastewater treatment include: variations with nutritional requirements; variations in temperature,
- 什么叫定向培育和驯化? What is meant by directional cultivation and domestication?
答：定向培育是人为用某一特定环境长期处理某一微生物群体, 同时不断将它们进行移种传代, 以达到累积和选择合适的自发突变体的一种古老的育种方法。
Answer: Directed evolution is an ancient breeding method in which a specific microbial population is artificially treated in a particular environment for a long time, while continuously transferring and propagating them to accumulate and select suitable spontaneous mutants.
Answer: Directed evolution is an ancient breeding method in which a specific microbial population is artificially treated in a particular environment for a long time, while continuously transferring and propagating them to accumulate and select suitable spontaneous mutants.
定向培育在环境工程中称为驯化。 Directed cultivation is called domestication in environmental engineering.
- 试述紫外辐射杀菌的作用机理。 Describe the mechanism of ultraviolet radiation sterilization.
答: 紫外辐射的波长范围是 200 390nm, 紫外辐射对微生物有致死作用是由于微生物细胞中的核酸、嘌呤、嘧啶、及蛋白质对紫外辐射有特别强的吸收能力。DNA 和 RNA 对紫外辐射的吸收峰在
Answer: The wavelength range of ultraviolet radiation is 200-390nm. The lethal effect of ultraviolet radiation on microorganisms is due to the strong absorption capacity of nucleic acids, purines, pyrimidines, and proteins in microbial cells. DNA and RNA have absorption peaks for ultraviolet radiation at
Answer: The wavelength range of ultraviolet radiation is 200-390nm. The lethal effect of ultraviolet radiation on microorganisms is due to the strong absorption capacity of nucleic acids, purines, pyrimidines, and proteins in microbial cells. DNA and RNA have absorption peaks for ultraviolet radiation at
- DNA 损伤修复有几种形式？各自如何修复？ How many forms of DNA damage repair are there? How does each repair itself?
答: (1) 光复活和暗复活: 一部分损伤的 DNA 在蓝色区域可见光处,尤其
Answer: (1) Light repair and dark repair: Part of the damaged DNA can be repaired in the blue region, especially under the conditions of light at a wavelength of
Answer: (1) Light repair and dark repair: Part of the damaged DNA can be repaired in the blue region, especially under the conditions of light at a wavelength of
- 何谓杂交、转化和转导？各自有什么实践意义？ What are hybridization, transformation, and transduction? What are their respective practical significance?
答：杂交是通过双亲细胞的融合，使整套染色体的基因重组，或者是通过双亲细胞的沟通, 使部分染色体基因重组。杂交育种将固氮基因转移给不固氮的微生物使它们具有固氮能力, 对农业生产和缺氮的工业废水生物处理是很有意义的。
Answer: Hybridization is the recombination of the entire set of genes of chromosomes through the fusion of parental cells, or the recombination of partial chromosome genes through communication between parental cells. Hybrid breeding transfers nitrogen-fixing genes to non-nitrogen-fixing microorganisms to give them nitrogen-fixing ability, which is meaningful for agricultural production and biological treatment of nitrogen-deficient industrial wastewater.
Answer: Hybridization is the recombination of the entire set of genes of chromosomes through the fusion of parental cells, or the recombination of partial chromosome genes through communication between parental cells. Hybrid breeding transfers nitrogen-fixing genes to non-nitrogen-fixing microorganisms to give them nitrogen-fixing ability, which is meaningful for agricultural production and biological treatment of nitrogen-deficient industrial wastewater.
受体细胞直接吸收来自供体细胞的 DNA 片段, 并把它整合到自己的基因组里, 从而获得了供体细胞部分遗传性状的现象, 称为转化。遗传和变异物质基础的经典实验是转化的突出例子。
Recipient cells directly absorb DNA fragments from donor cells and integrate them into their own genome, thereby acquiring some of the donor cell's hereditary traits, a phenomenon known as transformation. Classic experiments based on genetic and variation materials are prominent examples of transformation.
Recipient cells directly absorb DNA fragments from donor cells and integrate them into their own genome, thereby acquiring some of the donor cell's hereditary traits, a phenomenon known as transformation. Classic experiments based on genetic and variation materials are prominent examples of transformation.
通过温和噬菌体的媒介作用, 把供体细胞内特定的基因携带至受体细胞中, 使后者获得前者部分遗传性状的现象, 称为转导。
Through the mediating action of temperate bacteriophages, the specific genes carried by donor cells are transferred to recipient cells, resulting in the phenomenon where the latter acquires some of the former's hereditary traits, known as transduction.
Through the mediating action of temperate bacteriophages, the specific genes carried by donor cells are transferred to recipient cells, resulting in the phenomenon where the latter acquires some of the former's hereditary traits, known as transduction.
- 什么是质粒？在遗传工程中有什么作用？举例说明。 What is a plasmid? What is its role in genetic engineering? Give an example.
答：在原核微生物中, 除有染色体外, 还有令一种较小的, 携带少量遗传基因的环状 DNA 分子叫质粒, 也叫染色体外 DNA。
Answer: In prokaryotic microorganisms, in addition to chromosomes, there is another smaller circular DNA molecule carrying a small amount of genetic genes called plasmids, also known as extrachromosomal DNA.
Answer: In prokaryotic microorganisms, in addition to chromosomes, there is another smaller circular DNA molecule carrying a small amount of genetic genes called plasmids, also known as extrachromosomal DNA.
质粒可以用来培育优良菌种, 在基因工程中常被用作基因转移的运载工具一一载体。
Plasmids can be used to cultivate excellent bacterial strains, and are often used as carriers for gene transfer in genetic engineering.
Plasmids can be used to cultivate excellent bacterial strains, and are often used as carriers for gene transfer in genetic engineering.
例: (1) 多功能超级细菌的构建。(2) 解烷抗录粒菌的构建。(3) 脱色工程菌的构建。(4) Q5T 工程菌。
(1) Construction of multifunctional super bacteria. (2) Construction of alkane-resistant actinomycetes. (3) Construction of decolorization engineering bacteria. (4) Q5T engineering bacteria.
(1) Construction of multifunctional super bacteria. (2) Construction of alkane-resistant actinomycetes. (3) Construction of decolorization engineering bacteria. (4) Q5T engineering bacteria.
- 何谓基因工程? 它的操作有几个步骤? What is genetic engineering? How many steps are involved in its operation?
答: 基因工程是指基因水平上的遗传工程。是用人工的方法把所需要的某一供体生物的 DNA 提取出来, 在离体的条件下用限制性内切酶将离体 DNA 切割成带有目的基因的 DNA 片段,每一段平均长度有几千个核苷酸, 用 DNA 连接酶把它和质粒的 DNA 分子在体外连接成重组的 DNA 分子, 然后将重组体导入某一受体细胞中, 以便外来的遗传物质在其中进行复制扩增和表达; 而后进行重组体克隆篮选和鉴
Answer: Genetic engineering refers to genetic engineering at the gene level. It is the artificial extraction of the needed DNA from a donor organism, cutting the extracted DNA into DNA fragments containing the target gene under in vitro conditions using restriction endonucleases, with each fragment having an average length of several thousand nucleotides. These fragments are then connected with plasmid DNA molecules in vitro using DNA ligase to form recombinant DNA molecules, which are then introduced into a recipient cell so that the foreign genetic material can replicate, amplify, and express within it. Subsequently, recombinant clone screening and identification are carried out.
定; 最后对外源基因表达产物进行分离提纯, 从而获得新品种。它包括 5 个步骤: (1) 先从供体细胞中选择获取带有目的基因的 DNA片段; (2) 将目的 DNA 的片段和质粒在体外重组; (3) 将重组体转入受体细胞;（4）重组体克隆篮选和鉴定；(5）外源基因表达产物的分离提纯。 15. 什么叫 PCR 技术？有几个操作步骤?
Defined; finally, the expression products of foreign genes are separated and purified to obtain new varieties. It includes 5 steps: (1) First select the DNA fragment with the target gene from the donor cells; (2) Recombine the fragment of the target DNA and the plasmid in vitro; (3) Transfer the recombinant into the recipient cells; (4) Clone and identify the recombinant; (5) Separation and purification of the expression products of foreign genes. 15. What is PCR technology? How many operational steps are there?
Answer: Genetic engineering refers to genetic engineering at the gene level. It is the artificial extraction of the needed DNA from a donor organism, cutting the extracted DNA into DNA fragments containing the target gene under in vitro conditions using restriction endonucleases, with each fragment having an average length of several thousand nucleotides. These fragments are then connected with plasmid DNA molecules in vitro using DNA ligase to form recombinant DNA molecules, which are then introduced into a recipient cell so that the foreign genetic material can replicate, amplify, and express within it. Subsequently, recombinant clone screening and identification are carried out.
定; 最后对外源基因表达产物进行分离提纯, 从而获得新品种。它包括 5 个步骤: (1) 先从供体细胞中选择获取带有目的基因的 DNA片段; (2) 将目的 DNA 的片段和质粒在体外重组; (3) 将重组体转入受体细胞;（4）重组体克隆篮选和鉴定；(5）外源基因表达产物的分离提纯。 15. 什么叫 PCR 技术？有几个操作步骤?
Defined; finally, the expression products of foreign genes are separated and purified to obtain new varieties. It includes 5 steps: (1) First select the DNA fragment with the target gene from the donor cells; (2) Recombine the fragment of the target DNA and the plasmid in vitro; (3) Transfer the recombinant into the recipient cells; (4) Clone and identify the recombinant; (5) Separation and purification of the expression products of foreign genes. 15. What is PCR technology? How many operational steps are there?
答: PCR 技术称 DNA 多聚酶链式反应。是 DNA 体外扩增的技术。步骤: (1) 加热变性: 将待扩增的 DNA 置于 94 95 摄氏度的哥嫂问水浴中加热 5 分钟, 使双键 DNA 解链为单链 DNA, 分开的两条单链 DNA 作为扩增的模板。
Answer: PCR technology is called DNA polymerase chain reaction. It is a technology for in vitro amplification of DNA. Steps: (1) Denaturation: Place the DNA to be amplified in a heat bath at 94-95 degrees Celsius for 5 minutes to denature the double-stranded DNA into single-stranded DNA, with the separated single-stranded DNA serving as the template for amplification.
Answer: PCR technology is called DNA polymerase chain reaction. It is a technology for in vitro amplification of DNA. Steps: (1) Denaturation: Place the DNA to be amplified in a heat bath at 94-95 degrees Celsius for 5 minutes to denature the double-stranded DNA into single-stranded DNA, with the separated single-stranded DNA serving as the template for amplification.
(2) 退火: 将加热变性的单链 DNA 溶液的温度缓慢下降至 55 摄氏度后, 在这过程中将引物 DNA 的碱基与单链模板 DNA一端碱基互补配对。
(2) Annealing: After slowly lowering the temperature of the heated denatured single-stranded DNA solution to 55 degrees Celsius, the bases of the primer DNA are complementary paired with the bases at one end of the single-stranded template DNA during this process.
(2) Annealing: After slowly lowering the temperature of the heated denatured single-stranded DNA solution to 55 degrees Celsius, the bases of the primer DNA are complementary paired with the bases at one end of the single-stranded template DNA during this process.
（3）延伸: 在退火过程中, 当温度下降至 72 摄氏度时, 在耐热性 TaqDNA 多聚酶、适应的
(3) Extension: During the annealing process, when the temperature drops to 72 degrees Celsius, under the heat-resistant TaqDNA polymerase, suitable
(3) Extension: During the annealing process, when the temperature drops to 72 degrees Celsius, under the heat-resistant TaqDNA polymerase, suitable
- 基因工程和 PCR 技术在环境工程中有何实践意义? 举例说明。
What is the practical significance of genetic engineering and PCR technology in environmental engineering? Please give examples.
答: 在环境保护方面利用基因工程获得了分解多种有毒物质的新型菌种。若采用这种多功能的超级细菌可望提高废水生物处理的效果。并在废水生物处理模拟实验中也取得一些成果。
Answer: A new strain of bacteria that can decompose various toxic substances has been obtained through genetic engineering in the field of environmental protection. The use of this versatile super bacteria is expected to improve the effectiveness of wastewater biological treatment. Some achievements have also been made in the simulation experiments of wastewater biological treatment.
Answer: A new strain of bacteria that can decompose various toxic substances has been obtained through genetic engineering in the field of environmental protection. The use of this versatile super bacteria is expected to improve the effectiveness of wastewater biological treatment. Some achievements have also been made in the simulation experiments of wastewater biological treatment.
PCR 技术广泛运用于法医鉴定、医学检疫、环境监测等方面。
PCR technology is widely used in forensic identification, medical quarantine, environmental monitoring, and other fields.
PCR technology is widely used in forensic identification, medical quarantine, environmental monitoring, and other fields.
17. 简单叙述如何用分子遗传学的综合技术鉴定环境微生物和进行种群动态分析?
答：运用
17. How to identify environmental microorganisms and conduct population dynamic analysis using the comprehensive technology of molecular genetics? Answer: Using
(1) 提取基因组 DNA (1) Extract genomic DNA
（2）制取 16 S rRNA 基因片段
(2) Obtain a 16S rRNA gene fragment
(2) Obtain a 16S rRNA gene fragment
（3）通过
(3) Classify and identify microorganisms through the analysis of gene fragments
(3) Classify and identify microorganisms through the analysis of gene fragments
18. 分别叙述原核与真核微生物的转录过程, 两者有什么不同?
18. Describe the transcription process of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms respectively, what are the differences between the two?
答: 转录过程: 启动
Answer: Transcription process: Initiate
Answer: Transcription process: Initiate
不同点: (1) 真核 RNA 的转录有的在细胞核内进行, 而蛋白质的合成在细胞质内。
Differences: (1) The transcription of eukaryotic RNA occurs in the cell nucleus, while protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm.
Differences: (1) The transcription of eukaryotic RNA occurs in the cell nucleus, while protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm.
（2）真核一个 mRNA一般只有一个基因，而原核通常有多个基因
(2) In eukaryotes, one mRNA generally corresponds to one gene, while in prokaryotes, there are usually multiple genes
(2) In eukaryotes, one mRNA generally corresponds to one gene, while in prokaryotes, there are usually multiple genes
（3）真核有 3 种 RNA 聚合酶，而原核只有 1 种
(3) Eukaryotes have three types of RNA polymerases, while prokaryotes have only one
(3) Eukaryotes have three types of RNA polymerases, while prokaryotes have only one
(4) 真核 RNA 聚合酶不能独立转录 RNA
(4) Eukaryotic RNA polymerase cannot transcribe RNA independently
(4) Eukaryotic RNA polymerase cannot transcribe RNA independently
第七章 微生物的生态 Chapter Seven Microbial Ecology
- 什么叫生态系统? 生态系统有什么功能? 什么叫生态圈? 什么叫生态平衡
What is an ecosystem? What functions does an ecosystem have? What is an ecological circle? What is ecological balance?
答: 生态系统是在一定时间和空间范围内由生物（包括动物、植物和微生物的个体、种群、群落）与它们的生境（包括光、水、土壤、空气及其他生物因子) 通过能量流动和物质循环所组成的一个自然体。它的功能有生物生产、能量流动、物质循环和信息传递。
Answer: An ecosystem is a natural body composed of organisms (including individuals, populations, and communities of animals, plants, and microorganisms) and their environment (including light, water, soil, air, and other biological factors) within a certain time and space range through energy flow and material cycling. Its functions include biological production, energy flow, material cycling, and information transmission.
Answer: An ecosystem is a natural body composed of organisms (including individuals, populations, and communities of animals, plants, and microorganisms) and their environment (including light, water, soil, air, and other biological factors) within a certain time and space range through energy flow and material cycling. Its functions include biological production, energy flow, material cycling, and information transmission.
生存在地球陆地以上和海面以下约
Living within a range of about
Living within a range of about
- 为什么说土壤是微生物最好的天然培养基? 土壤中有哪些微生物?
Why is soil considered the best natural medium for cultivating microorganisms? What microorganisms are found in soil?
答: 因为土壤具有微生物所必需的营养和微生物生长繁殖及生命活动所需要额各种条件, 所以说土壤是微生物最好的天然培养基。土壤中的微生物有细菌, 放线菌, 真菌, 藻类, 原生动物和微型动物。 3. 什么叫土壤自净? 土壤被污染后其微生物群落有什么变化?
Answer: Because soil contains the necessary nutrients for microorganisms and various conditions required for microbial growth, reproduction, and life activities, soil is considered the best natural culture medium for microorganisms. Microorganisms in the soil include bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae, protozoa, and microfauna. 3. What is self-purification of soil? What changes occur in the microbial community of soil after it is contaminated?
Answer: Because soil contains the necessary nutrients for microorganisms and various conditions required for microbial growth, reproduction, and life activities, soil is considered the best natural culture medium for microorganisms. Microorganisms in the soil include bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae, protozoa, and microfauna. 3. What is self-purification of soil? What changes occur in the microbial community of soil after it is contaminated?
答: 土壤对施入其中的一定负荷的有机物或有机污染物具有吸附和生物降解能力，通过各种物理、生化过程自动分解污染物使土壤恢复到原有水平的净化过程, 称为土壤自净。
Answer: Soil has the ability to adsorb and biodegrade a certain load of organic matter or organic pollutants added to it. The purification process that automatically decomposes pollutants through various physical and biochemical processes to restore the soil to its original level is called self-purification of soil.
Answer: Soil has the ability to adsorb and biodegrade a certain load of organic matter or organic pollutants added to it. The purification process that automatically decomposes pollutants through various physical and biochemical processes to restore the soil to its original level is called self-purification of soil.
土壤被污染后, 土壤的微生物区系和数量发生改变, 并诱导产生分解各种污染物的微生物新品种。
After the soil is contaminated, the microbial community and quantity of the soil change, inducing the production of new microbial species that decompose various pollutants.
After the soil is contaminated, the microbial community and quantity of the soil change, inducing the production of new microbial species that decompose various pollutants.
- 土壤是如何被污染的? 土壤污染有什么危害? How is soil polluted? What are the hazards of soil pollution?
答: 土壤污染的主要来在含有有机毒物和重金属的污水和废水的农田灌溉; 来自含有有机毒物和重金属的污、废水的土地处理; 来自固体废物的堆放和填埋等的渗漏液; 来自地下储油罐泄漏和以及农药喷酒。
Answer: The main sources of soil pollution are irrigation of farmland with sewage and wastewater containing organic pollutants and heavy metals; land treatment with sewage and wastewater containing organic pollutants and heavy metals; leachate from the stacking and landfilling of solid waste; leakage from underground oil storage tanks; and pesticide spraying.
Answer: The main sources of soil pollution are irrigation of farmland with sewage and wastewater containing organic pollutants and heavy metals; land treatment with sewage and wastewater containing organic pollutants and heavy metals; leachate from the stacking and landfilling of solid waste; leakage from underground oil storage tanks; and pesticide spraying.
危害: (1) 有机、无机毒物过多滞留、积累在土壤中, 改变了土壤的理化性质, 使土壤盐碱化, 板结。毒害植物和土壤微生物, 破坏土壤生态平衡。(2) 土壤中的毒物被植物吸收、富集、浓缩, 随食物链迁移, 会转移到人体; 或被雨水冲刷流入河流、湖泊或渗入地下水, 进而造成水体污染。污染物又随水源进入人体, 毒害人类。(3) 污水和废水中含有的各种病原微生物虽然有些在土壤中不适应而死亡, 但有些可在土壤中长时间存活, 它们可以通过各种途径转移到水体, 进而引起人类疾病。
Harm: (1) Excessive accumulation of organic and inorganic toxins in the soil, altering the soil's physical and chemical properties, leading to soil salinization and compaction. It poisons plants and soil microorganisms, disrupting the soil's ecological balance. (2) Toxins in the soil are absorbed, enriched, and concentrated by plants, transferred along the food chain to humans; or washed by rainwater into rivers, lakes, or seep into groundwater, causing water pollution. Pollutants enter the human body through water sources, poisoning humans. (3) Although some pathogenic microorganisms in sewage and wastewater may not survive in the soil, some can survive for a long time in the soil. They can be transferred to water bodies through various pathways, leading to human diseases.
Harm: (1) Excessive accumulation of organic and inorganic toxins in the soil, altering the soil's physical and chemical properties, leading to soil salinization and compaction. It poisons plants and soil microorganisms, disrupting the soil's ecological balance. (2) Toxins in the soil are absorbed, enriched, and concentrated by plants, transferred along the food chain to humans; or washed by rainwater into rivers, lakes, or seep into groundwater, causing water pollution. Pollutants enter the human body through water sources, poisoning humans. (3) Although some pathogenic microorganisms in sewage and wastewater may not survive in the soil, some can survive for a long time in the soil. They can be transferred to water bodies through various pathways, leading to human diseases.
- 什么叫土壤生物修复? 为什么要进行土壤修复? What is soil bioremediation? Why is soil remediation necessary?
答: 土壤生物修复是利用土壤中土壤中的天然微生物资源或人为投加目的菌株, 甚至用构建的特异降解功能菌投加到各污染土壤中, 将滞留的污染物快速降解和转化, 使土壤恢复其天然功能。
Answer: Soil bioremediation is the use of natural microbial resources in the soil or artificially added purpose strains, even using constructed specific degrading functional bacteria added to various polluted soils, to rapidly degrade and transform the retained pollutants, restoring the soil to its natural functions.
Answer: Soil bioremediation is the use of natural microbial resources in the soil or artificially added purpose strains, even using constructed specific degrading functional bacteria added to various polluted soils, to rapidly degrade and transform the retained pollutants, restoring the soil to its natural functions.
因为土壤受污染后会造成: (1) 有机、无机毒物过多滞留、积累在土壤中, 改变了土壤的理化性质, , 使土壤盐碱化, 板结。毒害植物和土壤微生物, 破坏土壤生态平衡。(2) 土壤中的毒物被植物吸收、富集、浓缩, 随食物链迁移, 会转移到人体; 或被雨水冲刷流入河流、湖泊或渗入地下水, 进而造成水体污染。污染物又随水源进入人体,毒害人类。3.污水和废水中含有的各种病原微生物虽然有些在土壤中不适应而死亡, 但有些可在土壤中长时间存活, 它们可以通过各种途径转移到水体, 进而进而人体, 引起人的疾病。所以要进行土壤修复。 6. 土壤生物修复技术关键有哪些方面?
Because soil pollution can cause: (1) excessive accumulation of organic and inorganic toxins in the soil, altering the soil's physical and chemical properties, causing soil salinization and compaction. It harms plants and soil microorganisms, disrupting the soil's ecological balance. (2) Toxins in the soil are absorbed, enriched, and concentrated by plants, transferred along the food chain, and can reach humans; or they can be washed by rainwater into rivers, lakes, or seep into groundwater, leading to water pollution. Pollutants enter the human body through water sources, harming humans. 3. Although some pathogenic microorganisms in sewage and wastewater may not survive in the soil, some can survive for a long time in the soil. They can be transferred to water bodies through various pathways, eventually reaching humans and causing diseases. Therefore, soil remediation is necessary. 6. What are the key aspects of soil bioremediation technology?
Because soil pollution can cause: (1) excessive accumulation of organic and inorganic toxins in the soil, altering the soil's physical and chemical properties, causing soil salinization and compaction. It harms plants and soil microorganisms, disrupting the soil's ecological balance. (2) Toxins in the soil are absorbed, enriched, and concentrated by plants, transferred along the food chain, and can reach humans; or they can be washed by rainwater into rivers, lakes, or seep into groundwater, leading to water pollution. Pollutants enter the human body through water sources, harming humans. 3. Although some pathogenic microorganisms in sewage and wastewater may not survive in the soil, some can survive for a long time in the soil. They can be transferred to water bodies through various pathways, eventually reaching humans and causing diseases. Therefore, soil remediation is necessary. 6. What are the key aspects of soil bioremediation technology?
答: 土壤生物修复的技术的关键有四个方面: (1) 微生物物种; (2) 微生物营养: 一般土壤微生物额碳氮比
Answer: There are four key aspects of soil bioremediation technology: (1) microbial species; (2) microbial nutrition: the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of soil microbes is generally
Answer: There are four key aspects of soil bioremediation technology: (1) microbial species; (2) microbial nutrition: the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of soil microbes is generally
- 空气微生物有哪些来源? 空气中有哪些微生物? What are the sources of airborne microorganisms? What microorganisms are present in the air?
答: 空气中微生物的来源很多, 尘土飞扬可将土壤微生物带至空中,小水滴飞浅将水中微生物带至空中, 人和动物身体的干燥脱落物, 呼吸道口腔内含微生物的分泌物通过咳嗽、打喷啧等方式飞溅到空气中。敞开的污水生物处理系统通过机器晩拌, 鼓风曝气等可使污水中的微生物以气溶胶的形式飞㴁到空气中。
Answer: There are many sources of microorganisms in the air. Dust can carry soil microorganisms into the air, while small water droplets can carry water microorganisms into the air. The dry sheddings from human and animal bodies, as well as secretions containing microorganisms in the respiratory tract and oral cavity, can be splashed into the air through coughing, sneezing, and other means. Open sewage treatment systems can use mechanical stirring, aeration, and other methods to release microorganisms in the sewage into the air in the form of aerosols.
Answer: There are many sources of microorganisms in the air. Dust can carry soil microorganisms into the air, while small water droplets can carry water microorganisms into the air. The dry sheddings from human and animal bodies, as well as secretions containing microorganisms in the respiratory tract and oral cavity, can be splashed into the air through coughing, sneezing, and other means. Open sewage treatment systems can use mechanical stirring, aeration, and other methods to release microorganisms in the sewage into the air in the form of aerosols.
主要有芽孢杆菌、露菌和放线菌的狍子、野生酵母菌、原生动物
Mainly composed of Bacillus, yeast, actinomycetes, wild yeast, and protozoa
和微型后生动物的胞囊。 And the capsules of micro metazoans.
Mainly composed of Bacillus, yeast, actinomycetes, wild yeast, and protozoa
和微型后生动物的胞囊。 And the capsules of micro metazoans.
-
空气中有哪些致病微生物? 以什么微生物为空气污染指示菌?答: 空气中有白色葡萄球菌、金色葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌、白喉杆菌、肺炎球菌及结核杆菌、病毒粒子、阿米巴胞囊、立克次氏体等。以绿色链球菌为空气污染指示菌。
What pathogenic microorganisms are in the air? What microorganism is an indicator of air pollution? Answer: The air contains Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, virus particles, amoeba cysts, and Rickettsia. Streptococcus pyogenes is an indicator of air pollution. -
水体中微生物有几方面来源? 微生物在水体中的分布有什么样的规律?
What are the sources of microorganisms in water? What are the distribution patterns of microorganisms in water?
答: 水体中微生物的来源有：水体中固有的微生物、来自土壤的微生物、来自生产和生活的微生物、来自空气的微生物。据海面 0 10m 的深处因受阳光照射含菌量较少, 浮游藻类较多。
Answer: The sources of microorganisms in water include: inherent microorganisms in water, microorganisms from soil, microorganisms from production and life, and microorganisms from the air. The amount of bacteria in the deep sea surface 0-10m is less due to sunlight exposure, with more floating algae. The number of microorganisms is higher from below
Answer: The sources of microorganisms in water include: inherent microorganisms in water, microorganisms from soil, microorganisms from production and life, and microorganisms from the air. The amount of bacteria in the deep sea surface 0-10m is less due to sunlight exposure, with more floating algae. The number of microorganisms is higher from below
- 什么叫水体自净? 可根据哪些指标判断水体自净程度?
What is self-purification of water? What indicators can be used to determine the degree of self-purification of water?
答: 河流接纳了一定量的有机污染物后, 在物理、化学和水生物等因素的综合作用后得到净化, 水质恢复到污染前的水平和状态, 叫做水体自净。判断水体自净程度的指标有
Answer: After the river accepts a certain amount of organic pollutants, it is purified through the comprehensive effects of physical, chemical, and aquatic biological factors, and the water quality is restored to the level and state before pollution, which is called self-purification of water bodies. The indicators for judging the degree of self-purification of water bodies include the
Answer: After the river accepts a certain amount of organic pollutants, it is purified through the comprehensive effects of physical, chemical, and aquatic biological factors, and the water quality is restored to the level and state before pollution, which is called self-purification of water bodies. The indicators for judging the degree of self-purification of water bodies include the
- 水体污染的指标有哪几种? 污化系统分为那几“带”? 各“带”有什么特征?
What are the indicators of water pollution? How many "zones" is the pollution system divided into? What are the characteristics of each "zone"?
答: 水体污染的指标有: BIP 指数、细菌菌落总数、总大肠菌群。
Answer: The indicators of water pollution include: BIP index, total bacterial colony count, total coliform group.
Answer: The indicators of water pollution include: BIP index, total bacterial colony count, total coliform group.
多污带: 多污带位于排污口之后的区段, 水呈暗灰色, 很浑浊, 含有大量有机物, BOD 高, 溶解氧极低, 为厌氧状态。
Polluted zone: The polluted zone is located after the sewage outlet, the water is dark gray, very turbid, containing a large amount of organic matter, high BOD, very low dissolved oxygen, in an anaerobic state.
Polluted zone: The polluted zone is located after the sewage outlet, the water is dark gray, very turbid, containing a large amount of organic matter, high BOD, very low dissolved oxygen, in an anaerobic state.
寡污带：寡污带在
Scavenger zone: After the scavenger zone at
Scavenger zone: After the scavenger zone at
- 什么叫水体富营养化? 评价水体富营养化的方法有几种?
What is eutrophication of water bodies? How many methods are there to evaluate water eutrophication?
答：水体富营养化是指在人类活动的影响下，生物所需的氮、磷等营养物质大量进入湖泊、河口、海湾等缓流水体, 引起藻类及其他浮游生物迅速繁殖, 水体溶解氧量下降, 水质恶化, 鱼类及其他生物大量死亡的现象。
Answer: Eutrophication of water bodies refers to the phenomenon where, under the influence of human activities, a large amount of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus needed by organisms enter slow-flowing water bodies such as lakes, estuaries, and bays, causing rapid proliferation of algae and other plankton, a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels in the water, deterioration of water quality, and a large number of deaths of fish and other organisms.
Answer: Eutrophication of water bodies refers to the phenomenon where, under the influence of human activities, a large amount of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus needed by organisms enter slow-flowing water bodies such as lakes, estuaries, and bays, causing rapid proliferation of algae and other plankton, a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels in the water, deterioration of water quality, and a large number of deaths of fish and other organisms.
评价方法有: 观察蓝藻等指示生物, 测定生物的现存量, 测定原初生产力, 测定透明度, 测定氮磷等导致富营养化的物质。
Evaluation methods include: observing indicator organisms such as blue-green algae, measuring the current population of organisms, measuring primary productivity, measuring transparency, and measuring substances such as nitrogen and phosphorus that lead to eutrophication.
Evaluation methods include: observing indicator organisms such as blue-green algae, measuring the current population of organisms, measuring primary productivity, measuring transparency, and measuring substances such as nitrogen and phosphorus that lead to eutrophication.
13. AGP 是何意？如何测定 AGP?
13. What is AGP? How is AGP determined?
答：AGP 是藻类生产的潜在能力。把特定的藻类接种在天然水体或废水中, 在一定的光照度和温度条件下培养, 使藻类增长到稳定期为止, 通过测干重或细胞数来测其增长量。
Answer: AGP is the potential of algae production. Inoculate specific algae in natural water or wastewater, cultivate under certain light intensity and temperature conditions, allow the algae to grow until reaching a stable period, and measure the growth amount through dry weight or cell count.
Answer: AGP is the potential of algae production. Inoculate specific algae in natural water or wastewater, cultivate under certain light intensity and temperature conditions, allow the algae to grow until reaching a stable period, and measure the growth amount through dry weight or cell count.
将培养液用滤膜或高压蒸汽灭菌器除去
Sterilize the culture medium with a filter membrane or high-pressure steam sterilizer to remove
Sterilize the culture medium with a filter membrane or high-pressure steam sterilizer to remove
第八章 微生物在环境物质循环中的作用 Chapter Eight The Role of Microorganisms in the Cycling of Environmental Substances
1. 自然界中碳素如何循环? How does carbon cycle in nature?
答: 含碳物质有二氧化碳、一氧化碳、甲烷、糖类、脂肪和蛋白质等。
Answer: Carbon-containing substances include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, sugars, fats, and proteins, etc.
Answer: Carbon-containing substances include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, sugars, fats, and proteins, etc.
碳循环以二氧化碳为中心, 二氧化碳被植物藻类利用进行光合作用, 合成植物性炭; 动物摄食植物就将植物性炭转化为动物性炭; 动物和人呼吸放出二氧化碳,有机碳化合物被厌氧微生物和耗氧微生物分解所生成的二氧化碳均返回大气，而后, 二氧化碳再一次被植物利用进入碳循环。
The carbon cycle revolves around carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is utilized by plants and algae for photosynthesis, synthesizing plant-based carbon. Animals consuming plants convert plant-based carbon into animal-based carbon. Animals and humans release carbon dioxide through respiration, and the carbon compounds are decomposed by anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms, returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Subsequently, carbon dioxide is once again utilized by plants to enter the carbon cycle.
The carbon cycle revolves around carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is utilized by plants and algae for photosynthesis, synthesizing plant-based carbon. Animals consuming plants convert plant-based carbon into animal-based carbon. Animals and humans release carbon dioxide through respiration, and the carbon compounds are decomposed by anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms, returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Subsequently, carbon dioxide is once again utilized by plants to enter the carbon cycle.
2 详叙述纤维素的好养和戻氧分解过程。有哪些微生物和酶参与?
Describe in detail the process of cellulose digestion and decomposition. Which microorganisms and enzymes are involved?
Describe in detail the process of cellulose digestion and decomposition. Which microorganisms and enzymes are involved?
答: 纤维素好氧分解: 纤维素在纤维素酶的作用下分解为纤维二
Answer: Aerobic decomposition of cellulose: Cellulose is decomposed into cellulose 二 under the action of cellulase
Answer: Aerobic decomposition of cellulose: Cellulose is decomposed into cellulose 二 under the action of cellulase
糖, 在纤维二糖酶的作用下分解为葡萄糖, 再进入三羧酸循环成为 ATP、水、二氧化碳。
Sugar, under the action of sucrase, is broken down into glucose, then enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle to become ATP, water, and carbon dioxide.
Sugar, under the action of sucrase, is broken down into glucose, then enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle to become ATP, water, and carbon dioxide.
微生物与酶: 粘细菌、镰状纤维菌、纤维弧菌。纤维素酶、纤维二糖酶、氧化酶、脱氢酶、脱羧酶细胞色素氧化酶。
Microorganisms and enzymes: Viscous bacteria, sickle-shaped fungi, fibrous arc bacteria. Cellulase, hemicellulase, oxidase, dehydrogenase, decarboxylase cytochrome oxidase.
Microorganisms and enzymes: Viscous bacteria, sickle-shaped fungi, fibrous arc bacteria. Cellulase, hemicellulase, oxidase, dehydrogenase, decarboxylase cytochrome oxidase.
厌氧分解：厌氧发酵成为葡萄糖, 葡萄糖经丙酮丁醇发酵成为：丙酮、丁醇、乙酸、水、二氧化碳。葡萄糖经丁酸发酵, 生成丁酸、乙酸、水、二氧化碳。
Anaerobic decomposition: Anaerobic fermentation produces glucose, which is then fermented into acetone, butanol, acetic acid, water, and carbon dioxide. Glucose can also be fermented into butyric acid, acetic acid, water, and carbon dioxide.
Anaerobic decomposition: Anaerobic fermentation produces glucose, which is then fermented into acetone, butanol, acetic acid, water, and carbon dioxide. Glucose can also be fermented into butyric acid, acetic acid, water, and carbon dioxide.
微生物: 产纤维二糖芽孢梭菌、无芽孢厌氧分解菌、嗜热纤维芽孢梭菌。
Microorganisms: Fiber-producing bacillus, anaerobic decomposing bacteria without spores, thermophilic fiber bacillus.
Microorganisms: Fiber-producing bacillus, anaerobic decomposing bacteria without spores, thermophilic fiber bacillus.
3 , 叙述淀粉的好养分解和厌氧分解过程。有哪些酶和微生物参与?
Describe the process of starch digestion and anaerobic degradation. Which enzymes and microorganisms are involved?
答: 在好氧条件下, 淀粉水解成葡萄糖, 进而发酵成丙酮酸, 经三羧酸循环完全氧化成水、二氧化碳。在厌氧条件下。淀粉经乙醇发酵, 生成乙醇和二氧化碳。在专性厌氧菌的作用下葡萄糖经丙酮丁醇发酵成为：丙酮、丁醇、乙酸、水、二氧化碳。葡萄糖经丁酸发酵, 生成丁酸、乙酸、水、二氧化碳。
Answer: Under aerobic conditions, starch is hydrolyzed into glucose, which is then fermented into pyruvic acid, and completely oxidized into water and carbon dioxide through the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Under anaerobic conditions, starch undergoes ethanol fermentation, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide. Glucose undergoes acetone-butanol fermentation under the action of obligate anaerobic bacteria to produce acetone, butanol, acetic acid, water, and carbon dioxide. Glucose undergoes butyric acid fermentation, producing butyric acid, acetic acid, water, and carbon dioxide.
Answer: Under aerobic conditions, starch is hydrolyzed into glucose, which is then fermented into pyruvic acid, and completely oxidized into water and carbon dioxide through the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Under anaerobic conditions, starch undergoes ethanol fermentation, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide. Glucose undergoes acetone-butanol fermentation under the action of obligate anaerobic bacteria to produce acetone, butanol, acetic acid, water, and carbon dioxide. Glucose undergoes butyric acid fermentation, producing butyric acid, acetic acid, water, and carbon dioxide.
微生物和酶：好氧条件下：枯草芽孢杆菌、根酶、曲霸、
Microorganisms and enzymes: Under aerobic conditions: Bacillus subtilis, cellulase, amylase, protease,
Microorganisms and enzymes: Under aerobic conditions: Bacillus subtilis, cellulase, amylase, protease,
4 , 脂肪酸是如何进行
How are fatty acids
答: 脂肪酸先是被脂酰硫激活酶激活, 然后
Answer: Fatty acids are first activated by acyl sulfurase, then undergo dehydrogenation, hydration, dehydrogenation, hydration on the
Answer: Fatty acids are first activated by acyl sulfurase, then undergo dehydrogenation, hydration, dehydrogenation, hydration on the
第一次
The first
The first
5, 自然界中氮素如何循环? 5, How does nitrogen cycle in nature?
答: 大气中的分子氮被根㾿菌固定后可供给豆科植物利用, 还可以被固氮菌和固氮蓝细菌固定成氨, 氨溶于水生成
Answer: Molecular nitrogen in the atmosphere can be fixed by rhizobia to supply leguminous plants, and can also be fixed into ammonia by nitrogen-fixing bacteria and nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. Ammonia dissolves in water to form
Answer: Molecular nitrogen in the atmosphere can be fixed by rhizobia to supply leguminous plants, and can also be fixed into ammonia by nitrogen-fixing bacteria and nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. Ammonia dissolves in water to form
6, 何罱氨化作用, 硝化作用, 反硝化作用, 固氮作用? 它们各有罒些微生物作用?答: 氨化作用: 有机氮化合物在氨化微生物的脱氨基作用下产生氨。
6. What are the processes of ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, and nitrogen fixation? What are the roles of microorganisms in each of them? Answer: Ammonification: Organic nitrogen compounds produce ammonia through the deamination process of ammonifying microorganisms.
6. What are the processes of ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, and nitrogen fixation? What are the roles of microorganisms in each of them? Answer: Ammonification: Organic nitrogen compounds produce ammonia through the deamination process of ammonifying microorganisms.
微生物: 梭状芽胞杆菌。 Microorganism: Bacillus subtilis.
硝化作用: 氨基酸脱下的氨, 在有氧条件下, 经亚硝酸细菌和亚硝酸细菌的作用转化为硝酸。微生物: 亚硝酸单胞菌属、亚硝酸球菌属、亚硝酸螺菌属、亚硝酸叶菌属、亚硝酸弧菌属、硝化杆菌属、硝化杆球属。
Nitrification: Ammonia released from amino acids is converted to nitrate under aerobic conditions through the action of nitrite bacteria and nitrate bacteria. Microorganisms: Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, Nitrospira, Nitrosolobus, Nitrosopira, Nitrobacter, Nitrospina.
硝化作用: 氨基酸脱下的氨, 在有氧条件下, 经亚硝酸细菌和亚硝酸细菌的作用转化为硝酸。微生物: 亚硝酸单胞菌属、亚硝酸球菌属、亚硝酸螺菌属、亚硝酸叶菌属、亚硝酸弧菌属、硝化杆菌属、硝化杆球属。
Nitrification: Ammonia released from amino acids is converted to nitrate under aerobic conditions through the action of nitrite bacteria and nitrate bacteria. Microorganisms: Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, Nitrospira, Nitrosolobus, Nitrosopira, Nitrobacter, Nitrospina.
反硝化作用: 兼性厌氧的硝酸盐还原细菌将硝酸盐还原成氮气。微生
Denitrification: Facultative anaerobic nitrate-reducing bacteria reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas. Microbial
Denitrification: Facultative anaerobic nitrate-reducing bacteria reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas. Microbial
物: 施式假单胞菌, 脱氮假单胞菌, 荧光假单胞菌, 紫色杆菌, 脱氮色杆菌。
Substances: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, denitrifying Pseudomonas, fluorescent Pseudomonas, purple rod bacteria, denitrifying rod bacteria.
Substances: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, denitrifying Pseudomonas, fluorescent Pseudomonas, purple rod bacteria, denitrifying rod bacteria.
固氮作用：在固氮微生物的固氮没催化作用下，把分子氮转化为氨，进而合成有机氮化合物。微生物: 根瘤菌、园褐固氮菌、黄色固氮菌、拜叶林克氏菌属、万氏固氮菌。
Nitrogen fixation: Under the catalysis of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, molecular nitrogen is converted into ammonia, and then synthesized into organic nitrogen compounds. Microorganisms: Rhizobia, Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum lipoferum, Beijerinckia, and Azotobacter vinelandii.
Nitrogen fixation: Under the catalysis of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, molecular nitrogen is converted into ammonia, and then synthesized into organic nitrogen compounds. Microorganisms: Rhizobia, Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum lipoferum, Beijerinckia, and Azotobacter vinelandii.
7 , 氨基酸脱氨有几种方式？各写出一个化学反应。
There are several ways for amino acid deamination. Write down a chemical reaction for each.
答: 氨基酸脱氨方式分别是氧化脱氨、还原脱璌, 水解脱氨及减饱和脱氨。
Answer: The deamination methods of amino acids are oxidative deamination, reductive deamination, hydrolytic deamination, and desaturation deamination.
Answer: The deamination methods of amino acids are oxidative deamination, reductive deamination, hydrolytic deamination, and desaturation deamination.
(1) 氧化脱氨: 在好氧微生物作用下进行。 (1) Oxidative deamination: carried out under aerobic microbial action.
（2）还原脱璌: 由专性厌氧菌和兼性厌氧菌在厌氧条件下进行。
(2) Reduction of nitrate: carried out by obligate anaerobic bacteria and facultative anaerobic bacteria under anaerobic conditions.
(2) Reduction of nitrate: carried out by obligate anaerobic bacteria and facultative anaerobic bacteria under anaerobic conditions.
（3）水解脱安: 氨基酸水解脱氨后生成羟酸。 (3) Hydrolysis deamination: Amino acids generate hydroxy acids after deamination.
（4）减饱和脱氨: 氨基酸在脱氨基时，在
(4) Dehydrogenation and deamination: Amino acids become unsaturated acids by dehydrogenation at position
(4) Dehydrogenation and deamination: Amino acids become unsaturated acids by dehydrogenation at position
8 , 叙述硫的循环。 8. Describe the sulfur cycle.
答: 在水生环境中, 硫酸盐或通过化学作用产生, 或来自污水, 或是硫细菌氧化硫或硫化氢产生。硫酸盐被植物藻类吸收后转化为含硫有机化合物, 在厌氧条件下进行腐败作用产生硫化氢, 硫化氢被无色硫细菌氧化为流, 并进一步氧化为硫酸盐, 硫酸盐在厌氧条件下被硫酸还原菌还原为硫化氢, 硫化氢又被光合细菌用作供氢体, 氧化为硫或硫酸盐。
Answer: In aquatic environments, sulfates are produced through chemical reactions, from sewage, or by the oxidation of sulfur or hydrogen sulfide by sulfur bacteria. Sulfates absorbed by plants and algae are converted into sulfur-containing organic compounds, which undergo decay under anaerobic conditions to produce hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide is oxidized by colorless sulfur bacteria to form sulfur, which is further oxidized to sulfates. Sulfates are reduced back to hydrogen sulfide by sulfate-reducing bacteria under anaerobic conditions, and hydrogen sulfide is used by photosynthetic bacteria as a hydrogen source, oxidizing it to sulfur or sulfates.
Answer: In aquatic environments, sulfates are produced through chemical reactions, from sewage, or by the oxidation of sulfur or hydrogen sulfide by sulfur bacteria. Sulfates absorbed by plants and algae are converted into sulfur-containing organic compounds, which undergo decay under anaerobic conditions to produce hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide is oxidized by colorless sulfur bacteria to form sulfur, which is further oxidized to sulfates. Sulfates are reduced back to hydrogen sulfide by sulfate-reducing bacteria under anaerobic conditions, and hydrogen sulfide is used by photosynthetic bacteria as a hydrogen source, oxidizing it to sulfur or sulfates.
答: 硫化作用: 在有氧条件下, 通过硫细菌的作用将硫化氢氧化为元素硫, 再进而氧化成硫酸。参与的微生物: 硫化细菌、硫磺细菌。
Answer: Sulfurization: Under aerobic conditions, hydrogen sulfide is oxidized to elemental sulfur by the action of sulfur bacteria, and then further oxidized to sulfuric acid. Participating microorganisms: Sulfur bacteria, sulfur bacteria.
Answer: Sulfurization: Under aerobic conditions, hydrogen sulfide is oxidized to elemental sulfur by the action of sulfur bacteria, and then further oxidized to sulfuric acid. Participating microorganisms: Sulfur bacteria, sulfur bacteria.
10, 什么叫硫酸盐还原作用? 它对环境有什么危害?
10. What is the reduction reaction of sulfates? What harm does it pose to the environment?
答: 硫酸盐还原作用: 土壤淹水、河流、湖泊等水体处于缺氧状态时,硫酸盐, 亚硫酸盐、硫代硫酸盐和次亚硫酸盐在微生物还原作用下形成硫化氢。在混凝土排水管和铸铁排水管中, 硫酸盐还原作用产生的硫化氢上升到污水表层, 与污水表层溶解氧相遇, 被氧化成硫酸使混凝土排水管和铸铁排水管受到腐蚀。
Answer: Sulfate reduction: When soil is flooded, rivers, lakes and other water bodies are in an anaerobic state, sulfates, sulfites, thiosulfates, and sulfides are formed under the microbial reduction, producing hydrogen sulfide. In concrete drainage pipes and cast iron drainage pipes, the hydrogen sulfide generated by sulfate reduction rises to the surface of the sewage, encounters dissolved oxygen in the sewage surface, and is oxidized to sulfuric acid, causing corrosion to the concrete drainage pipes and cast iron drainage pipes.
Answer: Sulfate reduction: When soil is flooded, rivers, lakes and other water bodies are in an anaerobic state, sulfates, sulfites, thiosulfates, and sulfides are formed under the microbial reduction, producing hydrogen sulfide. In concrete drainage pipes and cast iron drainage pipes, the hydrogen sulfide generated by sulfate reduction rises to the surface of the sewage, encounters dissolved oxygen in the sewage surface, and is oxidized to sulfuric acid, causing corrosion to the concrete drainage pipes and cast iron drainage pipes.
11 , 叙述磷的循环。有机磷如何分解? 11. Describe the phosphorus cycle. How does organic phosphorus decompose?
答: 植物和微生物不能直接利用含磷有机物和不溶性磷酸钙, 必须经过微生物分解转化为溶解性的磷酸盐, 才能被植物和微生物吸收利用。当溶解性磷酸盐被植物吸收后, 变为植物体内含磷有机物, 动物食用后变成动物体内含磷有机物, 动物和植物尸体在微生物作用下分解转化为溶解性的偏磷酸盐, 偏磷酸盐在厌氧条件下被还原为
有机磷的分解：核酸、磷脂、植素均可被生微生物降解。
12, 下水道的混凝土管和 铸铁管为什么会被腐蚀?
答: 铁细菌生活在铸铁水管中时, 水管内常因有酸性水被腐蚀, 转化为溶解性的二价铁, 铁细菌就利用二价铁转化为三价铁, 因此产生能量合成细胞物质, 三价铁沉积于水管壁上越积越多, 以致阻塞水管, 故经常要跟更换水管。
13 , 铁的三态是如何转化的? 有哪些微生物引起管道腐蚀?
答：二价的亚铁盐易被植物微生物吸收利用, 转变成含铁有机物。二价和三价铁的化学转化受
14, 趋磁性细菌是一类什么样的微生物
答：趋磁细菌是一类在外磁场的作用下能作定向运动并在体内形成纳米磁性颗粒一磁小体的细菌, 其主要分布于土壤、湖泊和海洋等水底污泥中。
15 , 氧化铁和锰的细菌有哪些?
答：氧化铁和锰的细菌有：覆盖生金菌、共生生金菌、土微菌属。
16 , 叙述永的循环。
答: 含永工业废物随废水排放到水体中, 大气中的录由于雨水冲刷带到土壤和水体中, 再由土壤细菌和水体底泥中的脱硫弧菌及其他细菌转化为甲基录; 甲基录由于化学作用转化为单质永, 它由水体释放到大气后被大气中的, 二氧化氢氧化为录离子; 录离子在随雨水到水体, 在化学作用条件下转化为甲基录离子; 甲基永离子通过微生物转化为二甲基永; 二甲基永被鱼食用再转移到水鸟体内, 甚至转移到人体内。
17，何为传统反硝化，有几种结果？
答: 传统反消化是指只有在缺氧或厌氧的条件下反硝化细菌才有活性, 能进行反硝化作用, 将硝酸盐还原为氮气。
结果: (1)同化性反硝化: 大多数细菌利用硝酸盐为氮素营养, 通过硝酸还原酶类的作用, 将硝酸盐还原成氨气, 进而合成氨基酸等。(2)反硝化细菌在厌氧条件下,以有机物为电子供体, 将硝酸还原为氮气和一氧化二氮。(3)专性化能自养的兼性
厌氧菌利用无机碳源生长代谢, 进行反消化作用, 以硝酸盐为呼吸作用的最终电子受体, 氧化硫或氢获得能量。
厌氧菌利用无机碳源生长代谢, 进行反消化作用, 以硝酸盐为呼吸作用的最终电子受体, 氧化硫或氢获得能量。
- 何为厌氧氨氧化脱氨? 厌氧氨氧化菌是一类什么样的细菌? 它有哪些细胞结构? 有哪些酶?
答: (1) 以铵根离子为电子供体, 以亚硝酸根为电子受体, 最终生成氮气。
(2) 进行厌氧氨氧化脱氨的细菌称为厌氧氨氧化菌, 它是专性化能自养菌, 它的碳原是二氧化碳; 对光及敏感, 生长缓慢; 具有复杂细胞内膜结构, 从细胞外到内分别为外室细胞质、核糖细胞质、厌氧氨氧化体; 具有硝酸还原酶、联氨水解酶、联氨氧化酶。
- 什么叫好氧反硝化? 脱氮副球菌是什么样的细菌? 它为什么能在好氧条件下进行反硝化?
答: (1) 好氧反硝化是指在有氧条件下进行反硝化作用。
(2) 脱氮副球菌在有氧条件时的电子传递链在 4 细胞色素
(3) 因为它在好氧条件下仍有活性。
第九章 水环境污染控制与治理的生态工程及微生物学原理
- 什么叫活性污泥? 它的组成和性质是什么?
答: 由多种多样的微生物与污废水中的有机的和无机的固体物混凝交
好氧活性污泥组成: 好氧微生物和兼性厌氧微生物（兼有少量厌氧微生物）与其上吸附的有机无机固体杂质组成。
好氧活性污泥性质: 含水率
厌氧活性污泥组成: 兼性厌氧菌和专性厌氧菌与废水中的有机杂质交织在一起形成颗粒污泥。
厌氧活性污泥组成: 兼性厌氧菌和专性厌氧菌与废水中的有机杂质交织在一起形成颗粒污泥。
厌氧活性污泥性质: 颜色呈灰色至黑色, 有生物吸附作用、生物降解作用和絮凝作用, 有一定沉降能力。污泥直径在
- 好氧活性污泥中有哪些微生物?
答: 好氧微生物和兼性厌氧微生物（兼有少量厌氧微生物）, 多数是革兰氏阴性菌, 还有其他的革兰氏阳性菌。
3. 叙述好氧活性污泥净化废水的机理。
答: 类似于水处理中混凝剂的作用, 同时又能吸收和分解水中溶解性污染物。第一步, 在有氧条件下活性污泥线粒中的絮凝性微生物吸附水中的有机物; 第二步, 活性污泥线粒中的水解性细菌水解大分子有机物为小分子有机物, 同时, 微生物合成自身细胞。废水中的溶解性有机物直接被细菌吸收, 在细菌体内氧化分解, 其中间代谢产物被另一群细菌吸收, 进而无机化; 第三步, 其他的微生物吸收或吞食未分解彻底的有机物。
- 叙述氧化塘和氧化沟处理废水的机制。
答: 一般用于三级深度处理。机理:
有机物流入氧化塘, 其中细菌吸收水中溶解氧, 将有机物氧化分解为
5. 菌胶团原生动物和微型后生动物有哪些作用?
（1）菌胶团作用：(1)有很强的生物性能, 吸附能力和氧化分解有机物的能力; (2)菌胶团对有机物的吸附和分解为原生动物和微型后生动物提供了良好的生存环境; (3)为原生动物微型后生动物提供附着栖息场所; (4)具有指示作用, 可衡量耗氧活性污泥的性质。
(2) 原生动物和微后生动物作用: (1)指示作用 a. 可根据其氧气和活动规律判断水质和污水的处理程度, 还可判断活性污泥培养的成熟程度; b. 根据种类来判断活性污泥是否正常, 出水水质水质是否好, 活性污泥结构是否松散, 若线虫出现说明缺氧; c. 可以根据其遇恶劣环境改变个体形态及其变化过程, 来判断进水水质变化和运行中出现的问题。(2)净化作用, 它们吞噬有机颗粒和游离细菌及其他微小生物, 净化作用次于菌胶团; (3)促进迅灵作用和沉淀作用 6. 在废水生物处理过程中如何利用原生动物的演替和个体变化判断
处理效果?
| 活性污泥培养初期 | 活性污泥培养中期 | 活性污泥培养成熟期 |
| 鞭毛虫、变形虫 | 游泳型纤毛虫、鞭毛虫 | 钟虫等固着型纤毛虫、楯 |
| 纤虫、轮虫 |
- 如何培养活性污泥和进行微生物膜的挂膜?
答: 间歇式曝气培养和连续曝气培养。1. 取菌种 2. 驯化: 间歇曝气,先进低浓度水, 曝气, 沉淀, 倾去上清液, 再进同浓度的新鲜废水,继续曝气培养 3. 培养: 驯化好的活性污泥用连续曝气法培养。有自然挂膜法, 活性污泥挂膜法, 优势菌种挂膜法。活性污泥挂膜法:取活性污泥做菌种, 将废水和污泥混合, 慢慢将混合液打入滤池, 循环, 然后变为慢速连续进水, 这一过程中, 活性污泥附在滤料上以废水中的有机物为营养, 生长繁殖。逐渐形成带粘性的生物膜。
- 叙述生物膜法净化废水的作用机理。
答: 上层生物膜中的生物膜生物和生物膜面生物吸附废水中的大分子有机物, 将其水解为小分子有机物。同时吸收溶解性有机物和经水解的水分子有机物进入体内, 并氧化分解它, 微生物利用吸收的营养构建自身细胞。上一层的代谢产物流向下层, 被下一层生物膜生物吸收,进一步被氧化分解成
- 什么叫活性污泥丝状膨胀? 引起活性污泥丝状膨胀的微生物有哪答：由于丝状菌极度生长引起的活性污泥膨胀称活性污泥丝状膨胀。经常出现的有诺卡氏菌属, 浮游球衣菌, 微丝菌属, 发硫菌属, 贝日阿托氏菌属等。
10.促使活性污泥丝状膨胀的环境因素有哪些?
答: 主要有:
a) 温度: 最适宜在 30 摄氏度左右。
b) 溶解氧
c) 可溶性有机物及其种类
d) 有机物浓度（或有机负荷）
e)
e)
11.为什么丝状细菌在废水生物处理中能优势成长?
答: 在单位体积中, 成丝状扩展生长的丝状细菌的表面积与容积之比较絮凝性菌胶团细菌的大, 对有限制性的营养和环境条件的争夺占优势, 絮凝性菌胶团细菌处于劣势, 丝状菌就能大量繁殖成优势菌, 从而引起活性污泥丝状膨胀。
12.如何控制活性污泥丝状膨胀?
答: 根本是要控制引起丝状菌过度生长的环境因子。(1) 控制溶解氧
(2) 控制有机负荷 (3) 改革工艺。
13.含碳含硫的高浓度有机废水有几种处理方法?
答: 厌氧消化法, 有机光合细菌处理。
- 叙述高浓度有机废水厌氧沼气 (甲烷) 发酥的理论及其微生物群落。
答: 第一阶段: 水解和发酵性细菌群将复杂有机物水解发酵。微生物群落是水解发酵性细菌群, 有专性厌氧的, 有兼性厌氧的。
第二阶段: 产氢和产乙酸细菌群把第一阶段的产物进一步分解为乙酸和氢气。微生物群落是产氢, 产乙酸细菌, 只有少数被分离出来。
第三阶段: 将第一阶段发酵的三碳以上的有机酸, 长链脂肪酸, 芳香族酸及醇等分解为乙酸和氢气的细菌和硫酸还原菌。微生物群落是两组生理不同的专性厌氧的产甲烷菌群。
第四阶段: 为同型产乙酸阶段, 是同型产乙酸细菌将氢气和二氧化碳转化为乙酸的过程。正在研究中。
第十章 有机固体废物与废弃的微生物处理及微生物群落
- 污、废水为什么要脱氮除磷?
答: 氮和磷是生物的重要营养源。但水体中氮磷过多, 危害极大。最大的危害是引起水体富营养化。蓝藻、绿藻等大量繁殖后引起水体缺氧, 产生毒素, 进而毒死鱼虾等水生生物和危害人体健康。使水源水质恶化。不但影响人类生活, 还严重影响工农业生产。
- 微生物脱氮工艺有哪些?
答: 有
- 叙述污、废水脱氮原理。
答: 脱氮首先利用设施内好氧段, 由亚硝化细菌的消化作用, 将
- 参与脱氮的微生物有哪些? 它们有什么生理特征?
答: 硝化作用段微生物:
氧化氨的细菌: 专性好氧菌, 在低氧压下能生长。氧化
氧化亚硝酸细菌: 大多数在
反硝化作用段细菌:
反硝化细菌: 所有能以
- 什么叫捷径反硝化? 在生产中它有何意义?
答: 即消化作用产生
- 脱氮运行管理中要掌握哪几个关键才能获得高的脱氮效果?
答: 硝化段运行操作:
(1) 泥龄
(2) 要供给足够氧
(3) 控制适度的曝气时间（水力停留时间）
(4) 在硝化过程中, 消耗了碱性物质
(5) 温度
反硝化段运行操作:
(1) 碳源（电子供体/供氢体）
(2)
(3) 最终电子受体
(4) 温度
(5) 溶解氧
- 何谓积磷菌? 有哪些积磷菌? 叙述它的放磷和吸磷的生化机制。
答: 某些微生物在好氧时能大量吸收磷酸盐合成自身核酸和 ATP, 而且能逆浓度梯度过量吸磷合成储能的多聚磷酸盐颗粒于体内, 供其内源呼吸用。称这些细菌为聚磷菌。有深红红螺菌, 着色菌属, 浮游球衣菌, 贝日阿托氏菌属等。
厌氧释放磷的过程: 产酸菌在厌氧或缺氧条件下分解蛋白质。脂肪、碳水化合物等大分子有机物为三类可快速降解的基质。聚磷菌则在厌氧条件下, 分解体内的多聚磷酸盐产生 ATP, 利用 ATP 以主动运输方式吸收产酸菌提供的三类基质进入细胞内合成 PHB。与此同时,释放出
好氧吸磷过程: 聚磷菌在好氧条件下, 分解机体内的 PHB 和外源基质, 产生质子驱动力,将体外的
- 有哪些除磷工艺？在运行操作中与脱氮有何不同？
答： Bardenpho 生物除磷工艺，Phoredox 工艺， A/O 及
在一种废水中同时除磷和脱氮, 就要合理调整泥龄和水力停留时间, 兼顾硝化细菌和反硝化细菌及除磷菌的生理要求, 使其和谐生长繁殖。若只需除磷不需脱氮用化学法加药剂除磷。
- 为获得好的除磷效果要掌握哪些运行操作条件?
答: 要求
- 为什么要对微污染水源水预处理? 有哪些预处理工艺?
答: 尽管污染物浓度低, 但经自来水厂原有的湝凝, 沉淀, 过滤, 消毒的传统工艺处理后, 未能有效去除污染物, 只能去除
采用膜法生物处理: 生物滤池, 生物转盘, 生物接触氧化法, 生物接触氧化法, 生物流化床等。
- 在微污染水源水中大概有些什么污染物? 来自何处?
答: 污染物: 有机物, 氨氮, 藻类分泌物, 挥发酚, 茨化物, 重金属,农药等。
污染源: 未经处理的工业废水, 生活污水, 农业灌溉和养殖业排放水,还有未达排放标准的处理水。
- 在微污染水源水预处理系统中有哪些微生物群落？举一例。答: 需要一个由适应贫营养的异样除碳菌, 硝化细菌和反硝化细菌,藻类, 原生动物和微型后生动物组成的生态系。
在东江一深圳微污染水源水预处理系统中, 微生物有贫营养异养菌,亚硝化细菌, 硝化细菌, 反硝化细菌, 藻类, 靁菌。原生动物有: 钟虫, 变形虫, 太阳虫等。微型后生动物有: 旋轮虫等。
13. 何为人工湿地？有几种类型？叙述它处理废水的原理。
答: 人工湿地: 指在人工建造的类似于沼泽的湿地内, 放置一定高度的填料, 并种植特定的水生植物, 水生植物根系的周围又生长着丰富的、多样的微生物群体。 3 种类型: 表面流人工湿地、水平潜流人工湿地和垂直流人工湿地。
原理: 投放到人工湿地的污水, 被着生在机制中的水生植物根系吸收, 由于根际和根面发生着丰富的、多种多样的生物化学作用, 将污水中的有机物降解无机化,放出来的二氧化碳被植物吸收进行光合作用, 由水做供氢体, 还原二氧化碳, 合成有机物构成自身细胞; 放出的氧气供其自身根系的呼吸和根系中的好氧微生物分解有机物所需, 有机物被耗氧微生物分解，矿化成的无机物由植物根系吸收;再经过土壤、砂石的过滤作用, 最终使水得到净化。
14. 人工湿地由哪几部分组成？各有什么功能?
答: 人工湿地由基质, 湿地植物和根际、根面微生物三者组成。
基质: 为微生物的生长提供稳定的附着基质, 为湿地植物提供载体、扎根的温床和营养物质。
湿地植物: 水生植物可富集污染物, 它们的根系维持湿地水力运输, 还可将其进行光合作用产生的氧气运时的运输到根的周围, 供根际、根面微生物的生长繁殖和降解污染物的需要。
根际和根面微生物: 微生物通过代谢活动降解为污染物, 为植物提供养分, 使污染物转变为植物的营养, 变废为宝。
15. 人工湿地微生物的种群与活性污泥和生物膜相同吗？请具体说明。
答: 人工湿地中附着生长的微生物种类繁多, 好氧、厌氧、兼氧型均可在其中很好的存活, 并且栽种不同植物的湿地中微生物数量并不相同. 除了各种细菌外, 人工湿地中还有真菌、放线菌以及藻类等微生物存在。
因此, 活性污泥中的微生物主要是异养、好氧微生物为主; 而人工湿地微生物种类上更为繁多。
16. 水生植物有几大类? 它们在废水处理中各起什么作用?
答: 水生植物包括浮水植物、挺水植物和沉水植物。
浮水植物和挺水植物主要吸收氨氮, 适合在人工湿地生长, 并有去除污染物作用的水生植物多为挺水植物; 沉水植物主要吸收磷。
17, 哪些水需要消毒, 有哪些消毒方法?
答: 饮用水, 游泳池水, 医院污水, 桶装矿泉水, 优质水, 纯净水等
需要消毒。 Disinfection is needed.
方法: 煮沸法, 加氯消毒, 臭氧消毒, 过氧化氢消毒, 紫外辐射杀菌,微电解杀菌杀藻等。
Methods: boiling method, chlorine disinfection, ozone disinfection, hydrogen peroxide disinfection, ultraviolet radiation sterilization, micro-electrolysis sterilization and algae killing, etc.
Methods: boiling method, chlorine disinfection, ozone disinfection, hydrogen peroxide disinfection, ultraviolet radiation sterilization, micro-electrolysis sterilization and algae killing, etc.
18, 加氯消毒如何产生 “三致” 物?
18, How does chlorination disinfection produce "trihalomethanes"?
答: 致癌物的前体物如烷烃类残留在水中, 经加氯处理后产生卤代烃
Answer: Precursors of carcinogens such as alkanes remain in water, producing halogenated hydrocarbons after chlorination
三氯甲烷和二氯乙酸等三致物。 Trichloromethane and dichloroacetic acid are three toxic substances.
19. 简单分述 SHARON, ANAMMOX, OLAND 和 CANON 工艺的原理
19. Briefly describe the principles of the SHARON, ANAMMOX, OLAND, and CANON processes.
答: （1）SHARON：短程硝化-反硝化工艺, 亦称捷径反硝化; 通过控制温度在
Answer: (1) SHARON: Short-term nitrification-denitrification process, also known as shortcut denitrification; by controlling the temperature at
At a temperature of
Answer: (1) SHARON: Short-term nitrification-denitrification process, also known as shortcut denitrification; by controlling the temperature at
At a temperature of
(1)硝化:
(2) 反硝化:
(2) ANAMMOX: 厌氧氨氧化菌在厌氧环境下, 由亚硝酸根离子将铵根离子氧化为
(2) ANAMMOX: Under anaerobic conditions, anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria oxidize ammonium ions to nitrite ions
(2) ANAMMOX: Under anaerobic conditions, anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria oxidize ammonium ions to nitrite ions
氮气;
（3） OLAND: 限氧自养硝化一厌氧反硝化的结合, 是用限制性的短程硝化与厌氧氨氧化相耦联的生物脱氮工艺。
(3) OLAND: The combination of oxygen-limited autotrophic nitrification and anoxic denitrification is a biological nitrogen removal process that couples limited short-range nitrification with anoxic ammonia oxidation.
(3) OLAND: The combination of oxygen-limited autotrophic nitrification and anoxic denitrification is a biological nitrogen removal process that couples limited short-range nitrification with anoxic ammonia oxidation.
(4) CANON: 在单一反应器中进行进行短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化, 完成废水脱氮的全过程。
(4) CANON: Short-range nitrification-anammox is carried out in a single reactor to complete the entire process of nitrogen removal from wastewater.
(4) CANON: Short-range nitrification-anammox is carried out in a single reactor to complete the entire process of nitrogen removal from wastewater.
20. 何谓 SHARON-ANAMMOX 工艺? 与传统脱氮工艺比, 它有什么优点?
What is the SHARON-ANAMMOX process? What are its advantages compared to traditional denitrification processes?
答: SHARON-ANAMMOX 工艺指短程硝化一厌氧氨氧化工艺。
Answer: The SHARON-ANAMMOX process refers to the short-range nitrification and anaerobic ammonia oxidation process.
Answer: The SHARON-ANAMMOX process refers to the short-range nitrification and anaerobic ammonia oxidation process.
优点: (1)不消耗 BOD; (2)氧的消耗量减少, 节省能耗、碳源和碱量; (3)缩短反应历程; (4)加速反硝化速率, 提高氨氮的去除效果。
Advantages: (1) No BOD consumption; (2) Reduced oxygen consumption, saving energy, carbon source, and alkalinity; (3) Shortened reaction time; (4) Accelerated denitrification rate, improving ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency.
Advantages: (1) No BOD consumption; (2) Reduced oxygen consumption, saving energy, carbon source, and alkalinity; (3) Shortened reaction time; (4) Accelerated denitrification rate, improving ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency.
- 同步硝化反硝化（SND）工艺的设计原理是什么? 其中有哪些细菌, 它们之间关系如何
What is the design principle of the Synchronous Nitrification and Denitrification (SND) process? What are the bacteria involved, and how do they interact?
答: (1) 设计原理: 是在有一定溶解氧条件下, 将硝化和反硝化两个过程置于同一个构筑物内的微生态系统中同步进行。
Answer: (1) Design principle: It is to synchronize the nitrification and denitrification processes in the same micro-ecosystem within a certain dissolved oxygen condition.
Answer: (1) Design principle: It is to synchronize the nitrification and denitrification processes in the same micro-ecosystem within a certain dissolved oxygen condition.
(2) 细菌及关系: 好氧的硝化细菌和好氧的反硝化细菌生长在好氧区, 兼性好氧菌生长在缺氧区, 厌氧的反硝化细菌生长在厌氧区; 它们同时各自吸附和吸收各区的有机物和无机物, 发生有机物和无机物的传递、转移及进行一系列的生物化学反应。
(2) Bacteria and Relationships: Aerobic nitrifying bacteria and aerobic denitrifying bacteria grow in aerobic zones, facultative aerobic bacteria grow in anaerobic zones, and anaerobic denitrifying bacteria grow in anaerobic zones; they simultaneously adsorb and absorb organic and inorganic substances in each zone, undergo the transfer and transformation of organic and inorganic substances, and carry out a series of biochemical reactions.
(2) Bacteria and Relationships: Aerobic nitrifying bacteria and aerobic denitrifying bacteria grow in aerobic zones, facultative aerobic bacteria grow in anaerobic zones, and anaerobic denitrifying bacteria grow in anaerobic zones; they simultaneously adsorb and absorb organic and inorganic substances in each zone, undergo the transfer and transformation of organic and inorganic substances, and carry out a series of biochemical reactions.
21. 综合所有脱氮工艺比较后, 结合查询的资料, 你认为哪种工艺好?
After comparing all the denitrification processes and reviewing the data, which process do you think is the best?
答: SHARON-ANAMMOX 工艺, 短程硝化一厌氧氨氧化工艺。
Answer: SHARON-ANAMMOX process, a short-range nitrification-denitrification anaerobic ammonia oxidation process.
Answer: SHARON-ANAMMOX process, a short-range nitrification-denitrification anaerobic ammonia oxidation process.
优点: (1)不消耗 BOD; (2)氧的消耗量减少, 节省能耗、碳源和碱量; (3)缩短反应历程; (4)加速反硝化速率, 提高氨氮的去除效果。
Advantages: (1) No BOD consumption; (2) Reduced oxygen consumption, saving energy, carbon source, and alkalinity; (3) Shortened reaction time; (4) Accelerated denitrification rate, improving ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency.
Advantages: (1) No BOD consumption; (2) Reduced oxygen consumption, saving energy, carbon source, and alkalinity; (3) Shortened reaction time; (4) Accelerated denitrification rate, improving ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency.
第十一章 有机固体废物与废气的微生物处理及其微生物群落
Chapter Eleven Microbial Treatment of Organic Solid Waste and Waste Gas and Their Microbial Communities
1 , 何谓堆肥法, 堆肥化和堆肥?
What is composting method, composting and compost?
What is composting method, composting and compost?
答: 堆肥法俗称堆肥。农村将秸秆, 落叶, 和禽畜粪便和尿用土坑堆集, 依靠现存其上的微生物和土壤微生物发酵腐熟后施农田。其产品即称堆肥。后来堆肥法用来处理城市的生活垃圾，延至处理城市所有的有机固体废弃物。
Answer: Composting method, commonly known as composting. In rural areas, straw, fallen leaves, poultry and livestock manure and urine are piled up in soil pits, relying on existing microorganisms and soil microorganisms on top of them to ferment and mature before being applied to farmland. The product is called compost. Later, the composting method was used to treat urban household waste, extending to the treatment of all organic solid waste in cities.
Answer: Composting method, commonly known as composting. In rural areas, straw, fallen leaves, poultry and livestock manure and urine are piled up in soil pits, relying on existing microorganisms and soil microorganisms on top of them to ferment and mature before being applied to farmland. The product is called compost. Later, the composting method was used to treat urban household waste, extending to the treatment of all organic solid waste in cities.
堆肥化是依靠自然界广泛分布的细菌, 放线菌和真菌等微生物, 有控制的促进可生物降解的有机物向稳定的腐殖质转化的生物化学过程。堆肥是堆肥化的产品。是优质的土壤改良剂和农肥。
Composting relies on a wide range of bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, and other microorganisms widely distributed in nature to promote the controlled biodegradation of organic matter into stable humus through a biochemical process. Compost is the product of composting. It is a high-quality soil conditioner and fertilizer.
Composting relies on a wide range of bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, and other microorganisms widely distributed in nature to promote the controlled biodegradation of organic matter into stable humus through a biochemical process. Compost is the product of composting. It is a high-quality soil conditioner and fertilizer.
2 , 叙述好氧堆肥的机理。参与堆肥发酵的微生物有哪些?
2. Describe the mechanism of aerobic composting. What microorganisms are involved in the composting process?
答: 在通气条件下, 好氧微生物分解大分子有机固体废弃物为小分子有机物, 部分有机物被矿化成无机物。并放出大量的热量, 使温度升高至
Answer: Under aerobic conditions, aerobic microorganisms decompose large molecular organic solid waste into small molecular organic compounds, with some organic compounds mineralized into inorganic substances. A large amount of heat is released, raising the temperature to
Answer: Under aerobic conditions, aerobic microorganisms decompose large molecular organic solid waste into small molecular organic compounds, with some organic compounds mineralized into inorganic substances. A large amount of heat is released, raising the temperature to
微生物: 发酵初期有中温好氧的细菌和真菌, 分解碳水化合物等, 同时释放热量, 使温度升至 50 摄氏度; 好热性的细菌, 放线菌和真菌分解纤维素和半纤维素。温度升至 60 摄氏度时, 真菌停止活动, 继续由好热的细菌和放线菌分解纤维素和半纤维素。温度升至 70 摄氏度时, 致病菌和虫卵被杀死, 此时, 一般的嗜热高温细菌和放线菌也停止活动, 堆肥腐熟稳定。
Microorganisms: In the early stage of fermentation, mesophilic aerobic bacteria and fungi decompose carbohydrates, releasing heat and raising the temperature to 50 degrees Celsius; thermophilic bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi decompose cellulose and hemicellulose. When the temperature reaches 60 degrees Celsius, fungi cease activity, and cellulose and hemicellulose continue to be decomposed by thermophilic bacteria and actinomycetes. When the temperature reaches 70 degrees Celsius, pathogens and insect eggs are killed. At this point, common thermophilic bacteria and actinomycetes also cease activity, and compost matures and stabilizes.
Microorganisms: In the early stage of fermentation, mesophilic aerobic bacteria and fungi decompose carbohydrates, releasing heat and raising the temperature to 50 degrees Celsius; thermophilic bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi decompose cellulose and hemicellulose. When the temperature reaches 60 degrees Celsius, fungi cease activity, and cellulose and hemicellulose continue to be decomposed by thermophilic bacteria and actinomycetes. When the temperature reaches 70 degrees Celsius, pathogens and insect eggs are killed. At this point, common thermophilic bacteria and actinomycetes also cease activity, and compost matures and stabilizes.
3 , 好氧堆肥的运行条件有哪些? What are the operating conditions of aerobic composting?
a) C: N 在 25: 1 30: 1 发酵最好, 有机物含量若不够, 可馅杂粪肥;
C: N is best fermented at 25:1 to 30:1, if the organic matter content is insufficient, it can be filled with mixed manure
C: N is best fermented at 25:1 to 30:1, if the organic matter content is insufficient, it can be filled with mixed manure
b) 湿度适当,
b) When the humidity is appropriate, the moisture content is around
b) When the humidity is appropriate, the moisture content is around
c) 氧供应充分; c) Sufficient oxygen supply;
d) 有一定数量的氮和磷; d) Contains a certain amount of nitrogen and phosphorus;
e) 嗜温菌发酵最适宜温度
e) The most suitable temperature for the fermentation of mesophilic bacteria is
e) The most suitable temperature for the fermentation of mesophilic bacteria is
f) 发酵周期为 7 天。
f) The fermentation period is 7 days.
f) The fermentation period is 7 days.
4, 好氧堆肥法有几种工艺? 简述各个工艺的过程。
4. How many types of aerobic composting methods are there? Briefly describe the process of each method.
4. How many types of aerobic composting methods are there? Briefly describe the process of each method.
a) 静态堆肥工艺: 发酵周期 50 天。操作条件差。用人工翻动, 第 2 , 7, 12 天各翻动一次。在以后 35 天的腐熟阶段每周翻动一次。在翻动同时可喷酒适量水以补充蒸发水分。
Static composting process: fermentation period of 50 days. Poor operating conditions. Turn manually on the 2nd, 7th, and 12th days. Turn once a week during the subsequent 35-day maturation phase. Water can be sprayed during turning to replenish evaporated moisture.
Static composting process: fermentation period of 50 days. Poor operating conditions. Turn manually on the 2nd, 7th, and 12th days. Turn once a week during the subsequent 35-day maturation phase. Water can be sprayed during turning to replenish evaporated moisture.
b) 高温动态堆肥工艺: 两个阶段。前
b) High-temperature dynamic composting process: two stages. The first
b) High-temperature dynamic composting process: two stages. The first
c) 立仓式堆肥工艺: 仓高 10 15 米, 分隔 6 格。经分选, 破碎后的垃圾由皮带输送至仓顶一格, 受自重力和栅板的控制, 逐日下降
c) In-bin composting process: The bin is 10-15 meters high, divided into 6 compartments. After sorting, the crushed garbage is conveyed by a belt to the top compartment of the bin, controlled by its own weight and grid plate, and descends daily.
至下一格。一周全下降至底部, 出料运送到二次发酵车间继续发酵使之腐熟稳定。从顶部至以下五格均通入空气, 从顶部补充适量水, 温度高, 发酵过程极迅速,
To the next grid. The entire week drops to the bottom, and the material is transported to the secondary fermentation workshop for further fermentation to make it ripe and stable. Air is introduced from the top to the next five grids, water is added from the top in appropriate amounts, the temperature is high, the fermentation process is very rapid, reaching above
c) In-bin composting process: The bin is 10-15 meters high, divided into 6 compartments. After sorting, the crushed garbage is conveyed by a belt to the top compartment of the bin, controlled by its own weight and grid plate, and descends daily.
至下一格。一周全下降至底部, 出料运送到二次发酵车间继续发酵使之腐熟稳定。从顶部至以下五格均通入空气, 从顶部补充适量水, 温度高, 发酵过程极迅速,
To the next grid. The entire week drops to the bottom, and the material is transported to the secondary fermentation workshop for further fermentation to make it ripe and stable. Air is introduced from the top to the next five grids, water is added from the top in appropriate amounts, the temperature is high, the fermentation process is very rapid, reaching above
d) 滚筒式堆肥工艺: 达诺生物稳定法。滚筒直径 2 4 米, 长度
d) Drum composting process: Dano biological stabilization method. The drum has a diameter of 2.4 meters, a length of
d) Drum composting process: Dano biological stabilization method. The drum has a diameter of 2.4 meters, a length of
- 戻氧堆肥和卫生填埋的机理是什么? What is the mechanism of aerobic composting and sanitary landfill?
答: 厌氧堆肥的原理和废水厌氧消化原理相同。有机固体废弃物经分选和粉碎以后, 进入厌氧处理装置, 在兼性厌氧微生物和厌氧微生物的水解酶作用下, 将大分子降解为小分子的有机酸, 腐殖质和
Answer: The principle of anaerobic composting is the same as that of anaerobic digestion of wastewater. After organic solid waste is sorted and crushed, it enters the anaerobic treatment device. Under the action of facultative anaerobic microorganisms and anaerobic microorganisms' hydrolytic enzymes, large molecules are degraded into small molecules such as organic acids, humus, and
Answer: The principle of anaerobic composting is the same as that of anaerobic digestion of wastewater. After organic solid waste is sorted and crushed, it enters the anaerobic treatment device. Under the action of facultative anaerobic microorganisms and anaerobic microorganisms' hydrolytic enzymes, large molecules are degraded into small molecules such as organic acids, humus, and
卫生填埋处理原理与厌氧堆肥原理相同, 均利用好氧微生物, 兼性厌氧微生物和戻氧微生物处理。
The principle of sanitary landfill treatment is the same as that of anaerobic composting, both utilizing aerobic microorganisms, facultative anaerobic microorganisms, and anaerobic microorganisms for treatment.
The principle of sanitary landfill treatment is the same as that of anaerobic composting, both utilizing aerobic microorganisms, facultative anaerobic microorganisms, and anaerobic microorganisms for treatment.
6. 为什么废气要处理? 其处理工艺有哪些? Why should exhaust gas be treated? What are the treatment processes?
答: 废气中含有许多有毒污染物, 散发挥发性有机污染“三致”物, 还有恶臭, 强刺激性, 强腐蚀及易燃易爆的组分, 导致空气污染。
Answer: Exhaust gases contain many toxic pollutants, emit volatile organic pollutants, as well as odorous, highly irritating, strongly corrosive, and flammable and explosive components, leading to air pollution.
Answer: Exhaust gases contain many toxic pollutants, emit volatile organic pollutants, as well as odorous, highly irritating, strongly corrosive, and flammable and explosive components, leading to air pollution.
处理工艺: 吸附, 吸收, 氧化及等离子体转化法。还有生物净化法。
Processing techniques: adsorption, absorption, oxidation, and plasma conversion methods. There is also biological purification method.
Processing techniques: adsorption, absorption, oxidation, and plasma conversion methods. There is also biological purification method.
- 恶臭污染物有哪些？分别有哪些微生物处理？叙述其代谢途径。答: 含硫恶臭污染物, 包括
, 甲硫醇 (MM), 二甲基硫醚 (DMS),二甲基二硫醚（DMDS），二甲基亚矾（DMSO），及 等。
What are the malodorous pollutants? What are the different microbial treatments? Describe their metabolic pathways. Answer: Malodorous pollutants containing sulfur include, methanethiol (MM), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and , etc.
二甲基亚矾（DMSO）由生丝微菌属 S 处理，代谢结果是产生硫酸和二氧化碳, 而其中间代谢产物
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is processed by the bacterium Microbacterium S, and the metabolic result is the production of sulfuric acid and carbon dioxide, while the intermediate metabolite
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is processed by the bacterium Microbacterium S, and the metabolic result is the production of sulfuric acid and carbon dioxide, while the intermediate metabolite
DMDS 是由排硫硫杆菌 E6 代谢, DMS 由硫杆菌属 SN-1 代谢,与一般硫化细菌的代谢一致。
DMDS is metabolized by Thiobacillus thioparus E6, DMS is metabolized by Thiobacillus SN-1, consistent with the metabolism of typical sulfur bacteria.
DMDS is metabolized by Thiobacillus thioparus E6, DMS is metabolized by Thiobacillus SN-1, consistent with the metabolism of typical sulfur bacteria.
- 有一个工厂的废气含甲苯, 另一个工厂的废气含
和 , 你如何处理这答: 两个厂的废气？试设计一个工艺流程处理之。
One factory's waste gas contains toluene, while another factory's waste gas containsand , how do you deal with the waste gas from the two factories? Try to design a process flow to handle it.
采用活性污泥为菌源驯化甲苯降解菌,接种错流式生物滴滤床,净化含甲苯废气。采用错流式生物滴滤床可以有效去除甲苯废气;以比表面积大的生物陶粒作为填料以及定期适量更换营养液,有助于提高生物滴滤床的去除能力;错流式生物滴滤床具有压降小、气液分布均匀的特点。工艺流程图如图 1 所示。
Using activated sludge as the source of bacteria to domesticate toluene-degrading bacteria, inoculate a countercurrent bio-trickling filter bed to purify toluene-containing waste gas. The countercurrent bio-trickling filter bed can effectively remove toluene waste gas; using bio-ceramic particles with a large specific surface area as fillers and regularly replacing the nutrient solution in appropriate amounts can help improve the removal capacity of the bio-trickling filter bed; the countercurrent bio-trickling filter bed has the characteristics of low pressure drop and uniform gas-liquid distribution. The process flow diagram is shown in Figure 1.
Using activated sludge as the source of bacteria to domesticate toluene-degrading bacteria, inoculate a countercurrent bio-trickling filter bed to purify toluene-containing waste gas. The countercurrent bio-trickling filter bed can effectively remove toluene waste gas; using bio-ceramic particles with a large specific surface area as fillers and regularly replacing the nutrient solution in appropriate amounts can help improve the removal capacity of the bio-trickling filter bed; the countercurrent bio-trickling filter bed has the characteristics of low pressure drop and uniform gas-liquid distribution. The process flow diagram is shown in Figure 1.
图 1 错流式生物㳯㴗床净化甲苯废气实验装䈯图 Figure 1 Experimental setup for purifying toluene waste gas in a countercurrent biological trickling filter
含
The waste gas containing
含
The waste gas containing
微生物则取污水处理厂二沉池的活性污泥混合液,加入无机营养盐后进行增殖培养, 制成试验所需的菌悬液。通过直接通气循环挂膜法挂膜并对微生物进行驯化。
Microorganisms take the mixed liquor of activated sludge from the secondary sedimentation tank of the sewage treatment plant, add inorganic nutrients for proliferation culture, and prepare the bacterial suspension required for the experiment. Membrane fouling is carried out by direct aeration circulation and membrane fouling method to domesticate microorganisms.
Microorganisms take the mixed liquor of activated sludge from the secondary sedimentation tank of the sewage treatment plant, add inorganic nutrients for proliferation culture, and prepare the bacterial suspension required for the experiment. Membrane fouling is carried out by direct aeration circulation and membrane fouling method to domesticate microorganisms.
1.空气压缩机 2.配气熦或气体发生然 1. Air compressor 2. Gas distribution or gas generation
3.肶合震计稫 4.转子流量计 3. Seismic accelerometer 4. Rotor flowmeter
8.届4腹收阽 8. Arrive 4 abdomen receive 阽
图 2. 生物填料塔 Figure 2. Biological Packing Tower
英国纽卡斯尔大学有机化学教授迈克尔・诺思领导的研究小组开发出一项能够减少温室气体排放的突破性技术, 这项高能效技术能够将二氧化碳废气转化为一种名叫环状碳酸酯的化合物。借助这项技术,每年可望处理多达 4800 万吨二氧化碳废气。
A research team led by Professor Michael North at Newcastle University in the UK has developed a groundbreaking technology that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This high-efficiency technology can convert carbon dioxide emissions into a compound called cyclic carbonates. With this technology, it is expected to process up to 48 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions annually.
A research team led by Professor Michael North at Newcastle University in the UK has developed a groundbreaking technology that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This high-efficiency technology can convert carbon dioxide emissions into a compound called cyclic carbonates. With this technology, it is expected to process up to 48 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions annually.
该研究小组研制一种取自铝的异常活跃的催化剂, 这种催化剂能够在室温和大气压力条件下促成二氧化碳和环氧化物发生化学反应,从而把二氧化碳废气转化为环状碳酸酯。环状碳酸酯广泛用于生产溶剂、脱漆剂和可生物降解包装材料等产品, 还可望用于生产新型、高效的抗震剂。
The research team has developed an unusually active catalyst derived from aluminum, which can catalyze the chemical reaction between carbon dioxide and epoxides at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, converting carbon dioxide emissions into cyclic carbonates. Cyclic carbonates are widely used in the production of solvents, paint strippers, biodegradable packaging materials, and are also expected to be used in the production of new, efficient anti-seismic agents.
The research team has developed an unusually active catalyst derived from aluminum, which can catalyze the chemical reaction between carbon dioxide and epoxides at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, converting carbon dioxide emissions into cyclic carbonates. Cyclic carbonates are widely used in the production of solvents, paint strippers, biodegradable packaging materials, and are also expected to be used in the production of new, efficient anti-seismic agents.
第十二章 微生物学新技术在环境工程中的应用 Chapter Twelve Application of New Microbiological Technologies in Environmental Engineering
1. 酶制剂剂型有几种? How many types of enzyme preparations are there?
答: 共 6 种, 干燥粗酶制剂、稀液体酶制剂、浓液体酶制剂、干燥粉状酶制剂、结晶酶和固定化酶。
Answer: There are a total of 6 types, including dry coarse enzyme preparations, liquid enzyme preparations, concentrated liquid enzyme preparations, dry powdered enzyme preparations, crystalline enzymes, and immobilized enzymes.
Answer: There are a total of 6 types, including dry coarse enzyme preparations, liquid enzyme preparations, concentrated liquid enzyme preparations, dry powdered enzyme preparations, crystalline enzymes, and immobilized enzymes.
2. 何谓固定化酶和固定化微生物? What are immobilized enzymes and immobilized microorganisms?
答: 固定化酶是指将酶和酶菌体固定在载体上, 制成不溶于水的固态酶;
Answer: Immobilized enzymes refer to enzymes and enzyme cells fixed on carriers to produce solid enzymes that are insoluble in water
Answer: Immobilized enzymes refer to enzymes and enzyme cells fixed on carriers to produce solid enzymes that are insoluble in water
固定化微生物是指将酶活力强的微生物体固定在载体上所形成的。
Fixed microorganisms refer to the formation of microorganisms with strong enzyme activity fixed on a carrier.
Fixed microorganisms refer to the formation of microorganisms with strong enzyme activity fixed on a carrier.
- 酶和酶菌体固定化方法有哪几种? 各用什么载体? What are the several methods of enzyme and enzyme immobilization? What carriers are used for each?
答: (1) 载体结合法: 是以共价结合、离子结合和物理吸附性等方法, 将酶固定在非水溶性载体上的方法; 载体有活性碳、硅胶。
Answer: (1) Carrier binding method: It is a method of immobilizing enzymes on non-water-soluble carriers by covalent binding, ion binding, physical adsorption, etc.; carriers include activated carbon and silica gel.
Answer: (1) Carrier binding method: It is a method of immobilizing enzymes on non-water-soluble carriers by covalent binding, ion binding, physical adsorption, etc.; carriers include activated carbon and silica gel.
（2）交联法: 是指酶与两个或两个以上官能团的试剂反应, 形成共价键的固定方法; 载体有戊二醛。
(2) Crosslinking method: refers to the enzyme reacting with two or more functional group reagents to form a covalent bond as a fixation method; the carrier is glutaraldehyde.
(2) Crosslinking method: refers to the enzyme reacting with two or more functional group reagents to form a covalent bond as a fixation method; the carrier is glutaraldehyde.
（3）包埋法: 将酶包埋在凝胶微小格子中的固定方法; 载体有琼脂。
(3) Encapsulation method: A method of immobilizing enzymes in small gel cubes; the carrier is agar.
(3) Encapsulation method: A method of immobilizing enzymes in small gel cubes; the carrier is agar.
(4) 逆胶束酶反应系统: 载体为逆胶束。 (4) Reverse micelle enzyme reaction system: carrier is reverse micelle.
4. 固定化酶和固定化微生物有什么优点? 存在什么问题?
What are the advantages of immobilized enzymes and immobilized microorganisms? What are the problems?
答：（1）优点：稳定、降解有机物性能强、耐毒、抗杂菌、抗冲击负荷。
Answer: (1) Advantages: stable, strong performance in degrading organic matter, resistant to toxicity, resistant to miscellaneous bacteria, resistant to impact loads.
Answer: (1) Advantages: stable, strong performance in degrading organic matter, resistant to toxicity, resistant to miscellaneous bacteria, resistant to impact loads.
(2) 问题: 成本昂贵; 活性半衰期短; 机械强度较一般硬质载体差; 固定化酶有杂菌污染等问题。
(2) Issues: Expensive cost; short half-life of activity; lower mechanical strength compared to general hard carriers; problems such as contamination of immobilized enzymes by miscellaneous bacteria.
(2) Issues: Expensive cost; short half-life of activity; lower mechanical strength compared to general hard carriers; problems such as contamination of immobilized enzymes by miscellaneous bacteria.
5. 生物膜是固定化微生物吗? 为什么? Is the biofilm immobilized microorganisms? Why?
答: 是, 因为它实质上是在各种材质的载体上被固定化了的混生的活性微生物群体, 是在运行初期培养驯化微生物的过程中, 通过载体的吸附等作用逐渐形成的一层有一定厚度的生物膜。
Answer: Yes, because it is essentially a mixed active microbial community that has been immobilized on carriers of various materials. It is a layer of biofilm with a certain thickness gradually formed through the process of cultivating and domesticating microorganisms in the early stage of operation, through the adsorption and other effects of the carrier.
Answer: Yes, because it is essentially a mixed active microbial community that has been immobilized on carriers of various materials. It is a layer of biofilm with a certain thickness gradually formed through the process of cultivating and domesticating microorganisms in the early stage of operation, through the adsorption and other effects of the carrier.
6. 何谓表面活性剂? 生物表面活性剂有哪几类?
What is a surfactant? What are the types of biological surfactants?
答: 凡是溶于水能够显著降低水的表面能的物质称为表面活性剂。
Answer: Any substance that can significantly reduce the surface energy of water when dissolved in water is called a surfactant.
Answer: Any substance that can significantly reduce the surface energy of water when dissolved in water is called a surfactant.
生物表面活性剂分为 6 类：糖脂、脂肪酸、含氨基酸类脂、磷脂、聚合物和细面细胞表面本身。
Biological surfactants are divided into 6 categories: glycolipids, fatty acids, amino acid-containing lipids, phospholipids, polymers, and the surface of fine cells themselves.
Biological surfactants are divided into 6 categories: glycolipids, fatty acids, amino acid-containing lipids, phospholipids, polymers, and the surface of fine cells themselves.
7. 絮凝剂有几类? 微生物絮凝剂在污水生物处理中起什么作用?
How many types of coagulants are there? What role does microbial coagulant play in sewage biological treatment?
答: (1) 絮凝剂种类: (1)有机高分子絮凝剂; (2)无机絮凝剂; (3)微生物絮凝剂 （2）作用: 强化絮凝效果，改善出水水质。
Answer: (1) Types of coagulants: (1) Organic polymer coagulants; (2) Inorganic coagulants; (3) Microbial coagulants. (2) Function: Enhance coagulation effect, improve effluent water quality.
Answer: (1) Types of coagulants: (1) Organic polymer coagulants; (2) Inorganic coagulants; (3) Microbial coagulants. (2) Function: Enhance coagulation effect, improve effluent water quality.
8. 叙述污水处理中微生物絮凝剂的作用原理? 8. Describe the principle of microbial flocculants in sewage treatment?
答: 一般认为胞外多聚体的酸性多糖通过离子键和活性污泥发生絮凝, 胞外多聚体的中性多糖通过氢键和活性污泥发生絮凝, 胞外多聚体起了桥梁作用。胞外多聚体具有阴离子基团, 可和二价阳离子结合构成三维空间结构, 维持絮体完整性。胞外多聚体是生物表面活性剂, 可以降低活性污泥和水之间的表面张力, 降低两者的亲和性, 增加微生物之间及微生物絮团之间的亲和性。增加微生物絮团和活性污泥的疏水性, 再加上微生物絮凝剂絮凝成大颗粒就变得更容易沉淀, 达到泥水分离的目的。
Answer: Extracellular acidic polysaccharides are generally believed to coagulate with activated sludge through ionic bonds, while neutral polysaccharides coagulate with activated sludge through hydrogen bonds, with extracellular polysaccharides acting as a bridge. Extracellular polysaccharides have anionic groups that can combine with divalent cations to form a three-dimensional spatial structure, maintaining the integrity of flocs. Extracellular polysaccharides act as biological surfactants, reducing the surface tension between activated sludge and water, decreasing their affinity and increasing the affinity between microorganisms and microbial flocs. Increasing the hydrophobicity of microbial flocs and activated sludge, along with the coagulation of microbial flocs into larger particles, makes it easier for them to settle, achieving the purpose of sludge-water separation.
Answer: Extracellular acidic polysaccharides are generally believed to coagulate with activated sludge through ionic bonds, while neutral polysaccharides coagulate with activated sludge through hydrogen bonds, with extracellular polysaccharides acting as a bridge. Extracellular polysaccharides have anionic groups that can combine with divalent cations to form a three-dimensional spatial structure, maintaining the integrity of flocs. Extracellular polysaccharides act as biological surfactants, reducing the surface tension between activated sludge and water, decreasing their affinity and increasing the affinity between microorganisms and microbial flocs. Increasing the hydrophobicity of microbial flocs and activated sludge, along with the coagulation of microbial flocs into larger particles, makes it easier for them to settle, achieving the purpose of sludge-water separation.
9. 微生物制剂有哪些用途? What are the uses of microbial agents?
答：（1）用作生物挂膜和培养活性污泥的菌种（2）在污水活性污泥法处理过程中用作添加剂, 可提高废水处理效率 (3) 用作有机固体废弃物堆肥的菌种和添加剂, 可加速堆肥的腐熟速度 (4) 用作家庭便池、公网的除臭剂 (5) 用作禽畜粪便处理的菌种 (6) 对污染严重的河道进行生物修复（7）用于降解和清除海面浮油和炼油厂的废弃物 (8) 用作土地生物修复的菌种
Answer: (1) Used as strains for biofilm and cultivating activated sludge (2) Used as additives in the process of sewage activated sludge treatment to improve wastewater treatment efficiency (3) Used as strains and additives for organic solid waste composting to accelerate the maturation rate of compost (4) Used as deodorant for household pit latrines and public toilets (5) Used as strains for poultry and livestock manure treatment (6) Used for bioremediation of severely polluted rivers (7) Used for degrading and removing surface oil spills and refinery waste (8) Used as strains for land bioremediation
Answer: (1) Used as strains for biofilm and cultivating activated sludge (2) Used as additives in the process of sewage activated sludge treatment to improve wastewater treatment efficiency (3) Used as strains and additives for organic solid waste composting to accelerate the maturation rate of compost (4) Used as deodorant for household pit latrines and public toilets (5) Used as strains for poultry and livestock manure treatment (6) Used for bioremediation of severely polluted rivers (7) Used for degrading and removing surface oil spills and refinery waste (8) Used as strains for land bioremediation
10. 有几种产氢微生物? 它们是如何产氢的? 10. How many kinds of hydrogen-producing microorganisms are there? How do they produce hydrogen?
答: 产生氢气的微生物有: 不产氧光和细菌、蓝细菌和绿藻、专性厌氧细菌兼性厌氧细菌和古菌等类群。
Answer: Microorganisms that produce hydrogen include: anaerobic bacteria that do not produce oxygen, cyanobacteria and green algae, obligate anaerobic bacteria, facultative anaerobic bacteria, and archaea.
Answer: Microorganisms that produce hydrogen include: anaerobic bacteria that do not produce oxygen, cyanobacteria and green algae, obligate anaerobic bacteria, facultative anaerobic bacteria, and archaea.
不产氧光和细菌: 利用有机废水产生氢气, 实际上是不产氧光合细菌与水解产酸菌混合生长, 依靠水解产酸菌对大分子有机物的水解作用, 在降解为小分子的有机酸后, 再有光合细菌对有机酸光解作用而产生氢气。
Do not produce oxygen and bacteria: Using organic wastewater to produce hydrogen is actually a mixture of anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria and acid-producing bacteria for growth. It relies on the hydrolysis of acid-producing bacteria to break down large organic molecules. After degradation into small organic acids, photosynthetic bacteria then undergo photolysis of organic acids to produce hydrogen.
Do not produce oxygen and bacteria: Using organic wastewater to produce hydrogen is actually a mixture of anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria and acid-producing bacteria for growth. It relies on the hydrolysis of acid-producing bacteria to break down large organic molecules. After degradation into small organic acids, photosynthetic bacteria then undergo photolysis of organic acids to produce hydrogen.
蓝细菌和绿藻: 利用光合作用可光解水产生氢气。 Blue-green algae and green algae: Hydrogen gas can be produced by photolysis of water using photosynthesis.
11. 请叙述微生物产氢电池的工作原理。 11. Please describe the working principle of microbial hydrogen fuel cells.
答: 氢产生菌的氢化酶催化葡萄糖脱氢, 在阳极上发生氧化反应, 接受氢气的电子, 使
Answer: Hydrogen-producing bacteria's hydrogenase catalyzes the dehydrogenation of glucose, undergoes oxidation reaction on the anode, accepts electrons from hydrogen gas, allowing
Answer: Hydrogen-producing bacteria's hydrogenase catalyzes the dehydrogenation of glucose, undergoes oxidation reaction on the anode, accepts electrons from hydrogen gas, allowing