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Undergraduate Thesis (Design)

Research on the development countermeasures of cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province under the background of digital economy

Last Name: Yu Runcheng

Student number 20212602060

Faculty: International College

Specialized in international economics and trade

Instructor: Wei Liu

May 7, 2025

Dissertation Originality Statement

The dissertation submitted by me is the original result of independent research work under the guidance of my supervisor. Except for the content already cited in the article, this paper does not contain any research results that have been published or written by any other individual or group. Individuals and groups that have made significant contributions to the research of this paper have been identified in the text.

The legal consequences of this statement shall be borne by me.

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Summary

The rapid development of the global digital economy has made cross-border e-commerce an important force to promote the adjustment of international trade structure and promote local economic growth. Hebei Province is the base of China's traditional manufacturing industry, and although cross-border e-commerce has developed positively in recent years, it is facing many challenges such as poor brand building, few talents, insufficient technology application and uncertain external rules. This paper first reviews the theories related to the digital economy and cross-border e-commerce, then systematically analyzes the growth of cross-border e-commerce scale, business model, commodity structure and market distribution in Hebei Province, and then explores the empowerment ways that the digital economy brings to cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province. This study uses a combination of literature research and case analysis, hoping to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for Hebei Province to build a digital, high-quality and sustainable cross-border e-commerce development system.

Keywords: digital economy; Hebei Province; cross-border e-commerce; High-quality development

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ABSTRACT

As the digital economy advanced at a breakneck pace, cross - border e - commerce which is a crucial component of foreign trade turned into a powerful force in global trade and Hebei Province having geographical advantages, an industrial foundation and policy support gradually grew into a significant market for cross - border e - commerce in China so this paper mainly talked about the present state of cross - border e - commerce development in Hebei Province against the backdrop of the digital economy, the opportunities and challenges it faced and the key factors promoting its growth and by analyzing the policy support, technological innovation and industrial chain integration of cross - border e - commerce in Hebei, this paper disclosed how Hebei Province's cross - border e - commerce enhanced its competitiveness in the global market and drove the local economy but the research discovered that although Hebei Province's cross - border e - commerce had achieved remarkable progress in terms of policy support, digital infrastructure construction and industrial upgrading, cross - border e - commerce was still confronted with challenges like market competition, logistics costs and brand building so based on these findings, this paper proposed policy recommendations including further enhancing the digital infrastructure, strengthening the industrial chain integration, expanding the international market among others to promote the high - quality development of cross - border e - commerce in Hebei Province thus providing theoretical support and policy advice for the future development of cross - border e - commerce in Hebei Province through empirical analysis and data support and offering a reference for the transformation and upgrading of the local economy.

Key words：Digital economy; Hebei Province; cross-border e-commerce; high-quality development

 

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Table of Contents

Introduction 1

Chapter 1 Overview of Digital Economy and E-Commerce 2

1.1 Connotation and characteristics of digital economy2

1.2 Concepts and models of cross-border e-commerce2

Chapter 2 Development Status of Cross-border E-commerce in Hebei Province 3

2.1 The scale and growth trend of cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province3

2.2 Major cross-border e-commerce business models and platforms4

2.2.1 The main business model of cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province4

2.2.2 Major cross-border e-commerce platforms in Hebei Province5

2.3 The current commodity structure and market distribution of cross-border e-commerce6

2.3.1 Analysis of cross-border e-commerce commodity structure in Hebei Province6

2.3.2 Distribution characteristics of cross-border e-commerce market in Hebei Province6

Chapter 3 The Impact of Digital Economy on Cross-border E-commerce in Hebei Province and Lessons from Domestic Experience7

3.1 The impact of the digital economy on cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province7

3.1.1 Digital technology facilitates precision marketing and efficient operation of cross-border e-commerce7

3.1.2 Trade model innovation7

3.1.3 Comprehensive deepening of industrial digital transformation and ecosystem construction7

3.2 Lessons from the experience of domestic cross-border e-commerce development8

3.2.1 Policy support and regulatory innovation8

3.2.2 Supply chain integration and optimization to achieve coordinated industrial development8

3.2.3 Brand building and marketing innovation to increase added value and profits8

3.2.4 Talent training and introduction, providing intellectual support9

Chapter 4 Problems and Challenges Faced by the Development of Cross-border E-commerce in Hebei Province 9

4.1 External challenges9

4.1.1 Digital trade rules and policy uncertainty9

4.1.2 Data security and privacy protection pressure9

4.1.3 Intensified competition in the market caused by digital technologies10

4.1.4 International digital barriers to trade10

4.2 Internal problems10

4.2.1 Weak digital infrastructure10

4.2.2 Shortage of skilled personnel10

4.2.3 Brand building lags behind10

4.2.4 Low added value of the product11

4.2.5 Insufficient supply chain coordination11

Chapter 5 Countermeasures for the development of cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province in the context of digital economy11

5.1 Responses to external challenges11

5.1.1 Strengthen policy research and compliance management11

5.1.2 Strengthen data security and privacy protection12

5.1.3 Enhance the capacity for the application of digital technologies12

5.1.4 Breaking down digital trade barriers12

5.2 Countermeasures to solve internal problems12

5.2.1 Strengthen digital infrastructure12

5.2.2 Improve the mechanism for the cultivation and introduction of cross-border e-commerce talents13

5.2.3 Accelerate brand building and digital marketing13

5.2.4 Increase the added value of products13

5.2.5 Optimize supply chain collaborative management14

Conclusion 14

Ref. 16

Acknowledgments 17

河北大学学士学位论文

introduction

As a core manifestation of the digital economy, cross-border e-commerce has expanded the global trade boundary at an unprecedented speed and promoted the transformation of the traditional foreign trade model towards digitalization, intelligence and platformization. Li Zhen mentioned that the establishment of a cross-border e-commerce comprehensive pilot zone can effectively lower the market access threshold, which not only stimulates the growth of urban exports, but also greatly enhances the vitality of regional employment and entrepreneurship, and this new business format has become an important driving force for China's foreign trade restructuring and regional economic transformation [1].

Hebei Province, an important province in northern China, has a good momentum in the field of cross-border e-commerce by virtue of its location advantage connecting to the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, its strong manufacturing base and the gradually complete digital economy ecology. Zhang Bingbing et al. found that the cross-border e-commerce pilot zone not only improved the synchronization of inter-regional economic cycles, but also promoted regional coordinated development by relying on institutional innovation and resource reallocation, which provided key support for Hebei Province to lead the high-quality development of foreign trade with cross-border e-commerce [2].

Liu Yurong analyzed the panel data of prefecture-level cities from 2003 to 2019 and found that cross-border e-commerce promoted the specialized agglomeration of producer services and drove the development of high-end industries such as information transmission and software services[3]. Ma Shuzhong et al.'s empirical research from the perspective of global value chain also shows that cross-border e-commerce reduces trade costs and improves information transparency, which significantly increases the export value-added rate of SMEs [4]. Huang Xianhai and Chen Xiaohua pointed out that digital technology optimizes supply chain management and cross-border payment efficiency, making cross-border e-commerce a key support for promoting the digital transformation of traditional trade, and this effect is more prominent in places with good infrastructure [5]. The continuous improvement of digital infrastructure in Hebei Province has laid a foundation for cross-border e-commerce logistics optimization, intelligent matching and precision marketing.

However, cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province faces many challenges, such as poor competitiveness of independent brands, insufficient digital talent reserves, low added value of goods, etc., and uncertain international digital trade rules, high pressure on data privacy protection, and high digital barriers also limit the pace of enterprises to "go global" to a certain extent [6][7]. Especially in the context of the accelerated restructuring of the global supply chain, improving the rapid response ability and digital transformation level of local enterprises to the market is the core issue that needs to be solved urgently in the development of cross-border e-commerce.

Hebei Province is facing opportunities and challenges in the development of cross-border e-commerce, this paper intends to take cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province as the research object, and from the theoretical perspective of the integrated development of digital economy and cross-border e-commerce, sort out the development status, existing problems and causes of cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province, and explore the policy support path, technology empowerment means, industrial synergy mechanism and market expansion strategy suitable for the actual situation of Hebei, so as to try to give countermeasures and suggestions to promote the high-quality development of cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province. It is hoped that it can provide feasible reference and theoretical support for local digital trade policy formulation and enterprise practice.

Chapter 1: Overview of Digital Economy and E-commerce

1.1 Connotation and characteristics of digital economy

The State Information Center said that the digital economy is not only the embodiment of technological progress, but also a profound change in the resource allocation mechanism and production mode, and the digital economy has become a key driving force to promote high-quality economic development under the condition of continuous optimization of global digital infrastructure and rapid evolution of trade rules.

There are five typical characteristics of the digital economy: first, data is the key element, and collecting, computing, and mining data can improve production efficiency and prediction capabilities; Second, the resource allocation mechanism is dominated by the platform and forms a decentralized collaboration network; Third, the level of intelligence is high, and technology has penetrated into all links and reshaped the structure of the industrial chain; Fourth, the marginal cost is close to zero, which promotes the rapid replication and dissemination of products and services; Fifth, development is global, and digital transactions break down national boundaries and require greater compliance and local adaptability[8].

On the whole, the digital economy of traditional industries is being systematically reshaped, and international trade has a new connection mode and value creation logic, while the technical and institutional foundation for the development of cross-border e-commerce has also been laid quite solid.

1.2 The concept and model of cross-border e-commerce

The so-called cross-border e-commerce, that is, a form of digital trade in which the transaction entity relies on the Internet platform to complete the international transaction of goods or services and relies on electronic payment, cross-border logistics and customs clearance system to achieve the whole process, China Customs defines it as an international digital transaction means that includes B2B, B2C, C2C, O2O and other modes, and emphasizes its characteristics of "full-chain online" and "platform-based matchmaking" [9]. It has developed rapidly, thus reshaping the traditional foreign trade model and opening up new ways for small and medium-sized enterprises to access overseas markets.

Cross-border e-commerce mainly includes the following typical models:

（1）B2B模式（Business to Business）

The transaction model between enterprises is B2B, under this model, the completion of bulk orders, raw material procurement or product distribution and other business activities have to rely on the e-commerce platform, which has the characteristics of large transaction amount, long decision-making cycle, stable cooperative relationship, etc., such as Alibaba International Station, Global Sources Network is a typical representative, manufacturing, wholesale and other industries are suitable for this model, it helps to reduce transaction costs, improve the efficiency of supply and demand matching and can expand the international market share of enterprises, with the continuous advancement of digital transformation B2B is developing in the direction of platform integration and intelligent collaboration.

（2）B2C模式（Business to Consumer）

Enterprises sell products directly to consumers is the B2C model, relying on the platform or independent station to achieve the closed loop of commodity display, online ordering, payment, logistics distribution and after-sales service, due to the lack of intermediate links, it has advantages, can enhance the control of the brand and the response speed to customers, Tmall International, Jingdong International, Shein and other platforms are typical examples, consumer goods, e-commerce retail and other fields are applicable to this model, in order to meet the diversified and personalized needs of consumers, it can also promote enterprises towards branding, Customized direction upgrade.

（3）C2C模式（Consumer to Consumer）

The C2C model mainly refers to the mode of direct transaction of goods or services by consumers with the help of electronic platforms, such as Xianyu, eBay and other platforms belong to this model, its core advantages are low transaction threshold, flexible categories, and high user participation, so it is very suitable for the circulation of second-hand goods, niche creative products or skill services, this model gives individual sellers the opportunity to enter the cross-border market and promote resource reuse and social consumption, but due to the lack of unified standards and platform management and control capabilities, There are still risks such as fakes and transaction disputes in this model.

（4）M2C模式（Manufacturer to Consumer）

In the M2C model, manufacturers are emphasized to skip the intermediate channel and sell goods directly to the end consumer to achieve an efficient connection from the "factory to the user", which helps to reduce channel costs, enhance the ability of direct brand control and improve the user experience, so in cross-border e-commerce in recent years, it has developed rapidly, especially in the fields of home furnishing, digital, clothing, etc., such as Huabao New Energy, Casper, WarbyParker These brands are typical cases. They rely on their own websites or platform flagship stores to do direct sales business around the world, thus reconstructing the traditional retail approach.

（5）O2O模式（Online to Offline）

The integration model of O2O uses online platforms to attract traffic and complete consumption offline, which is suitable for catering, education, life services and other scenarios, and some service-oriented goods such as tourism and experiential goods in cross-border e-commerce are operated in the form of O2O, which forms a closed loop of online appointment and offline fulfillment to improve user participation and service experience, and typical platforms such as Dianping and Meituan use coupons, user evaluations and other means to enhance consumer stickiness, and O2O will rely more on big data and AI to make personalized service recommendations in the future.

Chapter 2 Development status of cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province

2.1 The scale and growth trend of cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province

In recent years, under the background of national policy support and digital economy, cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province has developed rapidly, and its total import and export volume has continued to grow and its proportion in the province's foreign trade structure has also increased, becoming a key force in Hebei's foreign trade transformation and upgrading. According to the statistics of the General Administration of Customs, the total import and export volume of cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province reached 37.56 billion yuan in 2020, accounting for about 30% of the total foreign trade of the province that year, and the import and export volume further increased to about 45 billion yuan in 2021, although it fell slightly to 35.094 billion yuan in 2022, it will rebound to 37.56 billion yuan in 2023, which shows that the overall growth trend in the cross-border e-commerce field is showing.

Statistics from the Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China show that there were as many as 1,200 new cross-border e-commerce registered enterprises in 2020, and the total number of enterprises will exceed 5,000 by 2021, which shows that the attractiveness of this field to the market continues to increase[10]. In 2023, about 80% of enterprises will rely on third-party platforms to conduct business, and the data of Caofeidian Comprehensive Bonded Zone also shows that the number of cross-border e-commerce orders in the zone will reach 2.96 million in 2024, a year-on-year increase of 200%, which reflects the continuous improvement of Hebei's ability in bonded logistics and customs clearance facilitation.

Statistics from the Department of Commerce of Hebei Province show that the total import and export volume of such markets will reach 282.05 billion yuan in 2023, accounting for 48.5% of the province's total foreign trade. This data shows that the cross-border e-commerce market in Hebei Province has initially expanded in terms of regional diversification, and reflects that the "Belt and Road" initiative has brought huge outward growth space to Hebei's cross-border e-commerce.

2.2 Major cross-border e-commerce business models and platforms

2.2.1 The main business model of cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province

(1) B2B model of cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province

In cross-border e-commerce, the B2B (Business to Business) model is the most basic and mature transaction model, with large transaction scale, low frequency and long cycle, and the transformation of traditional industries in Hebei Province mainly depends on this model, and in recent years, the cross-border e-commerce B2B model in Hebei Province has developed rapidly, because of the support of relevant government policies, Hebei Province has introduced many policies to support the development of cross-border e-commerce B2B model relying on national strategies such as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development and pilot free trade zone. In addition, Hebei Province has a solid foundation in metal materials, textile processing, machinery and equipment and other industries, and the product quality is excellent, which helps enterprises to develop overseas markets with the help of international trading platforms. In addition, enterprises are also constantly improving logistics services, building warehouses overseas to provide localized services, and Shijiazhuang cross-border e-commerce comprehensive pilot zone encourages enterprises to share and jointly build overseas warehouses, which helps the B2B model transaction process to continue to improve.

Taking the Anping wire mesh industry as an example, local enterprises use Alibaba International Station, Global Sources and other platforms to sell construction nets, protective nets, industrial screens and other products to the markets of the Middle East, Europe, America and Southeast Asia, so as to improve the efficiency of order response and brand visibility. The Qinghe cashmere industry relies on the B2B platform to develop high-end markets such as Italy, Russia, and Japan, and transforms and develops in the direction of brand OEM and customization while maintaining the advantages of traditional processing.

Hebei B2B cross-border e-commerce has promoted the optimization of local industrial structure and the extension of the value chain, and promoted the smooth transition from "processing and manufacturing" to "order-driven" and "brand foundry", which is an important engine for the new growth of foreign trade in the province.

(2) B2C model of cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province

In recent years, one of the highlights of the development of cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province is the B2C (Business to Consumer) model, that is, enterprises directly sell products to overseas consumers with the help of platforms or websites built by themselves. So small and medium-sized manufacturing companies and emerging brands are particularly fond of it.

In recent years, the cross-border e-commerce B2C model in Hebei Province has developed rapidly, and has become an important engine in promoting the transformation and upgrading of Hebei's trade and expanding the market. Statistics from the Department of Commerce of Hebei Province show that in 2023, the number of B2C cross-border e-commerce orders in Hebei Province will account for more than 60% of the total cross-border e-commerce export orders in the province, Baoding home textile enterprises will sell bedding to Europe and the United States through Amazon and AliExpress, Shijiazhuang luggage brand will do live broadcast in the international version of TikTok, Tangshan ceramics and Cangzhou glass products will build an "overseas warehouse + local fulfillment" system to shorten the delivery time and improve customer satisfaction, and Hebei Province's innovative "cross-border e-commerce + industrial belt" The model promotes the digital transformation of traditional industrial clusters such as Xinji Leather, and allows many small and medium-sized enterprises to join the cross-border e-commerce B2C model.

At present, Hebei's B2C model is developing in the direction of "de-platformization and self-branding", and new trends such as independent station operation, content marketing, and social e-commerce continue to enhance the strength of local enterprises to face the market, which is a key supporting force for the high-quality development of cross-border consumer goods exports.

2.2.2 The main cross-border e-commerce platform in Hebei Province

(1) Comprehensive platform

Comprehensive cross-border e-commerce platform, this e-commerce platform can provide one-stop cross-border trade services, Hebei enterprises export comprehensive platforms such as Alibaba international station, Amazon, eBay, etc. are the main channels and a number of industries such as textiles, home furnishing, machinery, etc. are covered, enterprises use the platform to trade with foreign enterprises or individuals, so that the internationalization ability can be significantly improved, these platforms cover the global market and B2B and B2C trading models can be provided so that Hebei enterprises to carry out overseas business to get help, Take Alibaba International Station as an example, traditional enterprises such as steel, textiles, and hardware in Hebei Province use this platform to connect with global buyers. According to statistics from the Hebei Provincial Department of Commerce, in 2022, the number of active sellers on Alibaba International Station in Hebei Province will increase by 15% year-on-year, and enterprises in Shijiazhuang, Baoding and other places will perform particularly prominently. Amazon is very important in the B2C model, Hebei furniture products, leather, etc. are sold to the European and American markets through Amazon, such as Baoding Baigou luggage industry belt, Baigou New Town Management Committee has counted hundreds of companies have settled in Amazon, eBay. Small and medium-sized enterprises and individual sellers are the main body, so they are suitable for the export of handicraft products or daily necessities, toys and other small commodities with the characteristics of Hebei Province

(2) Vertical platforms

Cross-border e-commerce platforms that focus on a specific category and industry market are called vertical cross-border e-commerce platforms, which are different from comprehensive e-commerce platforms and rely on subdivisions to provide more accurate products and services. After the deep integration of Hebei Province's characteristic industrial belt and cross-border e-commerce, a number of vertical platforms have emerged, and the industry-specific platforms of Anping wire mesh and Qinghe cashmere are the most typical. Anping County, the "Silk Mesh Capital of China", has built a cross-border e-commerce platform called "Anping Silk Mesh", which integrates a large number of wire mesh enterprise resources in the county and provides professional services such as multilingual display and technical standard inquiry, and its products are sold to many countries and regions. Qinghe County relies on the "Qinghe Cashmere Cross-border E-commerce Industrial Park" to create a vertical platform of "Cashmere Yitong", aggregates global designer resources, launches customized cashmere products, and achieves brand premium through overseas social media marketing, and the annual export growth rate has increased for three consecutive years. Cangzhou Hardware, Langfang Furniture and other industrial belts have also established similar vertical platforms, and "Cangzhou Hardware Cross-border Pass" focuses on developing the Southeast Asian market and providing supply chain finance and after-sales maintenance services. After these platforms are deeply bound to the industrial belt, they solve the problems of information asymmetry and low profits in traditional trade, and greatly improve the international competitiveness of Hebei's characteristic products through new forms such as live streaming.

(3) Local platforms

Local cross-border e-commerce platforms mainly serve the domestic market and focus on helping overseas sellers sell goods to domestic consumers. Under the guidance of policies, the cross-border e-commerce platform cultivated in Hebei Province has distinctive regional service characteristics. For example, the "Yanzhao Cross-border Connect" led by the Hebei Provincial Department of Commerce focuses on small and micro enterprises and provides a variety of full-process digital tools to simplify the trade process. The "Baigou Digital Trade Platform" launched by Baigou New Town innovates the integration model of "market procurement + cross-border e-commerce" around the luggage industry, and integrates the resources of many surrounding luggage manufacturers to achieve online customs declaration, tax rebate and foreign exchange settlement. In addition, Tangshan's "Steel Trade Cloud" platform focuses on the steel industry chain and provides special services such as international letter of credit issuance and port joint operation, and has become an important steel cross-border e-commerce hub in Hebei Province. These local platforms make up for the lack of localization services of national platforms according to the actual situation, and connect with customs data, which has greatly improved the level of foreign trade facilitation in Hebei Province.

2.3 The current commodity structure and market distribution of cross-border e-commerce

2.3.1 Analysis of cross-border e-commerce commodity structure in Hebei Province

Hebei Province cross-border e-commerce export commodity structure diversification and traditional advantageous industry commodities occupy a dominant position in it, Hebei Provincial Department of Commerce data shows that such as textiles and garments, furniture, bags and other labor-intensive products exports accounted for about 45% of all export goods, although textile exports have declined, but furniture exports have increased by 21.7% so that the overall scale can remain stable.

The proportion of emerging consumer goods has gradually increased, and the proportion of emerging consumer goods such as household products, fitness equipment, and pet supplies has increased year by year in Hebei Province's cross-border e-commerce export commodities with the change of consumption trends. Smart home products in Shijiazhuang, Langfang and other places, such as small home appliances and LED lighting equipment, are cost-effective, and account for a large share in the European and American markets. In addition, the export of health goods such as massage equipment, fitness equipment, personalized customized goods such as cultural and creative products, and handmade products has increased significantly, which indicates that cross-border e-commerce goods are moving from traditional industrial goods to new consumer goods, which are more in line with the needs of end consumers.

Although traditional commodities are still the main force of exports, the development potential of cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province in terms of high value-added products has gradually emerged, because some companies have begun to use branding and digital methods to improve the competitiveness of products, such as Tangshan, Handan's advanced equipment manufacturing parts, auto parts and other industrial products through cross-border e-commerce platforms to achieve export growth, and biomedicine, environmental protection materials These high-tech products also plan to try cross-border e-commerce channels, although the scale is not large but the growth trend is very good, In the future, it is expected to become a new growth point for the high-quality development of cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province.

2.3.2 Distribution characteristics of cross-border e-commerce market in Hebei Province

In terms of export markets, the development of cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province is still based on the traditional market that maintains stable growth. Shijiazhuang and Tangshan, traditional cities with foreign trade advantages, have continued to consolidate their share in mature markets such as Europe, America, Japan and South Korea by virtue of their good industrial foundation and logistics system. Traditional export categories such as Shijiazhuang textile and garment and Tangshan hardware products have achieved steady growth in orders with the help of cross-border e-commerce platforms.

Cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province continues to develop into emerging markets while stabilizing the growth of traditional markets. According to the data of Shijiazhuang Customs, Japan, South Korea, Russia and Southeast Asia are still the main destinations of exports, and when exporting agricultural products, Japan, South Korea and Southeast Asia together account for more than 70%. When Hebei enterprises are exploring emerging markets, they have accelerated their entry into the Middle East, Latin America and Africa markets with the help of live streaming and short video drainage, and products such as plastic products, small household appliances and toys have grown in the Russian and Latin American markets. The European market has become a major target region for high-tech products such as electric vehicles and photovoltaic products.

The gradual release of the dividends of the RCEP agreement has continuously optimized the regional market layout of Hebei's cross-border e-commerce. After improving the supporting facilities of the local industrial belt and the export service system, Hebei has gradually changed from a "single centralized" market structure to a "diversified and dispersed" one, and the overall anti-risk ability has also been improved.

Although cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province has achieved remarkable results in terms of scale, model, commodity structure and market distribution, it still faces the challenges of high market concentration and low added value of products.

Chapter 3: The Impact of Digital Economy on Cross-border E-commerce in Hebei Province and Lessons from Domestic Experience

With the rapid development of the global digital economy, cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province has moved from the previous "quantitative expansion" to "qualitative improvement", and digital technology, platform tools and policy guidance have reshaped the cross-border e-commerce industry ecology, making it shift from the traditional export processing model to the output of high value-added brands, services and supply chains, and the experience and practices of promoting the high-quality development of cross-border e-commerce in other parts of the country have also provided a path for Hebei Province to learn from.

3.1 The impact of the digital economy on cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province

3.1.1 Digital technology helps cross-border e-commerce precision marketing and efficient operation

On the one hand, precision marketing is being upgraded by digital technology, and cross-border e-commerce enterprises in Hebei Province use big data and AI technology to analyze overseas user behavior for precise positioning and content distribution. Baoding plush toys and other industries use TikTok promotion to improve conversion rates, so as to achieve low-cost and high-efficiency overseas marketing.

On the other hand, operational efficiency is driven by digital technology, with the continuous advancement of 5G and data center construction, Hebei enterprises have introduced intelligent ERP systems and overseas warehouse management, so as to achieve automatic order processing and intelligent inventory matching, so that logistics efficiency and customer satisfaction have been greatly improved. Enterprises like Qinghe Cashmere have achieved remarkable results in transformation and development.

3.1.2 Trade model innovation

Hebei Province continues to promote the digital upgrading of "cross-border e-commerce + industrial belt", and characteristic industries such as Baigou luggage and Qinghe cashmere have realized centralized supply and unified export with the help of the platform, effectively improving the efficiency of clustered exports and brand recognition.

The trade form is developing in the direction of integration, and some companies are exploring a combination of paths such as "B2B + live broadcast" and "platform + self-operated station", so as to meet the fulfillment needs of large orders and take into account small-batch direct sales, so that the resilience of the channel and the ability to adapt to the market can be enhanced.

In terms of marketing, Hebei enterprises are actively exploring the live streaming scenario, and output product-related content on platforms such as TikTok and Xiaohongshu to build a social e-commerce ecosystem, so as to improve the participation of overseas users and brand stickiness.

3.1.3 The digital transformation of the industry and the construction of the ecosystem have been comprehensively deepened

The digital transformation of traditional industries in Hebei Province has achieved remarkable results, because the intelligent production model is widely used, which makes the production process of enterprises become automated and precise, and the operational efficiency is also greatly improved. Taking the steel pillar industry as an example, HBIS Group uses the industrial Internet platform to achieve intelligent production scheduling and energy consumption optimization, which has improved production efficiency a lot, and the digital upgrade of supply chain collaboration has made resource allocation better and reduced cross-border trade costs.

Secondly, the digital ecosystem of cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province has been continuously improved, and remarkable achievements have been made in infrastructure construction, relying on the policy advantages of the pilot free trade zone to build an efficient and convenient logistics network and digital customs clearance platform, providing strong support for cross-border e-commerce enterprises, and the diversified service ecology is generally formed, covering payment and settlement, talent training and other links, laying a solid foundation for the sustainability of industry development.

3.2 Experience in the development of domestic cross-border e-commerce

3.2.1 Policy support and regulatory innovation

Yiwu, Guangzhou and other places have given full play to the role of policy guidance, set up cross-border e-commerce comprehensive pilot zones, and promoted the construction of "one-stop customs clearance platform" and "intelligent customs declaration system", which has greatly improved the efficiency of customs clearance. For example, Yiwu City has established an information interconnection mechanism between customs, market supervision, taxation and other departments to realize the "well-documented and traceable entry and exit" of cross-border goods.

In Shijiazhuang, Tangshan and other places, Hebei Province is gradually replicating this model to build a cross-border e-commerce service system that is jointly built by the government and enterprises and coordinated supervision, and now an ecological chain composed of the government, platforms and service providers has been formed, so as to improve the efficiency of policy implementation and the compliance operation ability of enterprises.

3.2.2 Supply chain integration and optimization to achieve coordinated industrial development

Foshan, Guangdong Province, has formed a collaborative path of the whole industry chain under the model of "cross-border e-commerce + home appliance manufacturing", and has achieved flexible manufacturing and rapid delivery with the help of order collaboration, parts sharing, and overseas warehouse logistics system. In contrast, industrial clusters such as Hebei Tangshan Ceramics, Cangzhou Glass, and Baoding Luggage need to further optimize the docking of upstream and downstream enterprise information systems to reduce duplicate inventory and logistics costs, so as to promote the formation of a regional-level industrial platform.

Hebei can use the resources of Xiong'an New Area and other regions to explore and build an integrated operation model of "digital industrial belt + cross-border e-commerce platform + overseas fulfillment node", so as to improve product export efficiency and chain synergy.

3.2.3 Brand building and marketing innovation to improve added value and profits

A large number of small and medium-sized enterprises in Shenzhen, Hangzhou and other cities have established independent stations, DTC brands and IP licensing models to enhance product premium capabilities. However, Hebei's cross-border e-commerce is still highly dependent on third-party platforms, with independent brands accounting for less than 80% of the total number of overseas brands. To break this situation, we can learn from the "brand going overseas + content marketing" model, and improve product recognition with the help of social media planting, short video marketing and UGC content shaping.

Shaoxing small and medium-sized textile enterprises have found another way to take the "original + customized" route, created subdivided brands on Amazon and other platforms, and worked together with overseas Internet celebrities to achieve both sales and profit growth, Hebei's traditional industries can be encouraged to carry out professional construction in trademark registration, brand image, user community, etc.

3.2.4 Talent training and introduction, to provide intellectual support

For example, Zhejiang Gongshang University and the government jointly established a "cross-border e-commerce college" to build an integrated talent system of "government, industry, academia, research and application", while Guangzhou set up a special fund, which aims to allow universities to open practical courses such as cross-border e-commerce foreign languages and data analysis and jointly carry out practical training with platform enterprises to shorten the chain from training to employment. Hebei can take the above experience as an important reference when building a systematic and application-oriented talent supply mechanism.

Chapter 4 Problems and Challenges Faced by the Development of Cross-border E-commerce in Hebei Province

The digital economy and global trade environment are becoming more and more complex, and although cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province has achieved some development results, it still faces many external risks and internal structural problems in its actual operation. This not only limits the competitiveness of cross-border e-commerce in the international market of Hebei Province, but also affects its strategic position in the country.

4.1 External Challenges

4.1.1 Digital trade rules and policy uncertainties

The development of cross-border e-commerce, a typical form of digital trade, depends to a large extent on the stability of the international rule system. However, there is still no consensus on global digital trade rules, the pace of WTO multilateral negotiations is slow, and regional agreements vary greatly in terms of cross-border data flows, platform supervision, and tax systems. For example, the United States advocates the free flow of data, while the European Union attaches importance to localization and emphasizes compliance with GDPR, so that enterprises have to deal with a variety of standards, and many cross-border e-commerce enterprises in Hebei Province rely on Alibaba, eBay and other platforms to explore overseas markets.

4.1.2 Data security and privacy protection pressure

The rapid growth of cross-border transaction information flow has made the cross-border transmission and storage of user data highly concerned by regulators in various countries. And things like GDPR and the U.S. CLOUD Act have made the requirements for cross-border data processing of enterprises even higher. Many Hebei enterprises rely on their own ERP and CRM systems to connect with overseas customers, which will involve sensitive data such as customer addresses, payment information, and evaluation systems. In addition, Hebei Province is relatively backward in terms of data security technology reserves and risk control system construction, and most of the small and medium-sized enterprises do not have strong awareness of data compliance.

4.1.3 Intensified market competition caused by digital technologies

The barrier to entry in the cross-border e-commerce market has been lowered by digital technology, which has led to the emergence of new competitors in more countries and regions. A number of local cross-border e-commerce platforms and brands have emerged in Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe and Latin America, which has formed direct competition for Chinese products, such as Indonesia's local e-commerce Tokopedia and Shopee's market share in Southeast Asia. Most of the small and medium-sized enterprises in Hebei Province do not have high added value of products, and they are still relatively weak in terms of brand building, operation capabilities, customer stickiness, etc., so it is difficult to effectively compete with mature brands in Shenzhen, Hangzhou and other places in the south.

4.1.4 International digital trade barriers

While traditional trade barriers continue to weaken, digital trade barriers continue to increase. Some countries and regions have imposed platform restrictions, set up tariffs, censorship systems, and tax registration requirements for China's e-commerce exports. For example, the "Digital Service Tax" in the United States and the "Platform Responsibility Tax" levied by the European Union on e-commerce have directly increased the cost of enterprises going overseas. In addition, product certification and intellectual property review are becoming more and more stringent, and if there are compliance problems, the accounts of enterprises on Amazon, eBay and other platforms may be removed from the shelves or even banned, which makes those cross-border e-commerce enterprises in Hebei Province that are mainly labor-intensive and traditional manufacturing industries under great pressure.

4.2 Internal Problems

4.2.1 Weak digital infrastructure

Although Hebei Province has made significant progress in the construction of 5G base stations and data centers, the number of 5G base stations will reach 193,000 in 2023, but the development of infrastructure between urban and rural areas and regions is still unbalanced. Artificial intelligence and other technical tools do precision marketing and intelligent decision-making.

4.2.2 Shortage of skilled personnel

Cross-border e-commerce is a highly complex and professional industry, and there are high requirements for talents' language ability, foreign trade knowledge, digital skills, market perception, etc. However, at present, the construction of relevant majors in Hebei universities is relatively backward and a systematic talent training system has not yet been established, and the data of Shijiazhuang Industrial Park show that e-commerce enterprises are reflecting the lack of operational talents, lack of content creation, and poor data analysis capabilities. In addition, when enterprises introduce talents, the mechanism is not active, the incentive is not enough, and there is a lack of long-term career development planning, so outstanding talents have flowed to coastal cities such as Guangzhou and Hangzhou.

4.2.3 Brand building lags behind

According to data from the Hebei Provincial Department of Commerce in 2023, more than 80% of cross-border e-commerce enterprises in the province still rely on third-party platforms for sales, and less than 20% of enterprises have their own brands or operate independent stations. Due to the lack of brand awareness, it is difficult to sell products at high prices, and enterprises can only rely on low-price strategies to get orders, thus falling into the dilemma of "price war". Compared with Zhejiang, Guangdong and other places, Hebei is very backward in terms of brand packaging, visual identity system, international trademark registration, content marketing, etc., lacking a systematic way to build a brand, and has not formed a stable overseas user community.

4.2.4 Low added value of products

Hebei Province's cross-border e-commerce exports are mainly traditional labor-intensive commodities such as textiles, bags, ceramics, etc., and the homogenization and competition between products are fierce. Due to insufficient investment in technological innovation and design capabilities, the lack of core patents, original designs and brand packaging makes the product low added value, strong substitution, and difficult to build a long-term competitive advantage. And many companies are still in the OEM or OEM production stage, and have not yet achieved the successful transformation from manufacturing to "intelligent manufacturing" and branding.

4.2.5 Insufficient supply chain coordination

Hebei Province has an industrial foundation, but the cross-border e-commerce supply chain system has not yet formed a perfect closed loop. The information system of some upstream and downstream enterprises has not been connected, which has led to problems such as inventory backlog, slow logistics response, and disconnection between procurement and sales. In addition, cross-border logistics relies on the outsourcing model, the lack of local high-quality cross-border logistics platforms and overseas warehouse networks, and the performance ability in emerging markets such as Central and Eastern Europe and South America is particularly weak, and the return and exchange and after-sales service system are not perfect, which also affects the user experience and order repurchase rate.

Chapter 5: Countermeasures for the development of cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province in the context of digital economy

The external digital trade policy environment is full of uncertainties and competitive pressure brought about by technological evolution, and there are structural shortcomings in terms of brand, talent, and supply chain. Based on the advantages of the local industrial base and policy resources, Hebei Province has formulated a forward-looking and adaptive cross-border e-commerce development strategy.

5.1 Responses to external challenges

5.1.1 Strengthen policy research and compliance management

The global digital trade landscape is constantly changing, and Hebei Province has to take the initiative to adapt to changes in international rules and build a professional policy research and compliance management mechanism. Local governments should take the lead in setting up organizations such as the "Digital Trade Compliance Research Platform", so that universities, industry associations, and platform enterprises can study policies such as RCEP, CPTPP, and EU GDPR, so as to provide real-time risk warnings and countermeasures for enterprises when they go overseas.

Local commerce departments should set up a "policy advisory service mechanism" for cross-border e-commerce enterprises and establish a policy consultation and training system, so as to help small and medium-sized enterprises improve their compliance awareness and operational capabilities, and avoid commercial losses caused by differences in laws and regulations.

5.1.2 Strengthen data security and privacy protection

Enterprises in Hebei Province need to establish and improve data governance systems and focus on technologies such as user data encryption, access control, data backup, and compliant storage to cope with increasingly stringent data regulatory policies. In view of this, it is recommended to formulate the Guidelines for Cross-border Data Compliance in Hebei Province to clarify the operational specifications of cross-border e-commerce enterprises in terms of data collection, storage and cross-border transmission.

Enterprises should be encouraged to use trusted data processing platforms, cloud security authentication services, and blockchain technology to achieve the goals of transparent transaction links, data cannot be tampered with, and user privacy can be controlled, thereby improving the overall data compliance level of Hebei cross-border e-commerce and enhancing consumer trust.

5.1.3 Enhance the ability to apply digital technology

At present, Hebei Province has to accelerate the promotion of cross-border e-commerce enterprises to move towards intelligence and platformization. To this end, local governments should increase financial support, so that enterprises have the courage to use advanced technologies such as ERP, AI intelligent customer service, and cross-border big data selection tools to build an integrated intelligent e-commerce system covering "marketing, fulfillment, customer service, warehousing".

At the same time, it is necessary to promote the establishment of a cross-border e-commerce technology service platform that can provide technical consulting, customized solutions and shared cloud tool support, so as to help small and medium-sized enterprises achieve technological transformation at low cost and improve their ability to respond to market changes.

5.1.4 Break through digital trade barriers

Some countries have set up barriers such as digital taxation, platform thresholds, and content censorship, and Hebei Province can actively rely on international economic and trade cooperation platforms such as RCEP to strive for policy coordination space, and guide enterprises to diversify their layout on overseas platforms and markets to reduce their dependence on a single platform or country.

Hebei Province can promote the construction of self-operated cross-border e-commerce platforms or introduce international SaaS tools such as Shopify and Wix, so that enterprises can be encouraged to develop independent station business, create a brand-centric de-platform sales channel, and improve bargaining and anti-risk capabilities.

5.2 Countermeasures to solve internal problems

5.2.1 Strengthen the construction of digital infrastructure

The regional development gap needs to be narrowed, so it is necessary to accelerate the construction of digital infrastructure at the county level and industrial clusters, and promote the balanced coverage of 5G networks, smart warehousing, and intelligent logistics systems in the province. Hebei Province has cross-border e-commerce development needs, so it is necessary to focus on improving the digital infrastructure level of cross-border e-commerce comprehensive pilot zones such as Shijiazhuang, Tangshan, and Xiong'an New Area, and at the same time support the construction of cross-border e-commerce exclusive data centers and cross-border logistics information platforms to achieve the goal of data interconnection with international ports. It is also necessary to support the construction of an intelligent supply chain platform in key cross-border e-commerce parks in Hebei Province, so that the digital docking of e-commerce enterprises and customs, warehousing, payment, logistics and other systems can be realized, and it is necessary to focus on optimizing the digital process of customs clearance and foreign exchange settlement of cross-border e-commerce enterprises in Hebei Province, so as to achieve "one-time data entry and full business handling".

At the same time, we will promote the establishment of the "Pilot Demonstration Plan for Digital Empowerment of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises", give priority to small and micro enterprises of cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province, and help small and micro e-commerce enterprises in Hebei Province build a digital operation system and lower the threshold for digital transformation through government subsidies and platform support.

5.2.2 Improve the training and introduction mechanism of cross-border e-commerce talents

The development of cross-border e-commerce in Hebei is subject to a key bottleneck - talent problem. Therefore, it is necessary to build a talent training system of "government-school-enterprise collaboration", and universities in Hebei Province should take the lead in setting up a "cross-border e-commerce training base", set up multilingual e-commerce courses and practical modules, and let e-commerce enterprises in Hebei Province work together with Amazon, eBay and other platforms to build practical positions to create a good working or internship environment for students.

When introducing talents, a "digital foreign trade talent introduction subsidy" can be set up, so that talents with e-commerce platform operation, digital marketing, and cross-border legal background can receive settlement support, entrepreneurship incentives and other policies, and leading enterprises in Hebei Province should also be guided to set up a "talent special fund" to enhance the stability and development space of talents [11].

5.2.3 Accelerate brand building and digital marketing

The key to increasing added value and global competitiveness lies in the brand. Hebei Province should promote traditional industries to move from "OEM export" to "brand going overseas", and need to encourage cross-border e-commerce enterprises in Hebei Province to strengthen the recognition of their brands in the international market by means of their own brand registration, obtaining international certification, and improving product design level.

Cross-border e-commerce enterprises in Hebei Province can receive policy support to carry out content marketing on social platforms such as YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok. Build an international user community in the form of short videos, live broadcasts, etc., to expand the brand's overseas influence. The Hebei Provincial Government should consider setting up a "special fund for brands to go overseas" to provide financial subsidies to start-up brands in terms of marketing, platform launch, visual design, etc., so as to promote the development of cross-border e-commerce brands in Hebei Province.

5.2.4 Increase the added value of products

Hebei province should encourage its cross-border e-commerce enterprises to shift from low-grade exports to high-value-added products and services. In addition, traditional industries such as Baigou bags, Tangshan ceramics, and Gaoyang towels should be deeply integrated with industrial design, technological innovation, and high-end materials to promote the development of functional, high-end, and environmentally friendly products.

Due to the short service chain of cross-border e-commerce enterprises in Hebei Province, we should focus on supporting enterprises to transform from a single goods export to a "product + service" model, such as providing integrated solutions such as overseas installation, maintenance, and after-sales, so as to enhance the value of export products and services and establish differentiated competitive advantages.

In addition, policy support and resource docking must also be promoted, you can set up a special fund for cross-border e-commerce high value-added products in Hebei Province, increase subsidies in R&D investment, international certification, and the construction of overseas service outlets, and organize cross-border e-commerce platforms to connect with cross-border e-commerce industrial clusters in Hebei Province, so that Tangshan ceramics and Baigou bags have become targeted support projects.

5.2.5 Optimize supply chain collaborative management

Hebei Province should build a linkage mechanism of "cross-border e-commerce + industrial belt + digital platform" to promote the core industries in the province to build an efficient supply chain system of centralized procurement, unified warehousing, collaborative performance, and standard return. In addition, it is necessary to support leading enterprises or third-party platforms to build a Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regional supply chain collaboration platform, integrate logistics data, order information and warehousing resources in Hebei and surrounding areas, so as to improve the operational efficiency of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei cross-border e-commerce supply chain.

Hebei Province should strengthen the layout of overseas warehouses and expand emerging markets. Focusing on Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, the Middle East and other places, which are the main export destinations of cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province, cross-border e-commerce enterprises in Hebei Province are encouraged to set up cross-border e-commerce collection centers in key cities such as Shijiazhuang, Tangshan, and Xiong'an New Area, and cooperate with overseas warehouse enterprises to establish Hebei brand overseas warehouse distribution centers in the target country markets. For cross-border e-commerce enterprises in Hebei Province that have deployed overseas warehouses in countries along the "Belt and Road", the policy will be tilted, so as to shorten the delivery cycle, improve the "last mile" performance capacity, and enhance the international competitiveness and customer satisfaction of Hebei brands.

Chapter 6 Conclusion

With the rapid development of the global digital economy, cross-border e-commerce has become an important engine to promote the transformation of international trade structure and boost local economic growth. Hebei Province is a traditional manufacturing base in China, and in recent years, with policy support and digital infrastructure construction, cross-border e-commerce has achieved remarkable results, but multiple challenges such as weak digital infrastructure construction, lagging brand building, shortage of professional talents, low added value of products, and insufficient supply chain coordination still exist. This paper systematically analyzes the development status of cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province, the impact of the digital economy on it, and the experience of advanced regions in China, and then puts forward targeted development countermeasures, because the digital economy brings new opportunities to cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province, but also has higher requirements for enterprise technical capabilities, brand awareness and supply chain collaboration.

The growth of cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province is quite impressive, and the total import and export volume has been growing, so that its proportion in the province's foreign trade structure has been increasing, but the commodity structure is mainly the goods of traditional advantageous industries, and the proportion of high value-added products is not high, and the degree of branding is not enough, which is in stark contrast with the demand for personalized and high-quality goods of consumers in the international market [12]. Therefore, Hebei Province should promulgate relevant policies to promote brand building to increase the added value of products.

Secondly, cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province can achieve precision marketing, efficient operation and optimization of the supply chain, which is inseparable from the technical support provided by the digital economy, such as the application of ERP, AI intelligent customer service, and cross-border big data selection tools to help Hebei enterprises achieve accurate positioning and intelligent logistics management in overseas markets. However, Hebei Province has obvious deficiencies in digital infrastructure and related talent pools, and many small and medium-sized enterprises lack independent website operation and digital marketing capabilities, and rely too much on third-party platforms [13]. Therefore, in the future, Hebei Province should accelerate the construction of digital infrastructure and improve the talent training mechanism of "government-school-enterprise collaboration" to provide intellectual support for the development of cross-border e-commerce.

Third, cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province is more difficult for enterprises to explore overseas markets due to the differences in international digital trade rules, the pressure brought by data privacy and security issues, and the rising barriers to digital trade[14].。 Therefore, in order to cope with these challenges, Hebei Province must strengthen policy research and compliance management, strengthen data security and privacy protection mechanisms, and encourage enterprises to improve their digital technology application capabilities to promote digital transformation, and Hebei Province can learn from the experience of Yiwu, Guangzhou and other places to enhance its international competitiveness through the "brand going overseas + content marketing" model [15].

The development of cross-border e-commerce in Hebei Province has been expanded by the digital economy, but enterprises are also facing higher requirements for technical capabilities, brand awareness and supply chain collaboration. In the future, Hebei Province should rely on policy innovation and e-commerce ecological construction to promote the transformation of cross-border e-commerce in the direction of digitalization, branding, and high added value based on the local industrial foundation and advanced experience at home and abroad, so as to add new momentum to the high-quality economic development of Hebei Province.

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Thanks

Many people have given me help and support during the writing of this paper, and I would like to express my gratitude to all those who have helped me.

I would like to thank my supervisor in advance, thanks to your careful guidance and valuable advice during my research, my expertise and thoughtful guidance have benefited me a lot when writing my dissertation, and your encouragement and support have given me the motivation to keep moving forward.

Secondly, I would like to thank my family for their generous support and encouragement during my studies and research, and their understanding and companionship allowed me to devote myself to my academic research.

Finally, I would like to thank all my friends and classmates for their attention and support, because with your help, I have the confidence to overcome many difficulties throughout the process.

To all those who have helped and supported me, I would like to express my sincerest thanks to you!