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Blood Groups  血型

Blood group systems (30)  血型系統 (30)

  • There are 30 different groups of antigens present on the surface of our RBCs.
    我們的紅細胞表面存在 30 種不同的抗原組。
  • Important in transfusion of blood
    輸血中很重要
  • Agglutination or clumping takes place when antibodies in the serum reacts with antigens on RBCs.
    當血清中的抗體與紅細胞上的抗原反應時,就會發生凝集或凝集。
  • ABO, most important  ABO,最重要
  • Rh (Rhesus)  Rh (恆河猴)
  • 28 Others systems  28 其他系統

No antigens  無抗原
Blood type 0  0 型血
mADAM  夫人

Rhesus Antigen  恆河猴抗原

  • The Rh system is the second most significant blood-group system in human-blood transfusion with currently 50 antigens.
    Rh 系統是人類血液輸注中第二重要的血型系統,目前有 50 種抗原。
  • The most significant Rh antigen is the D D DD antigen (RhD) because it is the most likely to provoke an immune reaction.
    最重要的 Rh 抗原是 D D DD 抗原 (RhD),因為它最有可能引發免疫反應。
  • There are Rhesus antigens D,E,C, and 47 others
    有 Rh 抗原 D、E、C 和其他 47 種
Rh Blood Group System  Rh 血型系統

Rh positive or Rh negative
Rh 陽性或 Rh 陰性

  • Rh+ve people = have RhD antigen on RBC surface (& no RhD antibodies in the blood)
    Rh+ve 人=紅細胞表面有 RhD 抗原(血液中沒有 RhD 抗體)

    (majority > 99 % > 99 % > 99%>99 \% of HK people are Rh+ve)
    (大多數 > 99 % > 99 % > 99%>99 \% 香港人是 Rh+ve)
  • Rh-ve people = don’t have RhD antigen on RBC surface , (& may have anti-D antibodies in the blood)
    Rh-ve 人=紅細胞表面沒有 RhD 抗原,(血液中可能有抗 D 抗體)

    (minority of HK people are /Rh-ve)
    (少數香港人是 /Rh-ve)

    rarr\rightarrow Rh-ve person’s blood does not yet contain anti-D antibodies. But if they were exposed to Rh+ve blood somehow, 50-80% Rh-ve people will develop anti-D antibodies.
    rarr\rightarrow Rh-ve 人的血液中尚不含抗 D 抗體。但是,如果他們以某種方式接觸 Rh+ve 血液,50-80% 的 Rh-ve 人會產生抗 D 抗體。

Rhesus System consideration in Blood transfusion
輸血時對 Ror 系統的考慮

Rh+ve person : can receive both Rh+ve and Rhve blood
Rh+ve 人 : 可以同時接受 Rh+ve 和 Rhve 血液
Rh-ve person : can only receive Rh-ve blood (unless in emergency situation)
Rh-ve 人 : 只能接受 Rh-ve 血液(除非在緊急情況下)





AB  血型

Rh-ve mother with Rh+ve fetus,
Rh-ve 母親與 Rh+ve 胎兒,

Mangement:  管理:

  • RhD immunoglobulin (RhIG)
    RhD 免疫球蛋白 (RhIG)
  • work by antibody feedback with T-cell suppression of the B-cell clone responsible for the formation of anti-D antibody.
    通過抗體反饋與 T 細胞抑制負責形成抗 D 抗體的 B 細胞克隆起作用。
  • 1 injection last 12 weeks, so, need several injections
    1 次注射持續 12 周,因此需要多次注射
  • Regular monitoring  定期監測

Blood Products  血液製品

BLOOD PRODUCTS(1)  血液製品 (1)

  • Blood-cells products  血細胞產品
  • whole blood  全血
  • packed red blood cells  濃縮紅細胞
  • leukocyte-poor (reduced) red cells
    白細胞貧(減少)紅細胞
  • washed red blood cells 
  • random-donor platelets concentrates 
  • single-donor platelets concentrates [human leukocyte antigens(HLA)-matched platelets] 
  • irradiated blood products (red blood cells and platelets concentrates)- after exposure 20 to 40 Gy 
  • leukocyte (granulocyte) concentrates 

BLOOD PRODUCTS(2) 

  • Plasma products 
  • fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) 
  • cryoprecipitate 
  • factor concentrates (VIII, IX) 
  • albumin 
  • immune globulins 

BLOOD LOSS- signs, symptoms and indication for transfusion  

Volume Lost  Clinical signs 
mL  % of Total 
Blood Volume (5 litres) 
Volume Lost Clinical signs mL % of Total Blood Volume (5 litres) | Volume Lost | Clinical signs | | :---: | :---: | | mL | % of Total | | Blood Volume (5 litres) | |
500 10
 
None;
tachycardia
None; tachycardia| None; | | :---: | | tachycardia |
 
no transfusion or crystalloid solution
crystalloid solution or colloids or RBC if
necesssary
no transfusion or crystalloid solution crystalloid solution or colloids or RBC if necesssary| no transfusion or crystalloid solution | | :---: | | crystalloid solution or colloids or RBC if | | necesssary |
1000 20 drop in BP 
 
crystalloid solution plus colloids plus
RBC or blood if available
crystalloid solution plus colloids plus RBC or blood if available| crystalloid solution plus colloids plus | | :---: | | RBC or blood if available |
1500 30 shock 
 
crystalloid solution plus colloids
plus
crystalloid solution plus colloids plus| crystalloid solution plus colloids | | :--- | | plus |
40 RBC or blood if available 
500 10 "None; tachycardia" "no transfusion or crystalloid solution crystalloid solution or colloids or RBC if necesssary" 1000 20 drop in BP "crystalloid solution plus colloids plus RBC or blood if available" 1500 30 shock "crystalloid solution plus colloids plus" 40 RBC or blood if available| 500 | 10 | None; <br> tachycardia | no transfusion or crystalloid solution <br> crystalloid solution or colloids or RBC if <br> necesssary | | :--- | :---: | :---: | :---: | | 1000 | 20 | drop in BP | crystalloid solution plus colloids plus <br> RBC or blood if available | | 1500 | 30 | shock | crystalloid solution plus colloids <br> plus | | | 40 | | RBC or blood if available |
crystalloid= salt solution eg normal sline 

Indication for transfusion in anemic patients 

  • The decision to transfuse is based on an assessment of the patient’s 
    clinical condition rather than a given level of hemoglobin 
  • blood transfusion of patients with chronic stable anemia is probably unjustifiable if the hemoglobin level is above 7 g per 100ml 
  • factors to consider include the symptomatic anemia(dizziness, weakness, shortness of breath), the patient’s age, the presence of underlying cardiac, pulmonary, or vascular disease. 

Transfusion reactions 

The ABO Blood System 

 
Blood Type
(genotype)
Blood Type (genotype)| Blood Type | | :--- | | (genotype) |
 
Type A
(AA, AO)
Type A (AA, AO)| Type A | | :--- | | (AA, AO) |
Type B   ( BB , BO ) ( BB , BO ) (BB,BO)(\mathrm{BB}, \mathrm{BO})
 
Type AB
(AB)
Type AB (AB)| Type AB | | :--- | | (AB) |
Type 0 (00) 
 
Red Blood
Cell Surface
Proteins
(phenotype)
Red Blood Cell Surface Proteins (phenotype)| Red Blood | | :--- | | Cell Surface | | Proteins | | (phenotype) |
No agglutinogens 
Plasma Antibodies (phenotype)  b agglutinin only 
No agglutinin  a and b agglutinin 
"Blood Type (genotype)" "Type A (AA, AO)" Type B (BB,BO) "Type AB (AB)" Type 0 (00) "Red Blood Cell Surface Proteins (phenotype)" https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-17.jpg?height=470&width=512&top_left_y=557&top_left_x=522 https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-17.jpg?height=470&width=512&top_left_y=557&top_left_x=1054 https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-17.jpg?height=470&width=513&top_left_y=557&top_left_x=1565 No agglutinogens Plasma Antibodies (phenotype) b agglutinin only https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-17.jpg?height=528&width=474&top_left_y=1143&top_left_x=1092 No agglutinin a and b agglutinin| Blood Type <br> (genotype) | Type A <br> (AA, AO) | Type B $(\mathrm{BB}, \mathrm{BO})$ | Type AB <br> (AB) | Type 0 (00) | | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | | Red Blood <br> Cell Surface <br> Proteins <br> (phenotype) | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-17.jpg?height=470&width=512&top_left_y=557&top_left_x=522) | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-17.jpg?height=470&width=512&top_left_y=557&top_left_x=1054) | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-17.jpg?height=470&width=513&top_left_y=557&top_left_x=1565) | No agglutinogens | | Plasma Antibodies (phenotype) | b agglutinin only | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-17.jpg?height=528&width=474&top_left_y=1143&top_left_x=1092) | No agglutinin | a and b agglutinin |
Red blood cell compatibility table 
Recipient  Donor 
0 0 0-0- 0 + 0 + 0+0+ A- A+  B- B+  A B = A B = AB=A B= A B + A B + AB+A B+
0 0 0-0-
0 + 0 + 0+0+
A-
A* 
B-
B-
AB AB AB-\mathrm{AB}-
AB+ 
Recipient Donor 0- 0+ A- A+ B- B+ AB= AB+ 0- https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=77&width=163&top_left_y=575&top_left_x=616 0+ https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=105&width=148&top_left_y=646&top_left_x=621 https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=129&width=163&top_left_y=646&top_left_x=858 A- https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=91&width=120&top_left_y=817&top_left_x=659 https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=101&width=143&top_left_y=807&top_left_x=1110 A* https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=48&width=44&top_left_y=950&top_left_x=678 https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=134&width=163&top_left_y=897&top_left_x=858 https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=134&width=143&top_left_y=897&top_left_x=1110 https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=134&width=143&top_left_y=897&top_left_x=1352 B- https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=130&width=153&top_left_y=1025&top_left_x=621 https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=129&width=153&top_left_y=1021&top_left_x=1589 B- https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=53&width=96&top_left_y=1187&top_left_x=683 https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=143&width=163&top_left_y=1144&top_left_x=858 https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=63&width=72&top_left_y=1177&top_left_x=1627 https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=148&width=110&top_left_y=1139&top_left_x=1831 AB- https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=134&width=163&top_left_y=1277&top_left_x=616 https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=91&width=101&top_left_y=1277&top_left_x=1152 https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=86&width=153&top_left_y=1277&top_left_x=1589 https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=134&width=181&top_left_y=1277&top_left_x=2054 AB+ https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=142&width=163&top_left_y=1405&top_left_x=616 https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=142&width=163&top_left_y=1405&top_left_x=858 https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=101&width=143&top_left_y=1405&top_left_x=1110 https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=142&width=143&top_left_y=1405&top_left_x=1352 https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=101&width=153&top_left_y=1405&top_left_x=1589 https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=101&width=143&top_left_y=1405&top_left_x=1831 https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=142&width=181&top_left_y=1405&top_left_x=2054 https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=142&width=148&top_left_y=1405&top_left_x=2315| Recipient | Donor | | | | | | | | | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | | | $0-$ | $0+$ | A- | A+ | B- | B+ | $A B=$ | $A B+$ | | $0-$ | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=77&width=163&top_left_y=575&top_left_x=616) | | | | | | | | | $0+$ | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=105&width=148&top_left_y=646&top_left_x=621) | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=129&width=163&top_left_y=646&top_left_x=858) | | | | | | | | A- | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=91&width=120&top_left_y=817&top_left_x=659) | | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=101&width=143&top_left_y=807&top_left_x=1110) | | | | | | | A* | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=48&width=44&top_left_y=950&top_left_x=678) | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=134&width=163&top_left_y=897&top_left_x=858) | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=134&width=143&top_left_y=897&top_left_x=1110) | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=134&width=143&top_left_y=897&top_left_x=1352) | | | | | | B- | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=130&width=153&top_left_y=1025&top_left_x=621) | | | | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=129&width=153&top_left_y=1021&top_left_x=1589) | | | | | B- | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=53&width=96&top_left_y=1187&top_left_x=683) | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=143&width=163&top_left_y=1144&top_left_x=858) | | | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=63&width=72&top_left_y=1177&top_left_x=1627) | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=148&width=110&top_left_y=1139&top_left_x=1831) | | | | $\mathrm{AB}-$ | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=134&width=163&top_left_y=1277&top_left_x=616) | | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=91&width=101&top_left_y=1277&top_left_x=1152) | | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=86&width=153&top_left_y=1277&top_left_x=1589) | | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=134&width=181&top_left_y=1277&top_left_x=2054) | | | AB+ | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=142&width=163&top_left_y=1405&top_left_x=616) | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=142&width=163&top_left_y=1405&top_left_x=858) | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=101&width=143&top_left_y=1405&top_left_x=1110) | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=142&width=143&top_left_y=1405&top_left_x=1352) | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=101&width=153&top_left_y=1405&top_left_x=1589) | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=101&width=143&top_left_y=1405&top_left_x=1831) | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=142&width=181&top_left_y=1405&top_left_x=2054) | ![](https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_04_02_77e51ad293920ee03007g-18.jpg?height=142&width=148&top_left_y=1405&top_left_x=2315) |

Adverse effects of 

-tFannsfusiporreactions: 
Mild, in 1% of transfusions-- fever, chills and itch 
. Severe transfusion reaction can result in death, rare (at <0.5 per 100, 000 transfusions. 
Can result from ABO incompatibility, allergic reaction, bacterial contamination 
Treatment: Stop transfusion and treat the cause Treat shock 

Table-3: Number of transfusion reactions according to the type of blood component involved. 

Transfusion reactions 
 
Packed cells
( n = 1 8 7 ) ( n = 1 8 7 ) (n=187)(\mathbf{n}=\mathbf{1 8 7})
Packed cells (n=187)| Packed cells | | :---: | | $(\mathbf{n}=\mathbf{1 8 7})$ |
 
Platelets
( n = 1 4 ) ( n = 1 4 ) (n=14)(\mathbf{n}=\mathbf{1 4})
Platelets (n=14)| Platelets | | :---: | | $(\mathbf{n}=\mathbf{1 4})$ |
 
FFP
( n = 1 1 ) ( n = 1 1 ) (n=11)(\mathbf{n}=\mathbf{1 1})
FFP (n=11)| FFP | | :---: | | $(\mathbf{n}=\mathbf{1 1})$ |
Febrile non haemolytic reaction  84 3 2
Allergic reaction  61 7 5
Bacterial contamination  2 Nil  Nil 
Isolated hypotension  3 Nil  Nil 
Haemolytic reaction  4 Nil  Nil 
Non specific reaction  11 Nil  Nil 
Not concluded  22 4 4
Transfusion reactions "Packed cells (n=187)" "Platelets (n=14)" "FFP (n=11)" Febrile non haemolytic reaction 84 3 2 Allergic reaction 61 7 5 Bacterial contamination 2 Nil Nil Isolated hypotension 3 Nil Nil Haemolytic reaction 4 Nil Nil Non specific reaction 11 Nil Nil Not concluded 22 4 4| Transfusion reactions | Packed cells <br> $(\mathbf{n}=\mathbf{1 8 7})$ | Platelets <br> $(\mathbf{n}=\mathbf{1 4})$ | FFP <br> $(\mathbf{n}=\mathbf{1 1})$ | | :--- | :---: | :---: | :---: | | Febrile non haemolytic reaction | 84 | 3 | 2 | | Allergic reaction | 61 | 7 | 5 | | Bacterial contamination | 2 | Nil | Nil | | Isolated hypotension | 3 | Nil | Nil | | Haemolytic reaction | 4 | Nil | Nil | | Non specific reaction | 11 | Nil | Nil | | Not concluded | 22 | 4 | 4 |

Adverse effects of transfusion 

I. Immunologic 
  1. Alloimmunization 
  2. Hemolytic transfusion reactions 
  • immediate 
  • delayed 
  1. Febric transfusions reactions 
  2. Allergic 
  3. Immunosuppressive effects 
  4. Transfusion-related acute lung injury 
  5. Post-transfusion purpura 
    II. Nonimmunologic 
  6. Volume overload 
  7. Massive transfusion: metabolic, hypothermia, dilutional, pulmonary 
    microembolism 
  8. Transfusion hemosiderosis 
  9. Infections  感染
  • Hepatitis(A, B, C, Δ Δ Delta\Delta, G,other 
  • HIV  愛滋病毒
  • CMV 
  • EBV 
  • Bacterial contamination 
  • Malaria 
  • other organisms 
Are you really my parent? 
Father's Blood Type 
A B A B A B ABA B 0
Mother's 
Blood  
Type 
A A or 0  A, B, AB, or O  A , B A , B A,BA, B or A B A B ABA B  A or 0  Child's Blood type Must Be 
B A , B , A B A , B , A B A,B,ABA, B, A B or O O OO  B or 0  A , B A , B A,BA, B, or A B A B ABA B  B B BB or 0 
AB A, B, or AB  A, B, or AB  A, B, or AB  A or B 
0 A or 0  B or O  A A AA or B B BB  0
Father's Blood Type A B AB 0 Mother'sBloodType A A or 0 A, B, AB, or O A,B or AB A or 0 Child's Blood type Must Be B A,B,AB or O B or 0 A,B, or AB B or 0 AB A, B, or AB A, B, or AB A, B, or AB A or B 0 A or 0 B or O A or B 0 | | | Father's Blood Type | | | | | | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | | | | A | B | $A B$ | 0 | | | Mother'sBloodType | A | A or 0 | A, B, AB, or O | $A, B$ or $A B$ | A or 0 | Child's Blood type Must Be | | | B | $A, B, A B$ or $O$ | B or 0 | $A, B$, or $A B$ | $B$ or 0 | | | | AB | A, B, or AB | A, B, or AB | A, B, or AB | A or B | | | | 0 | A or 0 | B or O | $A$ or $B$ | 0 | |
Child's Blood Type 
A B AB 0
Mother's 
Blood  
Type 
A A , B , AB A , B , AB A,B,AB\mathrm{A}, \mathrm{B}, \mathrm{AB} or O  B B BB or A B A B ABA B  B B BB or A B A B ABA B  A, B, or O  Father's Blood Type Must Be 
B A A AA or A B A B ABA B  A, B, AB or 0  A A AA or A B A B ABA B  A, B, or O 
AB A, B, AB or O  A, B, AB or 0  A , B A , B A,BA, B or A B A B ABA B 
0 A A AA or A B A B ABA B  B B BB or A B A B ABA B  A, B, or O 
Child's Blood Type A B AB 0 Mother'sBloodType A A,B,AB or O B or AB B or AB A, B, or O Father's Blood Type Must Be B A or AB A, B, AB or 0 A or AB A, B, or O AB A, B, AB or O A, B, AB or 0 A,B or AB 0 A or AB B or AB A, B, or O | | | Child's Blood Type | | | | | | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | | | | A | B | AB | 0 | | | Mother'sBloodType | A | $\mathrm{A}, \mathrm{B}, \mathrm{AB}$ or O | $B$ or $A B$ | $B$ or $A B$ | A, B, or O | Father's Blood Type Must Be | | | B | $A$ or $A B$ | A, B, AB or 0 | $A$ or $A B$ | A, B, or O | | | | AB | A, B, AB or O | A, B, AB or 0 | $A, B$ or $A B$ | | | | | 0 | $A$ or $A B$ | $B$ or $A B$ | | A, B, or O | |

ABO Blood Group System 

  • Phenotype 
A
B
AB 
O

Genotype 

AA.or 
AO 
BB.or O 
AB 
OO 

Genotype in the offspring 

ABO genotype in the offspring  ABO genotype in the   offspring  {:[" ABO genotype in the "],[" offspring "]:}\begin{array}{c}\text { ABO genotype in the } \\ \text { offspring }\end{array} ABO alleles inherited from the 
mother 
" ABO genotype in the offspring " ABO alleles inherited from the mother | $\begin{array}{c}\text { ABO genotype in the } \\ \text { offspring }\end{array}$ | ABO alleles inherited from the | | | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | | mother | | |
] ] ]]

Phenotype and Genotype