### **Discharge of Contract**
### **解除合同**

A contract can be discharged in the following ways:
合同可以通过以下方式解除：

1. **Performance**
1. **性能**

2. **Agreement**
2. **协议**

3. **Frustration**
3. **沮丧**

4. **Breach**
4. **违规**

---

### **1. Performance**
### **1。表现**

- **General Rule**: Performance must be precise and in accordance with the contract's terms (**S.38**). If a party refuses or fails to perform, the promisee may end the contract (**S.40**).
- **一般规则**：履行必须准确并符合合同条款（**S.38**）。如果一方拒绝或未能履行，受诺人可以终止合同（**S.40**）。

### **2. Agreement**
### **2。协议**

- A contract can be discharged by mutual consent. This can be done through:
- 经双方同意即可解除合同。这可以通过以下方式完成：

- **Novation**: Substituting a new contract.
- **更新**：替换新合同。

- **Rescission**: Canceling the contract before performance.
- **解除**：在履行之前取消合同。

- **Alteration**: Changing the terms of the contract.
- **变更**：更改合同条款。

- **Case Example**: **S. 63** allows for these actions, and **S. 64** permits the promisee to accept partial performance or a smaller amount of debt in satisfaction of the whole【48†source】
- **案例示例**：**S。 63** 允许这些操作，并且 **S. 64** 允许受约人接受部分履约或较小数额的债务来清偿全部债务【48†来源】.

### **3. Frustration**
### **3。挫折**

- **Definition**: A contract is frustrated when an event occurs that makes performance impossible or unlawful after the contract is made (**S. 57(2)**).
- **定义**：当合同签订后发生导致合同无法履行或不合法的事件时，合同即告落空（**S. 57( 2)* *）。

- **Key Points**:
- **要点**：

- The event must be unforeseen, and not caused by either party.
- 该事件必须是不可预见的，并且不是由任何一方造成的。

- Frustration discharges the contract, making it void.
- 挫折解除了合同，使其无效。

- **Another Example**: **Taylor v. Caldwell (1863)**
- **另一个例子**：**泰勒诉考德威尔案（ 1863）* *

- **Facts**: A music hall was destroyed by fire, making it impossible to hold concerts.
- **事实**：一座音乐厅被大火烧毁，无法举办音乐会。

- **Held**: The contract was discharged by frustration due to the destruction of the subject matter【48†source】【48†source】
- **维持**：因标的物毁坏，合同受挫解除【48†来源】【48†来源】.

### **4. Breach**
### **4。违反**

- A breach occurs when a party refuses to perform their contractual obligations. The non-breaching party can seek remedies, which include:
- 当一方拒绝履行其合同义务时，即构成违约。守约方可以寻求补救措施，其中包括：

1. **Rescission**: Canceling the contract.
1. **解除**：取消合同。

2. **Damages**: Compensation for losses.
2. **损害**：损失赔偿。

3. **Specific Performance**: A court order compelling the breaching party to fulfill the contract.
3. **具体履行**：强制违约方履行合同的法院命令。

4. **Injunction**: A court order preventing a party from taking certain actions.
4. **禁令**：阻止一方采取某些行动的法院命令。

- **Case Example**: **Sim Chio Huat v. Wong Ted Fui (1983)**
- **案例**：**Sim Chio Huat 诉 Wong Ted Fui ( 1983)* *

- **Facts**: The contract specified that time was of the essence. The respondent continued with the contract despite delays caused by alterations.
- **事实**：合同规定时间至关重要。尽管因变更而造成延误，被诉人仍继续履行合同。

- **Held**: By accepting the delayed performance, the respondent waived the right to rescind the contract【48†source】
- **判决**：被申请人接受延迟履行，即放弃解除合同的权利【48†来源】.

### **Frustration of Contract Circumstances**
### **合同情况受挫**

Frustration may arise due to:
沮丧可能是由于以下原因引起的：

- **Destruction of the subject matter**: As seen in **Taylor v. Caldwell**.
- **对主题的破坏**：如**泰勒诉考德威尔**中所示。

- **Purpose being defeated**: As in **Krell v. Henry (1903)**, where the contract to rent a room for a coronation procession was frustrated because the procession was canceled【48†source】
- **目的被挫败**：如 **Krell v. Henry (1903)** 中，为加冕游行租用房间的合同因游行被取消而受挫【48†来源】.

- **Death or incapacity**: If the contract depends on personal performance.
- **死亡或丧失工作能力**：如果合同取决于个人表现。

- **Illegality**: When a change in the law makes the contract unlawful, such as in **Berney v. Tronoh Mines Ltd. (1949)**, where the contract was frustrated by the outbreak of war【48†source】
- **非法**：当法律的变化使合同变得非法时，例如在 **Berney v. Tronoh Mines Ltd. (1949)** 中，合同因战争爆发而受挫【48†来源】.