2007
Text 1
文本1
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.
如果您检查 2006 年世界杯比赛中每位足球运动员的出生证明，您很可能会发现一个值得注意的怪异现象：精英足球运动员更有可能出生在当年的前几个月，而不是后几个月。如果你再审视一下为世界杯和职业队伍提供营养的欧洲国家青年队，你会发现这种奇怪的现象更加明显。
What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.
什么可能解释这种奇怪的现象？以下是一些猜测：a) 某些星座赋予卓越的足球技能； b) 冬季出生的婴儿往往具有更高的氧气容量，这会增加足球耐力； c) 狂热足球的父母更有可能在春季，也就是每年足球狂热的高峰期怀上孩子； d) 以上都不是。
Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”
佛罗里达州立大学 58 岁的心理学教授安德斯·埃里克森 (Anders Ericsson) 表示，他坚信“以上都不是”。埃里克森在瑞典长大，学习核工程，直到他意识到如果转向心理学，他将有更多机会进行自己的研究。大约 30 年前，他的第一个实验涉及记忆：训练一个人听到并重复一系列随机数字。 “对于第一个受试者，经过大约 20 个小时的训练，他的数字跨度从 7 增加到了 20，”埃里克森回忆道。 “他不断进步，经过大约200个小时的训练，他的数字已经上升到了80多个。”
This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.
这一成功，再加上后来的研究表明，记忆本身并不是由基因决定的，埃里克森得出结论，记忆行为更多的是一种认知练习，而不是直觉练习。换句话说，无论两个人的记忆能力存在何种先天差异，这些差异都会被每个人“编码”信息的能力所淹没。爱立信认为，学习如何有意义地编码信息的最佳方法是一个被称为刻意练习的过程。刻意练习不仅仅是简单地重复一项任务。相反，它涉及设定具体目标、获得即时反馈以及既关注结果又关注技术。
Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers — whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming — are nearly always made, not born.
因此，埃里克森和他的同事们开始研究包括足球在内的各种领域的专家表演者。他们收集尽可能多的所有数据，不仅包括绩效统计数据和传记细节，还包括他们自己与高成就者进行的实验室实验的结果。他们的研究提出了一个相当惊人的断言：我们通常所说的人才特质被高度高估了。或者，换句话说，专家表演者——无论是记忆力还是外科手术、芭蕾舞还是计算机编程——几乎都是后天培养的，而不是天生的。
21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to
21.提到足球运动员中出现的生日现象
A. stress the importance of professional training.
一个。 强调专业培训的重要性。
B. spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.
B. 聚焦世界杯上的足球巨星。
C. introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.
C. 介绍什么是专家表现的主题。
D. explain why some soccer teams play better than others.
D . 解释为什么有些足球队比其他队踢得更好。
22. The word “mania” (Paragraph 2) most probably means_
22. “狂热”这个词（第 2 段）很可能意味着_
A. fun. B. craze. C. hysteria. D. excitement.
一个。 乐趣。 B、热潮。 C. 歇斯底里。 D . 激动。
23. According to Ericsson, good memory
23. 根据爱立信的说法，记忆力好
A. depends on meaningful processing of information.
一个。 取决于有意义的信息处理。
B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.
B. 来自直觉而不是认知练习的结果。
C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.
C. 是由遗传因素而非心理因素决定的。
D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.
D . 需要立即反馈和高度集中。
24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that
24. 埃里克森和他的同事认为
A. talent is a dominating factor for professional success.
一个。 人才是职业成功的主导因素。
B. biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.
B. 传记数据提供了卓越表现的关键。
C. the role of talent tends to be overlooked.
C. 人才的作用往往被忽视。
D. high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.
D . 高成就者的成功主要归功于后天的培养。
25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?
25. 以下哪句谚语最接近文本试图传达的信息？
A. “Faith will move mountains.”
一个。 “信念可以移山。”
B. “One reaps what one sows.”
B. “一分耕耘，一分收获。”
C. “Practice makes perfect.”
C. “熟能生巧。”
D. “Like father, like son.”
D . “有其父必有其子。”
Text 2
文字2
For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 — the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, what’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.
在过去的几年里，周日报纸副刊《Parade》开设了一个名为“问玛丽莲”的专栏。人们被邀请询问 Marilyn vos Savant，她在 10 岁时曾对 23 岁左右的人进行了心理水平测试；她的智商达到了 228，这是有史以来的最高分。智商测试要求你完成语言和视觉类比，想象折叠和切割后的纸张，并推断数字序列，以及其他类似的任务。因此，当 vos Savant 回答普通人（智商为 100）的问题时，他会感到有点困惑，比如，爱和喜爱之间有什么区别？或者说运气和巧合的本质是什么？目前还不清楚，可视化物体和找出数字模式的能力如何适合回答一些最优秀的诗人和哲学家所无法回答的问题。
Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?
显然，智力不仅仅包含测试分数。聪明到底意味着什么？智力有多少是可以具体说明的，我们可以从神经学、遗传学、计算机科学和其他领域了解多少？
The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.
人类智力的定义术语似乎仍然是智商分数，尽管智商测试不再像以前那样频繁进行。该测试主要有两种形式：斯坦福-比奈智力量表和韦克斯勒智力量表（都有成人和儿童版本）。它们通常花费数百美元，通常仅由心理学家提供，尽管它们的变体在书店和万维网上随处可见。像 vos Savant 那样的超高分已不再可能，因为评分现在基于同龄人之间的统计人口分布，而不是简单地将心理年龄除以实际年龄并乘以 100。其他标准化测试，例如学术评估测试(SAT) 和研究生入学考试 (GRE)，涵盖了智商测试的主要方面。
Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership — that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.
罗伯特·J·斯滕伯格认为，此类标准化测试可能无法评估在学校和生活中取得成功所需的所有重要要素。斯滕伯格在他的文章《智力测试有多智能？》中指出，传统测试最能评估分析和语言技能，但无法衡量创造力和实践知识，而这些因素对于解决问题和人生成功也至关重要。此外，一旦人口或情况发生变化，智商测试不一定能很好地预测。研究发现，在低压力条件下进行测试时，智商可以预测领导能力，但在高压力条件下，智商与领导力呈负相关，也就是说，预测结果相反。任何努力通过SAT 考试的人都会证明，考试技巧也很重要，无论是知道何时猜题还是跳过哪些问题。
26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?
26. 智力测试可能需要以下哪项？
A. Answering philosophical questions.
一个。 回答哲学问题。
B. Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.
B. 将纸张折叠或切割成不同的形状。
C. Telling the differences between certain concepts.
C. 讲述某些概念之间的差异。
D. Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.
D . 选择与给定相似的单词或图表。
27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?
27. 从第 3 段可以推断出什么关于智力测试的信息？
A. People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.
一个。 人们不再使用智商分数作为智力指标。
B. More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.
B. 现在互联网上有更多版本的智商测试。
C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.
C. 成人和儿童的测试内容和形式可能有所不同。
D. Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.
D . 科学家已经定义了人类智力的重要要素。
28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because
28. 现在的人已经无法达到沃斯·萨万特那样高的智商分数了，因为
A. the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.
一个。 分数是通过不同的计算程序获得的。
B. creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.
B. 现在强调创造力而不是分析能力。
C. vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.
C. 沃斯·萨万特的案例是一个极端的案例，不会再重演。
D. the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.
D . 智商测试的定义特征已经改变。
29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that
29. 从最后一段我们可以得出结论：
A. test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.
一个。 考试成绩可能不是一个人能力的可靠指标。
B. IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.
B. IQ 分数和 SAT 成绩高度相关。
C. testing involves a lot of guesswork.
C. 测试涉及大量猜测。
D. traditional tests are out of date.
D . 传统的测试已经过时了。
30. What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?
30. 作者对智商测试的态度是什么？
A. Supportive.
一个。 支持。
B. Skeptical.
B. 持怀疑态度。
C. Impartial.
C. 公正。
D. Biased.
D . 有偏见。
Text 3
文字3
During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.
在过去的一代人中，曾经可以依靠努力工作和公平竞争来保持财务安全的美国中产阶级家庭已经因经济风险和新现实而发生了转变。现在，一份解雇通知书、一次错误的诊断或失踪的配偶都可能在几个月内使一个家庭从稳固的中产阶级变成新的贫困家庭。
In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback — a back- up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.
在短短一代人的时间里，数百万母亲开始工作，改变了基本的家庭经济。学者、政策制定者和各方面的批评者都在争论这些变化的社会影响，但很少有人关注其副作用：家庭风险也有所上升。如今，家庭的预算已经达到了新的两薪状态的极限。结果，她们失去了在经济困难时期曾经拥有的降落伞——一个后备收入者（通常是妈妈），如果主要收入者被解雇或生病，她可以进入劳动力市场。这种“额外工人效应”可以支持失业保险或伤残保险提供的安全网，帮助家庭度过困难时期。但如今，家庭财富受到的破坏不再能够通过留在家里的伴侣的额外收入来弥补。
During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen — and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent — and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance — have jumped eightfold in just one generation.
同一时期，家庭被要求在退休收入中承担更多的风险。钢铁工人、航空公司员工以及现在的汽车行业员工正在加入数百万家庭的行列，他们必须担心利率、股市波动以及他们可能会花光退休金的严酷现实。在过去一年的大部分时间里，布什总统一直致力于将社会保障转向储蓄账户模式，让退休人员将大部分或全部保证付款换成取决于投资回报的付款。对于年轻家庭来说，情况也好不到哪儿去。医疗保健的绝对成本和家庭承担的份额都上升了——新流行的健康储蓄计划正从立法大厅蔓延到沃尔玛工作人员，其免赔额要高得多，而且家庭的投资风险也很大。未来的医疗保健。就连人口统计数据也对中产阶级家庭不利，因为年迈父母身体虚弱的可能性——以及随之而来的对身体和经济援助的需求——在短短一代人的时间里就增加了八倍。
From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.
从中产阶级家庭的角度来看，可以理解的是，其中大部分看起来远不像是履行更多财务责任的机会，而更像是将财务风险大规模转移到他们已经不堪重负的肩膀上的可怕加速。金融影响已经开始，政治影响可能也不远了。
31. Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that A. the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.
31. 当今的双收入家庭面临着更大的财务风险 A. 他们曾经享受的安全网已经消失了。
B. their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.
B. 他们被解雇的机会大大增加。
C. they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.
C. 他们更容易受到家庭经济变化的影响。
D. they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.
D . 他们被剥夺了失业或伤残保险。
32. As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have
32. 由于布什总统的改革，退休人员可能会
A. a higher sense of security.
一个。 更高的安全感。
B. less secured payments.
B. 付款安全性较低。
C. less chance to invest.
C. 投资机会更少。
D. a guaranteed future.
D . 有保障的未来。
33. According to the author, health-savings plans will
33. 据作者称，健康储蓄计划将
A. help reduce the cost of healthcare.
一个。 帮助降低医疗保健成本。
B. popularize among the middle class.
B. 在中产阶级中流行。
C. compensate for the reduced pensions.
C. 补偿减少的养老金。
D. increase the families’ investment risk.
D . 增加家庭的投资风险。
34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
34. 从最后一段可以推断出
A. financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.
一个。 金融风险往往超过政治风险。
B. the middle class may face greater political challenges.
B. 中产阶级可能面临更大的政治挑战。
C. financial problems may bring about political problems.
C. 金融问题可能会带来政治问题。
D. financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.
D . 经济责任是政治地位的一个指标。
35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?
35. 以下哪一个是本文的最佳标题？
A. The Middle Class on the Alert.
一个。 中产阶级处于警惕状态。
B. The Middle Class on the Cliff.
B. 悬崖上的中产阶级。
C. The Middle Class in Conflict.
C. 冲突中的中产阶级。
D. The Middle Class in Ruins.
D . 废墟中的中产阶级。
Text 4
文字4
It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them — especially in America — the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.
从来不下雨，但倾盆大雨。正当老板和董事会终于解决了他们最严重的会计和合规问题，并改善了他们薄弱的公司治理时，一个新问题可能会给他们带来——尤其是在美国——那种令人讨厌的头条新闻，这不可避免地会导致高管们头脑发热。 : 数据不安全。到目前为止，信息保护仍由奇怪的低级别 IT 人员来解决，并且被视为仅银行、电信和航空旅行等数据丰富的行业所关心的问题，而现在，信息保护已成为各行各业老板议程上的重要议题。种类。
Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year — from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley — have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.
今年发生的几起大规模客户和员工数据泄露事件——来自时代华纳、美国国防承包商科学应用国际公司，甚至加州大学伯克利分校等不同组织——让管理人员急忙窥视他们错综复杂的 IT 系统和业务流程。搜索潜在的漏洞。
“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. “The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.” Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.
斯坦福大学商学院的 Haim Mendelson 表示：“数据正在成为一种与其他资产一样需要保护的资产。” “保护客户数据的能力是市场价值的关键，董事会代表股东负责。”纽约哥伦比亚商学院的伊莱·诺姆 (Eli Noam) 表示，事实上，正如公认会计原则 (GAAP) 的概念一样，也许现在是时候采用 GASP（公认的安全实践）了。 “为安全、冗余和恢复设定适当的投资水平是一个管理问题，而不是技术问题，”他说。
The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore — and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.
神秘的是，这对任何老板来说都应该感到惊讶。当然，对于最愚蠢的高管来说，信任是最有价值的经济资产，很容易被破坏，而且恢复起来成本高昂，而且没有什么比公司让敏感的个人数据落入坏人手中更有可能破坏信任的了。 。
The current state of affairs may have been encouraged — though not justified — by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.
由于数据泄露缺乏法律惩罚（在美国，但不是欧洲），目前的事态可能受到了鼓励——尽管并不合理。直到加州最近通过一项法律，当数据出错时，美国公司不必告诉任何人，甚至是受害者。这种情况可能会很快发生变化：许多拟议的数据安全立法正在华盛顿特区流传。与此同时，6 月 17 日披露的美国约 4000 万信用卡账户信息被盗事件给每天一项极其重要的决定蒙上了阴影。早些时候，美国联邦贸易委员会 (FTC) 向美国企业发出警告，如果企业未能提供足够的数据安全，监管机构将采取行动。
36. The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce A. the fierce business competition.
36. “从不下雨，但倾盆大雨”这句话用于介绍 A. 激烈的商业竞争。
B. the feeble boss-board relations.
B. 老板与董事会的关系薄弱。
C. the threat from news reports.
C. 来自新闻报道的威胁。
D. the severity of data leakage.
D . 数据泄露的严重程度。
37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out
37. 根据第 2 段，一些组织检查其系统以查明
A. whether there is any weak point.
一个。 是否有弱点。
B. what sort of data has been stolen.
B. 什么样的数据被盗了。
C. who is responsible for the leakage.
C. 谁对泄漏负责。
D. how the potential spies can be located.
D . 如何定位潜在的间谍。
38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that
38. 在提出 GASP 概念时，作者指出：
A. shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to.
一个。 股东利益应得到妥善照顾。
B. information protection should be given due attention.
B. 应充分重视信息保护。
C. business should enhance their level of accounting security.
C. 企业应提高会计安全水平。
D. the market value of customer data should be emphasized.
D . 应强调客户数据的市场价值。
39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to
39. 根据第 4 段，令作者困惑的是，有些老板没有
A. see the link between trust and data protection.
一个。 查看信任与数据保护之间的联系。
B. perceive the sensitivity of personal data.
B. 了解个人数据的敏感性。
C. realize the high cost of data restoration.
C. 意识到数据恢复的高昂成本。
D. appreciate the economic value of trust.
D . 欣赏信任的经济价值。
40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that
40. 从第 5 段可以推断：
A. data leakage is more severe in Europe.
一个。 欧洲的数据泄露更为严重。
B. FTC’s decision is essential to data security.
B. FTC 的决定对于数据安全至关重要。
C. California takes the lead in security legislation.
C. 加州在安全立法方面处于领先地位。
D. legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.
D . 法律处罚是解决数据泄露的主要途径。