Kingdom Animalia 17
动物王国 17

¹ Animalia is just one of the kingdoms that compose all of the living organisms on our planet. There are over seven million animal species that have been discovered so far. The organisms in the animal kingdom form complex relationships with one another and their environment, forming convoluted food chains. Humans of course belong in the animal kingdom and most of the animals that are in this group are bilateral, which means the animals have a bilaterally symmetric physique.
¹ Animalia 只是构成我们星球上所有生物体的王国之一。迄今为止已发现的动物物种超过 700 万种。动物王国中的生物体彼此之间以及它们的环境之间形成了复杂的关系，形成了错综复杂的食物链。人类当然属于动物界，这一组中的大多数动物都是双侧的，这意味着动物具有双侧对称的体格。

² The organisms in the animal kingdom have characteristics that distinguish them from those in other kingdoms. First, animals are eukaryotic and multicellular, unlike the bacteria and protists. While plants and algae can make their own food, animals need to feed on other organic materials. Most of the animals need to breathe in oxygen, with only a few exceptions. All animals can move freely in their environment, but some animals, such as sponges and corals can later become sessile. Finally, organisms in the animal kingdom develop in the blastula, which allows animal cells to be differentiated into specialized tissues and organs.
² 动物界的生物体具有区别于其他界的生物体的特征。首先，动物是真核生物和多细胞的，这与细菌和原生生物不同。虽然植物和藻类可以自己制造食物，但动物需要以其他有机材料为食。大多数动物都需要吸入氧气，只有少数例外。所有动物都可以在其环境中自由移动，但有些动物，如海绵和珊瑚，以后可以变成无柄动物。最后，动物界的生物体在囊胚中发育，这使得动物细胞能够分化成专门的组织和器官。

³ Animals in this kingdom are categorized into ecological groups determined by how they consume their food. Groups include carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, detritivores, and parasites. These groups in turn form a complex food group which can change due to factors, such as their environment. At the basis of this organization are herbivores that feed on plants and the energy they make through photosynthesis, and at the top are carnivores that eat other animals. Animals oxidize carbohydrates and other biomolecules to obtain the chemical energy inside oxygen, which will allow the animals to grow, mature, and sustain their biological processes, such as movement and reproduction. Some animals that do not have access to plants will live close to hydrothermal vents and cold seeps at the bottom of the ocean floor and consume archaea and bacteria.
³ 这个王国中的动物被分为不同的生态群体，这取决于它们如何食用食物。组包括食肉动物、食草动物、杂食动物、食碎屑动物和寄生虫。这些组又形成一个复杂的食物组，可能会因环境等因素而变化。这个组织的基础是以植物为食的食草动物及其通过光合作用产生的能量，而顶部是吃其他动物的食肉动物。 动物氧化碳水化合物和其他生物分子以获得氧气中的化学能，这将使动物能够生长、成熟和维持其生物过程，例如运动和繁殖。一些无法接触植物的动物会生活在海底的热液喷口和冷泉附近，并以古细菌和细菌为食。

1. Rewrite the underlined sentence above in your own words.
1. 用你自己的话重写上面带下划线的句子。

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⁴ Amongst the organisms in the six kingdoms, the organisms in the animal kingdom are colossal in size. The blue whale is the largest animal that has ever lived, which can weigh over 190 tons and be as long as 110 feet. The largest land animal is the African bush elephant, weighing up to 12 tons and be as long as 35 feet. That doesn’t mean that all animals are big in size. Some can be quite small. A parasite called myxozoa is microscopic in size, no larger than twenty nanometers. These animals of various sizes roam land, fresh water, and salt water.
⁴ 在六大生物界的生物中，动物界的生物体型巨大 。蓝鲸是有史以来最大的动物，重达 190 多吨，长达 110 英尺。最大的陆地动物是非洲丛林象，重达 12 吨，长达 35 英尺。这并不意味着所有动物的体型都很大。有些可能非常小。一种叫做粘液虫的寄生虫尺寸很小，不超过 20 纳米。这些大小不一的动物在陆地、淡水和咸水中漫游。

⁵ One of the most distinguishing characteristics is their physical structure. Interestingly, not all animals are bilateral in symmetry. Sponges, one of the oldest organisms in the animal kingdom, lack complex organization typically found in this kingdom. Although their cells are differentiated, they are not organized into distinct tissues. A subkingdom in animalia, cnidaria are radially symmetric and have one opening which serves as both mouth and anus in their digestive chambers. The great majority are bilateral in nature. Their bodies have three well-developed germ layers, and their tissues form specialized organs. They also have a separate mouth and an anus. These animals will also have a noticeable anterior end and a posterior one, as well as a left side and a right one. Having a front end means that they will encounter food there first, so sense organs and a mouth have been situated there.
⁵ 最显着的特征之一是它们的物理结构。有趣的是，并非所有动物都是双侧对称的。海绵是动物界最古老的生物之一，缺乏该界通常发现的复杂组织。尽管它们的细胞已经分化，但它们并没有组织成不同的组织。刺胞动物是动物界的一个亚界，呈放射状对称，在其消化室中有一个开口，既用作嘴巴又用作肛门。绝大多数是双边性质的。Their 身体有三个发达的胚层，它们的组织形成专门的器官。They 还有一个单独的嘴和一个肛门。动物也会有一个明显的前端和一个后端，以及一个左侧和一个右侧。拥有前端意味着它们会先在那里遇到食物，因此感觉器官和嘴巴都位于那里。

⁶ Mankind has taken advantage of the organisms in the animal kingdom for many millennia, mainly in the form of food. Animals are hunted both on land and water, and some animals are even farmed commercially. Livestock such as chicken, pig, and cow are consumed as meat all across the world. Besides consuming them as nutrition, animal skin has been turned into leather, and their hair and fur have been manufactured for textiles and fashionable goods. Humans have even taken advantage of animal strength and deployed them to work and transport in the farming industry. Animals such as the fruit fly have allowed science to achieve much by using them as experimental subjects. Animals have helped create machines and even some of the medicine that is being used today is based on toxins or other molecules from animals. It is no question that animals will continue to help mankind in the future as well.
⁶ 几千年来，人类一直利用动物王国中的生物，主要是以食物的形式。动物在陆地和水上都被猎杀，有些动物甚至被商业养殖。鸡、猪和牛等牲畜在世界各地都被当作肉类食用。除了将它们作为营养食用外，动物皮还被制成皮革，它们的毛发和毛皮被制造用于纺织品和时尚商品。人类甚至利用动物的力量，将它们部署到农业中工作和运输。果蝇等动物通过将它们用作实验对象，使科学取得了很大成就。动物帮助创造了机器，甚至今天使用的一些药物也是基于动物的毒素或其他分子。毫无疑问，动物在未来也将继续帮助人类。

2. Write a brief summary of the reading, following the sentence provided below.
2.在下面提供的句子后面写一个简短的阅读摘要。

The animal kingdom, one of the six kingdoms of life, consists of over seven million species and includes diverse organisms with complex relationships, forming intricate food chains.
动物王国是生命的六大王国之一，由超过 700 万种物种组成，包括具有复杂关系的不同生物，形成错综复杂的食物链。

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3. Think of another word or phrase to replace the vocabulary.
3.想出另一个单词或短语来替换词汇。

convoluted ___________________________________________
复杂的___________________________________________

bilateral ___________________________________________
双侧___________________________________________

colossal ___________________________________________
巨大的___________________________________________

textile ___________________________________________
纺织品___________________________________________

deploy ___________________________________________
部署___________________________________________

Renewable Energy 18
可再生能源 18

¹ As nonrenewable sources of energy are running out, mainly fossil fuels, humans have turned to alternative sources of fuel: renewable energy. In reality, renewable sources of energy have been tapped into since ancient times, but more recently has scientists taken leaps in efficient use of renewable energy. These strides have been marked in sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal energy. Renewable energy systems are becoming more efficient and cheaper, and this has been shown in the most recent installations of electricity capacity where two-thirds of total installations have been renewable energy. The four most popular forms of renewable energy are wind power, hydropower, solar power, and geothermal energy.
¹ 随着不可再生能源（主要是化石燃料）的枯竭，人类已经转向替代燃料来源：可再生能源。实际上，可再生能源自古以来就被利用，但最近科学家们在有效利用可再生能源方面取得了飞跃。这些进步在阳光、风、雨、潮汐、海浪和地热能方面都有所体现。可再生能源系统正变得越来越高效和便宜，这在最近的电力装机容量中得到了证明，其中总装机容量的三分之二是可再生能源。四种最流行的可再生能源形式是风能、水力发电、太阳能和地热能。

² In wind power, air flow is used to turn wind turbines. When wind speed increases, therefore, the power output from the wind turbine increases as well. One can see wind turbine farms in off-shore areas and high-altitude sites where winds blow stronger and are more constant. Electricity made from wind accounts roughly 4% of global electricity demand. Some of the leading countries that use wind energy are Denmark, Ireland, Portugal, and Spain. With improvements in technology, scientists believe that the long-term potential of wind energy can be five times total the current electricity production. To do this, governments would need to install wind turbines over large areas, especially in off-shore areas. Unfortunately, antagonists have spoken against the use of wind energy because many birds have been killed from the rotating blades. In addition, dozens of wind turbines in wind farms are not aesthetically appealing to landscape viewers.
² 在风力发电中，气流用于转动风力涡轮机。因此，当风速增加时，风力涡轮机的功率输出也会增加。人们可以在近海地区和高海拔地区看到风力涡轮机发电厂 ，那里的风力更强，也更稳定。风能发电约占全球电力需求的 4%。一些使用风能的主要国家是丹麦、爱尔兰、葡萄牙和西班牙。随着技术的进步，科学家们相信，风能的长期潜力可以是当前发电总量的五倍 。为此，政府需要在大面积上安装风力涡轮机，尤其是在海上地区。不幸的是，反对者反对使用风能，因为许多鸟类已被旋转的叶片杀死。此外，风电场中的数十台风力涡轮机在美学上对景观观众没有吸引力。

³ Hydropower can be much more effective in producing energy since water is several hundred times denser than air so that even a slow-moving stream of water can produce vast amounts of energy. There are several forms of hydroelectric power. The most popular are hydroelectric dams and reservoirs. Reserved water behind a dam would flow out of holes on the other side, turning
³ 水力发电的能量生产效率要高得多，因为水的密度是空气的几百倍，因此即使是缓慢流动的水流也能产生大量的能量。水力发电有几种形式。最受欢迎的是水电站大坝和水库。大坝后面的预留水会从另一侧的洞中流出，然后转向

the turbines inside the dams, which would then produce electricity. The majority of hydropower electricity is made in the Asia-Pacific region, with China being the largest producer. Hydropower can also be used outside of freshwater. In deep ocean, wave power captures the energy of ocean waves and tides, yet this form of renewable energy is not employed commercially because the cost of continuously fixing the machinery from salt water is high and marine life inter-ference has been a setback.
大坝内的涡轮机，然后发电。大多数水电发电来自亚太地区，其中 China 是最大的生产商。水力发电也可以在淡水之外使用。在深海中，波浪能捕获海浪和潮汐的能量，但这种形式的可再生能源并未在商业上得到应用，因为不断从盐水中修复机器的成本很高，而且海洋生物的干扰一直是一个挫折。

⁴ Solar energy uses light and heat from the sun to generate electricity. It is categorized into two groups, depending on how they capture, change, and distribute solar energy. In passive solar, as the name implies, a structure is oriented to the sun while using materials with favorable thermal mass or light-spreading properties. In active solar, which accounts for most of the solar thermal energy, a device directly converts sunlight into electricity. Scientists have claimed that further development of the solar energy will have a plethora of effects: import-independent resource, sustainability, reduction in pollution, decrease climate change, and maintain fossil fuel prices at a minimum. Alas, the exorbitant cost of producing and maintaining solar energy cells, as well as the pollution risks from damaged and thrown-away cells, prohibit the solar energy technology from developing.
⁴ 太阳能利用太阳的光和热 来发电。它分为两组，具体取决于它们如何捕获、更改和分配太阳能。在被动式太阳能中，顾名思义，结构面向太阳，同时使用具有良好热质量或光传播特性的材料。在占大部分太阳能热能的主动太阳能中，设备直接将阳光转化为电能。科学家们声称，太阳能的进一步发展将产生多种影响：独立于进口的资源、可持续性、减少污染、减少气候变化以及将化石燃料价格保持在最低水平。唉，生产和维护太阳能电池的高昂成本，以及损坏和丢弃的电池带来的污染风险，阻碍了太阳能技术的发展。

⁵ Finally, heat from Earth can be harnessed in geothermal energy. It originates from the original formation of our planet and from radioactive decomposition of minerals. The difference in temperature between the surface and the core produces thermal energy in the form of heat. At the core, temperatures may reach over 5,000 degrees Celsius, and the heat from the core conducts to the surrounding rocks. A system of pipes and pumps are used to transport water up and down the subterranean layers. As the water goes near the core, the water will become heated and will be pumped back to the surface, where the steam produced by the hot water will be used to turn turbines to produce electricity. The cooled water will then go back down and repeat the cycle. Geothermal energy has been used for heating and cooling buildings, and for industrial uses as well.
⁵ 最后，来自地球的热量可以用于地热能。它起源于我们星球的原始形成和矿物的放射性分解。表面和核心之间的温差会产生 热量形式的热能。在核心，温度可能达到 5,000 摄氏度以上，来自核心的热量传导到周围的岩石。管道和泵系统用于在地下层上下输送水。当水靠近堆芯时，水将被加热并被抽回地表，在那里热水产生的蒸汽将用于转动涡轮机发电。然后冷却的水将回落并重复该循环。地热能已用于建筑物的供暖和制冷，也用于工业用途。

However, the limitation of this technology is due to location, as geothermal plants must be situated near tectonic plate boundaries.
然而， 这项技术的局限性是由于位置的原因，因为地热发电厂必须位于构造板块边界附近。

1. According to paragraph 5, what can be inferred about geothermal energy?
1. 根据第 5 段，可以推断出地热能的哪些信息？

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⁶ The irony in using renewable sources of energy is that it requires nonrenewable resources to manufacture the devices and technology needed. Mined metals are used to create mechanisms to harness energy from the wind, water, and sun. Vast tracts of land are also needed to build wind farms due to their small surface power density. Nevertheless, before nonrenewable sources or energy run out, mankind must come up with an effective and efficient form of renewable energy.
⁶ 具有讽刺意味的是，使用可再生能源需要不可再生的资源来制造所需的设备和技术。开采的金属用于制造利用风、水和太阳能的能量的机制。由于风电场的表面功率密度小，因此还需要大片土地来建造风电场。然而，在不可再生能源或能源耗尽之前，人类必须提出一种有效且高效的可再生能源形式。

2. Write a brief summary of the reading, following the sentence provided below.
2.在下面提供的句子后面写一个简短的阅读摘要。

Renewable energy, used since ancient times, has become more efficient and cost-effective in recent years.
自古以来使用的可再生能源近年来变得更加高效和具有成本效益。

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3. Think of another word or phrase to replace the vocabulary.
3.想出另一个单词或短语来替换词汇。

subterranean _____________________________________
地下_____________________________________

renew _____________________________________
续订 _____________________________________

exorbitant _____________________________________
过高的_____________________________________

sustain _____________________________________
持续_____________________________________

plethora _____________________________________
过多的_____________________________________

harness _____________________________________
利用_____________________________________

oriented _____________________________________
面向 _____________________________________

Diabetes 19
糖尿病 19

¹ Diabetes mellitus, more commonly known as diabetes, is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels over an extended period of time. Diabetes results from either the pancreas not producing adequate insulin or the body’s cells not responding to the insulin made. Roughly 463 million people all over the world have diabetes, with similar rates shown in men and women. Appro-ximately 4.2 million deaths have been caused by diabetes and is the seventh leading cause of death around the world. Several symptoms of diabetes include weight loss, increased urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. The long-term complications of diabetes are related to damage in the blood vessels. In fact, diabetes doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease and may lead to coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease, all of which are related to the heart.
¹ 糖尿病，通常被称为糖尿病，是一种代谢紊乱，其特征是长时间高血糖水平。糖尿病是由于胰腺不能产生足够的胰岛素或身体细胞对产生的胰岛素没有反应引起的。全世界大约有 4.63 亿人患有糖尿病，男性和女性的发病率相似。大约有 420 万人死于糖尿病，是全球第七大死因。糖尿病的几种症状包括体重减轻、排尿增加、口渴增加和饥饿感增加。糖尿病的长期并发症与血管损伤有关。事实上，糖尿病会使患心血管疾病的风险增加一倍，并可能导致冠状动脉疾病、中风和外周动脉疾病，所有这些都与心脏有关。

² The main onset of diabetes has to do with insulin. Insulin is a hormone that controls the intake of glucose from the blood into other cells of the body. Thus a deficiency of insulin plays a central role in the appearance of diabetes. This hormone also plays a part in regulating the glucose levels in the body. When glucose levels rise in the blood, insulin is released by beta cells in the pancreas. The body’s cells use insulin to absorb glucose from the blood to use as fuel, convert it to other necessary molecules, or store it. If the amount of insulin is insufficient, or if the body’s cells cannot respond properly to the effects of insulin, or if the insulin is defective, then glucose will not be properly absorbed, converted, or stored. The net effect is continuously high glucose levels in the body, poor protein production, and other metabolic dysfunctions. Ultimately it will lead to diabetes.
² 糖尿病的主要发病与胰岛素有关。Insulin 是一种控制葡萄糖从血液中摄入身体其他细胞的激素。因此，胰岛素缺乏在糖尿病的出现中起着核心作用。这种激素还在调节体内的葡萄糖水平方面发挥作用。当血液中的葡萄糖水平升高时，胰腺中的 β 细胞会释放胰岛素。身体的细胞使用胰岛素从血液中吸收葡萄糖以用作燃料，将其转化为其他必要的分子，或储存它。如果胰岛素量不足，或者身体细胞不能对胰岛素的作用做出适当的反应，或者如果胰岛素有缺陷，那么葡萄糖将无法被正确吸收、转化或储存。净效应是体内持续的高血糖水平、蛋白质产生不良和其他代谢功能障碍。最终会导致糖尿病。

³ There are two types of diabetes: type 1 and type 2. In type 1 diabetes, the beta cells in the pancreas cannot make insulin, leading to insulin deficiency. Most of the time, an autoimmune attack leads to the destruction of beta cells and thus
³ 糖尿病有两种类型：1 型和 2 型。在 1 型糖尿病中，胰腺中的 β 细胞不能产生胰岛素，导致胰岛素缺乏。大多数时候，自身免疫攻击会导致 β 细胞的破坏，因此

the loss of insulin. People affected with type 1 diabetes are healthy and show a healthy weight when the onset occurs. Type 1 diabetics have irregular and unpredictable high blood sugar levels and have potential for serious low blood sugar levels. This type of diabetes is partly inherited and is triggered by environ-mental factors such as diet or viral infection. Type 1 diabetes occurs at any age, although this type is commonly called "juvenile diabetes" since children frequently have this type; however, a significant proportion is diagnosed in adulthood. When diagnosed with type 1 as an adult, it is called latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA).
胰岛素的流失。患有 1 型糖尿病的人很健康，并且在发病时表现出健康的体重。Type 1 糖尿病患者的高血糖水平不规则且不可预测，并有可能出现严重的低血糖水平。这种类型的糖尿病部分是遗传性的，由饮食或病毒感染等环境因素引发。1 型糖尿病发生在任何年龄，尽管这种类型 通常被称为“青少年糖尿病”，因为儿童经常患有这种类型;然而，很大一部分是在成年后被诊断出来的。当成年后被诊断出患有 1 型时，它被称为成人潜伏性自身免疫性糖尿病 （LADA）。

1. Rewrite the underlined sentence above in your own words.
1. 用你自己的话重写上面带下划线的句子。

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⁴ The more common form of diabetes mellitus is type 2. It is characterized by insulin resistance, sometimes combined with low levels of insulin secretion. Although the specific defect is not known, there is a high possibility that the insulin receptors fail to respond to insulin. Type 2 diabetes rises from lifestyle factors and genetics. Lifestyle factors, such as lack of physical activity, poor diet, stress and obesity lead to this type of diabetes. The majority of people with type 2 diabetes have signs of pre-diabetes before fully categorized as type 2. This progression can actually be slowed or even inverted with proper lifestyle changes or medications that help insulin sensitivity or decrease the liver’s glucose production.
⁴ 糖尿病更常见的形式是 2 型糖尿病。它的特征是胰岛素抵抗，有时伴有低水平的胰岛素分泌。虽然具体缺陷尚不清楚，但胰岛素受体很有可能对胰岛素没有反应。2 型糖尿病是由生活方式因素和遗传引起的。生活方式因素，如缺乏体育锻炼、不良饮食、压力和肥胖会导致这种类型的糖尿病。大多数2 型糖尿病患者在完全归类为 2 型糖尿病之前都有糖尿病前期的迹象。这种进展实际上可以通过适当的生活方式改变或有助于胰岛素敏感性或减少肝脏葡萄糖产生的药物来减缓甚至逆转。

⁵ As of now, there is no preventive measure for type 1 diabetes. On the other hand, type 2 diabetes can actually be prevented or delayed. Individuals should maintain an appropriate body weight. Participating in physical activity for more than 90 minutes per day decreases the risk of diabetes. A diet rich in whole grains and fiber and choosing polyunsaturated fats from nuts, vegetable oils, and fish help to prevent diabetes, as well as eating less red meat. If lifestyle changes do not work, patients can turn to medical treatments. Medications can be administered to treat diabetes by lowering blood sugar levels. Type 2 diabetes can be treated only with insulin injection or consumption. Another effective measure is weight loss surgery for those who are obese, and many are able to maintain blood sugar levels at normal count with minimal or no medication after surgery. For type 1 diabetes, a pancreas transplant is taken into account, but this is only applied to those who have a severe case of the disease. Research has been carried out to find novel ways to treat diabetes. An inhalable insulin has been developed in the United States, which is more convenient and easier to use. Transdermal insulin cream has also been developed and is being tested on subjects with type 2 diabetes. However, the best solution to diabetes has always been to take preventive measures reflected in the subject’s lifestyles.
⁵截至目前，尚无针对 1 型糖尿病的预防措施。另一方面，2 型糖尿病实际上是可以预防或延缓的。个体应保持适当的体重。每天参加体育活动超过 90 分钟可降低患糖尿病的风险。富含全谷物和纤维的饮食以及从坚果、植物油和鱼中选择多不饱和脂肪有助于预防糖尿病，以及少吃红肉。如果生活方式的改变不起作用，患者可以求助于药物治疗。可以通过降低血糖水平来服用药物来治疗糖尿病。Type 2 糖尿病只能通过注射或服用胰岛素来治疗。另一种有效的措施是为肥胖者进行减肥手术，许多人能够在手术后用最少的药物或不需要药物将血糖水平维持在正常水平。对于 1 型糖尿病，可以考虑胰腺移植，但这仅适用于患有严重疾病的人。已经进行了研究以寻找治疗糖尿病的新方法。美国已经开发了一种可吸入胰岛素，它更方便、更容易使用。透皮胰岛素乳膏也已开发出来，并正在 2 型糖尿病受试者身上进行测试。然而，糖尿病的最佳解决方案一直是采取反映在受试者生活方式中的预防措施。

2. Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the category to which they relate.
2. 从答案选项中选择适当的短语，并将它们与它们相关的类别相匹配。

a) This type can actually be reverted with proper care.
a） 这种类型实际上可以通过适当的谨慎来恢复。

b) The loss of beta cells results in this type.
b） β 细胞的丢失导致这种类型。

c) There is potential for high blood sugar levels as well as low blood sugar levels.
c） 有可能出现高血糖水平和低血糖水平。

d) Insulin injection is the only treatment method.
d） 胰岛素注射是唯一的治疗方法。

e) Lifestyle factors and genetics are the roots for this type.
e） 生活方式因素和遗传学是这种类型的根源。

3. Write a brief summary of the reading, following the sentence provided below.
3.在下面提供的句子后面写一个简短的阅读摘要。

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder marked by high blood sugar levels due to insufficient insulin production or poor insulin response.
糖尿病是一种代谢紊乱，其特征是由于胰岛素产生不足或胰岛素反应不良而导致的高血糖水平。

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4. Think of another word or phrase to replace the vocabulary.
4. 想另一个单词或短语来代替词汇。

peripheral _________________________________________
外周_________________________________________

onset _________________________________________
发病 _________________________________________

defective _________________________________________
有缺陷 的_________________________________________

inherit _________________________________________
继承 _________________________________________

juvenile __________________________________________
青少年 __________________________________________

latent ______________________________________
潜在______________________________________

America’s Automobile Industry 20
美国汽车工业 20 强

¹ The start of the automobile industry began with its roots in the development of the gasoline engine in France and Germany during the 1860s. Most of the beginning automobile companies were small shops and created handmade cars, and most of them would abandon their business after repeated failures in marketing and practice. As time progressed and technology developed, manufacturers also changed the way they made their cars. In the United States, most producers assembled components and parts that were made by different companies. Believe it or not, the first electric cars did not appear in the 21^st century, but revealed themselves in the early 20^th century. For a short time, electric cars enjoyed popularity due to their quietness and ease of operation, but the limitations given by the battery capacity quickly made the automobile obsolete. Another rival of the gasoline engine, the steam power, gained popularity as well because it was also easy to operate. However, the steam engines were too heavy. To make a lighter version, it would require extensive construction and would be difficult to maintain.
¹ 汽车工业的起源 始于 1860 年代法国和德国汽油发动机的发展。起步的汽车公司大多是小商店，制造手工汽车，大多数在营销和实践屡次失败后会放弃业务。随着时间的推移和技术的发展，制造商也改变了他们制造汽车的方式。在美国，大多数生产商组装由不同公司制造的零部件。信不信由你，第一辆电动汽车并没有出现在 21^世纪，而是 在 20 世纪初显现出来。在短时间内，电动汽车因其安静和易于作而广受欢迎，但电池容量带来的限制很快就使 automobile 过时了。汽油发动机的另一个竞争对手蒸汽动力也因其易于作而广受欢迎。然而，蒸汽机太重了。要制作更轻的版本，它需要大量的结构并且难以维护。

² After trial and failure of different engines on automobiles, it came down to the gasoline engine being the most adequate. Then came the full-scale mass production. This system started in the United States, and appropriately so, with their high standard of living, large population, and long distance. Mass production emphasized standardization, synchronization, interchangeability, and continuity with exact precision. These values were upheld by the American manufacturers as the American style. The epitome of mass production was shown in 1908, when three American-made Cadillac cars were disassembled, their parts mixed together, cars were reassembled and driven 800 kilometers without any trouble.
² 在汽车上尝试和失败后，汽油发动机是最合适的。 然后是全面的大规模生产。Th系统始于美国，而且生活水平高、人口多、距离远。大规模生产强调标准化、同步性、可互换性和精确精度的连续性。American 制造商将 T hese 价值观视为美国风格。大规模生产的缩影出现在 1908 年，当时三辆美国制造的凯迪拉克汽车被拆解，它们的零件混合在一起，汽车被重新组装并顺利行驶了 800 公里。

³ Mass production of automobiles can be generally attributed to the automobile pioneer, Henry Ford. He designed his car first, and carefully considered the problem of manufacturing it at a cheap price. Ford’s automobile,
³ 汽车的大规模生产通常可以归功于汽车先驱亨利·福特。他首先设计了他的汽车，并仔细考虑了以低廉的价格制造它的问题。Ford 的汽车，

Model T, became the most well-known vehicle in history. It was economical to operate and was easy to maintain and repair. After the success of the Model T, Ford and his colleagues then turned to the problem of manufacturing the car in large numbers and at a low unit cost. The solution they came up with was the moving assembly line, which consisted of two basic parts: a conveyor system and each worker limited to a single repetitive task. The assembly line allowed only minor variations in the basic model, due to the low cost of production. When the Model T was first made in 1909, its cost was $950. With the Ford assembly line, that price dropped to $360 in 1916, and still lower to $290 in 1926. Unfortunately, his failure to update the Model T while his competitors updated their models with prices not much higher than his brought down the automobile giant.
T 型车成为历史上最著名的汽车。 它作经济，易于维护和维修。在 T 型车取得成功后，福特和他的同事们转向了以低单位成本大量制造汽车的问题。他们想出的解决方案是移动装配线，它由两个基本部分组成：输送系统和每个工人都只能执行一项重复性任务。由于生产成本低，T h e 装配线只允许基本型号的微小变化。当 T 型于 1909 年首次制造时，其成本为 950 美元。在福特装配线上，这个价格在 1916 年下降到 360 美元，在 1926 年仍然低于 290 美元。不幸的是，他未能更新 Mo del T，而他的竞争对手以比他高多少的价格更新了他们的车型，导致这家汽车巨头倒闭。

1. According to paragraph 3, what can be inferred about the moving assembly line?
1. 根据第 3 段，关于移动的流水线可以推断出什么？

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⁴ Toward the end of World War I, Ford dominated the automobile industry with the newly formed General Motors as a potential competitor. However, during the 1921 Depression, the American automobile industry faced a financial crisis. Alfred P. Sloan became the new president of General Motors, and he instituted the auto-nomous manufacturing divisions, which allowed the management of a large corporate body, safely placing General Motors in its unchallenged position in the industry. Henry Ford also had to endure the financial crisis, but he was able to endure the depression, although the Ford Motor Company had reached its climax. Another rising star was the Chrysler Corporation when it introduced the low-priced Plymouth car during the finance-stricken era. This model allowed it to compete with the already established automobile companies. By 1929, these "Big Three" supplied 75% of the American market for automobiles, and the remainder was divided among independent manufacturers.
⁴ 第一次世界大战接近尾声时，福特主导了汽车行业，新成立的通用汽车公司是潜在的竞争对手。然而，在 1921 年 D压制期间，美国汽车工业面临金融危机。 阿尔弗雷德·斯隆 （Alfred P. Sloan） 成为通用汽车公司的新任总裁，他建立了自主制造部门，允许管理大型企业机构，安全地将通用汽车置于 行业中无可争议的地位。 亨利 Ford 也不得不忍受金融危机，但他能够忍受大萧条，尽管 Ford Motor C公司已经达到高潮。 另一颗冉冉升起的新星是克莱斯勒公司，它在金融不景气的时代推出了低价普利茅斯汽车。 Th是模型，使其能够与已经成立的汽车公司竞争。到 1929 年，这些“Big Three”供应了美国汽车市场的 75%，其余的则由独立制造商瓜分。

2. Rewrite the underlined sentence above in your own words.
2.用你自己的话重写上面带下划线的句子。

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⁵ After World War II, motor vehicle production expanded almost tenfold. The most significant aspect of this increase was that most of it happened outside the United States. America’s share of the world’s automotive production fell from 80% to 20%. Europe had always been the birthplace of the automobile industry and had continued to steadily increase its production. Japan, which had minimal manufacturing in automobiles before the war, became a leading producer. In 1994, the United States regained its lead in automobile production due to countries building their products in overseas factories in response to political and economic pressures. Regardless, the U.S. has been and always will be in the frontier of the automobile industry.
⁵ 第二次世界大战后，汽车产量增长了近 10 倍。这种增长最重要的方面是其中大部分发生在美国以外。美国在世界汽车生产中的份额从 80% 下降到 20%。欧洲一直是汽车工业的发源地，并继续稳步增加其产量。战前汽车产量最低的日本成为领先的生产国。1994 年，由于各国为应对政治和经济压力在海外工厂生产产品，美国重新获得了汽车生产的领先优势。无论如何，美国一直并将永远处于汽车行业的前沿 。

3. Write a brief summary of the reading, following the sentence provided below.
3.在下面提供的句子后面写一个简短的阅读摘要。

The automobile industry began in the 1860s with the development of gasoline engines in France and Germany, but early companies struggled due to marketing and technical issues.
汽车工业始于 1860 年代，随着法国和德国汽油发动机的发展，但早期的公司由于营销和技术问题而苦苦挣扎。

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____________________________________________________________

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4. Think of another word or phrase to replace the vocabulary.
4. 想另一个单词或短语来代替词汇。

obsolete __________________________________

synchronize _____________________________________
同步 _____________________________________

institute _____________________________________
研究所 _____________________________________

stricken _____________________________________
受灾_____________________________________

epitome _____________________________________

Sahara Desert 21
撒哈拉沙漠 21

¹ The Sahara Desert is located in the northern region of the African continent. It is the largest hot desert in the world and is therefore one of the harshest environments in the world. It covers 3.6 million square miles, which is the size of the United States. Despite its inhospitable environment, the Sahara Desert has many interesting characteristics that make it worthwhile to study.
¹ 撒哈拉沙漠位于非洲大陆北部地区。它是世界上最大的炎热沙漠，因此也是世界上最恶劣的环境之一。它占地 360 万平方英里，相当于美国的面积。尽管环境恶劣，但撒哈拉沙漠有许多有趣的特征，值得研究。

² This vast desert is covered by stone plateaus and sand dunes, which are popularly depicted in films and magazines. There are several mountains in the region, and some are actually of volcanic regions. In fact, the highest peak in the Sahara is the Emi Koussi, which happens to be a shield volcano. Although water is virtually nonexistent in the desert, two permanent rivers do flow through the Sahara: the Nile and the Niger. Wind and very rarely the seasonal rainfall change the geography of the Sahara. To the north lies the Mediterranean Sea, which produces hot summers and cool and rainy winters in the Sahara. In the south, a belt of tropical savanna provides the desert with a summer rainy season. In the east, the Red Sea provides some cooling effect and in the west the Atlantic Ocean provides a similar effect as well.
² Th是广阔的沙漠，被石质高原和沙丘覆盖，这在电影和杂志中被广泛描述。该地区有几座山，有些实际上是火山地区。事实上，撒哈拉沙漠的最高峰是 Emi Koussi，它恰好是一座盾状火山。虽然沙漠中几乎不存在水，但确实有两条永久性河流流经撒哈拉沙漠：尼罗河和尼日尔河。风和极少数季节性降雨会改变撒哈拉沙漠的地理环境。北部是地中海，撒哈拉沙漠夏季炎热，冬季凉爽多雨。在南部，热带稀树草原带为沙漠提供了夏季雨季。在东部，红海提供了一些冷却效果，在西部，大西洋也提供了类似的效果。

³ Despite the harsh living conditions, animals and plants have managed to survive and thrive in this ecosystem. Camels are one of the most exemplary animals that live in the desert. They were dominated 3,000 years ago and have been used for transportation amongst the locals. Also known as "ships of the desert," camels have evolved to adapt to the hot and arid climate. The characteristic hump on camels store fat and can be used for energy and hydration. They store energy so efficiently that they can survive without water for a week and not eat for several months. Plants have adapted to survive in the Sahara Desert by growing their roots deep underground so that they can find buried water sources. Their leaves have evolved to shape into spines so that they minimize losing moisture. In most parts of the desert, only shrubs can be seen,
³ 尽管生活条件恶劣，但动植物还是设法在这个生态系统中生存和繁荣。骆驼是生活在沙漠中最具代表性的动物之一。它们在 3,000 年前就被统治了，并已被当地人用于运输。骆驼也被称为“沙漠之船”，已经进化以适应 炎热和干旱的气候。骆驼身上特有的驼峰可以储存脂肪，可用于补充能量和补水。它们储存能量的效率如此之高，以至于它们可以在没有水的情况下存活一周，几个月不吃东西。植物已经适应了在撒哈拉沙漠中生存，它们将根深深地扎在地下，以便找到埋藏的水源。它们的叶子已经进化成刺，这样它们就可以最大限度地减少水分的流失。在沙漠的大部分地区，只能看到灌木，

but in the oasis areas like the Nile Valley, various plants can be seen growing on the land.
但在尼罗河谷等绿洲地区，可以看到各种植物生长在土地上。

1. Rewrite the underlined sentence above in your own words.
1. 用你自己的话重写上面带下划线的句子。

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⁴ Surprisingly, the Sahara was not always a desert. The Sahara switches from a dry, inhospitable desert to a lush, green oasis every 20,000 years. This alternation is due to the changing of the Earth’s axis which drives the monsoon activity. When the Earth is tilted closer to the sun, it receives more sunlight, which increases the monsoon rains and results in a green savanna in the Sahara. Prehistoric cave and rock paintings support this fact where drawings show ancient herders raising livestock and harvesting plants in the currently arid desert. But for the past few millennia, the Sahara has been a stable desert climate. This is due to the weather conditions that have taken presence in the area. The northeastern winds from the Middle East dry out the air over the desert, and hot winds blow across the desert landscape. A steady, descending airflow causes warming and drying effects in the atmosphere. This sinking of air actually prevents water molecules from rising, which makes cloud formation nearly impossible, and no clouds mean no rain. Therefore, precipitation ranges from 0 to 3 inches a year.
⁴ 令人惊讶的是，撒哈拉沙漠并不总是一片沙漠。撒哈拉沙漠每 20,000 年就会从干燥、荒凉的沙漠转变为郁郁葱葱的绿洲。Th是交替是由于地轴的变化，它驱动了季风活动。当地球倾斜靠近太阳时，它会接收到更多的阳光，这会增加季风降雨，导致撒哈拉沙漠出现绿色的稀树草原。史前洞穴和岩画支持这一事实，图画显示古代牧民在目前干旱的沙漠中饲养牲畜和收获植物。但在过去的几千年里，撒哈拉沙漠一直是稳定的沙漠气候。这是由于该地区的天气状况。来自中东的东北风使沙漠上的空气干燥，热风吹过沙漠景观。稳定、下降的气流会导致大气变暖和干燥。这种空气的下沉实际上阻止了水分子的上升，这使得云的形成几乎是不可能的，没有云意味着没有雨。因此，年降水量为 0 至 3 英寸。

⁵ Throughout history, the Sahara Desert was home to many groups of people. Since the end of the last glacial period, people have lived on the edges of the desert. Since the Sahara was much wetter than today, the environment was much different as well. The first group of people to have lived in the region were the Kiffians, roughly 10,000 to 8,000 years ago. They were tall hunters, based on bones found in burial sites as well as many animal bones that were scattered nearby. They ceased to exist when a dry period covered the region for the next thousand years. Other civilizations came to dominate the area in the following thousand years, but the most notable are the Egyptians. By 6,000 BCE, Egyptians were maintaining livestock and constructing large buildings. Before the towering
⁵ 纵观历史，撒哈拉沙漠是许多人群的家园。自上一个冰河期结束以来，人们一直生活在沙漠的边缘。由于撒哈拉沙漠比今天潮湿得多，环境也大不相同。第一批生活在该地区的人是大约 10,000 到 8,000 年前的基菲亚人。他们是高大的猎人，根据在墓地发现的骨头以及 散落在附近的许多动物骨头。在接下来的一千年里，干旱期覆盖了该地区，它们就不复存在了。在接下来的一千年里，其他文明开始主导该地区，但最著名的是埃及人。到公元前 6,000 年，埃及人开始饲养牲畜并建造大型建筑。高耸入云之前

pyramids were built, the ancient Egyptians were predominantly centered on cereal and livestock. Today, the Sahara Desert is comprised of several countries: Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Algeria. Most of these states actually became an entity after World War II.
建造了金字塔，古埃及人主要以谷物和牲畜为中心。今天，撒哈拉沙漠由几个国家组成：利比亚、摩洛哥、苏丹、突尼斯、乍得、马里、毛里塔尼亚、尼日尔和阿尔及利亚。这些国家中的大多数实际上是在二战后成为一个实体。

2. Write a brief summary of the reading, following the sentence provided below.
2.在下面提供的句子后面写一个简短的阅读摘要。

The Sahara Desert, located in northern Africa, is the largest hot desert in the world, spanning 3.6 million square miles.
撒哈拉沙漠位于北非，是世界上最大的炎热沙漠，面积达 360 万平方英里。

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3. Think of another word or phrase to replace the vocabulary.
3. 想另一个单词或短语来替换词汇。

inhospitable _______________________________________
荒凉的_______________________________________

plateau _______________________________________
高原_______________________________________

domesticate _______________________________________
驯化_______________________________________

entity _______________________________________
实体 _______________________________________

lush _______________________________________
郁郁葱葱的 _______________________________________