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Lecture 8
第 8 講

German Supply Chain Act
德國供應鏈法案

Enacted in 2021, effective January 1, 2023. Aims to protect rights within global supply chains for goods/services in Germany.
於 2021 年頒布,於 2023 年 1 月 1 日生效。旨在保護德國商品/服務的全球供應鏈中的權利。

Key Provisions
主要條款

Framework for corporate due diligence 企業盡職調查 on ethical practices
企業盡職調查框架 (Framework for corporate due diligence 道德實踐

Requires action against reliable reports of human rights violations 侵犯人權 (e.g., child labor, exploitation)
要求對侵犯人權行為(例如,童工、剝削)的可靠報告採取行動

Focus on ESG Compliance 遵守/符合
專注於ESG合規性遵守/符合

Stricter regulations 規定 increase pressure on companies to invest in ESG programs
更嚴格的法規 規定增加公司投資 ESG 計劃的壓力

Compliance not only for legality 合法性but to gain competitive advantage
遵守不僅是為了合法性、合法性,而且是為了獲得競爭優勢

Global Implications
全球影響

Similar regulations emerging worldwide (e.g., UK Modern Slavery Act, SEC requirements in the US)
全球範圍內出現類似的法規(例如,英國《現代奴隸制法案》、美國的 SEC 要求)

Shift towards enhanced corporate accountability and transparency
向增強企業問責制和透明度轉變

Benefits of Compliance
合規性的好處

Companies prioritizing ESG are likely to attract conscious consumers
優先考慮ESG的公司可能會吸引有意識的消費者

Long-term loyalty and trust from customers and investors
來自客戶和投資者的長期忠誠度和信任

Supply Chain Network: Procurement and Supply Chain Management
Supply Chain Network:採購和供應鏈管理

Acts as a bridge between external suppliers & internal operations of an organization. Responsible for ensuring necessary inputs for the transformation process.
作為外部供應商和組織內部運營之間的橋樑。負責確保轉型過程的必要投入。

Role of Procurement in Resilience
採購在彈性中的作用

Integral to enterprise risk management, enhancing supply chain resilience 彈性.
是企業風險管理不可或缺的一部分,增強供應鏈彈性彈性

Strategies include flexible contingency planning and proactive forecasting
策略包括靈活的應急計劃和主動預測

Consequences of Disruptions
中斷的後果

Disruptions in upstream procurement can severely impact sales, brand image, and financial stability.
上游採購的中斷會嚴重影響銷售、品牌形象和財務穩定。

Recent events (e.g., COVID-19) emphasize the need for proactive procurement strategies.
最近的事件(例如 COVID-19)強調了積極採購策略的必要性。

Supply Chain Segmentation
供應鏈細分

Upstream Supply Chain: Involves interactions with suppliers for inputs (e.g., raw materials, components).
上游供應鏈:涉及與供應商的互動以獲取輸入(例如,原材料、元件)。

Downstream Supply Chain: Focuses on distribution of products/services to customers.
下游供應鏈:專注於向客戶分銷產品/服務。

Tier structure (Supplier tiering):
層級結構(供應商分層)

Tier 1: Direct suppliers.
第 1 層:直接供應商。

Tier 2: Suppliers to Tier 1.
第 2 層:第 1 層的供應商。

Tier 3: Suppliers to Tier 2.
第3層:第2層的供應商。

Globalization Impact
全球化影響

Increased outsourcing has led to more complex supply chains.
外包的增加導致了更複雜的供應鏈。

Greater vulnerability to disruptions and risks due to multiple supply chain layers.
由於多個供應鏈層,更容易受到中斷和風險的影響。

Evolution of Procurement 採購
採購採購的演變

Transitioned from a focus on purchasing to a key value-adding function.
從專注於採購轉變為關鍵的增值功能。

Aligns with Porter’s value chain model to enhance product/service value.
與 Porter 的價值鏈模型保持一致,以提高產品/服務價值。

Supply Chain Network: Procurement and Supply Chain Management
Supply Chain Network:採購和供應鏈管理

Objectives of Supply Chain Management: Seven Rights (7Rs) of Logistics
供應鏈管理的目標:物流的七項權利 (7R)

Right products
合適的產品

Ensure that the products sourced perfectly match customer specifications, including dimensions, materials, colors, and specific features.
確保採購的商品完全符合買家的規格,包括尺寸、材料、顏色和特定功能。

Right quality
正確的品質

Meet all quality requirements, using metrics like non-conformities, field rejects, or defects to continuously improve quality standards.
滿足所有品質要求,使用不合格項、現場廢品或缺陷等指標不斷提高質量標準。

Right time
正確的時間

Products must reach the specified location at the specified time, neither too late nor too early, understanding supplier lead times 交貨時間 for efficient procurement management.
產品必須在指定時間到達指定地點,既不能太晚也不能太早,瞭解供應商交貨時間以便有效率地管理採購。

Right quantity
正確的數量

Translate demands into actionable orders within the supply chain network to avoid inefficiencies and disruptions.
在供應鏈網路中將需求轉化為可操作的訂單,以避免效率低下和中斷。

Right location
正確的位置

Essential information for logistics and distribution planning, closely linked to lead times for efficient shipping.
物流和分銷規劃的重要資訊,與高效運輸的交貨時間密切相關。

Right people
合適的人

In the global market, skilled personnel are essential. They must possess the necessary expertise (e.g. language skills and knowledge of import/export procedures), to meet customer needs.
在全球市場上,熟練的人才是必不可少的。他們必須具備必要的專業知識(例如語言技能和進出口程序知識),以滿足客戶需求。

Right cost
合適的成本

Procurement should balance cost and quality to ensure that products are competitive and profitable.
採購應平衡成本和品質,以確保產品具有競爭力和盈利能力。

Triple Constraint Model in Supply Chain
供應鏈中的三重約束模型

Cost
成本

Cost is a fundamental aspect of the triple constraint model in supply chain management.
成本是供應鏈管理中三重約束模型的一個基本方面。

It involves managing expenses related to procurement, production, transportation, and inventory to ensure competitiveness and profitability.
它涉及管理與採購、生產、運輸和庫存相關的費用,以確保競爭力和盈利能力。

Time
時間

Time plays a crucial role in the triple constraint model, representing the lead time from order placement to product delivery.
時間在三重約束模型中起著至關重要的作用,表示從下訂單到產品交付的交貨時間。

Shortening lead time enhances agility, customer satisfaction, and responsiveness to market demands.
縮短交付週期可以提高敏捷性、客戶滿意度和對市場需求的回應能力。

Quality
品質

Quality is a key component of the triple constraint model, focusing on meeting customer expectations, maintaining brand reputation, and adhering to stringent quality and safety standards throughout the supply chain.
品質是三重約束模型的關鍵組成部分,專注於滿足買家期望、維護品牌聲譽,並在整個供應鏈中遵守嚴格的品質和安全標準。

Special Decisions in Supplier Management
供應商管理中的特殊決策

Supplier Identification
供應商識別

Identify suppliers who consistently provide products and services of desired quality.
確定始終如一地提供所需品質的產品和服務的供應商。

Assess their manufacturing processes, quality control measures, and contribution to added value.
評估他們的製造流程、品質控制措施和對附加值的貢獻。

Supplier Segmentation
供應商細分

Classify suppliers into categories like preferred, alternative, benchmark, and market suppliers based on their track record and offerings.
根據供應商的業績記錄和產品,將供應商分為首選、替代、基準和市場供應商等類別。

Supplier Selection
供應商選擇

Carefully choose suppliers aligned with the organization's values and needs.
仔細選擇符合組織價值觀和需求的供應商。

Consider criteria such as quality, reliability, cost, and sustainability.
考慮品質、可靠性、成本和可持續性等標準。

Utilization of Effective Tools
利用有效的工具

Implement advanced supplier management tools and software to streamline communication.
實施高級供應商管理工具和軟體以簡化溝通。

Track performance metrics and facilitate data-driven decision-making.
跟蹤績效指標並促進數據驅動的決策。

Internationalization國際化
國際化國際化

Establish effective processes for stable cross-border transactions.
建立有效的流程,實現穩定的跨境交易。

Conduct comprehensive risk assessments to prevent supply bottlenecks 瓶頸.
進行全面的風險評估以防止供應瓶頸瓶頸

The Role of ESG in Supplier Management
ESG 在供應商管理中的作用

Importance of Supplier Management
供應商管理的重要性

Essential for creating value-added supply chains.
對於創建增值供應鏈至關重要。

Guided by quality, costs, delivery performance.
以品質、成本、交貨績效為導向。

\Challenges in Modern Commerce
\現代商務的挑戰

Global commerce introduces new complexities.
全球商務帶來了新的複雜性。

Regulatory pressures hold companies accountable for supplier actions.
監管壓力使公司對供應商的行為負責。

Ethical Dilemmas
道德困境

Supplier relationships can lead to ethical challenges.
供應商關係可能導致道德挑戰。

Difficulty in monitoring ethical practices across diverse regions.
難以監測不同地區的道德實踐。

Regulatory Landscape 監管環境
監管環境

Governments enforce laws requiring due diligence on suppliers.
政府執行要求對供應商進行盡職調查的法律。

Companies must identify and mitigate ethical risks.
公司必須識別並減輕道德風險。

Impact of Global Issues
全球問題的影響

Political instability, trade complexities, and climate change affect supply chains.
政治不穩定、貿易複雜性和氣候變化都會影響供應鏈。

Environmental regulations and consumer demands influence supplier practices.
環境法規和消費者需求會影響供應商的實踐。

Transformation of Supplier Management
供應商管理轉型

Evolved to include sustainability as a key focus.
不斷發展,將可持續性作為重點。

Integration of ESG principles is crucial.
整合ESG原則至關重要。

Strategic Advantages
戰略優勢

Companies that adopt responsible practices can mitigate risks.
採用負責任做法的公司可以降低風險。

Ethical and sustainable practices enhance competitive positioning in the marketplace.
合乎道德和可持續的做法可以提高市場中的競爭地位。

Human Rights Standards in Supply Chains
供應鏈中的人權標準

Essential for effective supplier management. Legislation like the German Supply Chain Act emphasizes the need to uphold these rights globally. Companies can leverage their influence through regular supplier audits and assessments to ensure compliance with human rights standards.
對於有效的供應商管理至關重要。《德國供應鏈法》等立法強調了在全球範圍內維護這些權利的必要性。公司可以通過定期的供應商審計和評估來利用其影響力,以確保遵守人權標準。

Prohibition of Child Labor
禁止使用童工

Ensuring that suppliers do not employ underage workers
確保供應商不僱用未成年工人

Safeguarding their rights to education, health, and a safe environment
保障他們獲得教育、健康和安全環境的權利

Protection against Slavery and Forced Labor
防止奴隸制和強迫勞動

Identifying and rectifying 修正 situations where workers are coerced or held against their will throughout the supply chain
識別並糾正在整個供應鏈中工人被迫或違背其意願被扣押的修正情況

Occupational Health and Safety
職業健康與安全

Urging suppliers to minimize workplace hazards
敦促供應商盡量減少工作場所的危害

Provide proper training
提供適當的培訓

Offer protective equipment to employees
為員工提供防護用品

Adequate Living Wage
充足的生活工資

Suppliers should pay reasonable wages
供應商應支付合理的工資

Enabling employees to live with dignity
讓員工能夠有尊嚴地生活

Covering essentials (e.g. food, shelter, and healthcare)
涵蓋必需品(例如食物、住所和醫療保健)

Freedom from Discrimination
不受歧視

Insisting that suppliers provide equal opportunities
堅持要求供應商提供平等的機會

Fair treatment to all employees, regardless of background factors like race, gender, or religion
公平對待所有員工,無論種族、性別或宗教等背景因素如何

Environmental Protection Strategies
環境保護策略

Optimizing Transportation Routes
優化運輸路線

Reduces carbon footprint
減少碳足跡

Improves fuel efficiency
提高燃油效率

Minimizes traffic congestion
最大限度地減少交通擁堵

Encouraging Renewable Energy Adoption
鼓勵可再生能源的採用

Promotes energy efficiency
提高能源效率

Reduces greenhouse gas emissions
減少溫室氣體排放

Supports sustainable practices
支援可持續實踐

Implementing Waste Reduction
實施減廢

Recycling materials
回收材料

Reducing landfill waste
減少垃圾填埋場廢物

Promoting circular economy
推動迴圈經濟

Managing Water Consumption
管理用水量

Efficient water use
高效用水

Reduces water waste
減少水浪費

Supports sustainable water management
支援可持續的水管理

Conducting Lifecycle Assessments
執行生命周期評估

environmental impact
環境影響

Identifying improvement areas
確定改進領域

Promoting sustainable product design
促進可持續的產品設計

Importance of Fair Competition
公平競爭的重要性

Fair competition is crucial in maintaining market integrity and ensuring a level playing field for all participants.
公平競爭對於維護市場完整性和確保所有參與者的公平競爭環境至關重要。

Unethical actions such as unfair competition or collusion can distort market functions and harm consumers.
不道德的行為,如不正當競爭或串通,會扭曲市場功能並損害消費者。

Examples of unfair competition include negative advertising against competitors, bribery, industrial espionage工業間諜活動, and brand theft.
不正當競爭的例子包括針對競爭對手的負面廣告、賄賂、工業間諜活動品牌盜竊。

In Germany, specific acts related to unfair competition such as disparagement 貶低, bribery, and misleading advertisement are outlined in federal laws.
在德國,聯邦法律規定了與不正當競爭相關的具體行為,例如詆毀貶、賄賂和誤導性廣告。

Fair competition promotes innovation, efficiency, and consumer choice in the marketplace.
公平競爭促進市場創新、效率和消費者選擇。