一、past actions
1. Past actions

（合作机制建立）2022年，美国与澳大利亚、日本、新西兰和英国共同启动了“蓝色太平洋伙伴”倡议，旨在加强与太平洋地区的合作。该倡议涉及气候变化适应、海洋保护、经济发展等多个领域
In 2022, the United States, along with Australia, Japan, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, launched the Blue Pacific Partnership to strengthen cooperation with the Pacific region. The initiative covers a variety of areas such as climate change adaptation, marine protection, and economic development

2023年9月，美国与32个国家共同启动了“大西洋合作伙伴关系”，汇集了非洲、欧洲、北美、南美和加勒比海的大西洋沿岸国家。该合作旨在通过《大西洋合作宣言》共同应对气候变化、自然灾害等挑战，并促进海洋生物多样性和海洋生态系统的保护与可持续利用。全大西洋研究与创新联盟（AAORIA）：与阿根廷、巴西、佛得角、加拿大、欧盟、摩洛哥和南非等国家和地区合作，推动海洋科学研究和创新
In September 2023, the United States launched the Atlantic Partnership with 32 countries, bringing together Atlantic countries in Africa, Europe, North America, South America, and the Caribbean. The partnership aims to jointly address challenges such as climate change and natural disasters through the Declaration on Atlantic Cooperation, and to promote the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity and marine ecosystems. The All-Atlantic Alliance for Research and Innovation (AAORIA): works with countries and regions such as Argentina, Brazil, Cape Verde, Canada, the European Union, Morocco and South Africa to promote marine scientific research and innovation

（2）早期预警系统建设：美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）在过去几年中帮助实施了一系列早期预警系统，为热带气旋、洪水和海啸等自然灾害提供实时、具体和准确的信息。这些系统在40多个国家中发挥了重要作用，尤其是在太平洋、加勒比和非洲地区。
(2) Early warning system construction: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has helped implement a series of early warning systems over the past few years to provide real-time, specific, and accurate information for natural disasters such as tropical cyclones, floods, and tsunamis. These systems have played an important role in more than 40 countries, particularly in the Pacific, the Caribbean and African regions.

（3）支持全球海洋观测能力：美国国家海洋和大气管理局 （NOAA） 运营着全球海洋观测系统 50% 以上的业务，包括全球 20% 以上的潮汐仪，拥有 3,000 多台仪器，每天收集超过 100 万次海洋观测数据。（数据支持，科技领先的显示）这些观测结果使我们能够监测海平面、全球海洋温度和洋流，这些构成了海平面上升预测和预测的基础，这些预测和预测被公开分享，以支持全球复原力工作。通过两党基础设施法 （BIL），NOAA 进行了 270 万美元的新投资，以改善海洋观测，使我们能够为美国和世界各地的决策者改进和完善海平面上升预测。
(3) Supporting Global Ocean Observing Capabilities: The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) operates more than 50% of the Global Ocean Observing System's operations, including more than 20% of the world's tide gauges, has more than 3,000 instruments, and collects more than 1 million ocean observations per day. These observations allow us to monitor sea level, global ocean temperature, and ocean currents, which form the basis for sea level rise projections and projections, which are publicly shared to support global resilience efforts. Through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Act (BIL), NOAA made $2.7 million in new investments to improve ocean observations, allowing us to refine and refine sea level rise projections for policymakers in the U.S. and around the world.

（4）资金投入
(4) Capital investment

可持续蓝色经济：包括多项国际倡议，主要集中在沿海生态系统保护、循环经济、蓝碳和生物多样性保护等领域。
Sustainable Blue Economy: Includes a number of international initiatives, mainly focusing on areas such as coastal ecosystem protection, circular economy, blue carbon and biodiversity conservation.

海洋保护区：主要集中在海洋保护区的管理和珊瑚礁保护。
Marine Protected Areas: Mainly focused on the management of marine protected areas and the protection of coral reefs.

打击非法捕捞：包括渔业管理、减少IUU捕捞和保护关键鱼类栖息地。
Combating illegal fishing: including fisheries management, reducing IUU fishing and protecting key fish habitats.

海事安全：包括海上执法、非法捕捞打击、海岸警卫队能力建设等。
Maritime security: including maritime law enforcement, crackdown on illegal fishing, coast guard capacity building, etc.

海洋保护区
Marine Protected Areas

非法捕捞
Illegal fishing

海事安全
Maritime security

统计
statistics

二、current situation
2. Current situation

两个方面
Two aspects

面临的困境：
Dilemma:

海洋生态系统
Marine ecosystems

生态系统健康状况持续恶化
The health of ecosystems continues to deteriorate

海洋酸化、海平面上升、海洋塑料
Ocean acidification, sea level rise, ocean plastic

（2）各国对于海洋生态系统改善能力差距较大，改善措施难以落实
(2) There is a large gap in the ability of countries to improve the marine ecosystem, and it is difficult to implement the improvement measures

实施的难点：技术不平均、各国经济利益难以协调（美国强调自身利益）、资金流向问题
Difficulties in implementation: uneven technology, difficulty in coordinating the economic interests of various countries (the United States emphasizes its own interests), and the flow of funds

海洋污染
Marine pollution

（1）海面温度上升：与20世纪80年代相比，佛罗里达州附近的珊瑚礁生态系统现在正经历更长时间的热白化和珊瑚死亡 。
(1) Rising sea surface temperatures: Coral reef ecosystems near Florida are now experiencing longer periods of thermal bleaching and coral death than they did in the 80s of the 20th century.

（2）海洋酸化：由于吸收大气中的二氧化碳和陆地上的沿海径流，南大西洋大陆架水域的酸性增强，影响沿海地区相关物种生长，影响渔业发展和社区建设。
(2) Ocean acidification: due to the absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide and coastal runoff on land, the acidity of the continental shelf waters of the South Atlantic Ocean increases, affecting the growth of related species in coastal areas, affecting fishery development and community building.

（3)海平面上升：海岸侵蚀加剧，基础设施受损，房屋和社区受到威胁，影响经济发展。外滩群岛的许多房屋因海平面上升和海岸侵蚀面临倒塌风险。据2024年8月的报告，该州海滩沿线有750多栋房屋被认为面临侵蚀风险。
(3) Sea level rise: Coastal erosion intensifies, infrastructure is damaged, homes and communities are threatened, and economic development is affected. Many homes in the Outer Banks are at risk of collapse due to rising sea levels and coastal erosion. According to an August 2024 report, more than 750 homes along the state's beaches are considered at risk of erosion.

Ⅰ.海洋污染：包括塑料污染和核污染的治理措施
Ⅰ.Marine pollution: including measures to combat plastic pollution and nuclear pollution

海洋污染方面，强调美国自身能力、财力，不需要通过冗杂的机制，使资金循环后流入本国。
In terms of marine pollution, the United States emphasizes its own capabilities and financial resources, and does not need to go through redundant mechanisms to make funds flow into the country after circulation.

特朗普政府的海洋政策始终以“美国优先”为纲领，在生态保护与经济发展间寻求务实平衡。我们拒绝将环保议题意识形态化，而是通过灵活政策确保海洋资源的可持续利用，为子孙后代保留一个强大而自由的美国。
The Trump administration's ocean policy has always been based on the principle of "America First," seeking a pragmatic balance between ecological protection and economic development. We reject ideologizing environmental issues and instead ensure the sustainable use of ocean resources through flexible policies that preserve a strong and free America for future generations.

塑料污染
Plastic pollution

《终止纸质吸管强制令》的签署（2025年2月）​：
Signing of the Injunction to End Paper Straws (February 2025):

我们于2025年2月签署行政令，全面恢复联邦政府对塑料吸管的采购，并终止拜登政府制定的“2035全面淘汰一次性塑料”计划。这一决策基于对消费者便利性和经济效率的优先考量。纸质吸管在热饮中易软化、成本高昂且生产过程碳排放更高，而塑料吸管作为成熟产业，每年为美国创造数十万个就业岗位，并支撑石油化工产业链的稳定发展。我们同时设立2亿美元创新基金，支持可降解塑料研发，例如杜邦公司开发的“海洋级PLUS”吸管，承诺180天内在海水中降解。
We signed an executive order in February 2025 to fully resume federal procurement of plastic straws and end the Biden administration's "2035 Total Phase-Out of Single-Use Plastics" plan. This decision is based on prioritizing consumer convenience and economic efficiency. Paper straws are easy to soften in hot beverages, costly and have higher carbon emissions in the production process, while plastic straws, as a mature industry, create hundreds of thousands of jobs in the United States every year and support the stable development of the petrochemical industry chain. We have also set up a $200 million innovation fund to support research and development of degradable plastics, such as the "Marine PLUS" straw developed by DuPont, which promises to degrade in seawater within 180 days.

核污染
Nuclear contamination

倡导单行法规和综合法律共同构成的海洋环境保护法律体系，提出了一系列理念和措施，如事前预防、事后补救、严格法律责任等。
It advocates a legal system for marine environmental protection composed of individual regulations and comprehensive laws, and puts forward a series of concepts and measures, such as pre-prevention, post-remediation, and strict legal liability.

制定统一的明确的可量化标准，确保排放污水的处理已经达到标准
Establish a clear, clear, quantifiable standard to ensure that the treatment of effluent is up to standard

美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）等机构开展海洋监测计划，定期评估海洋环境中的核污染水平
Agencies such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States carry out marine monitoring programs to regularly assess the level of nuclear contamination in the marine environment

（全球陆地污染公约、排放标准）
(Global Land Pollution Convention, Emission Standards)

绝大部分海洋污染源自陆地，包括污水排放、工业倾倒、河流和空气中的污染物以及垃圾等，各国应考虑的当务之急，包括消除有机卤化物的排放、减少有机化合物的排放、限制氮和磷的排放等，制定入海排污口备案、环评审批、海洋倾倒许可等制度
The vast majority of marine pollution originates from land, including sewage discharge, industrial dumping, pollutants in rivers and air, and garbage, and countries should consider the top priorities, including eliminating the discharge of organic halides, reducing the emission of organic compounds, limiting the discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus, etc., and formulating systems for the filing of sewage outlets into the sea, environmental impact assessment and approval, and marine dumping permits

与邻近国家和地区的合作，逐步统一区域内的排放标准，逐步向全球统一标准迈进。在小区域内推动建立全球统一的海洋环境监测网络，确保各国的排放数据具有可比性和可靠性。
Cooperate with neighboring countries and regions to gradually unify emission standards in the region and gradually move towards global unified standards. Promote the establishment of a globally harmonized marine environmental monitoring network in small regions to ensure the comparability and reliability of emission data across countries.

污染责任分配
Allocation of Pollution Responsibility

美国在国际环境治理中强调“共同但有区别的责任”原则。
The United States emphasizes the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities" in international environmental governance.

（1）发达国家和发展中国家在减少污染方面都有责任，但由于历史排放和经济发展水平的差异，发达国家应承担更多的责任。美国在温室气体排放方面曾长期占据较高比例，因此在国际气候谈判中，美国主张发达国家应率先采取行动。
(1) Both developed and developing countries have responsibilities in reducing pollution, but due to differences in historical emissions and economic development levels, developed countries should bear more responsibility. The United States has long accounted for a high proportion of greenhouse gas emissions, so in international climate negotiations, the United States advocates that developed countries should take the lead in taking action.

（2）减少污染的责任不应仅由政府承担，还应包括企业、非政府组织和公众等多利益相关方的参与。地方政府在污染治理中扮演重要角色，负责执行联邦法律并根据地方实际情况制定更具体的政策。在水污染治理中，地方政府需根据联邦标准制定详细的水质改善计划，进一步下放到企业去落实和实施。我们推崇将这种自上而下、因地制宜的方式推广到全世界范围实行。
(2) The responsibility for reducing pollution should not only be borne by the government, but should also include the participation of multiple stakeholders such as enterprises, non-governmental organizations and the public. Local governments play an important role in pollution control, enforcing federal laws and developing more specific policies based on local realities. In water pollution control, local governments need to develop detailed water quality improvement plans based on federal standards, which are further delegated to enterprises to implement and implement. We advocate this top-down, contextual approach to the world.

酸化和脱氧
Acidification and deoxygenation

（1）对碳进行控制，从降低碳排放和碳捕获与封存两个方面入手。减少化石燃料的使用，增加可再生能源使用比例。利用生态系统的自身修复和保护能力，可以更好地抵御海洋酸化。红树林、盐沼和海草是更健康的生态系统的例子，它们可以吸收大气中的二氧化碳，并充当缓冲酸化影响的缓冲剂。
(1) Carbon control starts from two aspects: carbon emission reduction and carbon capture and storage. Reduce the use of fossil fuels and increase the use of renewable energy. By harnessing the ecosystem's ability to repair and protect itself, ocean acidification can be better resisted. Mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrasses are examples of healthier ecosystems that can absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and act as buffers against the effects of acidification.

（2）减少营养物质的排放，减少农业中氮肥的使用，防止营养物质流入河流和海洋，从而减少富营养化和缺氧现象，同时加强污水处理设施建设，减少市政污水设施和农业排放的营养物质
(2) Reduce the discharge of nutrients, reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizers in agriculture, prevent nutrients from flowing into rivers and oceans, thereby reducing eutrophication and hypoxia, and strengthen the construction of sewage treatment facilities to reduce the discharge of nutrients from municipal sewage facilities and agriculture

（3）全球海洋酸化观测网（GOA-ON）。由美国国家海洋和大气局（NOAA）、国际原子能机构（IAEA）、政府间海洋学委员会（IOC）等多个机构组建，旨在观测全球海洋酸化状态，评估其对生态系统的影响，并推动国际合作
and (3) the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON). It was established by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) and other agencies to observe the state of global ocean acidification, assess its impact on ecosystems, and promote international cooperation

Ⅱ. 海洋生态系统保护：讨论海洋生态系统的现状和保护措施。
II.. Marine Ecosystem Conservation: Discuss the status of marine ecosystems and conservation measures.

​削弱海洋保护法律框架：
Weakening the legal framework for marine protection:

延续第一任期政策，继续削弱《濒危物种法案》（Endangered Species Act）、《海洋哺乳动物保护法》（Marine Mammal Protection Act）等核心法律，允许经济活动优先于生态保护。
Continue the first-term policy and continue to weaken core laws such as the Endangered Species Act and the Marine Mammal Protection Act, allowing economic activity to take precedence over ecological protection.

例如，2020年取消大西洋唯一海洋保护区的商业捕捞限制，并计划进一步开放近海石油钻探（如北极和墨西哥湾区块）。
For example, commercial fishing restrictions on the only marine protected area in the Atlantic Ocean were lifted in 2020, and further offshore oil drilling (such as the Arctic and Gulf blocks) is planned.

​削减科研支持：持续压缩美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）预算，导致海洋监测数据质量和灾害预警能力下降。
Reduced scientific support: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) budget continues to be squeezed, resulting in a decline in the quality of ocean monitoring data and disaster early warning capabilities.

Ⅲ. 海洋资源管理：探讨非法捕捞、海洋能源开发、深海采矿等问题。
III.. Marine resource management: addressing issues such as illegal fishing, ocean energy development, and deep-sea mining.

强调经济和资源的平衡，谴责只顾资源可持续而忽略经济的思路。
Emphasizing the balance between the economy and resources, and condemning the idea of focusing only on resource sustainability and ignoring the economy.

海洋油气开发的战略推进：
Strategic promotion of offshore oil and gas development:

我们延续2018年政策，开放90%美国海域用于能源勘探，包括北极等敏感区域，并通过技术标准（如实时监测系统）降低泄漏风险。2025年，我们进一步简化钻井许可流程，预计新增海上油田将贡献全美15%的原油产量，同时创造12万个就业岗位。
We continued our 2018 policy of opening up 90% of U.S. waters for energy exploration, including sensitive areas such as the Arctic, and reducing the risk of leaks through technical standards, such as real-time monitoring systems. In 2025, we will further streamline the drilling permitting process, and we expect the new offshore fields to contribute 15% of U.S. crude oil production and create 120,000 jobs.

​能源开发主导的海洋经济：扩大近海油气开采：重启并扩大 ​**"Offshore Oil and Gas Leasing Program"**，计划开放90%美国海域进行油气勘探，包括生态脆弱的北极地区。
Energy Development-Led Ocean Economy: Expanding Offshore Oil and Gas Extraction: Restarting and Expanding the Offshore Oil and Gas Leasing Program, which aims to open up 90% of U.S. waters for oil and gas exploration, including the ecologically fragile Arctic.

​绿色能源政策逆转：撤销拜登时期海上风电计划（如30吉瓦固定式风电目标），转而支持化石燃料产业，导致美国成为唯一未设定“2030年可再生能源三倍增长”目标的G7国家。
Green energy policy reversal: Scrapping Biden-era offshore wind plans (such as the 30 GW stationary wind target) in favor of the fossil fuel industry has left the US as the only G7 country that has not set a target of "tripling renewable energy growth by 2030".

存在问题
There is a problem

一、海洋生态系统复杂，管理困难
1. Marine ecosystems are complex and difficult to manage

海洋生态系统具有复杂性、时空变异性和生态关联性等特点，这使得海洋资源开发与管理面临巨大挑战。例如，海洋资源的开发利用需要考虑海洋生态系统的整体性和动态性，但目前的管理措施往往缺乏对海洋资源的科学规划和综合管理，导致资源开发利用不均衡、重复建设和浪费情况时有发生。此外，缺乏有效的监管机制和法律法规体系，容易引发资源争夺和利益冲突。
Marine ecosystems are characterized by complexity, temporal and spatial variability, and ecological relevance, which make the development and management of marine resources face great challenges. For example, the development and utilization of marine resources need to consider the integrity and dynamics of the marine ecosystem, but the current management measures often lack scientific planning and comprehensive management of marine resources, resulting in uneven development and utilization of resources, duplication of construction and waste from time to time. In addition, the lack of an effective regulatory mechanism and legal and regulatory system can easily lead to resource competition and conflicts of interest.

二、海洋生态问题
2. Marine ecological issues

海洋生态环境是海洋资源的重要基础，但由于过度开发和污染等原因，海洋生态环境受到了严重破坏。例如，过度捕捞导致渔业资源严重衰退，传统渔业优质品种衰退、濒危物种急剧增加。此外，人类活动致使大量水生栖息地遭到破坏，工程建设大量挤占水生生物的生存空间，切断洄游通道。海洋垃圾的排放和处理也是亟待解决的问题，这些问题的存在增加了海洋资源开发与管理的难度。
The marine ecological environment is an important foundation of marine resources, but due to overexploitation and pollution, the marine ecological environment has been seriously damaged. For example, overfishing has led to a serious decline in fishery resources, a decline in high-quality species in traditional fisheries, and a sharp increase in endangered species. In addition, human activities have led to the destruction of a large number of aquatic habitats, and the construction of engineering projects has greatly crowded out the living space of aquatic organisms and cut off migratory passages. The discharge and disposal of marine litter is also an urgent problem to be solved, and the existence of these problems increases the difficulty of marine resource development and management.

三、技术以及设备等方面的问题
3. Problems in technology and equipment

海洋资源开发通常需要涉及深海、远海等复杂环境，对技术和设备要求较高。然而，现阶段海洋资源开发与管理领域的科技创新和科研投入相对不足，限制了在相关领域的发展和竞争力。例如，深海资源的开发需要克服高压、低温等极端条件，这就对技术创新和设备研发提出了挑战。此外，海洋资源勘探和开发的成本也较高，需要投入大量资金和人力资源。
The development of marine resources usually involves complex environments such as deep sea and open sea, and has high requirements for technology and equipment. However, at present, the investment in scientific and technological innovation and scientific research in the field of marine resources development and management is relatively insufficient, which limits the development and competitiveness in related fields. For example, the development of deep-sea resources needs to overcome extreme conditions such as high pressure and low temperature, which poses challenges to technological innovation and equipment research and development. In addition, the cost of exploration and development of marine resources is also high, requiring a large investment of capital and human resources.

四、利益冲突
4. Conflict of Interest

海洋资源开发涉及多个利益相关者，包括政府、企业、渔民、保护组织等。不同利益相关者之间的利益冲突和权益分配问题常常引发争议和矛盾。例如，部分海域海洋资源开发涉及不同国家和地区的利益和权益，海洋资源的跨界开发和利益分配问题、关于海洋环境保护的国际合作等都是复杂的难题。
Marine resource development involves multiple stakeholders, including governments, businesses, fishers, conservation organizations, and more. Conflicts of interest and the distribution of rights between different stakeholders often lead to controversy and contradictions. For example, the exploitation of marine resources in some sea areas involves the interests and rights of different countries and regions, and the issues of transboundary development and distribution of marine resources and international cooperation on marine environmental protection are all complex problems.

五、国际合作机制不够完善
Fifth, the international cooperation mechanism is not perfect

虽然存在《联合国海洋法公约》等诸多国际海洋法律和公约，但这些法律和公约的执行并不顺利。一方面，海洋环境复杂多样，加之不同国家国内法差异，导致国际海洋法律和公约的适用存在差异和复杂性；另一方面，国际社会在跨区域海洋治理问题，如污染监测、渔业、能源等方面缺乏信息和技术共享。
Although many international laws and conventions of the sea, such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, exist, their implementation has not been smooth. On the one hand, the complex and diverse marine environment, coupled with the differences in the domestic laws of different countries, leads to differences and complexities in the application of international maritime laws and conventions. On the other hand, there is a lack of information and technology sharing among the international community on trans-regional ocean governance issues, such as pollution monitoring, fisheries, energy, etc.

六、监管和执法能力薄弱
Sixth, the regulatory and law enforcement capacity is weak

部分发展中国家缺乏足够的人力、物力和财力实现海洋监测和巡逻，又囿于技术保护、商业保密和其他因素难以获得国际社会的支持，难以有效打击非法捕捞等海洋非法活动。
Some developing countries lack sufficient human, material and financial resources to carry out marine monitoring and patrolling, and it is difficult to obtain the support of the international community due to technical protection, commercial secrecy and other factors, and it is difficult to effectively combat illegal fishing and other illegal marine activities.

七、海洋资源数据管理不足
7. Inadequate management of marine resources data

现有的海洋数据管理体系在融入“地上地下、陆海相连并相互关联的自然资源数据底板”的自然资源信息化大数据体系的要求下，存在着海洋资源数据分类不清，与土地、矿产、测绘等自然资源及其他领域数据衔接不够紧密等短板。
Under the requirements of the natural resources informatization big data system integrated into the "natural resource data base that is connected above ground and underground, land and sea", the existing marine data management system has shortcomings such as unclear classification of marine resource data, and insufficient connection with natural resources such as land, minerals, surveying and mapping, and data in other fields.

八、海洋生物资源管理与保护的制约因素
8. Constraints on the management and protection of marine living resources

海洋生物资源管理与保护面临诸多制约因素，包括政府主导、多部门参与，但难以抑制公地悲剧；重制度建立、轻实际落实的管理思路，使各项措施难以奏效；各地追求经济发展，对资源保护的积极性与财政投入产生相对负面的影响，导致地方管理水平不均；科学技术和研究水平发展不平衡，支撑资源保护的监测和科研需求不足。
The management and protection of marine living resources face many constraints, including government-led and multi-sectoral participation, but it is difficult to curb the tragedy of the commons; The management idea of emphasizing the establishment of the system and ignoring the actual implementation makes it difficult for various measures to be effective; The pursuit of economic development in various regions has a relatively negative impact on the enthusiasm for resource protection and financial investment, resulting in uneven local management level. The development of science and technology and research is uneven, and the monitoring and scientific research needs to support resource protection are insufficient.

九、海洋自然资源调查精度不高
9. The accuracy of marine natural resources surveys is not high

我国海洋自然资源基础调查取得了阶段性成效，但重点海域中大比例尺海洋基础地质调查尚未全面开展，海洋自然资源调查精度不高，空间布局缺乏系统性，无法有效体现海洋自然资源现状，不足以支撑海洋自然资源的综合管理。
China's marine natural resources survey has achieved phased results, but the large-scale marine basic geological survey in key sea areas has not been fully carried out, the accuracy of marine natural resources survey is not high, and the spatial layout is not systematic, which cannot effectively reflect the current status of marine natural resources and is insufficient to support the comprehensive management of marine natural resources.

十、海洋自然资源综合调查评价工作不足
10. The comprehensive investigation and evaluation of marine natural resources is insufficient

海洋自然资源工作开展以来，在数据成果集成、技术方法创新、信息平台建设、试点调查服务等方面取得了较好的成果成效，但目前仍处于起步阶段，调查、监测、评价、区划体系尚未完全建立，服务海洋资源综合管理能力仍然不足。
Since the launch of the work on marine natural resources, good results have been achieved in the integration of data achievements, innovation of technical methods, construction of information platforms, and pilot survey services, but it is still in its infancy, and the system of investigation, monitoring, evaluation and zoning has not yet been fully established, and the ability to serve the comprehensive management of marine resources is still insufficient.

十一、科学一技术一管理融合不足
11. The integration of science, technology and management is insufficient

全球海洋治理技术依赖于具有高度创新性和突破的海洋科技，然而，海洋科技的发展仍面临诸多重大科学问题和技术瓶颈。同时，海洋科技的研发成果也存在着无法及时在全球海洋治理中有效应用的状况。例如，先进的深海探测技术发现了大量深海矿产资源，但与之相匹配的合理开发管理技术与海洋规范却相对滞后，导致在海洋资源开发利用过程中容易出现无序竞争和过度开采以及产生不可逆转的海洋生态破坏等问题。
Global ocean governance technology relies on highly innovative and breakthrough marine science and technology, however, the development of marine science and technology still faces many major scientific problems and technical bottlenecks. At the same time, the R&D results of marine science and technology cannot be effectively applied in global ocean governance in a timely manner. For example, advanced deep-sea exploration technology has discovered a large number of deep-sea mineral resources, but the matching rational development and management technology and marine norms are relatively lagging behind, resulting in disorderly competition, over-exploitation and irreversible damage to the marine ecology in the process of marine resource development and utilization.

IUU

一、国内政策与战略
1. Domestic policies and strategies

1.国家安全备忘录
1. National Security Memorandum

2022年6月，美国总统拜登签署了《关于打击非法、未报告和无管制捕捞及相关劳工虐待的国家安全备忘录》（NSM-11），将IUU捕捞问题提升到国家安全层面，指示各机构加强合作，打击IUU捕捞及相关劳工虐待行为。
In June 2022, U.S. President Joe Biden signed the National Security Memorandum on Combating Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing and Related Labor Abuses (NSM-11), elevating IUU fishing to a national security level and directing agencies to strengthen cooperation to combat IUU fishing and related labor abuses.

该备忘录要求美国21个联邦部门和机构强化信息共享、协调制裁和签证限制等执法行动。
The memorandum calls on 21 U.S. federal departments and agencies to strengthen information sharing and coordinate enforcement actions such as sanctions and visa restrictions.

2.五年战略
2. Five-year strategy

2022年10月，美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）发布了《打击非法、未报告和无管制捕鱼五年战略（2022-2026）》，详细说明了美国在未来五年内打击IUU捕鱼和促进全球海上安全的优先事项和计划。
In October 2022, the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) released the Five-Year Strategy to Combat Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (2022-2026), detailing the U.S. priorities and plans to combat IUU fishing and promote global maritime security over the next five years.

3.水产品反欺诈法案
3. Aquatic Products Anti-Fraud Act

2016年2月，美国国家海洋与大气管理局等政府机构联合发布水产品反欺诈草案，要求企业向美国公共追溯系统提供17类水产品的相关追溯信息，以确保产品的合法性，打击IUU活动。
In February 2016, the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and other government agencies jointly issued an anti-fraud draft for aquatic products, requiring companies to provide relevant traceability information on 17 types of aquatic products to the U.S. public traceability system to ensure the legality of products and combat IUU activities.

二、国际合作与联盟
2. International cooperation and alliances

1.多边合作
1. Multilateral cooperation

美国通过与国际组织和其他国家的合作，推动全球IUU捕捞治理。例如，美国与加拿大、英国、厄瓜多尔、巴拿马等国合作，加强监测、控制和监视IUU捕捞活动。
The United States works with international organizations and other countries to advance global IUU fishing governance. For example, the United States has worked with Canada, the United Kingdom, Ecuador, Panama and other countries to strengthen monitoring, control and surveillance of IUU fishing.

美国还推动在印太地区建立反IUU捕捞的伙伴关系，如“印太海域意识伙伴关系”（IPMDA），利用先进的卫星技术监控非法捕捞。
The United States is also promoting partnerships in the Indo-Pacific to combat IUU fishing, such as the Indo-Pacific Maritime Domain Awareness Partnership (IPMDA), which uses advanced satellite technology to monitor illegal fishing.

2.港口国措施
2. Port State measures

美国批准并执行《港口国措施协定》，禁止非法捕捞船只进入美国港口，防止非法渔获进入美国市场。
The United States ratifies and implements the Port State Measures Agreement, which prohibits illegal fishing vessels from entering U.S. ports and prevents illegal catch from entering the U.S. market.

美国还推动其他国家实施类似的港口国措施，加强对外国渔船的检查。
The United States is also pushing other countries to implement similar port State measures to increase inspections of foreign fishing vessels.

三、技术应用与执法
3. Technology application and law enforcement

1.海域意识技术
1. Maritime domain awareness technology

美国利用商业上可用的数据、分享更多信息和使用新技术（如卫星监测）来提高海域意识，帮助各国应对IUU捕捞威胁。
The U.S. uses commercially available data, shares more information, and uses new technologies, such as satellite monitoring, to increase maritime domain awareness and help countries address IUU fishing threats.

2.执法行动
2. Enforcement Actions

美国通过跨机构工作组（如由21个联邦机构构成的“IUU捕捞”跨机构工作组）协调执法行动，加强对IUU捕捞的打击。
The U.S. has strengthened its fight against IUU fishing by coordinating enforcement actions through interagency working groups, such as the IUU Fishing Interagency Working Group, a group of 21 federal agencies.

美国还利用海关和边境保护局等机构的资源，对进口水产品进行严格检查，确保其来源合法。
The U.S. also uses the resources of agencies such as Customs and Border Protection to conduct rigorous inspections of imported aquatic products to ensure that they come from legitimate sources.

深海采矿与生态保护的平衡问题
The balance between deep-sea mining and ecological protection

1.科学规划与政策引领
1. Scientific planning and policy guidance

制定合理的海洋资源管理政策：通过法律法规的形式，确保海洋能源开发活动在可持续的框架内进行。例如，美国通过《国家海洋政策》等政策文件，统筹协调海洋资源开发与生态保护。
Establish sound policies for the management of marine resources: ensure that marine energy development activities are carried out within a sustainable framework in the form of laws and regulations. For example, the United States has adopted policy documents such as the National Ocean Policy to coordinate the development of marine resources and ecological protection.

优化开发利用布局：在国土空间规划和海岸带及近岸海域空间规划编制实施过程中，统筹考虑海洋能用地用海用岛需求和生态保护要求。例如，美国鼓励沿海地方在国土空间规划“一张图”上前瞻布局海洋能潜在开发区域，提升海域节约集约利用水平。
Optimize the layout of development and utilization: In the process of territorial spatial planning and the preparation and implementation of spatial planning for coastal zones and coastal areas, the demand for marine energy land and sea islands and the requirements for ecological protection should be considered as a whole. For example, the United States encourages coastal areas to plan for the potential development of marine energy on the "one map" of territorial spatial planning, so as to improve the level of conservation and intensive use of sea areas.

2.技术创新与可持续开发
2. Technological innovation and sustainable development

推广可持续的海洋资源开发技术：发展高效节能的海洋能源开发技术，减少对海洋生物的伤害。例如，美国推动海洋能技术的创新，发展低功率密度海洋能高效转换新技术、新方法，探索潮流能、波浪能开发利用前沿技术。
Promote sustainable marine resource development technologies: Develop energy-efficient marine energy development technologies to reduce harm to marine life. For example, the United States promotes innovation in marine energy technology, develops new technologies and methods for efficient conversion of low-power density marine energy, and explores cutting-edge technologies for the development and utilization of tidal and wave energy.

加强前沿技术研究：开展温差能、盐差能等海洋能发电及综合利用新机理研究。
Strengthen research on cutting-edge technologies: Carry out research on new mechanisms of marine energy power generation and comprehensive utilization such as temperature difference energy and salt difference energy.

3.加强国际合作与区域协调
3. Strengthen international cooperation and regional coordination

国际合作：海洋资源的开发与保护是全球性的问题，需要国际社会共同合作。美国通过与国际组织和其他国家的合作，推动全球海洋能源开发与生态保护的平衡。
International cooperation: The development and protection of marine resources is a global issue that requires the cooperation of the international community. The United States works with international organizations and other countries to promote a balance between global ocean energy development and ecological protection.

区域协调：通过建立多边协议、共享数据和研究成果、协调跨国界的资源管理策略等方式，加强国际间的沟通与协作。
Regional coordination: Strengthen international communication and collaboration through the establishment of multilateral agreements, the sharing of data and research results, and the coordination of cross-border resource management strategies.

4.提高公众意识和参与度
4. Increase public awareness and participation

公众教育与宣传：通过教育和宣传，提高公众对海洋保护的认识，鼓励人们参与到海洋保护活动中来。美国通过多种渠道提升公众的海洋环境保护意识，支持非政府组织和志愿者团体在海洋保护工作中发挥作用。
Public Education and Awareness: To raise public awareness of marine conservation and encourage people to participate in marine conservation activities through education and awareness. The United States uses a variety of channels to raise public awareness of marine environmental protection and supports the role of nongovernmental organizations and volunteer groups in marine conservation efforts.

5.严格监管与执法
5. Strict supervision and law enforcement

依法依规、严格监管：美国以最严格制度、最严密法治保护海洋生态环境。通过强化海洋生态环境分区管控、监测调查、监管执法等常态化监督管理，确保海洋能源开发活动符合生态保护要求。
Strict regulation in accordance with laws and regulations: The United States protects the marine ecological environment with the strictest system and the strictest rule of law. By strengthening the normalized supervision and management of marine ecological environment zoning control, monitoring and investigation, supervision and law enforcement, etc., to ensure that marine energy development activities meet the requirements of ecological protection.

深海采矿与生态保护的平衡问题
The balance between deep-sea mining and ecological protection

三、技术发展与创新
3. Technological development and innovation

1.绿色技术
1. Green technology

深海矿产资源开发必须满足日益严格的环保要求。技术发展应聚焦于无废弃物排放、低噪音污染、绿色选冶等全过程清洁生产。
The development of deep-sea mineral resources must meet increasingly stringent environmental requirements. Technology development should focus on clean production in the whole process, such as no waste emission, low noise pollution, and green metallurgy.

2.协同作业模式
2. Collaborative operation mode

推动深海采矿与海洋碳封存的协同发展，利用液态二氧化碳替代传统水射流进行采矿，既能提高采集效率，又能实现碳封存，减少环境影响。
Promoting the coordinated development of deep-sea mining and marine carbon sequestration, and using liquid carbon dioxide to replace traditional water jets for mining, can not only improve the efficiency of collection, but also achieve carbon sequestration and reduce environmental impact.

3.监测技术
3. Monitoring technology

开发无人值守、大范围、长时间、低成本的监测技术，以满足深海采矿开发阶段的环境监测需求。
Develop unattended, large-scale, long-term, low-cost monitoring technology to meet the environmental monitoring needs of deep-sea mining development.

四、平衡措施与建议
4. Balance measures and recommendations

1.加强国际合作
1. Strengthen international cooperation

深海采矿涉及全球利益，需要国际社会共同努力，制定统一的环保标准和监管机制。
Deep-sea mining is a global interest that requires the international community to work together to develop uniform environmental standards and regulatory mechanisms.

2.强化环境法规
2. Strengthen environmental regulations

国际法规应进一步细化深海采矿的环境影响评估制度，确保采矿活动符合生态保护要求。
International regulations should further refine the environmental impact assessment system for deep-sea mining to ensure that mining activities meet the requirements of ecological protection.

3.推动技术创新
3. Promote technological innovation

加大对深海采矿技术的研发投入，推动绿色技术的应用，减少对环境的破坏。
Increase investment in research and development of deep-sea mining technology, promote the application of green technology, and reduce environmental damage.

4.建立生态补偿机制
4. Establish an ecological compensation mechanism

对深海采矿造成的生态环境破坏进行补偿，设立生态保护基金，用于受损生态系统的修复。
Compensate for the damage to the ecological environment caused by deep-sea mining, and set up an ecological protection fund for the restoration of damaged ecosystems.

5.公众参与与教育
5. Public participation and education

提高公众对深海采矿与海洋环境保护的认识，鼓励公众参与监督，共同维护海洋生态平衡。
Raise public awareness of deep-sea mining and marine environmental protection, encourage public participation in supervision, and jointly maintain the ecological balance of the ocean.

公平获取海洋资源和利益共享机制
Equitable access to marine resources and benefit-sharing mechanisms

一、公平获取海洋资源的原则
The principle of equitable access to marine resources

1.人类共同继承财产原则
1. The principle of common inheritance of property by mankind

根据《联合国海洋法公约》，国际海底区域及其资源被视为“人类共同继承财产”，其开发和利用应符合全人类的利益。这一原则强调海洋资源的公共属性，要求资源开发必须在公平和可持续的基础上进行。
According to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the international seabed area and its resources are considered to be the "common heritage of mankind" and their exploitation and utilization should be in the interest of all mankind. This principle emphasizes the public nature of marine resources and requires that resource exploitation must be carried out on an equitable and sustainable basis.

2.共同但有区别的责任原则
2. The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities

在海洋资源开发中，应考虑各国的技术和经济能力差异，发达国家应承担更多责任，帮助发展中国家提升海洋开发能力。这一原则有助于平衡不同国家之间的利益，确保资源开发的公平性。
In the exploitation of marine resources, the differences in technological and economic capabilities of various countries should be taken into account, and developed countries should assume more responsibilities to help developing countries improve their marine exploitation capabilities. This principle helps to balance the interests of different countries and ensures equity in the development of resources.

二、利益共享机制
2. Benefit-sharing mechanism

1.惠益分享制度
1. Benefit-sharing system

货币与非货币形式：利益共享可以通过货币和非货币形式实现。货币形式包括对资源开发收益的直接分配，而非货币形式包括技术转让、科研成果共享等。这种双线并行的路径有助于满足不同国家的需求。
Monetary vs. non-monetary forms: Benefit-sharing can be achieved through monetary and non-monetary forms. Monetary forms include the direct distribution of benefits from resource development, while non-monetary forms include technology transfer and sharing of scientific research results. This two-line parallel path helps to meet the needs of different countries.

2.强制性惠益分享：为确保公平，惠益分享应具有强制性，特别是在资源开发收益分配中，发达国家应向发展中国家让渡部分利益。
2. Mandatory benefit-sharing: In order to ensure fairness, benefit-sharing should be mandatory, especially in the distribution of benefits from resource development, and developed countries should cede part of the benefits to developing countries.

3.技术转让与能力建设
3. Technology transfer and capacity building

技术转让：发达国家应向发展中国家转让海洋开发技术，帮助其提升海洋资源开发能力。技术转让过程中，应设置合理的回授条款，以避免技术垄断。
Technology transfer: Developed countries should transfer marine development technologies to developing countries to help them enhance their capacity to exploit marine resources. In the process of technology transfer, reasonable rebate clauses should be set to avoid technology monopoly.

4.能力建设：通过国际组织和多边合作，为发展中国家提供资金支持和技术培训，提升其海洋资源开发和管理能力。
4. Capacity-building: Provide financial support and technical training to developing countries through international organizations and multilateral cooperation to enhance their capacity for the development and management of marine resources.

5.国际组织的作用
5. The role of international organizations

国际海底管理局（ISA）：ISA作为国际海底区域资源开发的管理机构，应确保资源开发的公平性和透明度，推动惠益分享制度的落实。
International Seabed Authority (ISA): As the governing body for the development of resources in the international seabed area, the ISA should ensure equity and transparency in resource development and promote the implementation of benefit-sharing regimes.

多边合作：通过国际组织和多边协议，推动全球海洋资源开发的公平性和可持续性。
Multilateral cooperation: Promote equity and sustainability in the development of global marine resources through international organizations and multilateral agreements.

海洋保护区（MPAs）的现状与不足
Current status and inadequacy of marine protected areas (MPAs).

一、现状
First, the status quo

1.全球海洋保护区的覆盖范围
1. Global coverage of marine protected areas

截至2024年8月，全球仅有8.3%的海洋受到保护，其中得到全面保护的比例仅有2.8%。自2022年全球生物多样性框架提出后，海洋保护比例一共增长0.5%，基于此速度发展，2030年全球只有9.7%的海洋受到保护，远低于30%的目标。
As of August 2024, only 8.3% of the world's oceans are protected, and only 2.8% are fully protected. Since the introduction of the 2022 Global Biodiversity Framework, the proportion of oceans protected has increased by 0.5%, and based on this rate, only 9.7% of the world's oceans will be protected by 2030, far below the target of 30%.

全球不同地区的海洋保护比例差异较大，公海的海洋保护区覆盖率最低，仅为1.4%，而拉丁美洲的海洋保护区覆盖率最高，达到26.6%。
The proportion of marine protected areas varies widely in different regions of the world, with the high seas having the lowest MPA coverage at 1.4 per cent, while Latin America has the highest MPA coverage at 26.6 per cent.

2.海洋保护区的管理与成效
2. Management and effectiveness of marine protected areas

许多海洋保护区未能达到有效和公平管理流程的门槛，普遍存在员工和财政资源短缺的问题。尽管71%的海洋保护区对鱼类种群产生了积极影响，但这些保护效果高度可变，且管理能力不足的保护区生态影响仅为能力充足保护区的1/2.9。
Many MPAs fail to meet the threshold for effective and equitable management processes, and there is a general shortage of staff and financial resources. Although 71% of MPAs have a positive impact on fish stocks, these conservation effects are highly variable, and the ecological impact of protected areas with insufficient management capacity is only 1/2.9 of that of adequately managed protected areas.

3.多维度保护目标
3. Multi-dimensional protection objectives

近期研究显示，通过建立22%的海洋优先保护地，可实现95%以上的海洋动物物种、遗传和系统发育多样性的有效保护。这为制定全球海洋生物多样性保护目标提供了重要的科技支撑。
Recent studies have shown that more than 95% of the species, genetic and phylogenetic diversity of marine fauna can be effectively conserved by establishing 22% of priority marine protected areas. This provides important scientific and technological support for the formulation of global marine biodiversity conservation targets.

二、不足
Second, insufficient

1.管理与规划脱节
1. There is a disconnect between management and planning

海洋保护区的建设往往缺乏整体规划，导致空间布局不合理，管理过程中出现空间分割、环境因素碎片化现象，引发孤岛化问题。
The construction of marine protected areas often lacks overall planning, resulting in unreasonable spatial layout, spatial segmentation and fragmentation of environmental factors in the management process, resulting in the problem of isolation.

2.管理能力不足
2. Insufficient management ability

许多海洋保护区，尤其是市、县级保护区，尚未建立独立专职机构，缺乏长期从事保护区建设的专业人员，导致管理质量不高。
Many marine protected areas, especially those at the municipal and county levels, have not yet established independent full-time institutions, and lack of professionals who have been engaged in the construction of protected areas for a long time, resulting in low quality management.

3.生态连通性不足
3. Insufficient ecological connectivity

全球海洋保护区的生态连通性研究显示，仅有44%的评估保护区表现出良好的生态连通性，且存在显著的区域差异。生态连通性是保护区网络设计和管理的重要参考，但目前这一概念在中国的保护区规划中应用较少。
Studies on the ecological connectivity of marine protected areas around the world show that only 44% of the assessed protected areas show good ecological connectivity, and there are significant regional differences. Ecological connectivity is an important reference for the design and management of protected area networks, but this concept is rarely used in protected area planning in China.

4.法律与政策支持不足
4. Insufficient legal and policy support

国家管辖范围外的海洋保护区立法存在零散和不成体系的问题，缺乏全球性国际条约的直接依据。现有的法律框架在约束非缔约方、参与国家有限以及组织架构权威性方面存在不足。
Legislation on marine protected areas beyond national jurisdiction is fragmented and fragmented, and lacks a direct basis for global international treaties. The existing legal framework is inadequate in terms of binding non-Parties, limited participation and authoritative organizational structures.

5.资金与技术支持不足
5. Insufficient financial and technical support

海洋保护区的建设和管理需要大量的资金和技术支持，但许多国家，特别是发展中国家，缺乏足够的资源来有效实施保护区的管理措施。改进海洋保护区的建立和管理的措施
The construction and management of marine protected areas requires significant financial and technical support, but many countries, especially developing countries, lack sufficient resources to effectively implement protected area management measures. Measures to improve the establishment and management of marine protected areas

一、优化海洋保护区的规划与设计
1. Optimize the planning and design of marine protected areas

1.科学规划与布局
1. Scientific planning and layout

生态系统连通性：在设计海洋保护区网络时，应考虑生态系统之间的连通性，确保保护区网络能够有效保护海洋生物的迁徙路径和栖息地。
Ecosystem connectivity: Ecosystem connectivity should be considered when designing marine protected area networks to ensure that protected area networks are effective in protecting the migration pathways and habitats of marine organisms.

整合优化：对同一自然地理单元内相邻、相连的各类海洋保护区进行合并重组，打破因行政区划、资源分类造成的条块割裂局面，实现对自然生态系统的整体保护。
Integration and optimization: Merge and reorganize various adjacent and connected marine protected areas in the same natural geographic unit, break the fragmentation caused by administrative divisions and resource classification, and realize the overall protection of natural ecosystems.

2.提高保护等级
2. Increase the level of protection

增加高保护等级区域：提升更高或完全保护等级的MPA的占比，因为只有保护等级高的MPA，才能实现预期的生态系统保护目标。
Increase areas with a high level of protection: Increase the proportion of MPAs with a higher or full level of protection, as only MPAs with a high level of protection can achieve the desired ecosystem protection goals.

二、加强海洋保护区的管理与执法
2. Strengthen the management and enforcement of marine protected areas

1.建立统一管理体制
1. Establish a unified management system

跨部门协作：建立跨部门协作机制，确保海洋保护区的管理涉及多个部门的协同工作，提高管理效率。
Inter-sectoral collaboration: Establish a cross-sectoral collaboration mechanism to ensure that the management of marine protected areas involves the collaborative work of multiple departments and improve management efficiency.

社区共管模式：探索建立海洋保护区社区共管模式，鼓励非政府组织和社区参与保护区的管理和保护。
Community co-management model: Explore the establishment of a community co-management model for marine protected areas, and encourage non-governmental organizations and communities to participate in the management and protection of protected areas.

2.强化执法监督
2. Strengthen law enforcement oversight

常态化执法机制：建立常态化执法机制，及时发现并依法严惩破坏海洋保护区的违法行为。
Normalized law enforcement mechanism: Establish a regular law enforcement mechanism to promptly detect and severely punish illegal acts that damage marine protected areas in accordance with the law.

海上综合执法队伍：建立海上综合执法队伍，充分发挥海警等机构的监督检查职能，为海洋保护区提供强有力的执法保障。
Comprehensive maritime law enforcement team: Establish a comprehensive maritime law enforcement team, give full play to the supervision and inspection functions of the coast guard and other institutions, and provide strong law enforcement guarantees for marine protected areas.

三、提升海洋保护区的资金与技术支持
3. Enhance financial and technical support for marine protected areas

1.多元化资金投入
1. Diversified capital investment

政府财政投入：制定长期资金投入规划，确保海洋保护区的养护和管理费用有稳定的资金来源。
Government financial investment: Develop a long-term funding plan to ensure a stable source of funding for the conservation and management costs of marine protected areas.

社会多元化投入：鼓励企业和社会资本参与海洋生态环境保护，通过蓝色债券、蓝色贷款等融资产品为海洋保护区管理提供资金来源。
Diversified social investment: Encourage enterprises and social capital to participate in the protection of the marine ecological environment, and provide a source of funding for the management of marine protected areas through financing products such as blue bonds and blue loans.

2.技术支持与能力建设
2. Technical support and capacity building

智慧保护区建设：建立统一调查监测体系，建设智慧海洋保护区，提升保护区的管理效率和科学性。
Construction of smart protected areas: Establish a unified survey and monitoring system, build smart marine protected areas, and improve the management efficiency and scientificity of protected areas.

技术共享与合作：在海洋保护区之间开展合作管理，共享使用各种保护设施和工具，减少重复建设。
Technology sharing and cooperation: Cooperative management of marine protected areas and the sharing of various conservation facilities and tools to reduce duplication of construction.

四、推动国际合作与信息共享
4. Promote international cooperation and information sharing

1.跨国合作管理
1. Transnational cooperative management

跨界海洋保护区：与周边国家合作设立跨界海洋保护区，共同推动区域管理，实现海洋可持续发展的目标。
Transboundary Marine Protected Areas: Cooperate with neighboring countries to establish transboundary marine protected areas to jointly promote regional management and achieve the goal of sustainable marine development.

国际合作机制：通过国际组织和多边协议，推动全球海洋保护区的统一管理和协调。
International Cooperation Mechanisms: Promote the integrated management and coordination of marine protected areas around the world through international organizations and multilateral agreements.

2.信息共享与交流
2. Information sharing and exchange

建立信息共享平台：构建海洋保护区信息共享平台，促进各地在政策法规、管理体制、科研成果等方面的合作和交流。
Establish an information sharing platform: Build an information sharing platform for marine protected areas to promote cooperation and exchanges in policies and regulations, management systems, and scientific research achievements.

协调海洋保护区与沿河社区、全球产业的社会经济需求
Aligning the socio-economic needs of MPAs with riparian communities and global industries

1.政策与规划层面
1. Policy and planning level

海洋空间规划（MSP）：通过科学的海洋空间规划，优化产业布局，确保海洋保护区与产业发展相协调。例如，划定保护区域，防止生态敏感区域受到过度开发，同时为产业发展提供合理的空间。
Marine Spatial Planning (MSP): Optimize the industrial layout through scientific marine spatial planning to ensure that marine protected areas are coordinated with industrial development. For example, demarcate protected areas to prevent over-exploitation of ecologically sensitive areas, while providing reasonable space for industrial development.

生态红线制度：严格执行海洋生态红线制度，明确保护区域的边界和管理要求，确保关键生境和迁徙廊道得到有效保护。
Ecological redline system: Strictly implement the marine ecological redline system, clarify the boundaries and management requirements of protected areas, and ensure that key habitats and migration corridors are effectively protected.

2.社区参与与共管模式
2. Community participation and co-management model

社区共管模式：建立海洋保护区社区共管模式，鼓励社区居民参与保护区的管理和保护工作。通过社区参与，提高居民对保护工作的认同感和责任感，减少冲突。
Community co-management model: Establish a community co-management model for marine protected areas, and encourage community residents to participate in the management and protection of protected areas. Through community participation, residents can increase their sense of identity and responsibility for conservation work and reduce conflict.

保护与扶贫相结合：在经济落后地区的海洋保护区，通过政府或国际组织提供资金支持，开展扶贫活动，促进社区经济发展。例如，贵州省草海自然保护区通过国际组织的资金支持，将保护工作与扶贫工作相结合，取得了显著成效。
Combination of conservation and poverty alleviation: In marine protected areas in economically disadvantaged areas, financial support is provided by the government or international organizations to carry out poverty alleviation activities and promote community economic development. For example, the Caohai Nature Reserve in Guizhou Province has achieved remarkable results by combining conservation and poverty alleviation with financial support from international organizations.

3.经济双赢模式
3. Economic win-win model

生态旅游与资源开发：发展生态旅游和可持续资源开发，促进保护区与社区的经济共同发展。例如，四川省九寨沟自然保护区通过发展旅游业，带动了当地社区的经济发展。
Ecotourism and Resource Development: Develop ecotourism and sustainable resource development to promote the economic co-development of protected areas and communities. For example, the Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province has led to the economic development of the local community through the development of tourism.

蓝碳生态系统建设：推进蓝碳生态系统建设，保护和恢复红树林、海草床等海洋碳汇，探索建立海洋碳汇交易市场，助力气候变化应对。
Blue carbon ecosystem construction: Promote the construction of blue carbon ecosystems, protect and restore marine carbon sinks such as mangroves and seagrass beds, and explore the establishment of marine carbon sink trading markets to help respond to climate change.

4.科技与监测
4. Technology and monitoring

智能监测技术：引入卫星遥感、无人机、自动水下探测器等智能技术，实现实时监测与动态调整，提高保护区的管理效率。
Intelligent monitoring technology: Introduce intelligent technologies such as satellite remote sensing, unmanned aerial vehicles, and automatic underwater detectors to achieve real-time monitoring and dynamic adjustment, and improve the management efficiency of protected areas.

基于生态系统的渔业管理：科学设定捕捞配额，发展生态养殖，利用大数据和AI技术监测非法捕捞，强化执法监管。
Ecosystem-based fisheries management: Scientifically set fishing quotas, develop ecological aquaculture, use big data and AI technology to monitor illegal fishing, and strengthen law enforcement and supervision.

5.国际合作与信息共享
5. International cooperation and information sharing

跨国合作管理：与周边国家合作设立跨界海洋保护区，共同推动区域管理，实现海洋可持续发展的目标。
Transnational cooperative management: Cooperate with neighboring countries to establish transboundary marine protected areas to jointly promote regional management and achieve the goal of sustainable marine development.

信息共享平台：构建海洋保护区信息共享平台，促进各地在政策法规、管理体制、科研成果等方面的合作和交流。
Information sharing platform: Build an information sharing platform for marine protected areas to promote cooperation and exchanges in policies and regulations, management systems, and scientific research achievements.

Ⅳ. 法律框架与多边治理：讨论国内和国际法律的协调、技术转让和能力建设。
IV.. Legal Framework and Multilateral Governance: Discussion on harmonization of domestic and international laws, technology transfer and capacity building.

根据各地区、各国自身情况制定适应性法律，主张在大的国际法律框架下，以本国法律为主的海洋治理框架。
Formulate adaptive laws according to the local and national conditions, and advocate a maritime governance framework dominated by national laws under the broad international legal framework.

​航运业保护主义政策，对华船舶征收高额港口费：拟对停靠美国港口的中国建造或中国籍船舶征收最高150万美元的 ​**"Port Entry Fees"，并通过 ​"Shipbuilding Revitalization Initiative"** 提供税收优惠扶持本土造船业，但可能加剧供应链混乱和中小港口衰退。
Protectionist policies in the shipping industry, high port fees on Chinese ships: It is proposed to impose up to $1.5 million in "Port Entry Fees" on Chinese-built or Chinese-flagged ships calling at U.S. ports, and provide tax incentives through the "Shipbuilding Revitalization Initiative" to support the local shipbuilding industry, but this could exacerbate supply chain disruptions and the decline of small and medium-sized ports.

多边合作收缩，​退出国际协定：延续退出《巴黎协定》（Paris Agreement）的立场，拒绝参与全球甲烷减排倡议，并冻结对联合国教科文组织（UNESCO）等机构的资助。
Multilateral cooperation shrinks, withdrawing from international agreements: Continuing its withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, refusing to participate in the Global Methane Reduction Initiative, and freezing funding for institutions such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

​多边合作收缩，​弱化全球海洋治理：回避大国责任，单方面强调“美国优先”（America First），例如拒绝批准《联合国海洋法公约》（UNCLOS）和《BBNJ协定》，导致公海保护责任缺位。
Shrinking multilateral cooperation and weakening global ocean governance: Evading the responsibilities of major powers and unilaterally emphasizing "America First," such as the refusal to ratify the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the BBNJ Agreement, have led to a lack of responsibility to protect the high seas.

​强化“印太战略”军事部署：推进 ​**"Indo-Pacific Maritime Security Initiative"，在菲律宾部署 ​"Typhon中程导弹系统"**，并联合日、澳等国在南海开展联合巡航和“航行自由行动”（FONOPs），2020年频次达历史新高。
Strengthened Indo-Pacific Strategy: Advancing the Indo-Pacific Maritime Security Initiative, deploying the Typhon intermediate-range missile system in the Philippines, and conducting joint patrols and Freedom of Navigation Operations (FONOPs) in the South China Sea with Japan, Australia, and other countries, with a record frequency in 2020.

国内、国际海洋保护法的协调
Harmonization of domestic and international marine protection laws

1.加强国内法律的协调性
1. Strengthen the harmonization of domestic laws

美国需要进一步完善国内海洋环境保护法律体系，确保各法律之间的协调性和一致性。
The United States needs to further improve its domestic legal system for marine environmental protection and ensure coordination and consistency among various laws.

通过设立专门的协调机构，如国家海洋委员会，加强联邦、州和地方政府之间的协调。
Strengthen coordination between federal, state and local governments through the establishment of specialized coordinating bodies, such as the National Oceanic Council.

2.推动国际合作与协调
2. Promote international cooperation and coordination

美国应积极推动《联合国海洋法公约》的批准和实施，加强与其他国家在海洋环境保护方面的合作。
The United States should actively promote the ratification and implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and strengthen cooperation with other countries in the protection of the marine environment.

在国际海洋保护区的建立和管理中，美国应与其他国家充分协商，确保行动符合国际法的要求。
In the establishment and management of international marine protected areas, the United States should consult fully with other countries to ensure that actions are consistent with the requirements of international law.

3.提升公众参与和透明度
3. Enhance public participation and transparency

通过建立和完善公众参与机制，提高海洋环境保护政策的透明度和公众接受度。
Through the establishment and improvement of public participation mechanisms, the transparency and public acceptance of marine environmental protection policies will be improved.

4.技术与能力建设
4. Technology and capacity building

美国应通过技术转让和能力建设援助，帮助发展中国家提升海洋环境保护能力。
The United States should help developing countries improve their capacity to protect the marine environment through technology transfer and capacity-building assistance.

利用科技创新，如智能监测技术，提升海洋环境保护的效率。
Use scientific and technological innovations, such as intelligent monitoring technology, to improve the efficiency of marine environmental protection.

漏洞和现行法律的进一步执行
loopholes and further enforcement of existing laws

1.明确法律定义
1. Clear legal definitions

细化“Conservation”定义：联邦机构应进一步与利益相关方展开讨论，明确“conservation”这一概念的具体内涵，确保政策的统一性和可操作性。
Refine the definition of "conservation": Federal agencies should further engage in discussions with stakeholders to clarify the specific meaning of the concept of "conservation" and ensure policy consistency and operability.

2.加强执法协调
2. Strengthen law enforcement coordination

建立联合执法机制：通过建立联合执法机制，如NOAA和美国海岸警卫队的联合执法立场声明，确保各执法机构之间的协调和合作，提高执法效率。
Establish joint enforcement mechanisms: Ensure coordination and cooperation among law enforcement agencies to improve enforcement efficiency by establishing joint enforcement mechanisms, such as the Joint Enforcement Position Statement of NOAA and the U.S. Coast Guard.

3.推动国际合作
3. Promote international cooperation

批准国际公约：美国应积极推动《联合国海洋法公约》的批准和实施，加强与其他国家在海洋环境保护方面的合作。
Ratification of international conventions: The United States should actively promote the ratification and implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and strengthen cooperation with other countries in marine environmental protection.

4.完善法律体系
4. Improve the legal system

修订和完善法律：定期修订和完善海洋环境保护法律，确保法律内容的时效性和可操作性。例如，通过增加对特定有害化学物质排放标准的明确规定，减少执法过程中的模糊性。
Revise and improve laws: Regularly revise and improve laws on the protection of the marine environment to ensure the timeliness and operability of the legal content. For example, by adding clear clarification on the discharge standards for specific hazardous chemicals, there is less ambiguity in the enforcement process.

5.加强公众参与
5. Strengthen public participation

建立公众参与机制：通过建立和完善公众建议征集制度、公示制度、听证制度等，提高政策制定的科学性和公众接受度。
Establish a public participation mechanism: Improve the scientificity and public acceptance of policy formulation by establishing and improving the public suggestion collection system, publicity system, and hearing system.

6.提升执法力度
6. Increase the intensity of law enforcement

增加监管力度：加强监管机构的检查力度，定期和突击监测相结合，确保违规企业无法逃避法律制裁。
Increased supervision: Strengthen the inspection of regulatory agencies, and combine regular and unannounced monitoring to ensure that non-compliant companies cannot evade legal sanctions.

7.提高违法成本：增加罚款额度，确保违法成本高于合规成本，从而有效威慑潜在的违法者。
7. Increase the cost of violations: Increase the amount of fines to ensure that the cost of violations is higher than the cost of compliance, so as to effectively deter potential violators.

弥合发展中国家和发达国家之间的“复原力差距”（技术转让、能力建设援助等）
Bridging the "resilience gap" between developing and developed countries (technology transfer, capacity-building assistance, etc.)

能力建设的可持续性
Sustainability of capacity-building

发展中国家对来自发达国家的专家援助和捐助者的驱动过分依赖，导致技术合作不能与受捐助者国家的发展方案良好结合。
The over-reliance of developing countries on expert assistance from developed countries and donor-driven efforts has resulted in technical cooperation not being well integrated with the development programmes of recipient countries.

一些项目在外部援助结束后无法持续运行，例如图瓦卢应对海平面上升的生态技术管理项目。
Some projects are not sustainable after the end of external assistance, such as the Eco-Technology Management Project in Tuvalu to Cope with Sea Level Rise.

三、改进措施
3. Improvement measures

1.加强国际合作与协调
1. Strengthen international cooperation and coordination

多边合作：通过国际组织和多边协议，推动发达国家和发展中国家之间的技术转让和能力建设合作。
Multilateral cooperation: Promote technology transfer and capacity-building cooperation between developed and developing countries through international organizations and multilateral agreements.

私营部门参与：鼓励私营部门、民间社会、土著人民、当地社区以及非政府组织等参与能力建设和技术转让。
Private sector involvement: Encourage the participation of the private sector, civil society, indigenous peoples, local communities and non-governmental organizations, among others, in capacity-building and technology transfer.

2.平衡知识产权与技术转让
2. Balance IP and technology transfer

灵活的知识产权政策：在保护知识产权的同时，探索灵活的知识产权政策，以促进技术的广泛传播和应用。
Flexible IP Policy: While protecting IP, explore flexible IP policies to promote the wide dissemination and application of technology.

技术转让机制：建立透明、公平的技术转让机制，确保技术转让的强制性和自愿性之间的平衡。
Technology transfer mechanisms: Establish transparent and equitable technology transfer mechanisms to ensure a balance between mandatory and voluntary technology transfer.

3.提升发展中国家的自主能力
3. Enhance the self-reliance of developing countries

长期能力建设：通过长期的能力建设项目，帮助发展中国家提升自主能力，减少对外部援助的依赖。
Long-term capacity-building: Through long-term capacity-building projects, we will help developing countries to enhance their own capacity and reduce their dependence on external assistance.

需求驱动的援助：确保技术援助和能力建设项目与受援国的发展需求和政策目标相一致。
Demand-driven assistance: Ensure that technical assistance and capacity-building projects are aligned with the development needs and policy objectives of recipient countries.

4.增加资金支持
4. Increase financial support

官方发展援助：发达国家应履行其在官方发展援助和气候融资方面的承诺，为发展中国家提供更多的资金支持。
ODA: Developed countries should honour their ODA and climate finance commitments and provide more financial support to developing countries.

气候融资：通过气候融资机制，为发展中国家的海洋保护和复原力建设提供资金支持。
Climate Finance: Provide financial support for ocean protection and resilience building in developing countries through the Climate Finance Facility.

提高海洋监测技术的准确性和覆盖范围
Improve the accuracy and coverage of marine monitoring technologies

一、提高海洋监测技术准确性的措施
1. Measures to improve the accuracy of marine monitoring technology

1.选择高质量的监测设备和仪器
1. Choose high-quality monitoring equipment and instruments

选用经过认证、性能稳定、精度高的监测设备和仪器，可以大大提高海洋监测数据的准确性。同时，定期对设备进行维护和校准，确保其正常运行和准确性。
The selection of certified, stable performance and high-precision monitoring equipment and instruments can greatly improve the accuracy of marine monitoring data. At the same time, the equipment is regularly maintained and calibrated to ensure its normal operation and accuracy.

2.建立完善的监测网络
2. Establish a sound monitoring network

通过建立完善的海洋监测网络，增加监测点的数量和覆盖范围，可以提高数据的代表性和准确性。同时，要确保监测网络的稳定性和可持续性，避免因为设备损坏或数据丢失导致数据失真。
By establishing a sound marine monitoring network and increasing the number and coverage of monitoring points, the representativeness and accuracy of data can be improved. At the same time, it is important to ensure the stability and sustainability of the monitoring network to avoid data distortion due to equipment damage or data loss.

3.制定科学的监测方案
3. Formulate a scientific monitoring plan

制定科学的监测方案，明确监测目标、采样方法、分析测试流程等，可以提高数据的准确性和可靠性。同时，要根据实际情况及时调整监测方案，以适应不同的海域状况。
Formulating a scientific monitoring plan, clarifying the monitoring objectives, sampling methods, analysis and testing processes, etc., can improve the accuracy and reliability of the data. At the same time, it is necessary to adjust the monitoring plan in a timely manner according to the actual situation to adapt to different sea conditions.

4.加强数据质量控制
4. Strengthen data quality control

对海洋监测数据进行严格的质量控制，包括数据采集、存储、传输和处理等各个环节。通过数据审核、比对、校验等手段，确保数据的准确性和一致性。
Strict quality control of marine monitoring data, including data collection, storage, transmission and processing. Ensure the accuracy and consistency of data through data review, comparison, verification and other means.

5.提高监测人员的素质
5. Improve the quality of monitoring personnel

加强对监测人员的培训和管理，提高其专业技能和责任意识，可以减少人为误差和错误操作，提高海洋监测数据的准确性。
Strengthening the training and management of monitoring personnel, and improving their professional skills and sense of responsibility, can reduce human error and wrong operation, and improve the accuracy of marine monitoring data.

6.利用现代技术手段
6. Use modern technological means

利用遥感、无人机、自动化仪器等现代技术手段，可以实现对海洋环境的实时监测和数据分析，提高数据的时效性和准确性。
The use of remote sensing, unmanned aerial vehicles, automation instruments and other modern technical means can achieve real-time monitoring and data analysis of the marine environment, and improve the timeliness and accuracy of data.

二、扩大海洋监测覆盖范围的措施
Measures to expand the coverage of marine monitoring

1.构建全球海洋立体观测网
1. Build a global ocean observation network

综合应用固定观测、移动观测、遥感观测等平台，形成全球立体观测平台与能力，建成“空、天、地、海”一体化、可视化、智能化的全球海洋立体观测网。
Comprehensively apply fixed observation, mobile observation, remote sensing observation and other platforms to form a global three-dimensional observation platform and capabilities, and build a global three-dimensional ocean observation network that is integrated, visualized and intelligent in "air, space, ground and sea".

2.实时、精细、长期化观测
2. Real-time, fine, and long-term observation

发展在全球大洋快速机动组网观测、在重点区域进行长期观测的技术能力，以立体观测部署多样化、静/动态设备组合化、观测规模扩大化支持“实时、精细、长期化”的海洋观测。
We will develop the technical capabilities of rapid and mobile network observation in the global ocean and long-term observation in key areas, and support "real-time, fine, and long-term" ocean observation with diversified three-dimensional observation deployment, combination of static/dynamic equipment, and expansion of observation scale.

3.智慧应用与服务连接
3. Connect smart applications with services

通过GIS地理信息系统，环保部门可直观掌握污染分布，制定精准治理方案。同时，系统支持多级预警机制，确保在污染事件发生时，相关部门能快速介入，减少生态损失。
Through the GIS geographic information system, the environmental protection department can intuitively grasp the distribution of pollution and formulate precise treatment plans. At the same time, the system supports a multi-level early warning mechanism to ensure that when pollution events occur, relevant departments can quickly intervene to reduce ecological losses.

三、最新技术进展
3. The latest technological progress

1.大数据与AI技术
1. Big data and AI technology

利用大数据和AI技术，可以实现对海洋监测数据的实时处理和分析，提高数据的准确性和可靠性。例如，通过机器学习算法，系统可以分析历史数据，识别污染趋势，并预测可能的生态风险。
Using big data and AI technology, real-time processing and analysis of marine monitoring data can be realized, and the accuracy and reliability of data can be improved. For example, with machine learning algorithms, the system can analyze historical data, identify pollution trends, and predict possible ecological risks.

2.数智化监测设备
2. Digital and intelligent monitoring equipment

建立数智化监测设备量值溯源体系，确保仪器性能指标满足测量要求，为监测数据的准确、可比、可溯源提供技术支撑。同时，构建数智化监测质量控制体系，确保数据的真实性和不可篡改性。
Establish a traceability system for the value of digital and intelligent monitoring equipment to ensure that the performance indicators of the instrument meet the measurement requirements, and provide technical support for the accuracy, comparability and traceability of monitoring data. At the same time, a digital and intelligent monitoring and quality control system is built to ensure the authenticity and tampering of data.

3.无人自动实验室和智能采样
3. Unmanned automatic laboratory and intelligent sampling

建设无人自动实验室，实现样品流转、保存、分析、质控与数据报送的全流程无人管理，满足海水痕量分析的高精度要求。此外，在海水养殖区、河口和海水浴场等开展无人机海上智能采样和现场原位监测技术研究与试点，提升现场作业效率。
An unmanned automatic laboratory will be built to realize the unmanned management of the whole process of sample circulation, preservation, analysis, quality control and data submission, and meet the high-precision requirements of seawater trace analysis. In addition, research and pilot projects on UAV marine intelligent sampling and on-site in-situ monitoring technology have been carried out in marine aquaculture areas, estuaries, and bathing beaches to improve the efficiency of on-site operations.

4.遥感技术自动化监测体系
4. Automatic monitoring system of remote sensing technology

构建遥感技术自动化监测体系，利用AI遥感解译算法实现海洋环境污染和生态破坏问题的快速识别，提升遥感主动发现问题的能力。
Construct an automatic monitoring system of remote sensing technology, and use AI remote sensing interpretation algorithms to quickly identify marine environmental pollution and ecological damage, and improve the ability of remote sensing to actively find problems.

进一步发展和推广海洋生态恢复技术（如珊瑚礁恢复、红树林造林）
Further development and diffusion of marine restoration technologies (e.g. coral reef restoration, mangrove afforestation)

1.国际合作与技术共享
1. International cooperation and technology sharing

国际交流：加强国际合作，分享珊瑚礁恢复和红树林造林的技术经验，推动全球海洋生态恢复技术的发展。
International exchanges: Strengthen international cooperation, share technical experience in coral reef restoration and mangrove afforestation, and promote the development of global marine ecological restoration technologies.

技术转让：通过技术转让和能力建设援助，帮助发展中国家提升海洋生态恢复能力。
Technology transfer: Helping developing countries improve their capacity for marine ecological resilience through technology transfer and capacity-building assistance.

2.科技研发与创新
2. Scientific and technological research and development and innovation

新技术研发：持续投入科研资源，研发新的生态恢复技术，如无人机监测、遥感技术等，提高生态修复的效率和准确性。
R&D of new technologies: Continue to invest in scientific research resources to develop new ecological restoration technologies, such as drone monitoring and remote sensing technology, to improve the efficiency and accuracy of ecological restoration.

智能化监测：利用大数据和AI技术，实现对生态恢复项目的实时监测和评估。
Intelligent monitoring: Big data and AI technology are used to realize real-time monitoring and evaluation of ecological restoration projects.

3.政策与法规支持
3. Policy and regulatory support

完善法规：进一步完善相关法律法规，确保生态恢复项目的可持续性和合规性。
Improve regulations: Further improve relevant laws and regulations to ensure the sustainability and compliance of ecological restoration projects.

激励政策：出台更多激励政策，鼓励企业和个人参与海洋生态恢复项目。
Incentives: More incentives will be introduced to encourage businesses and individuals to participate in marine restoration projects.

缩小海洋可持续发展中的投资差距的讨论
Discussion on bridging the investment gap in the sustainable development of the oceans

二、改进措施
Second, improvement measures

1。拓宽资金渠道，建立多元投入机制
1。 Broaden funding channels and establish a diversified investment mechanism

将海洋保护修复工作纳入国民经济和社会发展规划，把海洋保护修复工程的相关任务纳入财政预算，逐年增加工程建设项目的支出。
Incorporate marine protection and restoration work into the national economic and social development plan, include the relevant tasks of marine protection and restoration projects in the fiscal budget, and increase expenditures on engineering construction projects year by year.

创新投资形式，充分发挥市场机制，拓展资金来源渠道，鼓励企业和社会积极参与，多渠道筹措资金。
Innovate investment forms, give full play to market mechanisms, expand funding sources, encourage enterprises and society to actively participate, and raise funds through multiple channels.

建立海洋生态修复基金制度，探索海洋生态保护修复与经济产业融合发展政策。
Establish a fund system for marine ecological restoration, and explore policies for the integrated development of marine ecological protection and restoration and economic industry.

2.建立多元化、市场化海洋生态保护补偿制度
2. Establish a diversified and market-oriented compensation system for marine ecological protection

建立与海洋主体功能区战略实施相衔接的纵向海洋生态保护补偿制度，为基于区域整体性的海洋生态修复提供支撑。
Establish a longitudinal marine ecological protection compensation system that is linked to the implementation of the strategy of the main marine functional areas, so as to provide support for marine ecological restoration based on regional integrity.

探索建立基于生态保护责任的流域-海域、海域-海域的多元化和市场化生态保护补偿机制。
Explore the establishment of a diversified and market-oriented ecological protection compensation mechanism based on ecological protection responsibilities between river basins and sea areas and sea areas.

3.加强国际合作与技术转让
3. Strengthen international cooperation and technology transfer

通过国际组织和多边协议，推动发达国家向发展中国家提供技术转让和能力建设援助，缩小技术差距。
Through international organizations and multilateral agreements, we will promote the provision of technology transfer and capacity-building assistance from developed countries to developing countries to narrow the technology gap.

鼓励国际社会加大对小岛屿发展中国家和最不发达国家的投资和支持，确保海洋可持续发展的资金需求。
The international community is encouraged to increase its investment and support for small island developing States and least developed countries to ensure the financial needs of the sustainable development of the oceans.

4.完善政策与法规
4. Improve policies and regulations

制定专门的海洋生态保护补偿法律，明确补偿机制和操作流程，确保海洋生态保护补偿工作的合法性和有效性。
Formulate a special law on compensation for marine ecological protection, clarify the compensation mechanism and operating procedures, and ensure the legality and effectiveness of compensation for marine ecological protection.

建立统一的海洋生态监测和评价制度，确保海洋生态修复项目的科学性和透明度。
Establish a unified marine ecological monitoring and evaluation system to ensure the scientificity and transparency of marine ecological restoration projects.

三、未来展望
3. Future prospects

1.建立全球投资框架
1. Establish a global investment framework

借鉴欧盟委员会与欧洲投资银行等机构的经验，建立全球海洋可持续发展投资框架，明确可持续投资指南和分类。
Drawing on the experience of the European Commission and the European Investment Bank, we will establish a global investment framework for sustainable ocean development, and clarify sustainable investment guidelines and classifications.

推动金融市场和机构将投资转向更可持续的技术和业务，推动海洋可持续性议程。
Driving financial markets and institutions to shift investments towards more sustainable technologies and businesses to advance the ocean sustainability agenda.

2.加强南南合作
2. Strengthen South-South cooperation

鼓励发展中国家之间的合作，分享技术和经验，提升整体海洋可持续发展能力。
Encourage cooperation among developing countries to share technology and experience to enhance the overall capacity for sustainable ocean development.

3.提升公众意识
3. Raise public awareness

通过教育和宣传，提高公众对海洋保护和可持续发展的认识，促进全社会的参与。
Raise public awareness of marine conservation and sustainable development through education and awareness-raising, and promote whole-of-society participation.

应对自然灾害的全过程机制
A whole-process mechanism for responding to natural disasters

一、全过程机制的四个阶段
First, the four stages of the whole process mechanism

1.预防阶段
1. Prevention phase

风险评估与管理：识别潜在的自然灾害风险，进行科学的风险评估，并制定相应的管理措施。
Risk assessment and management: Identify potential natural disaster risks, conduct scientific risk assessments, and formulate corresponding management measures.

法规与政策：制定和完善防灾减灾救灾的法律法规，将自然灾害防治融入重大战略、重大规划、重大工程。
Laws and Policies: Formulate and improve laws and regulations on disaster prevention, mitigation and relief, and integrate natural disaster prevention and control into major strategies, major plans, and major projects.

基础设施建设：加强基础设施的抗灾能力，如房屋市政设施减隔震工程和城乡危房改造。
Infrastructure construction: Strengthen the disaster resistance of infrastructure, such as earthquake reduction and isolation projects for housing and municipal facilities, and renovation of dilapidated houses in urban and rural areas.

2.准备阶段
2. Preparation stage

应急预案制定：编制详细的应急预案，明确各级政府和部门的职责和行动流程。
Formulation of emergency plans: Prepare detailed emergency plans, and clarify the responsibilities and action processes of governments and departments at all levels.

资源储备与调配：建立中央、省、市、县、乡五级救灾物资储备体系，确保灾害发生时能够快速调配资源。
Resource reserve and allocation: Establish a five-level disaster relief material reserve system at the central, provincial, municipal, county and township levels to ensure that resources can be quickly deployed in the event of a disaster.

培训与演练：定期开展防灾减灾救灾培训和演练，提高公众的自救互救技能。
Training and drills: Regularly carry out disaster prevention, mitigation and relief training and drills to improve the public's self-help and mutual rescue skills.

3.响应阶段
3. Response phase

紧急救援：在灾害发生后，迅速启动应急预案，开展紧急救援工作，包括搜寻与营救、医疗救护、临时庇护等。
Emergency rescue: After a disaster occurs, quickly activate the emergency plan and carry out emergency rescue work, including search and rescue, medical aid, temporary shelter, etc.

信息沟通：建立高效的信息沟通机制，确保各部门之间信息共享，提高响应效率。
Information communication: Establish an efficient information communication mechanism to ensure information sharing between various departments and improve response efficiency.

次生灾害防范：采取措施防范次生灾害，如关闭受污染的水源，对易发抢劫的地区加强巡逻。
Secondary disaster prevention: Take measures to prevent secondary disasters, such as shutting down polluted water sources and increasing patrols in areas prone to looting.

4.恢复与重建阶段
4. Recovery and reconstruction phase

灾后评估：科学开展灾害损失评估、次生衍生灾害隐患排查及危险性评估。
Post-disaster assessment: Scientifically carry out disaster loss assessment, secondary derivative disaster investigation and risk assessment.

基础设施重建：优先重建供电、通信、给排水、道路等基础设施，以及学校、医院等公共服务设施。
Infrastructure reconstruction: Priority should be given to rebuilding infrastructure such as power supply, communications, water supply and drainage, roads, as well as public service facilities such as schools and hospitals.

政策支持：完善灾后恢复重建的财税、金融、保险、土地等政策，确保重建工作的顺利进行。
Policy support: Improve fiscal, tax, financial, insurance, land and other policies for post-disaster recovery and reconstruction to ensure the smooth progress of reconstruction work.

Ⅴ. 公众参与：强调公众和社区在海洋生态保护中的作用。
V. Public Participation: Emphasizing the role of the public and communities in marine ecological conservation.

​二、国际立场：单边主义与地缘对抗
II. International Position: Unilateralism and Geopolitical Confrontation

​

​南海军事化与对华施压
Militarization of the South China Sea and pressure on China

​强化“印太战略”军事部署：推进 ​**"Indo-Pacific Maritime Security Initiative"，在菲律宾部署 ​"Typhon中程导弹系统"**，并联合日、澳等国在南海开展联合巡航和“航行自由行动”（FONOPs），2020年频次达历史新高。
Strengthened Indo-Pacific Strategy: Advancing the Indo-Pacific Maritime Security Initiative, deploying the Typhon intermediate-range missile system in the Philippines, and conducting joint patrols and Freedom of Navigation Operations (FONOPs) in the South China Sea with Japan, Australia, and other countries, with a record frequency in 2020.

​法律与经济工具武器化：支持东盟声索国援引“南海仲裁裁决”发起法律战，并对参与南海岛礁建设的中国企业和官员实施精准制裁。
Weaponization of legal and economic tools: Supporting ASEAN claimants in invoking the South China Sea arbitral award in their legal battles and imposing targeted sanctions on Chinese companies and officials involved in the construction of islands and reefs in the South China Sea.

​技术垄断与资源争夺
Technology monopoly and resource competition

​主导海洋基因资源开发：通过环境DNA（eDNA）技术加强生物资源监测，但拒绝建立公平的国际利益分配机制。
Leading the exploitation of marine genetic resources: strengthening the monitoring of biological resources through environmental DNA (eDNA) technology, but refusing to establish a fair international distribution mechanism.

​推动“灰色行动”​：鼓动菲律宾在仁爱礁、黄岩岛等海域采取低强度对抗，并拉拢北约国家介入南海事务，制造“北约东进”态势。
Promote "gray action": encourage the Philippines to adopt low-intensity confrontation in waters such as Ren'ai Jiao and Scarborough Shoal, and enlist NATO countries to intervene in South China Sea affairs, creating a "NATO eastward expansion" posture.

​三、争议与矛盾
3. Controversy and contradictions

​国内行动与国际承诺脱节
There is a disconnect between domestic action and international commitments

美国承诺到2030年保护30%海域（30×30目标），但实际海洋保护区（MPA）中仅1.89%为禁捕区，远低于国际标准。
The U.S. has pledged to protect 30% of its marine area by 2030 (the 30×30 target), but only 1.89% of actual marine protected areas (MPAs) are no-take, well below international standards.

作为全球最大塑料垃圾产出国，其政策加剧东南亚地区的污染转移。
As the world's largest producer of plastic waste, its policies have exacerbated the transfer of pollution in Southeast Asia.

​盟友关系紧张
Tensions between allies

欧盟对其抵制 ​**"碳边境调节机制"（CBAM）​** 和退出气候行动不满，而东南亚国家对其“选边站”施压策略持谨慎态度。
The EU is unhappy with its resistance to the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and its withdrawal from climate action, while Southeast Asian countries are wary of their "side-picking" pressure strategy.

​四、潜在影响与应对建议
4. Potential impacts and countermeasures

​生态风险：近海钻探和渔业政策倒退可能使美国海洋保护成果倒退数十年，并加剧全球气候危机。
Ecological risks: Offshore drilling and fishing policy setbacks could set back U.S. ocean conservation efforts by decades and exacerbate the global climate crisis.

​经济代价：对华航运限制或导致供应链成本上升，冲击美国本土港口和中小企业。
Economic costs: Shipping restrictions to China could lead to higher supply chain costs, impacting U.S. ports and small and medium-sized businesses.

​中国应对方向： 加速推进 ​**"南海行为准则"（COC）​** 谈判，巩固区域共识。
China's Response: Accelerate negotiations on the Code of Conduct (COC) in the South China Sea and consolidate regional consensus.

深化与发展中国家技术合作，例如推广低成本海洋监测和塑料回收技术，对冲美国技术垄断。
Deepen technical cooperation with developing countries, such as promoting low-cost ocean monitoring and plastic recycling technologies, to hedge against US technology monopolies.

通过多边平台（如IOC和GEF）强化国际法律框架，推动《BBNJ协定》落地。
Strengthen the international legal framework through multilateral platforms such as the IOC and the GEF to promote the implementation of the BBNJ Agreement.

总结：特朗普政府的海洋政策以“经济优先、单边行动、对抗中国”为核心，短期内可能加剧南海紧张和全球治理碎片化，长期则威胁海洋生态与气候目标。国际合作需以灵活机制绕过美国阻力，聚焦技术共享与法律约束。
Summary: The Trump administration's ocean policy, which focuses on "economic priority, unilateral action, and confrontation with China", may exacerbate tensions and fragmentation of global governance in the South China Sea in the short term, and threaten marine ecology and climate goals in the long term. International cooperation needs to be flexible to circumvent U.S. resistance and focus on technology sharing and legal constraints.

促进公众和社区参与海洋生态保护的讨论（“蓝色公民”计划）
Promoting public and community participation in discussions on marine ecological conservation (Blue Citizens)

二、具体措施
2. Specific measures

1.搭建平台与建立机制
1. Build a platform and establish a mechanism

建立合作机制：建立蓝色公民活动合作机制或联盟，明确成员的义务与权利，设立日常办事机构。
Establish a cooperation mechanism: Establish a cooperation mechanism or alliance for blue citizen activities, clarify the obligations and rights of members, and set up daily offices.

制定规划与计划：制定蓝色公民活动的长期规划和年度工作计划，推动活动在全国乃至“一带一路”沿海国家的开展。
Formulation of plans and plans: Formulate long-term plans and annual work plans for blue citizen activities, and promote the development of activities in the whole country and even in the coastal countries of the "Belt and Road".

设立专项基金与网站：建立蓝色公民专项基金和专门网站，为活动提供资金支持和信息交流平台。
Set up a special fund and website: Establish a special fund and a special website for blue citizens to provide financial support and information exchange platforms for activities.

2.融入相关工作
2. Integrate into related work

结合海洋行政机构活动：与海洋行政机构、科研院所的海洋生态保护活动相结合，增强活动的专业性和权威性。
Combined with the activities of marine administrative institutions: Combine with the marine ecological protection activities of marine administrative institutions and scientific research institutes to enhance the professionalism and authority of the activities.

结合地方与企业活动：与海洋乡镇、街道、企业的生态保护活动相结合，形成全社会共同参与的良好氛围。
Combine local and enterprise activities: Combine with the ecological protection activities of marine towns, streets, and enterprises to form a good atmosphere for the participation of the whole society.

结合重要节日与行动：与海洋日、环保日等重要节日以及海洋基金会的十大行动相结合，提高公众参与度。
Align key festivals with action: Combine with key festivals such as Ocean Day, Environmental Day, and the Ocean Foundation's Top 10 Actions to increase public engagement.

3.传播生态文明思想
3. Disseminate the idea of ecological civilization

宣传政策与成就：宣传习近平生态文明思想和中央关于生态文明建设的政策，展示中国海洋生态文明建设的成就和典型案例。
Publicize policies and achievements: Promote Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization and the central government's policies on the construction of ecological civilization, and display the achievements and typical cases of China's marine ecological civilization construction.

倡导绿色生活方式：倡导滨海文明旅游，减少塑料垃圾，践行绿色低碳、循环利用的生活方式。
Advocate green lifestyle: advocate coastal civilized tourism, reduce plastic waste, and practice a green, low-carbon and recyclable lifestyle.

4.教育与培训
4. Education and training

开展科普教育：通过学校、社区等渠道，开展海洋生态保护的科普教育活动，提高公众的海洋素养。
Carry out popular science education: Carry out popular science education activities on marine ecological protection through schools, communities and other channels to improve the public's marine literacy.

培养青少年兴趣：通过举办科普讲座、实践活动等，激发青少年对海洋保护的兴趣，培养未来的“蓝色公民”。
Cultivating young people's interest: Stimulate young people's interest in marine protection and cultivate future "blue citizens" by holding popular science lectures and practical activities.

5.社区参与与实践
5. Community participation and practice

建立示范社区：推动建设“蓝碳小村”等示范社区，形成可复制、可推广的社区参与模式。
Establish demonstration communities: Promote the construction of demonstration communities such as "blue carbon villages", and form a replicable and promotable community participation model.

鼓励社区行动：鼓励社区居民参与海滩垃圾清理、珊瑚礁保护等具体行动，增强社区的保护意识和行动能力。
Encourage community action: Encourage community residents to participate in specific actions such as beach garbage cleanup and coral reef protection, so as to enhance the community's awareness of protection and action capacity.

简化企业采取环境保护措施的问题
Simplify the issue of environmental protection measures taken by enterprises

1.政策与法规简化
1. Simplification of policies and regulations

环评与区域联动改革：通过区域环评报告，将“申请后审批”变为“申请前服务”，减少企业编制环评的时间和经济成本。
EIA and regional linkage reform: Through the regional EIA report, the "post-application approval" will be changed to "pre-application service", reducing the time and economic cost of enterprises to prepare EIA.

专项环保支持政策：针对特定行业（如集成电路、生物医药、新材料等），出台专项环保支持政策，加快先导行业和重点行业项目落地。
Special environmental protection support policies: For specific industries (such as integrated circuits, biomedicine, new materials, etc.), special environmental protection support policies will be introduced to accelerate the implementation of projects in leading industries and key industries.

环评与排污许可“两证合一”：通过环评与排污许可“两证合一”“打捆”审批等改革措施，提升审批效率。
"Two certificates in one" for EIA and pollutant discharge permits: Reform measures such as "two certificates in one" and "bundling" for EIA and pollutant discharge permits have been implemented to improve the efficiency of approval.

2.技术与能力建设
2. Technology and capacity building

采用密闭化生产工艺：企业应采用密闭化生产工艺替代敞开式生产工艺，减少物料与外界接触频率。
Adopt closed production process: Enterprises should use closed production process to replace open production process to reduce the frequency of contact between materials and the outside world.

优化进出料方式：反应釜应采用底部给料或使用浸入管给料，减少尾气排放。
Optimize the feeding and discharging method: the reactor should be fed at the bottom or by immersion tube to reduce exhaust emissions.

3.污染治理与排放控制
3. Pollution control and emission control

废水污染防治：企业应建立废水防治管理制度，明确废水排放指标，规范废水收集、处理设施的管理。
Wastewater pollution prevention and control: Enterprises should establish a wastewater prevention and control management system, clarify wastewater discharge indicators, and standardize the management of wastewater collection and treatment facilities.

废气污染防治：企业应落实完善的废气收集处理设施，确保废气稳定达标排放。
Waste gas pollution prevention and control: Enterprises should implement perfect waste gas collection and treatment facilities to ensure that waste gas is stably discharged up to standards.

固体废物管理：企业应规范固体废物的收集与处理，确保危险废物的安全管理。
Solid waste management: Enterprises should standardize the collection and treatment of solid waste to ensure the safe management of hazardous waste.

4.环境监测与管理
4. Environmental monitoring and management

在线监测系统：企业应在生产车间主要烟气管线上安装环保在线监测系统，并确保系统正常运行。
On-line monitoring system: Enterprises should install an environmental protection on-line monitoring system on the main flue gas pipeline in the production workshop and ensure the normal operation of the system.

应急预案与事故处理：企业应制定完善的环境安全事故应急预案，确保在突发性故障或超标排放时能够及时采取措施。
Emergency plan and accident handling: Enterprises should formulate a sound emergency plan for environmental safety accidents to ensure that timely measures can be taken in the event of sudden failures or excessive emissions.