Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Young's Modulus of Fibers¹
纤维拉伸强度和杨氏模量的标准试验方法¹

1.1 This test method covers the preparation, mounting, and testing of single fibers (obtained either from a fiber bundle or a spool) for the determination of tensile strength and Young’s modulus at ambient temperature. Advanced ceramic, glass, carbon, and other fibers are covered by this test standard.
1.1 本试验方法规定了单纤维（可从纤维束或卷筒中获取）的制备、安装和测试，以确定其在环境温度下的抗拉强度和杨氏模量。本试验标准适用于先进陶瓷、玻璃、碳和其他纤维。
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.2 本标准中给出的值应以国际单位制为准。本标准不包括其他计量单位。
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如果有的话）。用户在使用本标准前应建立适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定法规限制的适用性。
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.4 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织贸易技术壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则决定》中确立的公认标准化原则制定的。

C1239 Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced Ceramics
C1239 标准实践：报告单轴强度数据并估计高级陶瓷的威布尔分布参数
C1322 Practice for Fractography and Characterization of Fracture Origins in Advanced Ceramics
C1322 标准实践：高级陶瓷的断裂学分析和断裂起源表征
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
复合材料术语
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing E1382 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size Using Semiautomatic and Automatic Image Analysis
E4 测试机力值验证实践 E6 与机械测试方法相关的术语 E1382 使用半自动和自动图像分析确定平均晶粒尺寸的试验方法

3.1.1 bundle-a collection of parallel fibers. Synonym, tow.
3.1.1 捆束 - 一组平行纤维。同义词：纤维束。
3.1.2 mounting tab-a thin paper, cardboard, compliant metal, or plastic strip with a center hole or longitudinal slot of fixed gage length. The mounting tab should be appropriately designed to be self-aligning if possible, and as thin as practicable to minimize fiber misalignment.
3.1.2 安装卡 - 一种薄纸、纸板、合规金属或塑料条，具有固定规格长度的中心孔或纵向槽。安装卡应尽可能设计为自对准，尽可能薄，以最大限度地减少纤维错位。
3.1.3 system compliance-the contribution by the load train system and specimen-gripping system to the indicated crosshead displacement, by unit of force exerted in the load train.
3.1.3 系统合规性 - 负载系统与试样夹紧系统对指示横头位移的贡献，按单位力计算。
3.1.4 tensile strength $\left[F/L^{-2}\right],n$$\left[F/L^{-2}\right],n$[F//L^(-2)],n\left[F / L^{-2}\right], n-the maximum tensile stress which a material is capable of sustaining. Tensile strength is calculated from the maximum load during a tension test carried to rupture and the original cross-sectional area of the specimen.
3.1.4 拉伸强度 $\left[F/L^{-2}\right],n$$\left[F/L^{-2}\right],n$[F//L^(-2)],n\left[F / L^{-2}\right], n - 材料能够承受的最大拉伸应力。拉伸强度通过拉伸试验中的最大载荷和试样的原始横截面积计算得出。
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method, refer to Terminologies D3878 and E6.
3.2 对于本试验方法中使用的其他术语的定义，请参阅术语 D3878 和 E6。

4.1 A fiber is extracted randomly from a bundle or from a spool.
4.1 从一束纤维或从一卷中随机抽取一根纤维。
4.2 The fiber is mounted in the testing machine, and then stressed to failure at a constant cross-head displacement rate.
4.2 将纤维安装在试验机上，然后以恒定的横移速度对其施加应力直至破坏。
4.3 A valid test result is considered to be one in which fiber failure doesn’t occur in the gripping region.
4.3 有效的测试结果是指纤维在夹持区域没有发生断裂的情况。
4.4 Tensile strength is calculated from the ratio of the peak force and the cross-sectional area of a plane perpendicular to the fiber axis, at the fracture location or in the vicinity of the fracture location, while Young’s modulus is determined from the linear region of the tensile stress versus tensile strain curve.
4.4 拉伸强度是通过计算断裂位置或断裂位置附近的纤维轴垂直平面的峰值力和横截面积之比来确定的，而杨氏模量是通过拉伸应力与拉伸应变曲线的线性区域来确定的。

5.1 Properties determined by this test method are useful in the evaluation of new fibers at the research and development levels. Fibers with diameters up to $250\times {10}^{-6}\mathrm{m}$$250\times {10}^{-6}\mathrm{m}$250 xx10^(-6)m250 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~m} are covered by this test method. Very short fibers (including whiskers) call for specialized test techniques $(1{)}^3$$(1{)}^3$(1)^(3)(1)^{3} and are not covered by this test
5.1 本测试方法确定的性能有助于在研发阶段评估新型纤维。本测试方法适用于直径不超过 $250\times {10}^{-6}\mathrm{m}$$250\times {10}^{-6}\mathrm{m}$250 xx10^(-6)m250 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~m} 的纤维。非常短的纤维（包括 whiskers）需要专门的测试技术 $(1{)}^3$$(1{)}^3$(1)^(3)(1)^{3} ，本测试方法不适用。

method. This test method may also be useful in the initial screening of candidate fibers for applications in polymer, metal, or ceramic matrix composites, and for quality control purposes. Because of their nature, ceramic fibers do not have a unique tensile strength, but rather a distribution of tensile strengths. In most cases when the tensile strength of the fibers is controlled by one population of flaws, the distribution of fiber tensile strengths can be described using a two-parameter Weibull distribution, although other distributions have also been suggested $(2,3)$$(2,3)$(2,3)(2,3). This test method constitutes a methodology to obtain the tensile strength of a single fiber. For the purpose of determining the parameters of the distribution of fiber tensile strengths, it is recommended to follow this test method in conjunction with Practice C1239.
该测试方法也可用于聚合物、金属或陶瓷基复合材料应用中候选纤维的初步筛选，以及质量控制目的。由于陶瓷纤维的性质，它们没有独特的抗拉强度，而是一系列抗拉强度的分布。在大多数情况下，当纤维的抗拉强度由一个缺陷群体控制时，纤维抗拉强度的分布可以用双参数韦伯分布来描述，尽管也有人提出了其他分布。本测试方法构成了获取单根纤维抗拉强度的方法。为了确定纤维抗拉强度分布的参数，建议与 C1239 实践相结合使用此测试方法。

6.1 The test environment may have an influence on the measured tensile strength of fibers. In particular, the behavior of fibers susceptible to slow crack growth fracture will be strongly influenced by test environment and testing rate (4). Testing to evaluate the maximum tensile strength potential of a fiber should be conducted in inert environments or at sufficiently rapid testing rates, or both, so as to minimize slow crack growth effects. Conversely, testing can be conducted in environments and testing modes and rates representative of service conditions to evaluate the tensile strength of fibers under those conditions.
6.1 试验环境可能会对纤维的拉伸强度测量产生影响。特别是，易受慢速裂纹扩展断裂影响的纤维的行为将受到试验环境和测试速率的强烈影响（4）。为了最大限度地减少慢速裂纹扩展的影响，应在不活泼环境中或以足够快的测试速率进行测试，或两者兼而有之，以评估纤维的最大拉伸强度潜力。相反，可以在代表服务条件的环境和测试模式及速率下进行测试，以评估纤维在这些条件下的拉伸强度。
6.2 Fractures that initiate outside the gage section of a fiber may be due to factors such as stress concentrations, extraneous stresses introduced by gripping, or tensile-strength-limiting features in the microstructure of the specimen. Such non-gage section fractures constitute invalid tests. When using active gripping systems, insufficient pressure can lead to slippage, while too much pressure can cause local fracture in the gripping area.
6.2 纤维标距外的断裂可能是由应力集中、夹持引入的外来应力或试样微观结构中的拉伸强度限制特征等因素引起的。此类非标距部分的断裂构成无效测试。在使用主动夹持系统时，压力不足可能导致滑动，而压力过大则可能引起夹持区域的局部断裂。
6.3 Torsional strains may reduce the magnitude of the tensile strength (5). Caution must be exercised when mounting the fibers to avoid twisting the fibers.
6.3 扭转应变可能会降低抗拉强度（5）。在安装纤维时必须小心，以避免纤维扭转。
6.4 Many fibers are very sensitive to surface damage. Therefore, any contact with the fiber in the gage length should be avoided $(4,6)$$(4,6)$(4,6)(4,6).
6.4 许多纤维对表面损伤非常敏感。因此，应避免在标距长度内与纤维接触 $(4,6)$$(4,6)$(4,6)(4,6) 。
6.5 Fiber diameter does, or can, vary along the length of the gage section. Therefore, the user’s ability to accurately calculate and interpret tensile strength and elastic modulus is based on the use and choice of the appropriate fiber diameter through valid fractography.
6.5 纤维直径在标距段的长度上可能或会变化。因此，用户准确计算和解释抗拉强度和弹性模量的能力取决于使用和选择适当的纤维直径，并通过有效的断口分析。

7.1 The apparatus described herein consists of a tensile testing machine with one actuator (cross-head) that operates in a controllable manner, a gripping system, and a load cell. Figs. 1 and 2 show a picture and schematic of such a system.
7.1 本装置包括一台具有一个执行器（横梁）的拉伸试验机，该执行器以可控方式运行，一个夹具系统和负荷传感器。图 1 和图 2 展示了此类系统的图片和示意图。
7.1.1 Testing Machine-The testing machine shall be in conformance with Practices E4. The failure forces shall be accurate within $\pm 1\mathrm{\%}$$\pm 1\mathrm{\%}$+-1%\pm 1 \% at any force within the selected force range of the testing machine as defined in Practices E4. To determine the appropriate capacity of the load cell, Table 1 lists the range of tensile strength and diameter values of representative glass, graphite, organic, and ceramic fibers.
7.1.1 试验机——试验机应符合 E4 规程。在 E4 规程中定义的试验机选定的力范围内，破坏力应准确至 $\pm 1\mathrm{\%}$$\pm 1\mathrm{\%}$+-1%\pm 1 \% 。为了确定负荷传感器的适当容量，表 1 列出了代表性玻璃、石墨、有机和陶瓷纤维的拉伸强度和直径值范围。
7.1.2 Grips-The gripping system shall be of such design that axial alignment of the fiber along the line of action of the machine shall be easily accomplished without damaging the test specimen. Although studies of the effect of fiber misalignment on the tensile strength of fibers have not been reported, the axis of the fiber shall be coaxial with the line of action of the testing machine within $\delta$$\delta$delta\delta, to prevent spurious bending strains or stress concentrations, or both:
7.1.2 夹具——夹具系统应设计成，在不妨碍试验样品的情况下，能够轻松地实现纤维沿机器作用线的轴向对齐。尽管尚未报道关于纤维错位对纤维拉伸强度影响的研究，但纤维的轴线应与试验机的作用线同轴，以防止虚假的弯曲应变或应力集中，或两者兼而有之：

where:  其中：
$\delta =$$\delta =$delta=\delta= the tolerance, m , and
$\delta =$$\delta =$delta=\delta= 公差，m，
$l_o=$$l_o=$l_(o)=l_{o}= the fiber gage length, m .
$l_o=$$l_o=$l_(o)=l_{o}= 纤维标距长度，m。
7.2 Mounting Tabs-Typical mounting tabs for test specimens are shown in Fig. 3. Alternative methods of specimen mounting may be used, or none at all (that is, the fiber may be
7.2 安装托片-典型测试试样的安装托片如图 3 所示。可以使用替代的试样安装方法，或者根本不使用（即，纤维可能

FIG. 1 Example of Fiber Tensile Tester
图 1 纤维拉伸试验机示例

Front View  正面视图
Side View  侧面视图
FIG. 2 Schematic of Fiber Tensile Testing Machine
图 2 纤维拉伸试验机示意图

TABLE 1 Room Temperature Tensile Strength of Fibers ( $25\times {10}^{-3}\mathrm{m}$$25\times {10}^{-3}\mathrm{m}$25 xx10^(-3)m25 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{~m} Gage Length)
表 1 纤维室温拉伸强度（ $25\times {10}^{-3}\mathrm{m}$$25\times {10}^{-3}\mathrm{m}$25 xx10^(-3)m25 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{~m} 标距长度）

directly mounted into the grips). A simple but effective approach for making mounting tabs with repeatable dimensions consists in printing the mounting tab pattern onto cardboard file folders using, for example, a laser printer. As illustrated in Fig. 3, holes can be obtained using a three-hole punch. Fig. 3 shows a typical specimen mounting method. The mounting tabs are gripped or connected to the load train (for example, by pin and clevis) so that the test specimen is aligned axially along the line of action of the test machine.
将夹具直接安装在夹具上）。制作具有可重复尺寸的安装标签的简单而有效的方法是将安装标签图案打印在卡片式文件夹上，例如使用激光打印机。如图 3 所示，可以使用三孔打孔器获得孔。图 3 显示了典型的试样安装方法。安装标签被夹住或连接到加载装置（例如，通过销和钩连接）以确保试样沿试验机作用线轴向对齐。
7.2.1 When gripping large-diameter fibers using an active set of grips without tabs, the grip-facing material in contact
7.2.1 当使用不带标签的主动夹具夹持大直径纤维时，接触夹具的材料为...
with the test specimen must be of appropriate compliance to allow for a firm, non-slipping grip on the fiber. At the same time, the grip-facing material must prevent crushing, scoring, or other damage to the test specimen that would lead to inaccurate results. Large-diameter fibers (diameter $>50\times$$>50\times$> 50 xx>50 \times ${10}^{-6}\mathrm{m}$${10}^{-6}\mathrm{m}$10^(-6)m10^{-6} \mathrm{~m} ) can also be mounted inside hypodermic needles filled with an adhesive (7). This is a good alternative to avoid crushing the fiber if pneumatic/hydraulic/mechanical grips were to be used. The adhesive must be sufficiently strong to withstand the gripping process, and prevent fiber “pull-out” during testing.
测试试样必须符合适当的要求，以便能够对纤维施加牢固、不打滑的握持。同时，握持面材料必须防止压碎、划痕或其他可能导致测试结果不准确的对试样的损害。大直径纤维（直径 $>50\times$$>50\times$> 50 xx>50 \times ${10}^{-6}\mathrm{m}$${10}^{-6}\mathrm{m}$10^(-6)m10^{-6} \mathrm{~m} ）也可以安装在填充有粘合剂（7）的皮下注射针内。这是避免使用气动/液压/机械握持时压碎纤维的良好替代方案。粘合剂必须足够坚固，以承受握持过程，并在测试过程中防止纤维“拔出”。
7.2.2 Consistent end-tabbing, specifically in the case of Young’s modulus estimation, is important because system compliance is used in that calculation. Variation in end-tabbing quality and compliance could manifest itself in inaccurate system compliance estimation and consequential inaccurate Young’s modulus estimation.
7.2.2 在杨氏模量估计的情况下，一致的端部标记非常重要，因为系统合规性用于该计算。端部标记质量和合规性的变化可能导致系统合规性估计不准确，进而导致杨氏模量估计不准确。
7.3 Data Acquisition-Either digital data acquisition systems or analog chart recorders may be used for this purpose, although a digital record is recommended for ease of later data analysis. Recording devices must be accurate to $\pm 1\mathrm{\%}$$\pm 1\mathrm{\%}$+-1%\pm 1 \% of full
7.3 数据采集-可以使用数字数据采集系统或模拟图表记录器进行此目的，尽管推荐使用数字记录以方便后续数据分析。记录设备必须准确到满量程的 $\pm 1\mathrm{\%}$$\pm 1\mathrm{\%}$+-1%\pm 1 \% 。