海洋石油开采后：运用硅藻进行生物修复
After offshore oil extraction: bioremediation using diatoms

（一）综述
(1) Overview

海上石油开采过程中的意外事故，如油井破裂、输油管道泄漏等，会使大量石油进入海洋。应对能源系统脱碳和加速清洁能源转型的兴趣创造了对更绿色技术和战略的需求，我们将目光转移到利用硅藻降解石油的方向上。
Accidents during offshore oil extraction, such as oil well ruptures, oil pipeline leaks, etc., can cause large quantities of oil to enter the ocean. While interest in decarbonizing the energy system and accelerating the clean energy transition has created the need for greener technologies and strategies, we have shifted our attention to the use of diatoms to degrade oil.

硅藻是浮游植物中微藻的单细胞或菌落成员，属于藻类芽孢杆菌门，芽孢杆菌门，被认为是浮游植物中微藻的优势群。硅藻能够分泌大量的胞外多糖（EPS），这些多糖可以作为生物表面活性剂，有助于提高石油碳氢化合物在海水中的溶解度，从而促进其降解。同时，硅藻分泌的EPS与硅藻产生的氧气和其他酶共同作用，能创造适合的条件来增强碳氢化合物的溶解度，并使其在海水中降解为毒性较小的化合物。
Diatoms are unicellular or colony members of microalgae in phytoplankton and belong to the phylum Bacillus algae, Bacillus phylum, which is considered to be the dominant group of microalgae in phytoplankton. Diatoms are able to secrete large amounts of exopolysaccharides (EPS), which can act as biosurfactants and help increase the solubility of petroleum hydrocarbons in seawater, thereby promoting their degradation. At the same time, EPS secreted by diatoms works with oxygen and other enzymes produced by diatoms to create suitable conditions to enhance the solubility of hydrocarbons and degrade them into less toxic compounds in seawater.

J. Paniagua-Michel在其2024.6（1）发表的论文中就强调了硅藻在石油碳氢化合物污染物生物降解和生物修复综合策略中可以发挥的主要属性和作用。
In his paper published in June 2024(1), J. Paniagua-Michel highlighted the main attributes and roles that diatoms can play in integrated strategies for biodegradation and bioremediation of petroleum, hydrocarbon, and contaminants.

技术路径
Technology Path

硅藻的筛选与培养
Screening and culture of diatoms

首先采集水样，然后在含有石油烃的培养基中培养。通过设置不同的实验组，如添加不同浓度的石油烃、不同的硅藻种类和数量、不同的环境条件等，筛选出高效的硅藻。筛选出的硅藻会被进一步纯化和培养，以便进行后续的实验研究。硅藻可以在非耕地和海洋环境或海水介质中培养，对淡水和陆地的要求较低，这有利于大规模培养，且对环境的影响有限。
Water samples are first collected and then cultured in a medium containing petroleum hydrocarbons. By setting up different experimental groups, such as adding different concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons, different diatom species and quantities, different environmental conditions, etc., efficient diatoms were screened out. The selected diatoms are further purified and cultured for subsequent experimental studies. Diatoms can be cultivated in non-arable land and marine environments or in seawater media, with low freshwater and terrestrial requirements, which facilitates large-scale cultivation with limited environmental impact.

探索硅藻与细菌的协同作用
Explore the synergistic effects of diatoms with bacteria

通常情况下，硅藻与特定的细菌群落形成共生关系，共同促进石油的生物降解。硅藻Fragilariopsis cylindrus与相关细菌的组合能够促进海洋石油相关聚集体（ORA）的形成，并在低温海水中促进油化合物的生物降解，这也提高了生物修复过程的适应性和稳定性。例如，F. Di Costanzo在其2021年发表的文章中就指出：伴生菌对 Thalassiosira rotula 和 Skeletonema marinoi 的生物质生产产生的促进使这两种硅藻能够快速生长，并可能作为有效的生物修复剂 。
Normally, diatoms form a symbiotic relationship with a specific bacterial community, which together promotes the biodegradation of oil. The combination of the diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus and related bacteria can promote the formation of offshore oil-related aggregates (ORA) and promote the biodegradation of oil compounds in low-temperature seawater, which also improves the adaptability and stability of the bioremediation process. For example, in his 2021 article, F. Di Costanzo pointed out that the promotion of biomass production by companion bacteria to Thalassiosira rotula and Skeletonema marinoi allows these two diatoms to grow rapidly and may act as effective bioremediation agents.

 效果评估与监测
Effect evaluation and monitoring

通过化学分析方法（如气相色谱-质谱联用技术）来测定石油烃的浓度，通过显微镜观察硅藻的生长状况，以及通过环境监测设备来测定温度、pH等环境因素。利用这些数据评估生物修复的效果，作为未来的生物修复工作的参考。
The concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons is determined by chemical analysis methods (such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry), the growth of diatoms is observed by microscope, and environmental factors such as temperature and pH are determined by environmental monitoring equipment. Use these data to evaluate the effects of bioremediation as a reference for future bioremediation efforts.

（三）创新点
(3) Innovation

绿色且生态友好
Green and eco-friendly

硅藻的生物修复技术效率高、非侵入性、破坏性小、更安全和环保。它利用自然存在的生物资源来处理环境污染问题，避免了化学方法可能带来的二次污染，这十分符合当前对环境保护和可持续发展的要求。
The bioremediation technology of diatoms is highly efficient, non-invasive, less destructive, safer and environmentally friendly. It uses naturally occurring biological resources to deal with environmental pollution and avoids secondary pollution that may be brought about by chemical methods, which is very much in line with the current requirements for environmental protection and sustainable development.

生物技术应用的新领域
New areas of biotechnology applications

硅藻在生物技术应用中是一个相对尚未充分开发的领域，其在石油污染生物修复中的应用为生物技术开辟了新的研究和应用方向。硅藻是海洋环境中最多样化和最成功的类群之一，利用这一生物多样性进行石油污染的生物修复，不仅能够提高修复效率，还能够保护和利用海洋生物资源。
Diatoms are a relatively underexplored field in biotechnology, and their application in bioremediation of oil pollution has opened up a new research and application direction for biotechnology. Diatoms are one of the most diverse and successful taxa in the marine environment, and the use of this biodiversity for bioremediation of oil pollution can not only improve the efficiency of remediation, but also protect and utilize marine living resources.

（四）预期目标
(4) Expected goals