Cement and Concrete Research
水泥和混凝土研究

The aim of Cement and Concrete Research is to publish the best research on the materials science and engineering of cement, cement composites, mortars, concrete and other allied materials that incorporate cement or other mineral binders. In doing so, the journal will focus on reporting major results of research on the properties and performance of cementitious materials; novel experimental techniques; the latest analytical and modelling methods; the examination and the diagnosis of real cement and concrete structures; and the potential for improved materials. The fields which the journal aims to cover are:
《水泥和混凝土研究》的目的是发表关于水泥、水泥复合材料、砂浆、混凝土和其他包含水泥或其他矿物粘合剂的相关材料的材料科学和工程的最佳研究。在此过程中，该杂志将重点报道胶凝材料性能和性能的主要研究成果;新颖的实验技术;最新的分析和建模方法;真实水泥和混凝土结构的检查和诊断;以及改进材料的潜力。该杂志旨在涵盖的领域是：

• Processing: Cement manufacture, admixtures, mixing, rheology and hydration. While the majority of articles will be concerned with Portland cements, we encourage articles on other mineral binders, such as alumino-silicates (often referred to as geopolymers), calcium aluminates, calcium sulfoaluminates, magnesia-based cements, as well as in a more limited way on lime and/or gypsum-based materials.
• 加工：水泥制造、外加剂、混合、流变和水化。虽然大多数文章都与硅酸盐水泥有关，但我们鼓励关于其他矿物粘合剂的文章，例如铝硅酸盐（通常称为地聚合物）、铝酸钙、磺基铝酸钙、镁基水泥，以及以更有限的方式介绍石灰和/或石膏基材料。
• Chemical, microstructural and structural characterization of the unhydrated components and of hydrated systems including: the chemistry (structure, thermodynamics and kinetics), crystal structure, pore structure of cementitious materials, characterization techniques, and the modelling on atomistic, microstructural and structural levels.
• 未水合组分和水合系统的化学、微观结构和结构表征，包括：化学（结构、热力学和动力学）、晶体结构、胶凝材料的孔隙结构、表征技术以及原子、微观结构和结构水平的建模。
• The properties and modelling of cement and concrete, including: fundamental physical properties in both fluid and hardened state; transport, mechanical and other properties; the processes of degradation of cementitious materials; and the modelling of properties and degradation processes, as a means of predicting short-term and long-term performance, of relating a material's structure to its properties and of designing materials of improved performance, in particular with lower environmental impact. Papers dealing with corrosion will be considered provided their clearly relate to process fundamentally affected by the interplay between steel reactivity and a surrounding cementitious material.
• 水泥和混凝土的性能和建模，包括：流体和硬化状态下的基本物理性能;运输、机械和其他性能;胶凝材料的降解过程;以及性能和降解过程的建模，作为预测短期和长期性能的一种手段，将材料的结构与其性能联系起来，以及设计性能得到改善的材料，特别是对环境影响较小的材料。如果涉及腐蚀的论文与过程明确相关，则将考虑这些论文，这些论文从根本上受到钢反应性与周围胶凝材料之间相互作用的影响。
• Applications for cement, mortar and concrete keeping a clear focus on fundamental questions of materials science and engineering focus will be welcome on topics including: concrete technology, rheology control, fiber reinforcement, waste management, recycling, life cycle analysis, novel concretes and digital fabrication.
• 水泥、砂浆和混凝土的应用 明确关注材料科学和工程的基本问题，欢迎关注的主题包括：混凝土技术、流变控制、纤维增强、废物管理、回收利用、生命周期分析、新型混凝土和数字制造。

The journal's principal publications are original articles containing new information, major reviews and selected papers from important conferences. Discussion of published material and rapid communications will form part of the journal where appropriate. The journal will focus on papers with a broad interest, based upon their subject area, the quality of the research, the novelty of the results and the potential for assimilation of the findings.
该杂志的主要出版物是包含新信息的原创文章、主要评论和重要会议的精选论文。在适当的情况下，对已发表材料的讨论和快速通信将成为期刊的一部分。该杂志将根据其学科领域、研究质量、结果的新颖性和研究结果的吸收潜力，重点关注具有广泛兴趣的论文。

Cement and Concrete Research is the companion title to the open access journal Cement.
《Cement and Concrete Research》是开放获取期刊《Cement》的姊妹篇。

The journal accepts four types of article:
该杂志接受四种类型的文章：

• Research Papers, Reviews 研究论文、评论

• Communications (maximum submitted length of 6 manuscript pages)
  通讯（提交长度最多为6页稿件）

• Discussions (maximum submitted length of 4 manuscript pages) - the maximum number of manuscript pages includes tables and figures.
  讨论（提交的最大稿件页数为4页） - 稿件页数最多包括表格和图表。

The Journal publishes papers in English only. All papers deemed within the scope of the journal will be independently refereed.
该杂志仅发表英文论文。所有被认为属于该期刊范围的论文都将被独立评审。

Reprint order forms will be sent to the authors whose papers have been accepted for publication. There are no mandatory page charges.
重印订单将发送给论文已被接受发表的作者。没有强制性的页面费用。

This journal follows a single anonymized review process. Your submission will initially be assessed by our editors to determine suitability for publication in this journal. If your submission is deemed suitable, it will typically be sent to a minimum of two reviewers for an independent expert assessment of the scientific quality. The decision as to whether your article is accepted or rejected will be taken by our editors. Authors who wish to appeal the editorial decision for their manuscript may submit a formal appeal request in accordance with the procedure outlined in Elsevier’s Appeal Policy. Only one appeal per submission will be considered and the appeal decision will be final.
该杂志遵循单一的匿名审查过程。我们的编辑将对您的投稿进行初步评估，以确定是否适合在本期刊上发表。如果您的提交被认为是合适的，它通常会被发送给至少两名审稿人，以对科学质量进行独立的专家评估。您的文章是被接受还是被拒绝的决定将由我们的编辑做出。希望对其稿件的编辑决定提出上诉的作者可以根据爱思唯尔上诉政策中规定的程序提交正式上诉请求。每份提交的材料只会被考虑一次上诉，上诉决定将是最终决定。

Read more about peer review.
阅读更多关于同行评议的信息。

Our editors are not involved in making decisions about papers which:
我们的编辑不参与对以下论文的决定：

• they have written themselves.
  他们自己写的。

• have been written by family members or colleagues.
  由家庭成员或同事撰写。

• relate to products or services in which they have an interest.
  与他们感兴趣的产品或服务相关。

Any such submissions will be subject to the journal's usual procedures and peer review will be handled independently of the editor involved and their research group. Read more about editor duties.
任何此类投稿都将遵守期刊的常规程序，同行评审将独立于相关编辑及其研究小组进行处理。阅读更多关于编辑职责的信息。

Special issues and article collections
特刊和文章集

The peer review process for special issues and article collections follows the same process as outlined above for regular submissions, except, a guest editor will send the submissions out to the reviewers and recommend a decision to the journal editor. The journal editor oversees the peer review process of all special issues and article collections to ensure the high standards of publishing ethics and responsiveness are respected and is responsible for the final decision regarding acceptance or rejection of articles.
特刊和文章集的同行评审过程与上述常规投稿的流程相同，但客座编辑将把投稿发送给审稿人，并向期刊编辑推荐决定。期刊编辑负责监督所有特刊和文章集的同行评审过程，以确保遵守高标准的出版道德和响应能力，并负责接受或拒绝文章的最终决定。

We refer you to our open access information page to learn about open access options for this journal.
我们推荐您访问我们的开放获取信息页面，以了解该期刊的开放获取选项。

Authors must follow ethical guidelines stated in Elsevier's Publishing Ethics Policy.
作者必须遵守爱思唯尔出版道德政策中规定的道德准则。

When authors submit an article to an Elsevier journal it is implied that:
当作者向爱思唯尔期刊投稿时，暗示：

• the work described has not been published previously except in the form of a preprint, an abstract, a published lecture, academic thesis or registered report. See our policy on multiple, redundant or concurrent publication.
  所描述的作品以前未发表过，除非以预印本、摘要、已发表的讲座、学术论文或注册报告的形式发表。请参阅我们关于多次发布、冗余发布或并发发布的政策。

• the article is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
  该文章不考虑在其他地方发表。

• the article's publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out.
  文章的发表得到了所有作者的批准，并得到了开展工作的主管当局的默示或明确批准。

• if accepted, the article will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, including electronically without the written consent of the copyright-holder.
  如果被接受，未经版权所有者书面同意，该文章将不会以相同的形式、英语或任何其他语言（包括以电子方式）在其他地方发布。

To verify compliance with our journal publishing policies, we may check your manuscript with our screening tools.
为了验证是否符合我们的期刊出版政策，我们可能会使用我们的筛选工具检查您的稿件。

All authors should have made substantial contributions to all of the following:

1. The conception and design of the study, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data.

2. Drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content.

3. Final approval of the version to be submitted.

All authors should agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work to ensure that the questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

The editors of this journal generally will not consider changes to authorship once a manuscript has been submitted. It is important that authors carefully consider the authorship list and order of authors and provide a definitive author list at original submission.

The policy of this journal around authorship changes:

• All authors must be listed in the manuscript and their details entered into the submission system.

• Any addition, deletion or rearrangement of author names in the authorship list should only be made prior to acceptance, and only if approved by the journal editor.

• Requests to change authorship should be made by the corresponding author, who must provide the reason for the request to the journal editor with written confirmation from all authors, including any authors being added or removed, that they agree with the addition, removal or rearrangement.

• Only in exceptional circumstances will the journal editor consider the addition, deletion or rearrangement of authors post acceptance.

• Publication of the manuscript may be paused while a change in authorship request is being considered.

• Any authorship change requests approved by the journal editor will result in a corrigendum if the manuscript has already been published.

• Any unauthorised authorship changes may result in the rejection of the article, or retraction, if the article has already been published.

All authors must disclose any financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence or bias their work. Examples of potential competing interests include:

• Employment

• Consultancies

• Stock ownership

• Honoraria

• Paid expert testimony

• Patent applications or registrations

• Grants or any other funding

The Declaration of Interests tool should always be completed.

Authors with no competing interests to declare should select the option, "I have nothing to declare".

The resulting Word document containing your declaration should be uploaded at the "attach/upload files" step in the submission process. It is important that the Word document is saved in the .doc/.docx file format. Author signatures are not required.

We advise you to read our policy on conflict of interest statements, funding source declarations, author agreements/declarations and permission notes.

Authors must disclose any funding sources who provided financial support for the conduct of the research and/or preparation of the article. The role of sponsors, if any, should be declared in relation to the study design, collection, analysis and interpretation of data, writing of the report and decision to submit the article for publication. If funding sources had no such involvement this should be stated in your submission.

List funding sources in this standard way to facilitate compliance to funder's requirements:

Funding: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health [grant numbers xxxx, yyyy]; the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA [grant number zzzz]; and the United States Institutes of Peace [grant number aaaa].

It is not necessary to include detailed descriptions on the program or type of grants, scholarships and awards. When funding is from a block grant or other resources available to a university, college, or other research institution, submit the name of the institute or organization that provided the funding.

If no funding has been provided for the research, it is recommended to include the following sentence:

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Authors must declare the use of generative AI in scientific writing upon submission of the paper. The following guidance refers only to the writing process, and not to the use of AI tools to analyse and draw insights from data as part of the research process:

• Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies should only be used in the writing process to improve the readability and language of the manuscript.
  生成式人工智能和人工智能辅助技术只能在写作过程中使用，以提高稿件的可读性和语言。

• The technology must be applied with human oversight and control and authors should carefully review and edit the result, as AI can generate authoritative-sounding output that can be incorrect, incomplete or biased. Authors are ultimately responsible and accountable for the contents of the work.
  该技术必须在人类的监督和控制下应用，作者应仔细审查和编辑结果，因为人工智能可以生成可能不正确、不完整或有偏见的权威输出。作者对作品的内容负有最终责任和义务。

• Authors must not list or cite AI and AI-assisted technologies as an author or co-author on the manuscript since authorship implies responsibilities and tasks that can only be attributed to and performed by humans.
  作者不得在稿件上列出或引用人工智能和人工智能辅助技术作为作者或合著者，因为作者身份意味着只能归因于人类并由人类执行的责任和任务。

The use of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in scientific writing must be declared by adding a statement at the end of the manuscript when the paper is first submitted. The statement will appear in the published work and should be placed in a new section before the references list. An example:
在科学写作中使用生成式人工智能和人工智能辅助技术时，必须在首次提交论文时在稿件末尾添加声明来声明。该声明将出现在已发表的著作中，并应放在参考文献列表之前的新部分。举个例子：

• Title of new section: Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process.
  新章节标题：在写作过程中宣布生成式人工智能和人工智能辅助技术。

• Statement: During the preparation of this work the author(s) used [NAME TOOL / SERVICE] in order to [REASON]. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the published article.
  声明：在准备本作品的过程中，作者使用了[NAME TOOL / SERVICE]来[REASON]。使用此工具/服务后，作者根据需要审查和编辑内容，并对已发表文章的内容承担全部责任。

The declaration does not apply to the use of basic tools, such as tools used to check grammar, spelling and references. If you have nothing to disclose, you do not need to add a statement.

We advise you to read our policy for authors on the use of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies for Elsevier.

Please note: to protect authors' rights and the confidentiality of their research, this journal does not currently allow the use of Generative AI or AI-assisted technologies such as ChatGPT or similar services by reviewers or editors in the peer review and manuscript evaluation process. We are actively evaluating compliant AI tools and may revise this policy in the future.
请注意：为保护作者的权利和研究的机密性，本刊目前不允许审稿人或编辑在同行评审和稿件评估过程中使用生成式人工智能或人工智能辅助技术，如ChatGPT或类似服务。我们正在积极评估合规的 AI 工具，并可能在未来修订此政策。

Preprint sharing 预印本分享

Free preprint posting on SSRN
在 SSRN 上免费预印本发布

Inclusive language acknowledges diversity, conveys respect to all people, is sensitive to differences, and promotes equal opportunities. Authors should ensure their work uses inclusive language throughout and contains nothing which might imply one individual is superior to another on the grounds of:
包容性语言承认多样性，传达对所有人的尊重，对差异敏感，并促进机会均等。作者应确保他们的作品自始至终都使用包容性语言，并且不包含任何可能暗示一个人优于另一个人的内容，理由如下：

• age 年龄

• gender 性

• race 比赛

• ethnicity 种族

• culture 文化

• sexual orientation 性取向

• disability or health condition
  残疾或健康状况

We recommend avoiding the use of descriptors about personal attributes unless they are relevant and valid. Write for gender neutrality with the use of plural nouns ("clinicians, patients/clients") as default. Wherever possible, avoid using "he, she," or "he/she."
我们建议避免使用有关个人属性的描述符，除非它们相关且有效。默认使用复数名词（“临床医生、患者/客户”）进行性别中立写作。尽可能避免使用“他、她”或“他/她”。

No assumptions should be made about the beliefs of readers and writing should be free from bias, stereotypes, slang, reference to dominant culture and/or cultural assumptions.
不应对读者的信仰做出任何假设，写作应没有偏见、刻板印象、俚语、对主流文化和/或文化假设的引用。

These guidelines are meant as a point of reference to help you identify appropriate language but are by no means exhaustive or definitive.
这些指南旨在作为参考点，帮助您确定适当的语言，但绝不是详尽或确定的。

There is no single, universally agreed-upon set of guidelines for defining sex and gender. We offer the following guidance:
没有一套单一的、普遍同意的准则来定义性别和性别。我们提供以下指导：

• Sex and gender-based analyses (SGBA) should be integrated into research design when research involves or pertains to humans, animals or eukaryotic cells. This should be done in accordance with any requirements set by funders or sponsors and best practices within a field.
  当研究涉及人类、动物或真核细胞或与人类、动物或真核细胞有关时，应将性别和基于性别的分析 （SGBA） 整合到研究设计中。这应根据资助者或赞助商设定的任何要求以及该领域的最佳实践来完成。

• Sex and/or gender dimensions of the research should be addressed within the article or declared as a limitation to the generalizability of the research.
  研究的性别和/或性别维度应在文章中解决，或声明为对研究可推广性的限制。

• Definitions of sex and/or gender applied should be explicitly stated to enhance the precision, rigor and reproducibility of the research and to avoid ambiguity or conflation of terms and the constructs to which they refer.
  应明确说明性别和/或所应用的性别定义，以提高研究的精确性、严谨性和可重复性，并避免术语及其所指结构的歧义或混淆。

We advise you to read the Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER) guidelines and the SAGER checklist (PDF) on the EASE website, which offer systematic approaches to the use of sex and gender information in study design, data analysis, outcome reporting and research interpretation.
我们建议您阅读 EASE 网站上的 and Gender Equity in Research （SAGER） 指南和 SAGER 清单 （PDF），它们为在研究设计、数据分析、结果报告和研究解释中使用性和性别信息提供了系统的方法。

For further information we suggest reading the rationale behind and recommended use of the SAGER guidelines.
如需了解更多信息，我们建议阅读 SAGER 指南背后的基本原理和推荐使用。

Definitions of sex and/or gender
性别和/或性别的定义

We ask authors to define how sex and gender have been used in their research and publication. Some guidance:
我们要求作者定义在他们的研究和出版中如何使用性和性别。一些指导：

• Sex generally refers to a set of biological attributes that are associated with physical and physiological features such as chromosomal genotype, hormonal levels, internal and external anatomy. A binary sex categorization (male/female) is usually designated at birth ("sex assigned at birth") and is in most cases based solely on the visible external anatomy of a newborn. In reality, sex categorizations include people who are intersex/have differences of sex development (DSD).
  性别通常是指与染色体基因型、荷尔蒙水平、内部和外部解剖结构等身体和生理特征相关的一组生物学属性。二元性别分类（男性/女性）通常在出生时指定（“出生时指定的性别”），并且在大多数情况下仅基于新生儿可见的外部解剖结构。实际上，性别分类包括双性人/有性发育差异 （DSD） 的人。

• Gender generally refers to socially constructed roles, behaviors and identities of women, men and gender-diverse people that occur in a historical and cultural context and may vary across societies and over time. Gender influences how people view themselves and each other, how they behave and interact and how power is distributed in society.
  性别通常是指在历史和文化背景下发生的女性、男性和性别多样化人群的社会建构角色、行为和身份，并且可能因社会和时间而异。性别影响人们如何看待自己和彼此，他们的行为和互动方式以及权力在社会中的分配方式。

Elsevier respects the decisions taken by its authors as to how they choose to designate territories and identify their affiliations in their published content. Elsevier’s policy is to take a neutral position with respect to territorial disputes or jurisdictional claims, including, but not limited to, maps and institutional affiliations. For journals that Elsevier publishes on behalf of a third party owner, the owner may set its own policy on these issues.

• Maps: Readers should be able to locate any study areas shown within maps using common mapping platforms. Maps should only show the area actually studied and authors should not include a location map which displays a larger area than the bounding box of the study area. Authors should add a note clearly stating that "map lines delineate study areas and do not necessarily depict accepted national boundaries”.  During the review process, Elsevier’s editors may request authors to change maps if these guidelines are not followed.

• Institutional affiliations: Authors should use either the full, standard title of their institution or the standard abbreviation of the institutional name so that the institutional name can be independently verified for research integrity purposes.
  机构隶属关系：作者应使用其机构的完整标准名称或机构名称的标准缩写，以便可以独立验证机构名称，以确保研究诚信。
  

We ask you to provide editable source files for your entire submission (including figures, tables and text graphics). Some guidelines:
我们要求您为整个提交提供可编辑的源文件（包括图形、表格和文本图形）。一些准则：

• Save files in an editable format, using the extension .doc/.docx for Word files and .tex for LaTeX files. A PDF is not an acceptable source file.
  以可编辑的格式保存文件，对 Word 文件使用扩展名 .doc/.docx，对 LaTeX 文件使用扩展名 .tex。PDF 不是可接受的源文件。

• Lay out text in a single-column format.
  以单列格式布局文本。

• Use spell-check and grammar-check functions to avoid errors.

We advise you to read our Step-by-step guide to publishing with Elsevier.

We encourage you use our LaTeX template when preparing a LaTeX submission. You will be asked to provide all relevant editable source files upon submission or revision.

Support for your LaTeX submission:

• LaTeX submission instructions and templates

• Journal Article Publishing Support Center LaTeX FAQs and support

• Researcher Academy’s Beginners’ guide to writing a manuscript in LaTeX

You are required to include the following details in the title page information:
您需要在标题页信息中包含以下详细信息：

• Article title. Article titles should be concise and informative. Please avoid abbreviations and formulae, where possible, unless they are established and widely understood, e.g., DNA).
  文章标题。文章标题应简明扼要，内容丰富。请尽可能避免使用缩写和公式，除非它们已建立并被广泛理解，例如DNA）。

• Author names. Provide the given name(s) and family name(s) of each author. The order of authors should match the order in the submission system. Carefully check that all names are accurately spelled. If needed, you can add your name between parentheses in your own script after the English transliteration.
  作者姓名。提供每个作者的名字和姓氏。作者的顺序应与投稿系统中的顺序一致。仔细检查所有名称的拼写是否准确。如果需要，您可以在英文音译后在自己的脚本中将您的名字添加到括号之间。

• Affiliations. Add affiliation addresses, referring to where the work was carried out, below the author names. Indicate affiliations using a lower-case superscript letter immediately after the author's name and in front of the corresponding address. Ensure that you provide the full postal address of each affiliation, including the country name and, if available, the email address of each author.
  背景。在作者姓名下方添加隶属关系地址，指工作进行地点。在作者姓名后面和相应地址前面使用小写的上标字母表示隶属关系。确保您提供每个隶属关系的完整邮寄地址，包括国家/地区名称和每个作者的电子邮件地址（如果有）。

• Corresponding author. Clearly indicate who will handle correspondence for your article at all stages of the refereeing and publication process and also post-publication. This responsibility includes answering any future queries about your results, data, methodology and materials. It is important that the email address and contact details of your corresponding author are kept up to date during the submission and publication process.
  通讯作者. 明确指出谁将在审稿和出版过程的所有阶段以及出版后处理您的文章的通信。此职责包括回答未来有关您的结果、数据、方法和材料的任何疑问。在提交和出版过程中，及时更新通讯作者的电子邮件地址和联系方式非常重要。

• Present/permanent address. If an author has moved since the work described in your article was carried out, or the author was visiting during that time, a "present address" (or "permanent address") can be indicated by a footnote to the author's name. The address where the author carried out the work must be retained as their main affiliation address. Use superscript Arabic numerals for such footnotes.
  现在/永久地址。 如果作者在您文章中描述的工作进行后已经搬家，或者作者在此期间访问过，则可以通过对作者姓名的脚注来表示“现住址”（或“永久地址”）。必须保留作者进行工作的地址作为其主要隶属关系地址。此类脚注使用上标阿拉伯数字。

You are required to provide a concise and factual abstract. The abstract should briefly state the purpose of your research, principal results and major conclusions. Some guidelines:

• Abstracts must be able to stand alone as abstracts are often presented separately from the article.
  摘要必须能够独立存在，因为摘要通常与文章分开呈现。

• Avoid references. If any are essential to include, ensure that you cite the author(s) and year(s).
  避免引用。如果必须包括任何内容，请确保您引用作者和年份。

• Avoid non-standard or uncommon abbreviations. If any are essential to include, ensure they are defined within your abstract at first mention.
  避免使用非标准或不常见的缩写。如果有任何必须包含的内容，请确保在第一次提及时在摘要中定义它们。

You are required to provide 1 to 7 keywords for indexing purposes. Keywords should be written in English. Please try to avoid keywords consisting of multiple words (using "and" or "of").
您需要提供 1 到 7 个关键字以进行索引编制。关键词应该用英文写。请尽量避免使用由多个单词组成的关键字（使用“and”或“of”）。

We recommend that you only use abbreviations in keywords if they are firmly established in the field.
我们建议您仅在关键字中牢牢确立了缩写。

You are encouraged to provide article highlights at submission.

Highlights are a short collection of bullet points that should capture the novel results of your research as well as any new methods used during your study. Highlights will help increase the discoverability of your article via search engines. Some guidelines:

• Submit highlights as a separate editable file in the online submission system with the word "highlights" included in the file name.

• Highlights should consist of 3 to 5 bullet points, each a maximum of 85 characters, including spaces.

We encourage you to view example article highlights and read about the benefits of their inclusion.

This journal requires you to use the international system of units (SI) which follows internationally accepted rules and conventions. If other units are mentioned within your article, you should provide the equivalent unit in SI.

• Submit math equations as editable text, not as images.
  以可编辑文本（而不是图像）的形式提交数学方程式。

• Present simple formulae in line with normal text, where possible.
  在可能的情况下，呈现与普通文本一致的简单公式。

• Use the solidus (/) instead of a horizontal line for small fractional terms such as X/Y.
  对于小分数项（如 X/Y），请使用实线 （/） 而不是水平线。

• Present variables in italics.
  以斜体表示变量。

• Denote powers of e by exp.
  用 exp 表示 e 的幂。

• Display equations separately from your text, numbering them consecutively in the order they are referred to within your text.
  将方程式与文本分开显示，并按照文本中引用的顺序连续编号。

Tables must be submitted as editable text, not as images. Some guidelines:

• Place tables next to the relevant text or on a separate page(s) at the end of your article.

• Cite all tables in the manuscript text.

• Number tables consecutively according to their appearance in the text.

• Please provide captions along with the tables.

• Place any table notes below the table body.

• Avoid vertical rules and shading within table cells.

We recommend that you use tables sparingly, ensuring that any data presented in tables is not duplicating results described elsewhere in the article.
我们建议您谨慎使用表，确保表中显示的任何数据都不会重复本文其他部分描述的结果。

Figures, images, artwork, diagrams and other graphical media must be supplied as separate files along with the manuscript. We recommend that you read our detailed artwork and media instructions. Some excerpts:
图表、图像、艺术作品、图表和其他图形媒体必须作为单独的文件与手稿一起提供。我们建议您阅读我们详细的艺术作品和媒体说明。摘录如下：

When submitting artwork: 提交作品时：

• Cite all images in the manuscript text.
  引用稿件文本中的所有图像。

• Number images according to the sequence they appear within your article.
  根据图像在文章中出现的顺序对图像进行编号。

• Submit each image as a separate file using a logical naming convention for your files (for example, Figure_1, Figure_2 etc).
  使用文件的逻辑命名约定（例如，Figure_1、Figure_2等）将每个图像作为单独的文件提交。

• Please provide captions along with the artwork.
  请在艺术作品中提供说明。

• Text graphics may be embedded in the text at the appropriate position. If you are working with LaTeX, text graphics may also be embedded in the file.
  文本图形可以嵌入到文本中的适当位置。如果您正在使用 LaTeX，文本图形也可能嵌入到文件中。

Artwork formats

When your artwork is finalized, "save as" or convert your electronic artwork to the formats listed below taking into account the given resolution requirements for line drawings, halftones, and line/halftone combinations:

• Vector drawings: Save as EPS or PDF files embedding the font or saving the text as "graphics."

• Color or grayscale photographs (halftones): Save as TIFF, JPG or PNG files using a minimum of 300 dpi (for single column: min. 1063 pixels, full page width: 2244 pixels).

• Bitmapped line drawings: Save as TIFF, JPG or PNG files using a minimum of 1000 dpi (for single column: min. 3543 pixels, full page width: 7480 pixels).
  位图线条图：使用至少 1000 dpi 保存为 TIFF、JPG 或 PNG 文件（单列：最小 3543 像素，全页宽度：7480 像素）。

• Combinations bitmapped line/halftones (color or grayscale): Save as TIFF, JPG or PNG files using a minimum of 500 dpi (for single column: min. 1772 pixels, full page width: 3740 pixels).
  位图线/半色调组合（彩色或灰度）：使用至少 500 dpi 保存为 TIFF、JPG 或 PNG 文件（单列：最小 1772 像素，全页宽度：3740 像素）。

Please do not submit: 请不要提交：

• files that are too low in resolution (for example, files optimized for screen use such as GIF, BMP, PICT or WPG files).
  分辨率过低的文件（例如，针对屏幕使用进行了优化的文件，例如 GIF、BMP、PICT 或 WPG 文件）。

• disproportionally large images compared to font size, as text may become unreadable.
  与字体大小相比，图像不成比例地大，因为文本可能会变得不可读。

Figure captions

All images must have a caption. A caption should consist of a brief title (not displayed on the figure itself) and a description of the image. We advise you to keep the amount of text in any image to a minimum, though any symbols and abbreviations used should be explained.

Provide captions in a separate file.

Color artwork

If you submit usable color figures with your accepted article, we will ensure that they appear in color online.

Please ensure that color images are accessible to all, including those with impaired color vision. Learn more about color and web accessibility.

For articles appearing in print, you will be sent information on costs to reproduce color in the printed version, after your accepted article has been sent to production. At this stage, please indicate if your preference is to have color only in the online version of your article or also in the printed version.

Please read our policy on the use of generative AI and AI-assisted tools in figures, images and artwork, which states:
请阅读我们关于在数字、图像和艺术作品中使用生成式 AI 和 AI 辅助工具的政策，其中规定：

• We do not permit the use of Generative AI or AI-assisted tools to create or alter images in submitted manuscripts.
  我们不允许使用生成式人工智能或人工智能辅助工具在提交的稿件中创建或更改图像。

• The only exception is if the use of AI or AI-assisted tools is part of the research design or methods (for example, in the field of biomedical imaging). If this is the case, such use must be described in a reproducible manner in the methods section, including the name of the model or tool, version and extension numbers, and manufacturer.
  唯一的例外是，如果人工智能或人工智能辅助工具的使用是研究设计或方法的一部分（例如，在生物医学成像领域）。如果是这种情况，则必须在方法部分以可重复的方式描述此类使用，包括型号或工具的名称、版本和扩展编号以及制造商。

• The use of generative AI or AI-assisted tools in the production of artwork such as for graphical abstracts is not permitted. The use of generative AI in the production of cover art may in some cases be allowed, if the author obtains prior permission from the journal editor and publisher, can demonstrate that all necessary rights have been cleared for the use of the relevant material, and ensures that there is correct content attribution.
  不允许在艺术作品制作中使用生成式人工智能或人工智能辅助工具，例如图形摘要。在某些情况下，如果作者事先获得期刊编辑和出版商的许可，可以证明已清除使用相关材料的所有必要权利，并确保有正确的内容归属，则在某些情况下，可以允许在封面艺术制作中使用生成式人工智能。

We encourage the use of supplementary materials such as applications, images and sound clips to enhance research. Some guidelines:

• Cite all supplementary files in the manuscript text.

• Submit supplementary materials at the same time as your article. Be aware that all supplementary materials provided will appear online in the exact same file type as received. These files will not be formatted or typeset by the production team.

• Include a concise, descriptive caption for each supplementary file describing its content.
  为每个描述其内容的补充文件提供简明的描述性标题。

• Provide updated files if at any stage of the publication process you wish to make changes to submitted supplementary materials.
  如果您希望在出版过程的任何阶段对提交的补充材料进行更改，请提供更新的文件。

• Do not make annotations or corrections to a previous version of a supplementary file.
  不要对以前版本的补充文件进行注释或更正。

• Switch off the option to track changes in Microsoft Office files. If tracked changes are left on, they will appear in your published version.
  关闭跟踪 Microsoft Office 文件中的更改的选项。如果保留跟踪的更改，它们将显示在已发布的版本中。

We recommend you upload research data to a suitable specialist or generalist repository. Please read our guidelines on sharing research data for more information on depositing, sharing and using research data and other relevant research materials.
我们建议您将研究数据上传到合适的专家或通才存储库。请阅读我们的研究数据共享指南，了解有关存储、共享和使用研究数据和其他相关研究材料的更多信息。

This journal accepts video material and animation sequences to support and enhance your scientific research. We encourage you to include links to video or animation files within articles. Some guidelines:
该期刊接受视频材料和动画序列，以支持和加强您的科学研究。我们鼓励您在文章中包含指向视频或动画文件的链接。一些准则：

• When including video or animation file links within your article, refer to the video or animation content by adding a note in your text where the file should be placed.
  在文章中包含视频或动画文件链接时，请通过在文本中添加应放置文件的注释来参考视频或动画内容。

• Clearly label files ensuring the given file name is directly related to the file content.
  清楚地标记文件，确保给定的文件名与文件内容直接相关。

• Provide files in one of our recommended file formats. Files should be within our preferred maximum file size of 150 MB per file, 1 GB in total.
  以我们推荐的文件格式之一提供文件。文件的最大文件大小应在我们首选的最大文件大小内，即每个文件 150 MB，总共 1 GB。

• Provide "stills" for each of your files. These will be used as standard icons to personalize the link to your video data. You can choose any frame from your video or animation or make a separate image.

• Provide text (for both the electronic and the print version) to be placed in the portions of your article that refer to the video content. This is essential text, as video and animation files cannot be embedded in the print version of the journal.
  提供文本（电子版和印刷版）以放置在文章中涉及视频内容的部分。这是必不可少的文本，因为视频和动画文件不能嵌入到期刊的印刷版本中。

We publish all video and animation files supplied in the electronic version of your article.
我们发布您文章电子版中提供的所有视频和动画文件。

For more detailed instructions, we recommend that you read our guidelines on submitting video content to be included in the body of an article.
如需更详细的说明，我们建议您阅读我们的指南，了解如何提交视频内容以包含在文章正文中。

To foster transparency, you are required to state the availability of any data at submission.
为了提高透明度，您需要在提交时说明任何数据的可用性。

Ensuring data is available may be a requirement of your funding body or institution. If your data is unavailable to access or unsuitable to post, you can state the reason why (e.g., your research data includes sensitive or confidential information such as patient data) during the submission process. This statement will appear with your published article on ScienceDirect.
确保数据可用可能是您的资助机构或机构的要求。如果您的数据无法访问或不适合发布，您可以在提交过程中说明原因（例如，您的研究数据包括敏感或机密信息，例如患者数据）。该声明将与您在ScienceDirect上发表的文章一起出现。

Read more about the importance and benefits of providing a data statement.
详细了解提供数据声明的重要性和好处。

Linking to the data underlying your work increases your exposure and may lead to new collaborations. It also provides readers with a better understanding of the described research.

If your research data has been made available in a data repository there are a number of ways your article can be linked directly to the dataset:

• Provide a link to your dataset when prompted during the online submission process.

• For some data repositories, a repository banner will automatically appear next to your published article on ScienceDirect.
  对于某些数据存储库，存储库横幅将自动出现在您在ScienceDirect上发表的文章旁边。

• You can also link relevant data or entities within the text of your article through the use of identifiers. Use the following format: Database: 12345 (e.g. TAIR: AT1G01020; CCDC: 734053; PDB: 1XFN).
  您还可以通过使用标识符在文章文本中链接相关数据或实体。使用以下格式：数据库：12345（例如 TAIR：AT1G01020;CCDC：734053;PDB：1XFN）。

Learn more about linking research data and research articles in ScienceDirect.
了解更多关于在ScienceDirect中链接研究数据和研究文章的信息。

This journal enables the publication of research objects (e.g. data, methods, protocols, software and hardware) related to original research in Elsevier's Research Elements journals.
该期刊允许在Elsevier的Research Elements期刊上发表与原始研究相关的研究对象（例如数据、方法、协议、软件和硬件）。

Research Elements are peer-reviewed, open access journals which make research objects findable, accessible and reusable. By providing detailed descriptions of objects and their application with links to the original research article, your research objects can be placed into context within your article.
Research Elements 是经过同行评审的开放获取期刊，使研究对象可查找、访问和可重复使用。通过提供对象及其应用的详细描述以及指向原始研究文章的链接，您的研究对象可以放在文章中的上下文中。

You will be alerted during submission to the opportunity to submit a manuscript to one of the Research Elements journals. Your Research Elements article can be prepared by you, or by one of your collaborators.
在投稿过程中，您将收到提醒，提醒您有机会向Research Elements期刊之一提交稿件。您的研究要素文章可以由您或您的合作者之一准备。

Article sections

Introduction 介绍

Material and methods 材料与方法

Results 结果

Discussion 讨论

Conclusion 结论

Glossary 词汇表

Abbreviations 缩写

Footnotes 脚注

Acknowledgements 确认

Author contributions: CRediT
作者贡献： CRediT

Funding sources 资金来源

Appendices 附录

References within text 文本中的引用

Reference style 参考样式

Journal abbreviations 期刊缩写

Web references Web 参考

Data references 数据参考

Preprint references 预印本参考文献

Reference management software
参考文献管理软件

Before completing the submission of your manuscript, we advise you to read our submission checklist:

• One author has been designated as the corresponding author and their full contact details (email address, full postal address and phone numbers) have been provided.

• All files have been uploaded, including keywords, figure captions and tables (including a title, description and footnotes) included.

• Spelling and grammar checks have been carried out.

• All references in the article text are cited in the reference list and vice versa.

• Permission has been obtained for the use of any copyrighted material from other sources, including the Web.

• For gold open access articles, all authors understand that they are responsible for payment of the article publishing charge (APC) if the manuscript is accepted. Payment of the APC may be covered by the corresponding author's institution, or the research funder.

Our online submission system guides you through the process steps of entering your manuscript details and uploading your files. The system converts your article files to a single PDF file used in the peer-review process.

Editable files (e.g., Word, LaTeX) are required to typeset your article for final publication. All correspondence, including notification of the editor's decision and requests for revision, is sent by email.

Please follow this link to submit your paper.

If your manuscript is more suitable for an alternative Elsevier journal, you may receive an email asking you to consider transferring your manuscript via the Elsevier Article Transfer Service.

The recommendation could come from the journal editor, a dedicated in-house scientific managing editor, a tool-assisted recommendation or a combination.

If you agree with the recommendation, your manuscript will be transferred and independently reviewed by the editors of the new journal. You will have the opportunity to make revisions, if necessary, before the submission is complete at the destination journal.

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Authors will be offered open access user license options which will determine how you, and third parties, can reuse your gold open access article. We advise that you review these options and any funding body license requirements before selecting a license option.

We refer you to our open access information page to learn about open access options for this journal.

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Corresponding authors will be sent an email which includes a link to our online proofing system, allowing annotation and correction of proofs online. The environment is similar to Word. You can edit text, comment on figures and tables and answer questions raised by our copy editor. Our web-based proofing service ensures a faster and less error-prone process.

You can choose to annotate and upload your edits on the PDF version of your article, if preferred. We will provide you with proofing instructions and available alternative proofing methods in our email.

The purpose of the proof is to check the typesetting, editing, completeness and correctness of your article text, tables and figures. Significant changes to your article at the proofing stage will only be considered with approval of the journal editor.

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For an extra charge, you will be provided with the option to order paper offprints. A link to an offprint order form will be sent by email when your article is accepted for publication.

A Share Link will not be provided if your article is published gold open access. The final published version of your gold open access article will be openly available on ScienceDirect and can be shared through the article DOI link.

We encourage you to share and promote your article to give additional visibility to your work, enabling your paper to contribute to scientific progress and foster the exchange of scientific developments within your field. Read more about how to responsibly share and promote your article.

If you would like help to improve your submission or navigate the publication process, support is available via Elsevier Researcher Academy.

Elsevier Researcher Academy offers free e-learning modules, webinars, downloadable guides and research writing and peer review process resources.

We recommend that you write in American or British English but not a combination of both.

If you feel the English language in your manuscript requires editing to eliminate possible grammatical or spelling errors and to conform to correct scientific English, you may wish to use the English Language Editing service provided by Elsevier’s Author Services.

We recommend that you visit our Journal Article Publishing Support Center if you have questions about the editorial process or require technical support for your submission. Some popular FAQs:

• How can I track the status of my submitted article?

• When will my article be published?