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JOURNAI (OF IRON AND STEEI. RESEARCH, INTERNATIONAL. 2010, 17(3): 08-12, 20
JOURNAI （OF IRON 和 STEEI.研究，国际。2010, 17(3): 08-12, 20

Evaluation of Four Coals for Blast Furnace Pulverized Coal Injection
高炉煤粉喷射用四种煤的评价

Sh Raygan, H Abdizadeh, A Eskandari Rizi
Sh Raygan， H Abdizadeh， A Eskandari Rizi(School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 14399, Iran)
（德黑兰大学冶金与材料工程学院，伊朗 德黑兰 14399）

Abstract  抽象

One of the effective methods of reducing coke consumption is pulverized coal injection. The most important problems encountered in this method are reduced permeability, unburned and high ash content. To select the best coal for injection, suitable tests can be used. Therefore, experiments such as proximate and ultimate analysis, RockEval and combustion tests were performed on four kinds of coals from different mines, including Sarakhs, Sangrood, Karmozd, and Tabas. The results of proximate and ultimate analysis indicated that although the sulfur content and ash content of selected coals were a little high, they were suitable for coal injection. The results of combustion experiments and Rock-Eval tests showed that Karmozd coal was the best one to be injected into blast furnace. The result indicated that the mixing of coals could improve the combustion properties of pulverized coals.
减少焦炭消耗的有效方法之一是喷吹煤粉。这种方法遇到的最重要的问题是渗透率降低、未燃烧和高灰分。要选择最好的注射煤，可以使用合适的测试。因此，对来自不同矿山的四种煤进行了近似分析和最终分析、RockEval 和燃烧测试等实验，包括 Sarakhs、Sangrood、Karmozd 和 Tabas。近似和最终分析结果表明，虽然所选煤的硫含量和灰分略高，但适宜喷煤。燃烧实验和 Rock-Eval 测试结果表明，Karmozd 煤是注入高炉的最佳煤。结果表明，煤混合可以改善煤粉的燃烧性能。

Key words: pulverized coal; blast furnace; non-coking coal
关键词： 煤粉;高炉;非焦煤
It is believed that a majority of iron will be produced in blast furnace during next two decade. This is owing to the lack of enough scrap and the increase in the price of electricity and gas [ 1 ] [ 1 ] ^([1]){ }^{[1]}. One of the main constituent of the charged material in blast furnace is metallurgical coke. Generally, coke making process utilizes about 30 % 30 % 30%30 \% of iron making costs. Because of the necessity for the decrease in the costs of iron making and the control of pollution and also because of the shortage of coking coal, producers try to use other sources of fuels instead of coke. Nowadays, about forty kinds of fuels have been offered to use instead of coke but researches have showed that pulverized coal ( PC ) is one of the most suitable fuels for injection [ 2 ] [ 2 ] ^([2]){ }^{[2]}.
据信，在未来二十年内，大部分铁将在高炉中生产。这是由于缺乏足够的废料以及电力和天然气 [ 1 ] [ 1 ] ^([1]){ }^{[1]} 价格的上涨。高炉中加料的主要成分之一是冶金焦。通常，焦炭制造过程利用大约 30 % 30 % 30%30 \% 的炼铁成本。由于降低炼铁成本和控制污染的必要性，也因为炼焦煤的短缺，生产商试图使用其他燃料来源来代替焦炭。如今，大约有 40 种燃料可以代替焦炭使用，但研究表明，煤粉 （PC） 是最适合喷射 [ 2 ] [ 2 ] ^([2]){ }^{[2]} 的燃料之一。
At first, pulverized coal injection was used in 1850 in two French and Belgium factories [ 3 ] [ 3 ] ^([3]){ }^{[3]}. Utilization of PC gradually increases as today PC injection is the most traditional method to decrease coke consumption in blast furnaces. Recent studies have indicated that the amount of PC injection for one ton hot metal can be increased to 250 kg [ 1 ] 250 kg [ 1 ] 250kg^([1])250 \mathrm{~kg}^{[1]}.
起初，1850 年，法国和比利时的两家工厂使用喷煤 [ 3 ] [ 3 ] ^([3]){ }^{[3]} 粉。PC 的利用率逐渐增加，因为今天 PC 喷射是减少高炉焦炭消耗的最传统方法。最近的研究表明，一吨铁水的 PC 注射量可以增加到 250 kg [ 1 ] 250 kg [ 1 ] 250kg^([1])250 \mathrm{~kg}^{[1]} 。
Increased rate of PC injection may result in high amount of unburnt coal or ash to the blast furnace feed materials. This phenomenon causes the disorder in the diffusion of gas through the bed and the
增加的 PC 注入速率可能会导致大量未燃烧的煤或灰分进入高炉进料。这种现象导致气体通过床层的扩散无序，并且
decrease in the production efficiency [ 5 ] [ 5 ] ^([5]){ }^{[5]}. During coal injection, semi-burnt coals fill the pores of bed which may cause the decreased permeability and ultimately mixing or drainage of slag and cast iron. Because of this phenomenon, several factories tend to use coals with high amount of volatiles [ 1.6 ] [ 1.6 ] ^([1.6]){ }^{[1.6]}.
生产效率 [ 5 ] [ 5 ] ^([5]){ }^{[5]} 降低。在喷煤过程中，半燃烧的煤充满床的孔隙，这可能导致渗透率降低，并最终导致炉渣和铸铁的混合或排放。由于这种现象，一些工厂倾向于使用挥发物 [ 1.6 ] [ 1.6 ] ^([1.6]){ }^{[1.6]} 含量高的煤炭。
Regarding the development of iron making capacity in Iran, the use of other fuels like pulverized coal is under consideration. The main goal of this study is to evaluate the quality of four coals using proximate and ultimate analysis and combustion experiments for injection into the blast furnace.
关于伊朗炼铁能力的发展，正在考虑使用其他燃料，如煤粉。本研究的主要目标是使用近似和最终分析和燃烧实验来评估四种煤的质量，以便注入高炉。

1 Experimental Procedure  1 实验程序

To decrease the ash content, all coals (Sarakhs, Sangrood, Karmozd, Tabas) were rinsed three times with kerosene and water for 15 min , respectively, and then dried at 150 ∘ C 150 ∘ C 150^(@)C150{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} during 1 h [ 7 ] 1 h [ 7 ] 1h^([7])1 \mathrm{~h}^{[7]}. Then, the coals were crushed by ball mill and sieved to 57 − 125 μ m 57 − 125 μ m 57-125 mum57-125 \mu \mathrm{~m}.
为了降低灰分含量，所有煤（Sarakhs、Sangrood、Karmozd、Tabas）分别用煤油和水冲洗 3 次，每次 15 分钟，然后在 期间 1 h [ 7 ] 1 h [ 7 ] 1h^([7])1 \mathrm{~h}^{[7]} 干燥 150 ∘ C 150 ∘ C 150^(@)C150{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} 。然后，煤炭被球磨机粉碎并筛分到 57 − 125 μ m 57 − 125 μ m 57-125 mum57-125 \mu \mathrm{~m} 。

1. I Proximate analysis  1. I 近似分析

The proximate analysis was carried out according to ASTM D5865-D4239-D5373-D3302-D3174 standards in tube furnace [ 8 ] [ 8 ] ^([8]){ }^{[8]}.
根据 ASTM D5865-D4239-D5373-D3302-D3174 标准在管式炉中进行近似分析 [ 8 ] [ 8 ] ^([8]){ }^{[8]} 。
Moisture and volatile content of coals were measured according to the ASTM-D3173 and ASTM-D3175
根据 ASTM-D3173 和 ASTM-D3175 测量煤的水分和挥发物含量
at temperatures of 110 and 870 ∘ C 870 ∘ C 870^(@)C870^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, respectively. According to the ASTM-D3174, 1 g of dried coal was heated at 850 ∘ C 850 ∘ C 850^(@)C850^{\circ} \mathrm{C} under air during 2 h . Remained mass of the burnt coal indicated the ash content of the coal. The fixed carbon percentage was calculated by subtraction of volatile, moisture, and ash content from total mass of coal. The percentage of minerals was calculated on the basis of the Par equation [ 9 ] [ 9 ] ^([9]){ }^{[9]}.
温度分别为 110 和 870 ∘ C 870 ∘ C 870^(@)C870^{\circ} \mathrm{C} 。根据 ASTM-D3174，在 2 h 850 ∘ C 850 ∘ C 850^(@)C850^{\circ} \mathrm{C} 内在空气中加热 1 g 干煤。燃烧的煤的剩余质量表示煤的灰分含量。固定碳百分比是通过从煤的总质量中减去挥发物、水分和灰分含量来计算的。矿物的百分比是根据 Par 方程计算 [ 9 ] [ 9 ] ^([9]){ }^{[9]} 的。
M = 1.08 A + 0.55 S M = 1.08 A + 0.55 S M=1.08 A+0.55 SM=1.08 A+0.55 S
where, M M MM stands for mineral content of coal, % % %\%; A stands for the amount of ash in the coal, % % %\%; and S S SS stands for the amount of sulfur in coal, % % %\%.
式中， M M MM 代表煤的矿物含量， % % %\% ;A 代表煤中的灰分量， % % %\% ;和 S S SS 代表煤中的硫含量 % % %\% 。
Lord and Perch-Russell classifications were used to determine coal rank by volatile content and Hard Grove Grinding Index (HGI) [ 9 − 10 ] [ 9 − 10 ] ^([9-10]){ }^{[9-10]}.
Lord 和 Perch-Russell 分类用于确定挥发性含量和 Hard Grove 研磨指数 （HGI） [ 9 − 10 ] [ 9 − 10 ] ^([9-10]){ }^{[9-10]} 的煤炭等级。
The ultimate analysis of the coals (except for C, H, S) was done using EDX analysis installed on the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Cambridge S360. The carbon percentage was measured by Rock-Eval test. Hydrogen content was determined from the coal degree. The sulfur content was measured according to BS-1016 standard by LECO instrument.
煤（C、H、S 除外）的最终分析是使用安装在扫描电子显微镜 （SEM） Cambridge S360 上的 EDX 分析完成的。碳百分比通过 Rock-Eval 测试测量。氢含量由煤度确定。按 BS-1016 标准用 LECO 仪器测定硫含量。

1.2 Vitrinite reflectance
1.2 镜质体反射率

To calculate the vitrinite reflectance from polished and etched surfaces of coals, 250 − 500 250 − 500 250-500250-500 points were selected by mpv ( III) microscope of LICA. Then, according to ISO 7404/5-1984 standard and directions of International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology (ICCP), the reflectance of each point was obtained [ 10 − 11 ] [ 10 − 11 ] ^([10-11]){ }^{[10-11]} and then the mean maximum vitrinite reflectance was determined. The coal rank and the carbon percentage were calculated according to the above-mentioned index and ASTMD388 standard.
为了计算煤的抛光和蚀刻表面的镜质体反射率， 250 − 500 250 − 500 250-500250-500 通过 LICA 的 mpv （ III） 显微镜选择点。然后，根据 ISO 7404/5-1984 标准和国际煤炭和有机岩石学委员会 （ICCP） 的指示，获得 [ 10 − 11 ] [ 10 − 11 ] ^([10-11]){ }^{[10-11]} 每个点的反射率，然后确定平均最大镜质体反射率。根据上述指标和ASTMD388标准计算煤等级和碳百分比。

1.3 Rock-Eval and combustion tests
1.3 Rock-Eval 和燃烧测试

Rock-Eval test was used to calculate TOC (total organic carbon), T max T max T_(max)T_{\max } (maximum temperature at which coal produces hydrocarbon), and hydrocarbon yield [ 12 − 15 ] [ 12 − 15 ] ^([12-15]){ }^{[12-15]}. The latter was done by pyrolysis in the temperature range of 300 − 600 ∘ C 300 − 600 ∘ C 300-600^(@)C300-600^{\circ} \mathrm{C} under helium atmosphere. The carbon and oxygen of gas from furnace were analyzed by chromatography. For this test, Rock-Eval (II) with TOC module from Vinci factory of France was used.
采用 Rock-Eval 检验计算 TOC （总有机碳）、 T max T max T_(max)T_{\max } （煤产生碳氢化合物的最高温度） 和碳氢化合物产量 [ 12 − 15 ] [ 12 − 15 ] ^([12-15]){ }^{[12-15]} 。后者是在氦气气氛 300 − 600 ∘ C 300 − 600 ∘ C 300-600^(@)C300-600^{\circ} \mathrm{C} 下的温度范围内通过热解完成的。色谱法分析炉内气体中的碳和氧。对于该测试，使用了来自法国 Vinci 工厂的带有 TOC 模块的 Rock-Eval （II）。
To evaluate the reactivity of coals with CO 2 , 1 g CO 2 , 1 g CO_(2),1g\mathrm{CO}_{2}, 1 \mathrm{~g} of coal powder was heated to 1050 ∘ C 1050 ∘ C 1050^(@)C1050{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} with the rate of 10 ∘ C / min 10 ∘ C / min 10^(@)C//min10^{\circ} \mathrm{C} / \mathrm{min} by a tube furnace under nitrogen at-
为了评估煤与 CO 2 , 1 g CO 2 , 1 g CO_(2),1g\mathrm{CO}_{2}, 1 \mathrm{~g} 煤粉的反应性，煤粉被加热到由管式炉在氮气下加热到 1050 ∘ C 1050 ∘ C 1050^(@)C1050{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} 10 ∘ C / min 10 ∘ C / min 10^(@)C//min10^{\circ} \mathrm{C} / \mathrm{min} -
mosphere. The mass loss of samples was measured at specific time by high precision balance. At 1050 ∘ C , CO 2 1050 ∘ C , CO 2 1050^(@)C,CO_(2)1050{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, \mathrm{CO}_{2} with the rate of 600 mL / min 600 mL / min 600mL//min600 \mathrm{~mL} / \mathrm{min} was injected to the furnace instead of N 2 N 2 N_(2)\mathrm{N}_{2} and the mass loss was also measured in this condition [ 7 − 8 ] [ 7 − 8 ] ^([7-8]){ }^{[7-8]}.
mosphere 的 mosphere 中。采用高精度天平测量样品在特定时间的质量损失。在 1050 ∘ C , CO 2 1050 ∘ C , CO 2 1050^(@)C,CO_(2)1050{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, \mathrm{CO}_{2} 这种条件下 [ 7 − 8 ] [ 7 − 8 ] ^([7-8]){ }^{[7-8]} ，以 600 mL / min 600 mL / min 600mL//min600 \mathrm{~mL} / \mathrm{min} 的速率注入炉中，并且 N 2 N 2 N_(2)\mathrm{N}_{2} 还测量了质量损失。

2 Results and Discussion  2 结果与讨论

2. 1 Proximate analysis  2. 1 近似分析

Table 1 shows the proximate analysis of four coals. The accepted analysis of coal for injection into the blast furnace has also been given [ 16 ] [ 16 ] ^([16]){ }^{[16]}. It is seen that there is a good agreement between the proximate analysis of all coals and that of accepted. The moisture of Karmozd is slightly higher than that of accepted range. Generally, the moisture content of coals in this range is not very important, because the coal powders are usually dried before injection into the blast furnace.
表 1 显示了四种煤的近似分析。还给出了 [ 16 ] [ 16 ] ^([16]){ }^{[16]} 对注入高炉的煤的公认分析。由此可见，所有煤的近似分析与接受煤的近似分析之间存在很好的一致性。Karmozd 的水分略高于可接受的范围。一般来说，这个范围内的煤的含水率不是很重要，因为煤粉通常在注入高炉之前就已经干燥了。
Table 1 Proximate analysis of coals and accepted range for injection
表 1 煤的近似分析和可接受的注入范围
Coal  煤 Moisture  湿气 Volatiles  挥发 物 Ash  灰
  固定碳
Fixed
carbon
Fixed carbon| Fixed | | :---: | | carbon |
 Minerals  矿物
Sarakhs  萨拉赫斯 10 29 10 51 11.6
Sangrood  桑格罗德 8 26 11 55 12.4
Karmozd  卡莫兹德 11 34 10 45 11.3
Tabas  塔巴斯 9 23 11 57 12.9
Accepted range  接受范围 < 10 < 10 < 10<10 10 − 40 10 − 40 10-4010-40 < 10 < 10 < 10<10 45 − 85 45 − 85 45-8545-85 < 11.6 < 11.6 < 11.6<11.6
Coal Moisture Volatiles Ash "Fixed carbon" Minerals Sarakhs 10 29 10 51 11.6 Sangrood 8 26 11 55 12.4 Karmozd 11 34 10 45 11.3 Tabas 9 23 11 57 12.9 Accepted range < 10 10-40 < 10 45-85 < 11.6| Coal | Moisture | Volatiles | Ash | Fixed <br> carbon | Minerals | | :--- | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | | Sarakhs | 10 | 29 | 10 | 51 | 11.6 | | Sangrood | 8 | 26 | 11 | 55 | 12.4 | | Karmozd | 11 | 34 | 10 | 45 | 11.3 | | Tabas | 9 | 23 | 11 | 57 | 12.9 | | Accepted range | $<10$ | $10-40$ | $<10$ | $45-85$ | $<11.6$ |
The ash content of Sangrood and Tabas coals is slightly above the accepted range. This is probably owing to the rinsing method of coals. The amount of ash can be optimized by modifying the rinsing method.
Sangrood 和 Tabas 煤的灰分含量略高于可接受的范围。这可能是由于煤的冲洗方法。灰分量可以通过修改漂洗方法进行优化。
The volatile content of Karmozd coal is higher than that of others. Coals with high amount of volatiles are suitable for injection into the blast furnace [ 6 ] [ 6 ] ^([6]){ }^{[6]}. Emission of volatiles causes a higher contact area between coal powder and atmosphere. Therefore, coal burns in a shorter time.
Karmozd 煤的挥发物含量高于其他煤。挥发物含量高的煤适合注入高炉 [ 6 ] [ 6 ] ^([6]){ }^{[6]} 。挥发物的排放导致煤粉与大气之间的接触面积增加。因此，煤炭燃烧的时间更短。
The proximate fixed carbon content (obtained from subtraction of 100 from moisture + volatiles + ash content of coals) of all coals is within the accepted range of analysis. High fixed carbon coal has good potential to be injected into the blast furnace because of the decrease in the usage of coke. Therefore, Tabas coal is the most suitable one for injection in this point of view.
所有煤的近似固定碳含量（从水分 + 挥发物 + 煤的灰分含量中减去 100 得到）在可接受的分析范围内。由于焦炭使用量的减少，高固定碳煤具有良好的注入高炉的潜力。因此，从这个角度来看，塔巴斯煤是最适合注入的煤。
The mineral content of all coals are in the upper limit of accepted analysis. This is owing to the high
所有煤的矿物含量都在公认的分析上限内。这是由于高
content of ash and sulfur in these coals. Accordingly, Sarakhs and Karmozd coals are suitable for injection in this regard.
这些煤中的灰分和硫含量。因此，Sarakhs 和 Karmozd 煤在这方面适合注入。

2. 2 Ash analysis  2. 2 灰分分析

Table 2 shows the ash analysis of the coals. It is
表 2 显示了煤的灰分分析。是的
observed that the amounts of Si() 2 2 _(2)_{2} and Al 2 O 3 Al 2 O 3 Al_(2)O_(3)\mathrm{Al}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3} (acidic oxides) with respect to CaO (basic oxide) are high, indicating that the coals are suitable for injection [ 10 , 13 [ 10 , 13 ^([10,13){ }^{[10,13}. Karmozd coal has the highest ratio of acidic to basic oxides. Thus, it is the most suitable one for injection.
观察到 Si（） 2 2 _(2)_{2} 和 Al 2 O 3 Al 2 O 3 Al_(2)O_(3)\mathrm{Al}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3} （酸性氧化物）相对于 CaO（碱性氧化物）的含量很高，表明煤适合注入 [ 10 , 13 [ 10 , 13 ^([10,13){ }^{[10,13} 。Karmozd 煤的酸性氧化物与碱性氧化物的比例最高。因此，它是最适合注射的一种。
Table 2 Ash analysis of the coals
表 2 煤的灰分分析
Coal  煤 SiO 2 SiO 2 SiO_(2)\mathrm{SiO}_{2} Al 2 O 3 Al 2 O 3 Al_(2)O_(3)\mathrm{Al}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3} Fe 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 Fe_(2)O_(3)\mathrm{Fe}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3} CaO ) CaO ) CaO)\mathrm{CaO}) K 2 O K 2 O K_(2)O\mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{O} ZnO  氧化锌 Cu 2 ( ) Cu 2 ( ) Cu_(2)()\mathrm{Cu}_{2}() TiO ) 2 TiO ) 2 TiO)_(2)\mathrm{TiO})_{2} P 2 O 5 P 2 O 5 P_(2)O_(5)\mathrm{P}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{5} S org S org S_(org)\mathrm{~S}_{\mathrm{org}}
Sarakhs  萨拉赫斯 47.0 25.2 4.5 11.3 0.9 2.1 1.9 1.6 0.2 5.3
Sangrood  桑格罗德 35.6 24.6 8.5 7.1 2.6 5.4 8.1 2.1 0.2 5.8
Karmozd  卡莫兹德 45.1 24.8 12.9 2.9 3.2 2.5 1.8 2.5 0.1 4.2
Tabas  塔巴斯 40.5 22.7 7.8 12 2.1 3.8 3.8 1.8 0.1 5.4
Coal SiO_(2) Al_(2)O_(3) Fe_(2)O_(3) CaO) K_(2)O ZnO Cu_(2)() TiO)_(2) P_(2)O_(5) S_(org) Sarakhs 47.0 25.2 4.5 11.3 0.9 2.1 1.9 1.6 0.2 5.3 Sangrood 35.6 24.6 8.5 7.1 2.6 5.4 8.1 2.1 0.2 5.8 Karmozd 45.1 24.8 12.9 2.9 3.2 2.5 1.8 2.5 0.1 4.2 Tabas 40.5 22.7 7.8 12 2.1 3.8 3.8 1.8 0.1 5.4| Coal | $\mathrm{SiO}_{2}$ | $\mathrm{Al}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}$ | $\mathrm{Fe}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}$ | $\mathrm{CaO})$ | $\mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ | ZnO | $\mathrm{Cu}_{2}()$ | $\mathrm{TiO})_{2}$ | $\mathrm{P}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{5}$ | $\mathrm{~S}_{\mathrm{org}}$ | | :--- | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: | | Sarakhs | 47.0 | 25.2 | 4.5 | 11.3 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 5.3 | | Sangrood | 35.6 | 24.6 | 8.5 | 7.1 | 2.6 | 5.4 | 8.1 | 2.1 | 0.2 | 5.8 | | Karmozd | 45.1 | 24.8 | 12.9 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 4.2 | | Tabas | 40.5 | 22.7 | 7.8 | 12 | 2.1 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 5.4 |
Higher SiO 2 SiO 2 SiO_(2)\mathrm{SiO}_{2} content in the ash of Sarakhs and Karmozd coals results in a decrease in the hard groove grinding index ( HGI ) of coal which limits the usage of them [ 10 ⋅ 13 ] [ 10 ⋅ 13 ] ^([10*13]){ }^{[10 \cdot 13]}. The contents of P 2 O 5 P 2 O 5 P_(2)O_(5)\mathrm{P}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{5} and other basic oxides are within the accepted range for injection into the blast furnace.
Sarakhs 和 Karmozd 煤灰分中的含量较高 SiO 2 SiO 2 SiO_(2)\mathrm{SiO}_{2} ，导致煤的硬槽磨削指数 （HGI） 降低，从而限制了它们的 [ 10 ⋅ 13 ] [ 10 ⋅ 13 ] ^([10*13]){ }^{[10 \cdot 13]} 使用。 P 2 O 5 P 2 O 5 P_(2)O_(5)\mathrm{P}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{5} 和其他碱性氧化物的含量在注射到高炉的可接受范围内。
The sulfur content of Sangrood and Tabas ashes is higher than that of others. The EDX maps of the
Sangrood 和 Tabas 灰烬的硫含量高于其他灰烬。的 EDX 映射
Sarakhs coal before and after burning are shown in Fig. 1. It is seen that most of the sulfur before burning is in the form of Pyrite but the dispersion of iron and sulfur after burning is not similar. Therefore, it is concluded that the main portion of sulfur observed in ash may be in the form of organic sulfur. The cast iron properties may be harmfully affected by the sulfur.
燃烧前后的 Sarakhs 煤如图 1 所示。由此可见，燃烧前的大部分硫磺是黄铁矿的形式，但燃烧后铁和硫磺的分散程度并不相似。因此，可以得出结论，在灰烬中观察到的硫的主要部分可能以有机硫的形式存在。铸铁的性能可能会受到硫的有害影响。

(a). (b), © Before burning; (d), (e). (f) After burning.
（a）. （b）， © 燃烧前;（d）、（e） 的。（f） 燃烧后。
Fig. 1 EDX maps of Sarakhs coal
图 1 Sarakhs 煤炭的 EDX 图

2. 3 Ultimate analysis  2. 3 终极分析

Table 3 shows the ultimate analysis and HGI of all coals. The total carbon has been obtained from RockEval test. The hydrogen content has been calculated from coal rank. It is seen that the sulfur content of
表 3 显示了所有煤炭的最终分析和 HGI。总碳是从 RockEval 测试中获得的。氢含量是根据煤等级计算的。由此可见，硫含量
Tabas and Sarakhs coals is higher than 1 % 1 % 1%1 \% (the accepted upper limit for injection). This problem can be solved by modifying the rinsing method. It should be mentioned that the amount of sulfur can be lowered by decreasing the ash content of coals.
Tabas 和 Sarakhs 煤高于 1 % 1 % 1%1 \% （公认的注入上限）。这个问题可以通过修改漂洗方法来解决。值得一提的是，可以通过降低煤的灰分含量来降低硫的量。