### **Types of Companies**
### **公司类型**

1. **Company Limited by Shares**: Shareholders' liability is limited to the unpaid amount on their shares.
1. **股份有限公司**：股东的责任仅限于其股份的未付金额。

2. **Company Limited by Guarantee**: Members' liability is limited to the amount they agree to contribute if the company is wound up.
2. **担保有限公司**：成员的责任仅限于他们同意在公司清盘时出资的金额。

3. **Unlimited Company**: No limit on members’ liability.
3. **无限公司**：成员的责任没有限制。

**Private Company (Sdn Bhd)**:
**私人公司（Sdn Bhd）**：

- Restricted transfer of shares, maximum 50 shareholders, cannot raise funds from the public【54†source】
- 股份转让受限制，最多50名股东，不能向公众集资【54†来源】.

**Public Company (Bhd)**:
**公众公司（有限公司）**：

- Can raise funds from the public, no shareholder limit【54†source】
- 可向公众募集资金，无股东限制【54†来源】.

### **Incorporation of a Company and Its Effects**
### **公司的成立及其影响**

**Incorporation** creates a separate legal entity distinct from its shareholders and directors. Once registered, the company is recognized as a legal person, capable of suing and being sued, owning property, and entering contracts.
**注册成立**创建一个与其股东和董事不同的独立法人实体。一旦注册，公司就被认定为法人，能够起诉和被起诉、拥有财产和签订合同。

- **Case**: **Sunrise Sdn Bhd v. First Profile (1996)**:
- **案件**：**Sunrise Sdn Bhd诉 First Profile ( 1996)* *:

- **Held**: The company is a separate legal entity, distinct from its members, with its own rights and liabilities【54†source】
- **持有**：公司是一个独立的法人实体，有别于其成员，拥有自己的权利和责任【54†来源】.

### **Separate Legal Entity**
### **独立法人实体**

A company has a distinct legal existence from its shareholders, officers, and employees. This concept was established in **Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd (1897)**:
公司与其股东、高级管理人员和员工具有不同的法律存在。这一概念是在 **Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd ( 1897)**中确立的：

- **Facts**: Salomon incorporated a company and became its major shareholder. The company later failed, and creditors sought to hold Salomon personally liable.
- **事实**：所罗门成立了一家公司并成为其主要股东。该公司后来倒闭，债权人寻求让所罗门公司承担个人责任。

- **Held**: The company was a separate legal entity, and Salomon was not personally liable for its debts【54†source】
- **认为**：该公司是一个独立的法人实体，所罗门对其债务不承担个人责任【54†来源】.

This principle applies to holding and subsidiary companies, where each entity remains separate, even if they share directors.
这一原则适用于控股公司和子公司，其中每个实体仍然是独立的，即使它们共享董事。

- **Case**: **People Insurance Co (M) Sdn Bhd v People Insurance Co Ltd (1986)**:
- **案件**：**People Insurance Co (M) Sdn Bhd v People Insurance Co Ltd ( 1986)* *：

- **Held**: The holding company was not liable for the debts of its subsidiary【54†source】
- **控股**：控股公司对其子公司的债务不承担责任【54†来源】.

### **Lifting the Corporate Veil**
### **揭开公司面纱**

While companies are generally treated as separate entities, the **corporate veil** can be lifted in exceptional cases, such as fraud or evasion of legal duties. This allows courts to hold directors or shareholders personally liable.
虽然公司通常被视为独立实体，但在特殊情况下，例如欺诈或逃避法律义务，可以揭开**公司面纱**。这使得法院可以追究董事或股东的个人责任。

1. **Fraud or Evasion of Legal Obligations**:
1. **欺诈或逃避法律义务**：

- **Case**: **Jones v Lipman (1962)**:
- **案件**：**琼斯诉利普曼案（ 1962 年）* *：

- **Facts**: Lipman transferred land to a company he controlled to avoid selling it to Jones.
- **事实**：利普曼将土地转让给他控制的一家公司，以避免将其出售给琼斯。

- **Held**: The company was a facade, and Lipman was ordered to complete the sale【54†source】
- **举行**：公司是门面，利普曼受命完成出售【54†来源】.

2. **Group Companies Acting as One**:
2. **作为一个集团的公司**：

- **Case**: **DHN Food Distributors v London Borough of Tower Hamlets (1976)**:
- **案件**：**DHN Food Distributors 诉伦敦陶尔哈姆莱茨区案（ 1976 年）* *：

- **Facts**: DHN used its subsidiary's premises for business. Compensation was sought for disturbance when the property was acquired.
- **事实**：DHN 使用其子公司的场所开展业务。因收购财产时造成的干扰而寻求赔偿。

- **Held**: The companies were treated as a single entity, and DHN was entitled to compensation【54†source】
- **判决**：公司被视为单一实体，DHN 有权获得赔偿【54†来源】.

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### **Statutory Lifting of the Corporate Veil**
### **法定揭开公司面纱**

The Companies Act also provides statutory grounds for lifting the veil. For example:
《公司法》还规定了揭开面纱的法定依据。例如：

- **S. 540**: If a company’s business is conducted to defraud creditors, the court can hold those responsible personally liable for the company’s debts【54†source】
- **S。 540**：如果公司的业务是为了欺骗债权人，法院可以要求责任人对公司的债务承担个人责任【54†来源】.